Fundaciones Superficiales

Best Practice
SABP-002
31 August, 2002
Spread Footings Design

Document Responsibility: Onshore Structures
Developed by: Hisham Abu-Adas

Developed: July, 2002
Civil Engineering Unit/M&CED
Consulting Services Department
Previous Issue: New Next Planned Update: 1 September, 2007

Revised paragraphs are indicated in the right margin
Primary contact: Abu-Adas, Hisham on phone 874-6908
Page 1 of 44

Issue Date: 31August, 2002
Net Planned Update: 1 September, 2007
SABP-002
SPREAD FOOTINGS DESIGN
Table of Contents
Page
1
Introduction.............................................................................................. 4
1.1
Purpose............................................................................................. 4
1.2
Scope................................................................................................. 4
1.3
Disclaimer........................................................................................ 4
1.4
Conflicts with Mandatory Standards............................................ 4
References.................................................................................................. 5
2.1
Industry Codes and Standards....................................................... 5
2.2
Saudi Aramco Best Practices.......................................................... 5
2.3
Saudi Aramco Standards................................................................ 5
General...................................................................................................... 6
Loadings..................................................................................................... 6
Footing Design.......................................................................................... 7
5.1
Sizing................................................................................................ 7
5.2
Reinforced Concrete Footing Design........................................... 12
Pedestal Design........................................................................................ 15
Anchor Bolts............................................................................................ 17
Procedure for Footing Design................................................................ 17
Page 2 of 44

Issue Date: 31 August, 2002
Next Planned Update: 1 September, 2007
SABP-002
List of Figures
1
Uniaxial Loading
Biaxial Loading
Tributary Area for Wide Beam & Two-Way Action Shear
Shear Strength of Concrete in Footing
Distribution of Flexural Reinforcement
Attachments:
Attachment 1: List of Forms....................................................................... 20
1
Design Input Uniaxial Loading
Sample Input Data Uniaxial Loading
Design Input Biaxial Loading
Attachment 1a: Soil Pressure for Biaxial Footings................................... 23

Attachment 2:................................................................................................ 24
Spread Footing Design Example 1 (Manual Calculations)
Attachment 3:................................................................................................ 30
Spread Footing Design Example 1 (In-House Developed Spreadsheet)
Attachment 4:................................................................................................ 32
Attachment 5:................................................................................................ 35
Spread Footing Design Example 2 (In-House Developed Spreadsheet)
Attachment 6: List of Tables...................................................................... 39
1
Reinforcing Bars Diameters & Cross Sections
Basic Development Length of Standard 90 Hooks in Tension
Basic Development Length in Compression
Minimum Straight Tension Development Length (Bottom Bars)
Minimum Straight Tension Development Length (Top Bars)
Minimum Percent Reinforcement Required for Footing Design
Page 3 of 44

SABP-002
Introduction
1.1
Purpose
The purpose of this practice is to provide the engineer and designer with
guidelines for spread footing design for use by engineers working on Saudi
Aramco projects and Saudi Aramco engineers.
1.2
Scope
This design guide defines the minimum requirements for the analysis and design
of reinforced spread footings in process industry facilities at Saudi Aramco sites.
It covers general design philosophy and requirements to be used in the analysis
and design of spread footings. Section 2.0 of this instruction includes reference
codes and Saudi Aramco standards. Combined footings, mats and pile
foundations are beyond the scope of this guideline. The Design Input Forms 1
and 2 (Attachment 1) for foundation input loads presented in this guideline are
valid for either square or rectangular footings subject to either uniaxial or biaxial
overturning forces.
1.3
Disclaimer
The material in this Best Practices document provides the most correct and
accurate design guidelines available to Saudi Aramco which comply with
international industry practices. This material is being provided for the general
guidance and benefit of the Designer. Use of the Best Practices in designing
projects for Saudi Aramco, however, does not relieve the Designer from his
responsibility to verify the accuracy of any information presented or from his
contractual liability to provide safe and sound designs that conform to
Mandatory Saudi Aramco Engineering Requirements. Use of the information or
material contained herein is no guarantee that the resulting product will satisfy
the applicable requirements of any project. Saudi Aramco assumes no
responsibility or liability whatsoever for any reliance on the information
presented herein or for designs prepared by Designers in accordance with the
Best Practices. Use of the Best Practices by Designers is intended solely for,
and shall be strictly limited to, Saudi Aramco projects. Saudi Aramco is a
registered trademark of the Saudi Arabian Oil Company. Copyright, Saudi
Aramco, 2002.
1.4
Conflicts with Mandatory Standards

In the event of a conflict between this Best Practice and other Mandatory Saudi
Aramco Engineering Requirement, the Mandatory Saudi Aramco Engineering
Requirement shall govern.
Page 4 of 44

SABP-002
References
The latest edition of the following applicable codes, standards, specifications, and
references. Short titles will be used herein when appropriate.
2.1
Industry Codes and Standards

American Concrete Institute (ACI)
ACI 318
Building Code Requirements for Reinforced

Concrete and Commentary
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)

ASCE 7
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other

Structures
International Conference of Building Officials

Uniform Building Code, 1997 Edition
2.2
2.3
Saudi Aramco Best Practices

SABP-001
Anchor Bolt Design and Installation
SABP-006
Wind Loads on Piperacks & Open Frame

Structures
SABP-007
Steel Piperack Design
Saudi Aramco Standards

Saudi Aramco Engineering Standards (SAES)
SAES-A-113
Geotechnical Engineering Requirements
SAES-A-114
Excavation and Backfill
SAES-A-204
Preparation of Structural Calculations
SAES-M-001
Structural Design Criteria for Non-Building

Structures
SAES-Q-001
Criteria for Design and Construction of Concrete

Structures
SAES-Q-005
Concrete Foundations
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SABP-002
General
3.1
The design and specifications for construction of spread footings shall be

adequate for the structure intended use, in accordance with commonly accepted
engineering practice, Saudi Aramco Standard SAES-Q-005 Section 4.0, and this
guideline.
3.2
A geotechnical investigation is required for all new structures and foundations

as described in SAES-A-113. (Ref. SAES-Q-005, Para. 4.1.1)
3.3
The allowable soil bearing pressure shall be based on the results of the
geotechnical investigation, and a consideration of permissible total and
differential settlements. Soil pressures shall be calculated under the action of
vertical and lateral loads using load combinations that result in the maximum
soil pressures. The maximum soil pressure shall not exceed the applicable
allowable value. (Ref. SAES-Q-005, Para. 4.1.2)
3.4
Foundations shall be founded on either undisturbed soil or compact fill and at

least 600 mm below the existing or finished grade surface, unless a detailed soils
investigation indicated otherwise. In the case of foundations supported on
compacted fill, the geotechnical investigation and/or SAES-A-114 shall govern
the type of fill material and degree of compaction required. (Ref. SAES-Q-005,
Para. 4.1.3)
3.5
The design and construction of all concrete foundations shall comply with the
requirements of SAES-Q-001. (Ref. SAES-Q-005, Para. 4.3.1)
3.6
The top of concrete pedestal shall be a minimum of 150 mm above finished

grade for all columns supporting process equipments and piperacks. (Ref.
SAES-Q-005, Para. 4.3.2.a)
3.7
The design concrete compressive strength of concrete shall be 27.6 MPa

(4000 psi) at 28 days. (Ref. SAES-Q-005, Para. 4.3.2.b)
3.8
The structural calculations shall be prepared in accordance with the

requirements of SAES-A-204.
Loadings
4.1
Loads and load combinations for spread footing design shall conform to
Sections 5 and 6 of SAES-M-001 "Structural Design Criteria for Non-Building
Structures", Chapter 16 of Uniform Building Code (UBC) and Sections 4 and 5
of S.A. Best Practice SABP-007 "Steel Piperacks Design".
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SABP-002
4.2
The loads used for footing design shall be service load reactions obtained from
an elastic analysis of the superstructure. In computing footing soil pressures the
service load reactions are used. The weight of the footing and soil overburden
shall be combined with the service loads. The effect of buoyancy shall be
considered in footing design.
4.3
In computing moments and shears for footing slab design, the service load soil
pressures are factored. In designing the pedestal, load factors are applied to the
service load reactions and the pedestal is designed in accordance with the ACI
Code.
Footing Design
5.1
Sizing
5.1.1
5.1.2
General
a)
Generally, spread footings should be square or rectangular and

sized in 6-inch (150 mm) increments. The footing Length (L) to
Width (W) ratio of rectangular footings shall conform to the
following range 0.5 < L/B < 2.
b)
Footings must be designed to safely resist the effects of the applied

factored axial loads, shears and moments. Provisions of Chapter
15 of ACI Code apply primarily for design of footings supporting a
single column (isolated footings).
c)
The size of spread footings may be governed by stability

requirements, sliding, soil bearing pressure, or settlement. A
discussion of each of these considerations follows.
Foundation Stability
a)
All foundations subject to buoyant forces shall be designed to resist

a uniformly distributed uplift equal to the full hydrostatic pressure.
The minimum safety factor against floatation shall be 1.10,
considering the highest anticipated water level (Ref. SAES-Q-005,
para. 4.2.1).
b) The minimum safety factor against overturning for load

combinations which include wind or seismic forces shall be 1.5; for
all other conditions, it shall be 2.0 (Ref. SAES-Q-005, para. 4.2.2).
Page 7 of 44

5.1.3
SABP-002
Foundation Sliding
The minimum safety factor against sliding shall be 1.5. The coefficient
of friction used in computing the safety factor against sliding for cast-inplace foundations shall be 0.40, unless specified otherwise in a detailed
soil investigation. Passive earth pressure from backfill shall not be
considered in computing these safety factors (ref. SAES-Q-005, Para.
4.2.3).
5.1.4
Soil Bearing Pressure

A common assumption in the design of soil bearing footings is that the
footing behaves as a rigid unit. Hence, the soil pressure beneath a
footing is assumed to vary linearly when the footing is subjected to axial
load and moment. The ensuing rectangular footing formulas are based
on the linear pressure assumption. We will consider the following
conditions:
Case 1 - Resultant is within middle third of footing e L/6
The resultant R consists of the applied vertical load plus the
weight of the footing.
In this case, all of footing area in compression, and the direct soil
pressure PT/A is larger than the bending pressure Mc/I = M/S.
When bending occurs about one axis only (Figure 1 Case 1), and the
entire footing is subjected to pressure,
Qmax = PT/A + M/S = PT/BL (1 + 6e/L) Uniaxial Loading
Eq. 5-1
Qmin = PT/A - M/S = PT/BL (1 - 6e/L) Uniaxial Loading
Eq. 5-2
Eccentricity e = M/PT = (M + H x h) /PT
Eq. 5-3
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SABP-002
When bending occurs about both the x and y axis, and the entire footing
is subjected to pressure (i.e., eccentricity of the footing ex and ey lie
within their respective kern points),
qmax = PT/A + My/Sx + Mx/Sy = PT/BL (1 + 6ex/L + 6ey/B)
Biaxial Loading Eq. 5-4
qmin = PT/A - My/Sx - Mx/Sy = PT/BL (1 - 6ex/L - 6ey/B)
Biaxial Loading
Eq.5-5
ex = My/PT
Eq. 5-6
ey = Mx/PT
Eq. 5-7
Page 9 of 44

SABP-002
where
A = Area of footing = (L) (B)
L = Footing Length Dimension Parallel to X-Axis
B = Footing width dimension parallel to Y-axis
PT = Vertical design load including soil overburden,
foundation weight, and buoyancy
Mx = Moment About X-Axis of Footing Plan
My = Moment About Y-Axis of Footing Plan
Sx = L (B2/6)
Ix = L B3/12
Sy = B (L2/6)
Iy = B L3/12
The values of ex and ey are obtained using equation 5-6 and 5-7 first
about the x-axis and then about the y-axis
Case 2 - Resultant is outside middle third of footing e>L/6
The resultant R consists of the applied vertical load plus the
weight of the footing and soil overburden.
When bending occurs about one axis only:
In this case, as the load acts outside the middle third, tensile stress results
at the left side of the footing as shown in Figure 1- Case 2.
Figure 1 - Case 2 shows the distribution of soil pressure beneath the
footing when the resultant is outside the middle third of the base.
According to the laws of static, the total upward force must be equal to
and collinear with R. These two conditions may be expressed by
R = (qmax B x) / 2
Eq. 5-8
x/3 = (L/2) - e2
x = 3 (L/2 e2)
Eq. 5-9
qmax = 2PT/3B (L/2 e2)
Eq. 5-10
and
When bending occurs about both the x and y axis, and the values of ex
and ey are obtained using equation 5-6 and 5-7 first about the x-axis and
then about the y-axis. If the resulting point of application of eccentricity
e falls outside of the kern of the section (as labeled in Figure 2), a
special case exists and the points of zero pressure must be determined by
Page 10 of 44

SABP-002
trial. It should be noted that tension cannot exist between the soil and
the footing.
For the spread footings that are subject to biaxial bending with the
resultant lies outside or inside the kern, numerical solutions can be found
in many soil mechanics textbooks. Commercial software is also
available for this situation. Attachment 1A is a design aid that is based
on accurate numerical solutions and graphically provides the results.
5.1.5
Settlement
Footings shall be designed so that under sustained loads (operating
loads) the total settlement and the differential settlement between
footings do not exceed the established limits. The maximum allowable
amount of total settlement and differential settlement is typically set by
the Project Structural Engineer based on the sensitivity of the equipment
or structure being supported.
Page 11 of 44

5.2
SABP-002
Reinforced Concrete Footing Design

5.2.1
5.2.2
General
a)
Reinforced concrete footing design shall conform to the

requirements of ACI 318. The strength method shall be used for all
reinforced concrete footings design.
b)
The footing thickness is generally controlled by shear or rigidity

requirements. However, thickness may be controlled by flexural
considerations where the thickness is increased to avoid tension top
steel or to keep less than bal. In any case, the minimum
thickness of a soil bearing footing shall be 12 inches.
Flexural Considerations
a)
Footings shall be designed considering two-way action. The

procedures outlined in ACI 318, Chapter 15 shall be followed for
footing design.
b)
The strength method outlined in ACI 318, Chapter 10 shall be used

for all design.
c)
For square footings, reinforcing steel shall be placed continuously

across the entire footing in a grid pattern. For rectangular footings,
placement of steel shall conform to ACI 318, Section 15.4.4. All
reinforcement shall be fully developed in compliance with ACI 318
criteria.
d)
To ensure that a footing failure is ductile, the minimum amount of

bottom steel (grade 60 ksi) shall be:
As (min) = (200/fy) b d = 0.0033 b d
The above requirements need not be applied if at every section the
area of tensile reinforcement provided is at least one-third greater
than that required by analysis. However, the minimum bottom
steel shall not be less than minimum shrinkage reinforcement (As =
0.0018 b h).
where
b = width of footing
d = distance from top of footing to center of bottom bars
h = depth of footing
Page 12 of 44

e)
5.2.3
SABP-002
If a footing has uplift, there will be a moment at the heel that will
cause tension in the top of footing. Provide top steel to account for
the moment resulting from the footing weight and soil overburden
weight. Development length of top steel shall be per Table 5. The
bars may be hooked 90 downward to achieve the required
development length if straight embedment is not adequate. If top
reinforcing is required, minimum reinforcing shall be #3 at 12
inches on center, each way.
Shear Considerations
Both wide-beam action and two-way action must be checked to
determine the required footing depth. Beam action assumes that the
footing acts as a wide beam with a critical section across its entire width.
Two-way action for the footing checks "punching" shear strength. The
critical section for punching shear is a perimeter bo around the supported
member with the shear strength computed in accordance with ACI Code
Sect. 11.12.2.1. Tributary areas and corresponding critical sections for
wide-beam action and two-way action for an isolated footing are
illustrated in Figure 3 below:
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SABP-002
Figure 3 Tributary Area for Wide-Beam and Two-Way Action Shear

(Adapted from Notes On ACI 318 - 99 by PCA)
For footing design, the depth must be selected so that shear

reinforcement is not required. The shear strength equations may be
summarized as follows:
Page 14 of 44

SABP-002
Figure 4 Shear Strength of Concrete in Footings
Pedestal Design
6.1
Pedestals shall be designed using the strength method and moment

magnification. The pedestal shall be assumed to be a cantilever with K factor of
2.0. The service loads acting on the pedestal shall be factored, and the pedestal
shall be designed as a column or cantilever beam in accordance with ACI 318
provisions.
6.2
Use reinforcing dowels to transfer the column loads to the footings. Minimum
dowel projections should be that required for a tension splice in accordance with
ACI 318.
Page 15 of 44

6.3
SABP-002
Transfer of Force at Base of Column

All forces applied at the base of a column (supported member) must be
transferred to the footing (supporting member) by bearing on concrete and/or by
reinforcement. Tensile forces must be resisted entirely by reinforcement.
Bearing on concrete for both supported and supporting member must not exceed
the concrete bearing strength permitted by ACI Code Section 10.17.
For a supported column, the bearing capacity Pnb is
Pnb = (.85 f 'c A1)
ACI Sect. 10.17.1
f 'c = compressive strength of the column concrete

A 1 = loaded area (column area)
= 0.70
For a supporting footing,
Pnb = (.85 f 'c A1)
A2/A1 2(.85 f 'c A1)
f 'c = compressive strength of the footing concrete

A2 = area of the lower base of the largest frustum of a pyramid, cone, or tapered
wedge contained wholly within the footing and having for its upper base the
loaded area, and having side slopes of 1 vertical to 2 horizontal (see ACI Code
Fig. R10.17).
When bearing strength is exceeded, the bearing area must be increased.
A minimum area of reinforcement 0.005Ag (Ag = gross area of column) must be
provided across the interface of column or wall and footing. The minimum
reinforcement for column shall be in accordance with the ACI Code Sect. 10.9
and R10.8.4.
The shear-friction design method of ACI Code Sect. 11.7.4 should be used for
horizontal force transfer between columns and footings. Consideration of some
of the lateral force being transferred by shear through a formed shear key is
questionable. Considerable slip is required to develop a shear key. Shear keys,
if provided, should be considered as an added mechanical factor of safety only,
with no design shear force assigned to the shear key. Net tension across the
shear plane shall be resisted by additional reinforcement.
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SABP-002
Anchor Bolts
Anchor bolts design requirements shall be in accordance with SAES-Q-005 and
SABP-001.
Procedure for Footing Design

The following sequence of steps can be used in the design of spread footings:
8.1
Determine the gross allowable soil bearing pressure based on soil investigation
report or available exiting soil data.
8.2
Size the foundation pedestal based on strength requirements, anchor bolt pattern
and required clearances.
8.3
Determine the primary service load cases and the critical load combinations
acting on the footing.
8.4
Calculate eccentricity e = M/PT (Eq. 5-3) to determine if the resultant is in

middle third (e L/6) or outside middle third (e > L/6).
8.5
Assume a trial footing size and use service load combinations to calculate the
maximum soil bearing pressure (qmax) and minimum soil bearing pressure (qmin)
based on the location of eccentricity. Adjust footing size so that qmax does not
exceed the maximum gross allowable soil bearing pressure.
8.6
Calculate safety factor against overturning by dividing resisting moment by

overturning moment. The resultant Safety Factor should be 1.5 or 2.0 minimum
(depending on loads considered), otherwise increase footing size.
8.7
Calculate safety factor against sliding by dividing resisting shear by actual shear.
The resultant Safety Factor should be 1.5 minimum.
8.8
Assume footing thickness and determine the required effective depth of the
section that has adequate beam shear capacity at a distance d from the support
face for one way shear and punching shear at a distance d/2 for two-way action.
8.9
Calculate the controlling factored moment Mu on a plane at the face of the

column support. Find Mn = Mu/0.9. Select a total reinforcement area As based
on Mn and the applicable effective depth. Ensure that the area of steel in each
principal direction of the footing plan exceeds the minimum value required for
temperature and shrinkage: As = 0.0018 bw h (bw = width of footing, h = total
thickness).
Page 17 of 44

8.10
SABP-002
Determine the size and spacing of the flexural reinforcement in the long and
short directions. In one-way footings and two-way square footings, flexural
reinforcement shall be distributed uniformly across the entire width of the
footing. For two-way rectangular footings, the reinforcement must be
distributed as shown in Figure 5 below.
Figure 5 Distribution of Flexural Reinforcement
(Adapted from Notes On ACI 318-99 by PCA)
8.11
Check development length and anchorage available to verify that bond

requirements are satisfied (ACI Code Chapter 12 and attached Tables 2 through 5).
8.12
Check the bearing stresses on the column and the footing at their area of contact.
8.13
Check shear friction steel requirements at the footing and pedestal interface and
determine the number and size of the dowels required.
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31 August, 2002
SABP-002
Revision Summary
New Saudi Aramco Best Design Practice SABP-002.
Page 19 of 44

SABP-002
Attachment 1: List of Forms
Page 20 of 44

SABP-002
Page 21 of 44

SABP-002
Page 22 of 44

SABP-002
Attachment 1A: Soil Pressure for Biaxial Footings
0.40
b=
e 2/
05
0.
10
0.
15
0.
0.38
12 11 10
0 .1
75
0.38
0 .0
0.36
0.36
0.34
0
0.2 25 .25
75
0
0.2
0.2
0.34
0.32
0.30
0.28
0.32
0.30
0.28
0.26
0.26
0.30
0.24
RATIO
e1/d
0.40
0.24
0.22
0.20
0.20
0.32
0.22
0.18
0.18
0.35
0.16
5
0.37
Smax = K (P/bd)
0.14
0.10
.40
e2
0.12
=0
0.10
0.14
e 2/b
0.12
Location of Smax
0.16
0.08
0.08
0.06
0.06
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.02
Load P
e1
0.00
12 11 10
0.00
K coefficient
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SABP-002
Attachment 2: Spread Footing Design Example 1 (Manual Calculations)

Spread Footing Design Example 1
Given: PD = 300 Kips
PL = 250 Kips
fc = 4,000 psi
Soil Weight = 115 pcf

fy = 60,000 psi
Allowable Soil Bearing Pressure qs = 4.0 ksf (gross)

Assume footing width restricted to 10 feet
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SABP-002
Step 1: Determine base area required

The base area of the footing is determined using service (unfactored) loads with the net
permissible soil pressure.
Total weight of surcharge = 0.115 X 4.5 ft = 0.52 ksf
Net permissible soil pressure qs = 4.0 0.52 = 3.48 ksf
Required base area of footing: Af = (300 + 250) / 3.48 = 158.05 ft
Use 10 ft X 16 ft footing (Af = 160 ft > 158.05) O.K.
Step 2: Factored loads and soil reaction
Pu = 1.4 (300) + 1.7 (250) = 845 kips
qs = Pu / Af = 845 / 160 = 5.28 ksf
Step 3: Check beam shear (wide beam action) see Figure below
Assume footing thickness = 30 in. and average effective thickness d=26.5 in. = 2.21 ft
Vn Vu
(Vn = Vc)
ACI Eq. 11-1
Vu = qs x tributary area
Tributary area = 10 (8.0 1.25 2.21) = 45.40 ft
Vu = 5.28 x 45.40 = 239.71 kips
Vn = Vc = (2fc bw d)
ACI - Eq. 11-3
Vn = 0.85 (24000 x 120 x 26.5)/1000

Vn = 341.95 kips > 239.71 O.K.
Ratio = 239.71 / 341.95 = 0.70 < 1.0 O.K.
Step 4: Check Two-way action (punching shear)- see Figure below
Check punching shear along tributary perimeter area (per Figure below)
Vu = qs x Tributary area
Tributary Area = (Lx * Ly) ((30 + d) (12 + d)/144)
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SABP-002
Tributary area = [(10 x 16) (30 + 26.50)(12 + 26.50)/144] = 144.89 ft

Vu = 5.28 x 144.89 = 765.04 kips
Vn Vu
(Vn = Vc)
ACI Eq. 11-1
Vc shall be the smallest of :

Vc = (2 + 4/c) fc bo d
ACI Eq. 11-35
Vc = (sd/bo+ 2) fc bo d
ACI Eq. 11-36
Vc = 4 fc bo d
ACI Eq. 11-37
bo = 2(30 + 26.5) + 2(12 + 26.5) = 190 in.

c = 30 / 12 = 2.50
bo / d = 190 / 26.50 = 7.17
s = 40 for interior columns
In Eq. 11-35 (2 + 4/c) = 2 + 4/2.50 = 3.60
Governs Design
In Eq. 11-36 (sd/bo+ 2) = 40*26.50/190 + 2 = 7.58

In Eq. 11-37 4
Vc=0.85x(2 + 4/c)xfc bo d=0.85 x 3.6 x 4000 x190x26.50/1000 = 974.43 kips
Vc = 974.43 kips > 765.04 kips O.K. (Footing thickness is adequate)
Ratio = 765.04 / 974.43 = 0.79 < 1.0 O.K.
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SABP-002
Beam Shear & Punching Shear in Footing:
Step 5: Design Footing Reinforcement
Ultimate moment Mu:

Mu = Wl2/2 = 5.28 x 10 ft x (6.752 /2 = 1202.85 k ft
Mn = 1202.85 /0.9 = 1336.50 k-ft
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SABP-002
F = bd2/12,000 = (10x12) x 26.52 / 12,000 = 7.02

Kn = Mn /F = 1336.50 / 7.02 = 190.32
= 0.0033 = 200/Fy > min = 0.0018
From Table 6
As = x b x d
As = 0.0033 x 120 x 26.50 = 10.49 in
Use 14 # 8 bars As = 11.06 in2 > 10.49 ok
Use #8 @ 8 inches
Reinforcement in Perpendicular Direction:
Mu = 5.28 x 16x (4.5)2/2 = 855.36 k-ft
Mn = 855.36/0.9 = 950.4 k-ft
F = bd2/12,000 = (16x12) x 262 / 12,000 = 10.82
Kn = Mn /F = 950.4 / 10.82 = 87.87
= 0.0013 < min = 0.0033
From Table 6
min = 1.33 x 0.0013 = 0.0017 < min = 0.0018
(min. shrinkage reinf.)
Use min = 0.0018

As = x b x h
As = 0.0018 x 16 x 12 x 30 = 10.37 in
Distribution to 10 ft width:
As1 = (2 / 1 + ) x As
As1 = (2/ 1 + 16/10) x 10.37 = 7.97 in
Use 14 # 7 As1 = 8.40 in2 > 7.97 ok Region 2 (middle) 120 inch
Distribution to each end of footing ends:
As2 = (As As1) / 2 = (10.37 7.97 ) / 2 = 1.20 in
Use 2 # 7 As2 = 1.20 in > or = 1.20 ok Region 1 and 3 (ends) 36 inch
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Step 6:Check force transfer at column base:

Bearing Strength of Column:
Pnb = (.85 f 'c A1)
ACI Sect. 10.17.1
0.70 (0.85 x 4) x (12 x 30) = 856.80 Kips > 845 Kips - O.K.
Bearing Strength of Footing:
Pnb = (.85 f 'c A1) A2/ A1
A2/ A1 > 2 Use 2
Pnb = 0.7 ( 0.85 x 4) x (12 x 30) x 2 = 1713.6 kips > 845 Kips Ok.
Use minimum column dowels:
0.005 x 12 x30 = 1.8 in Use 4 # 6 As = 1.76 in
Step 7: Check development length for column dowels and for footing bottom bars
Column Vertical Dowels:
For # 6 dowels: Required compression development length
ld (required) = 14.2 in (per Table 3) < 26 in available O.K.
Footing Bottom Bars:
Footing Bottom bars development length required ld for # 8 = 57 in. (per Table 4)
< (98 3) = 78 Available - O.K.
Footing Bottom bars development length required ld for #7= 50 in. (per Table 4)
< (54 3) = 51 in. Available O.K.
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Attachment 3:
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Attachment 4:
Based on STAAD III output, the following is the critical service load combination.
See detailed load combinations from STAAD III output.
Given:
P = 27.25 Kips
H = 4.93 Kips
M = 54.55 Kip - ft
fc = 4,000 psi
Soil Weight = 115 pcf
fy = 60,000 psi
Allowable Soil Bearing Pressure qs = 3.0 ksf (gross)
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Step 1: Determine base area required & maximum soil bearing pressure
The base area of the footing is determined using service (unfactored) loads:
Footing & Pedestal weight = (8.0x5.0x1.5x0.15) + (2.5x1.67x3.0x0.15)
= 9.00 + 1.88 = 10.88 Kips
Weight of Soil = ((8.0x5.0) (2.5x1.67)) x 2.50 x 0.115 = 10.30 kips
Total P = 27.25 + 10.88 + 10.30 = 48.43 Kips
Overturning Moment (O.M.)= (H x h) + M = (4.93 x 4.5) + 54.55 = 76.74 k-ft
Resisting Moment (R.M.) =
P x Lx/2
= 48.43 x 8/2 = 193.71 k-ft
S.F. against overturning =R.M./O.M.= MR/MO = 193.71 / 76.74 = 2.52 > 2.0 O.K.
S.F. against sliding = P x 0.4 / H = 48.43 x 0.4 / 4.93 = 3.93 > 1.5 O.K.
Check location of centricity: e = MO / P = 76.74 / 48.43 = 1.58 ft > L/6 = 8/6 = 1.33
Resultant is outside the middle third of footing.
Use equations 5-8 and 5-9 for calculating maximum gross soil bearing pressure
X/3 = (Lx/2 ) e = (8.0 /2) 1.58 = 2.42
Eq. 5-9
X = 7.26 ft
qmax = (P x 2) / Ly x X = (48.43 x 2) / 5.0 x 7.26 = 2.67 ksf < 3.0 O.K.
Eq. 5-8
qnet = 2.67 (10.88 + 10.30) / 8.0 x 5.0 = 2.67 0.53 = 2.14 ksf
Step 2: Factored loads and soil reaction
Critical factored load combination based on STAAD II computer output
Pu = 39.36 kips
Add weight of footing and soil:
Pu = 39.36 + 1.4(10.88 + 10.30) = 69.01 KIPS
Hu = 8.19 kips
Mu = 91.38 k - ft
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Add additional moment from horizontal load

Mu = 91.38 + (8.19 x 4.5) = 128.24 k-ft
e = Mu /Pu = 128.24 / 69.01 = 1.86 > L/6 = 1.33
Resultant outside middle third use Eq. 8 and 9:
X/3 = (Lx/2 ) e = (8.0 /2) 1.86 = 2.14
Eq. 5-9
X = 6.42 ft
qmax = (P x 2) / Ly x X = (69.01 x 2) / 5.0 x 6.42 = 4.30 ksf
Eq. 5-8
qnet = 4.30 1.4 (10.88 + 10.30) / 8.0 x 5.0 = 4.30 0.74 = 3.56 ksf
With factored soil bearing pressure qnet = 3.56 ksf, repeat steps 3 to 6 as in example 1.
Also, see In-House developed Spreadsheet (Attachment 4).
q at face of column = (4.30/6.42) * (6.42 2.75) = 2.46 ksf
qnet = 2.46 1.4 (10.88 + 10.30) / 8.0 x 5.0 = 2.46 0.74 = 1.72 ksf
Max. Moment at face of column:
Mu = (1.72*2.752)2 + (3.56-1.72) *2.75 * 0.5 * 2.75 *2/3
Mu = 6.50 + 4.64 = 11.14 k-ft /ft
Mn = 11.14 / 0.9 = 12.38 k-ft / ft
Mu (total) = 11.14 * 5.0 = 55.70 k-ft
Mn (tot) = 55.70 / 0.9 = 61.89 k-ft
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Attachment 5:
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Attachment 6: List of Tables
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Best Practice

Spread Footings Design

Spread Footings Design

Developed by: Hisham Abu-Adas

Previous Issue: New Next Planned Update: 1 September, 2007

Document Responsibility: Onshore Structures

SPREAD FOOTINGS DESIGN

Conflicts with Mandatory Standards............................................ 4

Industry Codes and Standards....................................................... 5

Saudi Aramco Best Practices.......................................................... 5

Saudi Aramco Standards................................................................ 5

Reinforced Concrete Footing Design........................................... 12

Procedure for Footing Design................................................................ 17

Document Responsibility: Onshore Structures

Tributary Area for Wide Beam & Two-Way Action Shear

Shear Strength of Concrete in Footing

Distribution of Flexural Reinforcement

Design Input Uniaxial Loading

Sample Input Data Uniaxial Loading

Design Input Biaxial Loading

Attachment 1a: Soil Pressure for Biaxial Footings................................... 23

Reinforcing Bars Diameters & Cross Sections

Basic Development Length of Standard 90 Hooks in Tension

Basic Development Length in Compression

Minimum Straight Tension Development Length (Bottom Bars)

Minimum Straight Tension Development Length (Top Bars)

Minimum Percent Reinforcement Required for Footing Design

Document Responsibility: Onshore Structures

Conflicts with Mandatory Standards

Document Responsibility: Onshore Structures

Industry Codes and Standards

Building Code Requirements for Reinforced

American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other

International Conference of Building Officials

Saudi Aramco Best Practices

Anchor Bolt Design and Installation

Wind Loads on Piperacks & Open Frame

Steel Piperack Design

Saudi Aramco Standards

Geotechnical Engineering Requirements

Excavation and Backfill

Preparation of Structural Calculations

Structural Design Criteria for Non-Building

Criteria for Design and Construction of Concrete

Document Responsibility: Onshore Structures

The design and specifications for construction of spread footings shall be

A geotechnical investigation is required for all new structures and foundations

Foundations shall be founded on either undisturbed soil or compact fill and at

The top of concrete pedestal shall be a minimum of 150 mm above finished

The design concrete compressive strength of concrete shall be 27.6 MPa

The structural calculations shall be prepared in accordance with the

Document Responsibility: Onshore Structures

Generally, spread footings should be square or rectangular and

Footings must be designed to safely resist the effects of the applied

The size of spread footings may be governed by stability

All foundations subject to buoyant forces shall be designed to resist

b) The minimum safety factor against overturning for load

Document Responsibility: Onshore Structures

Soil Bearing Pressure

Qmin = PT/A - M/S = PT/BL (1 - 6e/L) Uniaxial Loading

Eccentricity e = M/PT = (M + H x h) /PT

Document Responsibility: Onshore Structures