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BEKE 4731
TITLE
Four-Quadrant Operation of DC Motor Using DC-DC Chopper
THEORY
Direct-current (dc) motors have variable characteristics and are used extensively in variable-speed
drives. High starting torque and speed control over wide range are the features for dc motors. The
methods of speed control are normally simpler and less expensive than those ac drives. Dc motors play
a significant role in modern industrial drives, but series and separately excited dc motors are normally
used in variable-speed drives, but series motors are traditionally employed for traction applications.
In variable-speed applications, a dc motor may be operating in one or more modes: motoring,
regenerative braking, dynamic braking, plugging and four quadrants.
Motoring:- Refer to Figure 1(a). Back-emf Eg is less than supply voltage Va. Both armature
and field currents are positive. The motor develops torque to meet the load demand.
Regenerative braking:- Refer to Figure 1(b). The motor acts as a generator and develops an
induced voltage Eg. The Eg must be greater than supply voltage Va. The armature current is
negative, but the field current is positive. The kinetic energy of the motor is returned to the
supply. A series motor is usually connected as self-excited generator. For self-excitation, it is
necessary that the field current aids the residual flux. This is normally accomplished by
reversing the armature terminals or the field terminals.
Dynamic braking:- Refer to Figure 1(c). The circuits are similar to Figure 1(b) except the
supply voltage Va is replaced by a braking resistance Rb. The kinetic energy of the motor is
dissipated in Rb.
Plugging:- Refer to Figure 1(d). Plugging is a type of braking. The armature terminals are
reversed while running. The supply voltage Va and the induced voltage Eg act in the same
direction. The armature current is reversed, thereby producing a braking torque. The field
current is positive. For a series motor, either the armature terminals or field terminals should be
reversed, but not both.
Four quadrants:- Refer to Figure 2. The polarities of the supply voltage Va, back-emf Eg, and
armature current Ia for separately-excited motor. In forward motoring (quadrant I), Va, Eg, and
Ia are all positive. The torque and speed are also positive in this quadrant.
During forward braking (quadrant II), the motor runs in the forward direction and the induced
emf Eg will continue to be positive. For the torque to be negative and direction of energy flow
to reverse, the armature current must be negative. The supply voltage Va should be kept less
than Eg.
In reverse motoring (quadrant III), Va, Eg, and Ia are all negative. The torque and speed are also
negative in this quadrant. To keep the torque negative and the energy flow from the source to
the motor, the back-emf Eg must satisfy the condition of Va > E g . The polarity of Eg can be
reversed by changing the direction of field current or by reversing the armature terminals.
During reverse braking (quadrant IV), the motor runs in the reverse direction. Va and Eg will
continue to be negative. For the torque to be positive and the energy flow from the motor to the
source, the armature current must be positive. The induced emf Eg must satisfy the condition
of Va < E g
LAB SHEET
Experiment
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LAB SHEET
Experiment
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Chopper Drives
Chopper drives are widely used in traction applications all over the world. A dc chopper is connected
between a fixed-voltage dc source and a dc motor to vary the armature voltage. In addition to armature
voltage control, a dc chopper can provide regenerative braking of motors and can return energy back
to the supply. This energy-saving feature is particularly attractive to transportation systems with
frequent stops such as mass rapid transit (MRT). Chopper drives are also used in battery electric
vehicles (BEVs). A dc motor can be operated in one of the four quadrants by controlling the armature
and/or field voltages (or currents). It is often required to reverse the armature or field terminals in
order to operate the motor in the desired quadrant.
If the supply is non-receptive during the regenerative braking, the line voltage would increase and
regenerative braking may not be possible. In this case, an alternative form of braking is necessary,
such as rheostatic braking.
Two-Quadrant Chopper Drive
The circuit of Two-quadrant operation chopper drive is shown in Figure 3. During power control, a
chopper drive operates in the quadrant I as shown earlier in Figure 2(a), where the armature voltage
and armature current are positive. In a regenerative braking, the chopper drive operates in the second
quadrant, where the armature voltage is positive and the armature current is negative, as shown in
Figure 2(b).
Power control:- Transistor Q1 and Diode D2 operate. When Q1 is turned on, the supply voltage
Vs is connected to the motor terminals. When Q1 is turned off, the armature current flows
through the free-wheeling diode D2 decays.
Regenerative control:- Transistor Q2 and diode D1 operate. When Q2 is turned on, the motor
acts as a generator and the armature current rises. When Q2 is turned off, the motor, acting as a
generator, returns energy to the supply through the regenerative diode D1.
LAB SHEET
Experiment
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Forward power control:- Transistors Q1 and Q2 operate. Transistors Q3 and Q4 are off. When
Q1 and Q2 are turned on together, the supply voltage appears acrossthe motor terminals and the
armature current rises. When Q1 is turned off and Q2 is still turned on, the armature current
decays through Q2 and D4. Alternatively, both Q1 and Q2 can be turned off, while the armature
current is forced to decay through D3 and D4.
Forward regeneration:- Transistors Q1, Q2 and Q3 are turned off. When transistor Q4 is turned
on, the armature current, which rises, flows through Q4 and D2. When Q4 is turned off, the
motor, acting as a generator, returns energy to the supply through D1 and D2.
Reverse power control:- Transistors Q3 and Q4 operate. Transistors Q1 and Q2 are off. When Q3
and Q4 are turned on together, the supply armature current rises and flows in the reverse
direction. When Q3 is turned off and Q4 is turned on, the armature current falls through Q4 and
D2. Alternatively, both Q3 and Q4 can be turned off, while forcing the armature current to
decay through D1 and D2.
Forward regeneration:- Transistors Q1, Q3 and Q4 are off. When transistor Q2 is turned on, the
armature current rises through Q2 and D4. When Q2 is turned off, the armature current falls and
the motor returns energy to the supply through D3 and D4.
LAB SHEET
Experiment
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LEARNING OUTCOMES
Demonstrate an operation of MOSFET chopper drive driving a dc motor.
Analyze the voltage and current of the chopper drive in acceleration and deceleration modes.
Enclosure/power Supply(8840)
Speed Sensor/Tachometer(8931)
Timing Belt(8942)
Connection Leads and
accessories(8951)
Chopper/inverter control units (9029)
P.I.D. Controller (9034)
Current/Voltage Isolator(9056-1X)
Inertia Wheel (9126)
EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE
1. Install the power supply, the enclosure / power supply, the DC Motor/Generator, the Power
MOSFETS, the DC Voltmeter/Ammeter, and the Smoothing Inductors in the Mobile
workstation.
Install the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit and Current/Voltage Isolators in the Enclosure /
Power Supply.
2. Install the Inertia Wheel on the shaft of the DC Motor/Generator. Verify that the Inertia Wheel
is safely secured on the DC Motor Shaft
3. Make sure that the main power switch of the Power Supply is set to the O position (OFF).
Connect the Power Supply to a three-phase wall receptacle.
Set the rocker switch the Enclosure / Power supply to the O (OFF)
4. Connect the modules as shown in Figure 5.
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5. Set the rocker switch of the Enclosure / Power Supply to the I (ON) position and make the
followings:
On the Power Supply
Voltage Selector.. 7-N
LAB SHEET
Experiment
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EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE
1. Each group will be provided with one DC motor panel. Based on the laboratory module and the
given equipment, student should be able to construct DC speed drive system to achieve
following specifications.
Forward and reverse operation.
Constant speed of 1000 rpm.
The overshoot current must not bigger than 3A.
2. Based on observation during the laboratory works, the students need to plot the waveforms of
the armature voltage and current for several speed rating i.e. 500, 750 and 1250 rpm
respectively.
QUESTION
1. Discuss the phenomena observed when the motor decelerates drastically from a high speed to a
relatively low speed condition.
2. Explain the relationship between the energy power flow and the quadrant of operation when the
DC motor is equipped without and with the inertia wheel.
LAB SHEET
Experiment
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