Chapter 4

Introduction To
Computer Programming
(CSC425)
by
PUAN AFIZA ISMAIL
Faculty of Computer & Mathematical Sciences
UiTM MALAYSIA
2013
Selection Structures
Chapter 4
Contents
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Selection criteria with Boolean expression
4.3 The if statement
4.4 The if..else statement
4.5 Nested if statement / if..else chain
4.6 The switch statement
October 1, 2013
CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

PROGRAMMING
4.1
Introduction
A computer can proceed:
In sequence
Selectively (branch) - making a choice
Repetitively (iteratively) - looping
Some statements are executed only if

certain conditions are met
A condition is represented by a logical
(Boolean) expression that can be true or
false
A condition is met if it evaluates to true
October 1, 2013

PROGRAMMING
4.1
Introduction (cont.)
October 1, 2013

PROGRAMMING
4.2
Selection criteria with Boolean expression
Boolean expression is a sequence of

operands and operators that combine to
produce one of the Boolean values, true or
false.
2 types of Boolean expression :

- simple Boolean expression
- compound Boolean expression
October 1, 2013

PROGRAMMING
4.2
(cont.)
Simple Boolean expression :
is of the form
expression1 relational-operator expression2
Relational operators:
Allow comparisons
Require two operands
Return 1 if expression is true, 0 otherwise
October 1, 2013

PROGRAMMING
4.2
(cont.)
Relational operators can be any of the following

operators :
October 1, 2013

PROGRAMMING
4.2
(cont.)
Relational operators can be any of the following

operators :
October 1, 2013

PROGRAMMING
4.2
(cont.)
Comparing string Types :
Relational operators can be applied to strings
Strings are compared character by character,

starting with the first character
Suppose we have the following declarations:
string
string
string
string
October 1, 2013
str1
str2
str3
str4
=
=
=
=
"Hello";
"Hi";
"Air";
"Bill";

PROGRAMMING
10
4.2
(cont.)
October 1, 2013

PROGRAMMING
11
4.2
(cont.)
October 1, 2013

PROGRAMMING
12
4.2
(cont.)
October 1, 2013

PROGRAMMING
13
4.2
(cont.)
Compound Boolean expression :
is formed by combining simple Boolean expressions with

the following logical operator :
October 1, 2013

PROGRAMMING
14
4.2
(cont.)
For example, the expression such as

5 <= x <= 10
can be written as the following compound
Boolean expression:
(5 <= x) && ( x <= 10)
October 1, 2013

PROGRAMMING
15
4.2
(cont.)
October 1, 2013

PROGRAMMING
16
4.2
(cont.)
October 1, 2013

PROGRAMMING
17
4.2
(cont.)
October 1, 2013

PROGRAMMING
18
4.2
(cont.)
October 1, 2013

PROGRAMMING
19
4.2
(cont.)
October 1, 2013

PROGRAMMING
20
4.3
The if statement
Used in a one-way selection

The syntax :
if (condition)
statement;
statement is executed if the value of the

condition is true
statement is bypassed if the value of the condition

is false; program goes to the next statement
October 1, 2013

PROGRAMMING
21
4.3
The if statement (cont.)
Example :
October 1, 2013

PROGRAMMING
22
4.3
The if statement (cont.)
Example :
Exercise 21
Exercise 22
October 1, 2013

PROGRAMMING
23
4.4
The if..else statement
Two-way selection takes the form:

if (expression)
statement1;
else
statement2;
If expression is true, statement1 is executed
otherwise statement2 is executed
statement1 and statement2 are any C++
statements
else is a reserved word
October 1, 2013

PROGRAMMING
24
4.4
The if..else statement (cont.)
Example :
Exercise 23
Exercise 24 :
Consider the following statements :
if final_score >= 60
status = pass
else
status = fail
Write in C++ statement.
October 1, 2013

PROGRAMMING
25
4.5
The nested if statement
Multiple selection
When one control statement is located within
another (nested)
The rule :
- Pairing and else with an if
An else is associated with the most recent
if that has not been paired with an else
( an else is always belongs to the
closest if)
October 1, 2013

PROGRAMMING
26
4.5
The nested if statement (cont.)

pair
pair
pair
pair
October 1, 2013

PROGRAMMING
27
4.5
Consider the following statements :
October 1, 2013

PROGRAMMING
28
4.5
Consider the following case :

Nations Air force has asked you to write a program to
label supersonic aircraft as military or civilian. Your
program is to be given the planes observed speed in
km/h and its estimated length in meters. For planes
traveling in excess of 1100km/h, you will label those
longer than 52 meters civilian and shorter aircraft as
military. For planes traveling at slower speeds, you
will issue an aircraft type unknown message.
October 1, 2013

PROGRAMMING
29
4.5
October 1, 2013

PROGRAMMING
30
4.6
The switch statement
switch structure: alternate to if..else
October 1, 2013

PROGRAMMING
31
4.6
The switch statement
switch expression is evaluated first

Value of the expression determines which
corresponding action is taken
Expression is sometimes called the selector
Expression value can be only integral
Its value determines which statement is
selected for execution
A particular case value should appear only
once
October 1, 2013

PROGRAMMING
32
4.6
The switch statement (cont.)
One or more statements may follow a case

label
Braces are not needed to turn multiple

statements into a single compound statement
The break statement may or may not appear

after each statement
switch, case, break, and default are

reserved words
October 1, 2013

PROGRAMMING
33
4.6
Rules :
When value of the expression is matched against a case
value,
Statements execute until break statement is found or the
end of switch structure is reached
If value of the expression does not match any of the case

values
Statements following the default label execute If no
default label, and if no match, the entire switch
statement is skipped
A break statement causes an immediate exit from the
switch structure
October 1, 2013

PROGRAMMING
34
4.6

Example :
- Exercise 28
- Exercise 29
October 1, 2013

PROGRAMMING
35
4.6
October 1, 2013

PROGRAMMING
36
4.6
October 1, 2013

PROGRAMMING
37

Chapter 4

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Chapter 4

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Introduction To

CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

A computer can proceed:

Some statements are executed only if

CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

Selection criteria with Boolean expression

Boolean expression is a sequence of

2 types of Boolean expression :

CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

Selection criteria with Boolean expression

Simple Boolean expression :

CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

Selection criteria with Boolean expression

Relational operators can be any of the following

CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

Selection criteria with Boolean expression

Relational operators can be any of the following

CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

Selection criteria with Boolean expression

Comparing string Types :

Relational operators can be applied to strings

Strings are compared character by character,

CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

Selection criteria with Boolean expression

CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

Selection criteria with Boolean expression

CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

Selection criteria with Boolean expression

CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

Selection criteria with Boolean expression

Compound Boolean expression :

is formed by combining simple Boolean expressions with

CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

Selection criteria with Boolean expression

For example, the expression such as

CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

Selection criteria with Boolean expression

CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

Selection criteria with Boolean expression

CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

Selection criteria with Boolean expression

CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

Selection criteria with Boolean expression

CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

Selection criteria with Boolean expression

CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

Used in a one-way selection

statement is executed if the value of the

statement is bypassed if the value of the condition

CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

The if statement (cont.)

CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

The if statement (cont.)

CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

Two-way selection takes the form:

CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

The if..else statement (cont.)

CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

The nested if statement (cont.)

CSC425 : INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

The nested if statement (cont.)

Consider the following statements :