Comparison from others countries of OD initiatives

No.

Study

Issues

Method

Finding/Outcome/Results

Limitation

1.

Towards Open Data

for Public
Accountability:
Examining the US
and the UK Models
(Peled & Nahon,
2015)

1. How OGD
information assets
can and must
contribute to
democratic ideals
such as improved
accountability.
2. Current OGD
information assets do
not meet the original
open data goal of
improving political
accountability.

Using software to
crawl, scrape,
collect, cleanse, and
register important
metadata about
OGD information
assets from 2 main
OGD portals:
- Data.gov
- Data.gov.uk

UK and US agencies
metadata compliance
catalogue is divided to 3
levels:
1. Informational: what
agencies or public
servants did or plan to
do.
2. Explanatory: provides
reasons why agencies
decided to carry out a
certain action.
3. Enforcement: rewards
good or punishes bad
agencies or public
servants behavior.

Keywords:
Open Data;
Accountability; Open
Government;
Transparency;
Disclosure

Suggest these actions to

re-align with original goal:
1. Better templates or
catalogs that instruct
agencies on preparing
information assets
before they release
them.
2. Design mechanisms
that monitor and
measure agencies
compliance with these
templates.

exclusive
quantitative
nature
tight focus on
the OGD
supply side
dimension
reliance on the
types of
catalogs used
by UK national
agencies and
US federal
agencies

Conclusions/
Recommendations

No.

Study

Issues

Method

Finding/Outcome/Results

2.

Open Government
Data in India
(Wright, Abraham, &
Shah, 2012)

1. Data unreliability
2. System
interoperability
3. Indian culture is an
oral society and not
documentationdriven.
4. Infrastructure to
support open data
initiative in India
currently does not
sufficient.

1. Primary data
collection:
interviews
phone calls
and e-mail
conversations
2. Secondary
literature
analysis.

1. Most people in India,

even those who are
active in issues of
transparency, have
never heard of open
data or open
government data.
2. The Right to
Information Act
requires appropriate
governments to
develop and organize
educational programs
to advance the
understanding of the
public, in particular of
disadvantaged
communities as to
how to exercise the
rights contemplated
under this Act.

Keywords:
Open government
data, Right To
Information Act

3.

Understanding The
Impacts Of Kenya
Open Data
Applications and
Services.
(Mutuku & Mahihu,

1. Access to and
1. Preliminary
1. Citizens do access and
utilization of open
literature review
use government data,
datasets by the
at published
but know little about
population has still
articles and
Kenya Open Data
remained low,
papers written
Initiative (KODI).
despite availability on
on case studies
2. Low quality of the

Limitation

A survey for
quantitative
approach was
run to very
small number
of respondents

Conclusions/
Recommendations
The duty of the
government
cannot end merely
at providing
information, but
must extend to
making that
information
available in a form
that facilitates
analysis and
enhances offline
usability.
Publishing the raw
data is not
sufficient to
ensure the
relevance of open
government data,
there should be a
mechanism in
place to take its
benefits to the
citizens,
governments and
civil society.
High quality data
is required to
improve the utility
and functionality
of open data
intermediary

No.

Study

Issues

2014)

the main portal.

2. Community
application built
using the open data
is yet to be
documented as
evidence as citizens
engagement to
government
information.

Keywords:
Open data, Impact,
Awareness

Method

2.

3.
4.

5.

of open data in
Kenya as well as
other regions.
Exploratory
survey using
questionnaires
targeting to the
citizen who may
have heard
about open
data.
Stakeholder
interviews.
Analysis on
existing
dashboard
applications.
User experience
study from 3
sample
applications
platform.

Finding/Outcome/Results
available data is
hindering its usage
and limits its value.
3. Well-designed and
implemented
intermediary
technology can
enhance access and
usability of open data.

Limitation
(71
respondents).

Conclusions/
Recommendations
platforms.
Citizen feedback is
critical to ensure
that there is no
information
mismatch
between the
information that
citizens demand
for and that
available on the
open data
platforms and
intermediaries.

No.

Study

Issues

4.

Emerging Impacts in
Open Data in the
Judiciary Branches in
Argentina, Chile and
Uruguay (Elena)

1. Latin American
1. In situ visits and
judiciary branches
interviews to
are among the
users and
executive and
producers of the
legislatives branch
data and the
that are least willing
stakeholders
to implement an
involved.
open government
2. Exploratory
concept.
design, with
2. Openness and
triangulation
transparency in the
between
judiciary should be
qualitative and
standard practices, as
quantitative
the judiciary provides
methods and the
a public service that
combining of
affects peoples daily
various sources
lives, and it must
of information.
respond to society as 3. An evaluation
well as the remaining
matrix to
branches of State.
analyses the
3. At present the use of
dimensions
the data generated
attributed to
by judiciary branches
open data in
is limited, and no
relation to
impact studies on the
judicial
matter are known.
information.
4. Field study

Keywords:
Open data, judiciary,
impacts

Method

Finding/Outcome/Results
1. All three countries
have created a
suitable environment
for the development
of an open data policy.
Nevertheless, the
information does not
yet comply with all the
requirements for
consideration as open
data.
2. The investigation has
also shown that of the
three categories
impacted by the use of
open data
(transparency and
accountability,
innovation and
economic
development, and
inclusion and
empowerment),
outcomes were only
achieved in the case of
transparency.
3. Judiciary branches
publish data, but the
publication of data per
se, despite the efforts
made; there is still a
lack of balance

Limitation

Conclusions/
Recommendations
The
recommendations
made for this study
were:
1. To Increasing
awareness
among
stakeholders in
the judiciary and
users.
2. To Implement,
monitor and
evaluate open
data policies.

No.

Study

Issues

Method

Finding/Outcome/Results
between the supply
and demand of
judiciary data.

Limitation

Conclusions/
Recommendations

No.

Study

Issues

5.

Will Open Data

Initiatives Make
Local Governments
In the Philippines
More Transparent?
(Oyatsi, 2015)

1. Full Disclosure Policy 1. Case study

(FDP) failed to
approach to
consider the
three provincial
audience, the
governments.
intended users of the
data in the design of
the policy.
2. FDP document
formats do not allow
ease of access or
reuse of data.
3. Citizen groups are
not aware that data
exists in websites.
They also do not have
the capacity to
engage with
published
government data.
4. Open data serves
only the information
needs of less than
40% of the
population. In a
context of low
internet penetration,
other citizens are
reliant on other
modes of information
sharing to secure
local governance
data.

Keywords:
Open government,
open data, local
government
transparency,
Philippines

Method

Finding/Outcome/Results
1. The policy can be
revised to look into
the sets of data that
are needed by citizens
or are of interest to
them (user value) and
make these the
required documents
to be provided online
through the FDP.
2. The policy can be
revised to require all
documents to be
published as open
data set.
3. The government
should inform and
capacitate local
stakeholders on how
to access, navigate
and use local
government data.
4. A local government
information policy or
program in open data
should cater to the
needs of citizens and
groups without access
to internet and to the
information posted in
government websites.

Limitation

Conclusions/
Recommendations
Supplying
information to the
public is only
meaningful when
the information
provided is what
the citizens need
and in a format
that is both
interesting and
understandable.
Demand from
citizen for open
local government
can help open
data proves its
value in advancing
a truly democratic
society.

No.

Study

Issues

Method

Finding/Outcome/Results

6.

Open Government
Data Readiness
Assessment in
Indonesia
(Alonso, Boyera,
Grewal, Iglesias, &
Pawelke, 2013)

1. Possible abuse or
misuse of sensitive
information and,
more specifically,
privacy and secrecy
issues.
2. Agencies lack the
knowledge of
procedures and
adequately trained
personnel for
effective
implementation of
the legal framework.
3. Issues from the
supply side:
Irregularities in
data sets, the use
of different
standards and a
high level of
aggregation
Incomplete data
sets, inaccurate,
not frequently
updated, and
difficult to process
and understand.
bureaucratic
procedures,
charging
requirements,

1. Desk Research:
quantitative &
qualitative data
about the
country
2. Online survey to
public
3. Questionnaire
and country
visit: conduct an
interview
4. Conclusion from
case study.

1. Strategic Approach:
Start small and scale
projects at individual
government
institutions
2. Established central
unit
3. Pooling resources and
expertise through
partnerships with
existing initiatives and
project

Keywords:
Open government
data, readiness

Limitation

Conclusions/
Recommendations
OGD has to be
featured
prominently on
the governments
agenda despite of
its benefits.
Freedom of
Information law
has been a key
factor in a gradual
but continuous
development
towards increased
government
openness.
Bringing together
the knowledge,
skills and expertise
from a variety of
stakeholders
would be key for
the success of a
possible future
OGD initiative.

No.

Study

Issues
copyright
restrictions or a
general reluctance
to provide access
to government
data to external
users
4. Demand from most
of the civil society
groups is significantly
lower compared to
the private sector.
5. Key stakeholders

Method

Finding/Outcome/Results

Limitation

Conclusions/
Recommendations

No.

Study

7.

Effects and
Evaluation of Open
Government Data
Initiative in Croatia
(Vrai, Varga, &
urko, 2016)
Keywords:
open data,
government data,
open government
data, public sector
information,
implementation,
evaluation
framework

Issues
1. The effect of open
government data
initiatives and the
value of it.
2. Sustaining open
data initiative in
Croatia.

Method

Finding/Outcome/Results

1. Study on base
on previous
work done by
the same
authors to
propose actions
in area of law
and policy.

1. 11 conceptual
measures for
government to boost
open data initiative
such as defining a
strategy in order to
change the culture;
provide useful
explanation of both
public and open data
that is accepted by
law; explained
between open and
private data to the
citizens and etc.
2. 4 technical measures
such as ensure the
quality of the data,
equipped with a lot of
applications data and
etc.

Limitation

Conclusions/
Recommendations
No unified expert
opinion on how to
evaluate and
research open
data initiative
impacts.
Propose actions in
the areas of law
and policy, as well
as in the areas of
organization and
technology, which
could benefit
Croatias economic
growth and
democratic
empowerment.
To ensure a selfsustaining level it is
crucial to find the
right balance
between the
expectations of
open data users
and open data
publishers.

No.

Study

Issues

Method

8.

Open Data in the

Governance of South
African Higher
Education

1. Managerialism
without informed
decision-making has
the very real
potential to foster
weak and
fragmented
institutions prone to
corruption and/or
the inappropriate
allocation of
resources
2. South African
university councils
need accurate and
informative data on
the state of their
institutions for better
decision-making.

1.

(Van Schalkwyk,
Willmers, &
Czerniewicz, 2014)

Keywords:
Open data,
governance, higher
education

2.

3.

4.

Finding/Outcome/Results

Limitation

Conclusions/
Recommendations
Case study
1. Technical:
1. The study has
The
approach
found
out
that
PHP scripting,
preponderance of
Interview to
the universities
Smarty template
datasets remains
selected
appear to have
engine, MySQL
closed using the
Universitys
different
database, jQuery.
Sebastopol
planning
structures of
Principles and the
To generate the
department
managing and
ODDC criteria,
graphs Google
Interview with
supplying the
despite the
Visualization is being
higher education
data compared
healthy
used.
researchers.
to
what
has
representation of
To enable users to
Semi-structured
been told
the public sector
download data
interview using
during the
on the supply
results as MSExcel
questionnaire.
interviewed.
side.
files, ExcelExport is
2. Using semi Datasets
being used.
structured
indicated as
2. Open Data-supply:
interview
which
closed are not
2 open datasets are
was timenecessarily
made public; both are
consuming
and
inaccessible; they
link to each other. 23
limiting
the
simply do not
universities datasets
sample size.
meet the criteria
were crawled to this
set out by the
datasets:
Sebastopol
DHET
Principles and the
CHET
ODDC; therefore
3. Data-use & impacts:
the implication of
Most universities use
potential uptake
CHET open data to
and reuse are
support the
limited or stifled.
governance of the
university
Most universities
think that the open
data platform is

No.

Study

Issues

Method

Finding/Outcome/Results
useful in terms of
comparing the data.

Limitation

Conclusions/
Recommendations

No.

Study

Issues

9.

Open city statistics:

The first results with
open data in
Amsterdam

1. This paper examines 1. Survey among

which policy goals
the citizens
are met with the
(n=703) of
products based on
Amsterdam.
open data provided
2. Compare the
by the City of
characteristics of
Amsterdam. The
the first products
policy goals that were
that use open
being study are:
data with the
- Internal efficiency
objectives of the
- External
open data
transparency
movement.
- Economic growth

(Bicknese & van der

Oord, 2015)
Keywords:
Open data

10.

Open data policies,

1. Very little systematic
their
and structured
implementation and
research has been
impact: A framework
done on the issues
for comparison
that are covered by
open data policies,
A. Zuiderwijk , M.
their intent and
Janssen (2013)
actual impact.
2. No suitable
Keywords:
framework for
Open data policies
comparing open data
Open data
policies is available
framework
Open data
Open government
Comparative
research

Method

Finding/Outcome/Results

Conclusions/
Recommendations
1. Almost a quarter of
Observation and
In order open data to
the population doesnt survey. No in depth create more impact
feel that open data
analysis of each
in terms of the three
will increase internal
strategy.
aspect mentioned:
efficiency.
- Provide more
2. Majority are confident
technical
to neutral about
development such
external transparency.
as real time data
3. Not more than 1% of
- Use predictive
the public
analytics to
downloaded apps
forecast the results
based on open data.
of policy decisions
- Adopting new
policy and strategy

1. Analyzing
1. Developing a
(government)
framework for
reports,
comparing open data
documents and
policies.
websites about
2. Using the framework
open data
for comparing the
policies.
open data policies of
2. Observations
seven Dutch
gained from four
governmental
semi-structured
organizations
interviews as
well as e-mail
and telephone
contact with
seven key
persons involved
in policy-making

Limitation

The framework
developed is
useful towards
obtaining a
better
understanding
of the general
differences and
similarities of
open data
policies, should
be refined to
include aspect
that are related
to organization
and their
culture.

1. Open data
policies could be
improved by
collaborating
with other
organizations.
2. Data publishing
organizations
could learn by
developing their
open data
policies from the
viewpoint of
what their effects
should be and by
adapting to the
changing

No.

Study
Policies
Guidelines

Issues

Method
at the examined
government
organizations

Finding/Outcome/Results

Limitation

Conclusions/
Recommendations
production,
distribution, and
use of open data.
3. Stimulating the
use of open data
should be part of
open data
policies, as this is
a crucial factor
for achieving the
positive effects of
open data.
4. Data-providing
organizations
should take into
account that
variables related
to culture and
context may
influence the
development and
effects of open
data policies.

No.

Study

Issues

11.

Researching the
emerging impacts of
open data.
Open Data in
Developing
Countries (ODDC)
Conceptual
Framework.

1. It is not clear if open

1. Qualitative
data initiatives are
approach:
truly delivering on
combining a
their promises of
top-down
improving
view of the
transparency,
context of
accountability, citizen
open data in
participation and
different
economic opportunity
developing
across developing
countries countries.
framework
2. Reliable evidence on
bottom-up
the outcomes and
view of the
impact of open data
emerging
initiatives remains
impacts of
scarce.
open data in
specific
contexts
assessment
methods.

T. Davies, F. Perini
(2016)

12.

Getting to Use: What 1. Insufficient research

Developing
that looks at the data
Countries Have to
use.
Say About Closing
2. Mismatch between
the Gap
data supply and
Between Supply and
demand.
Demand for (Open)
3. Unused and low
Data
quality data lead to
low impact.
Sethi (2016)
2016 Open Data

Method

1. Sampling from a
survey of
around 55,000
public private,
and civil society
leaders in 126
low and middleincome
countries
2. Refined to three
countries

Finding/Outcome/Results

Limitation

1. 6 areas that a case

studies research should
address:
The context for
open data.
The supply of open
data.
Technical platforms
and standards
The context of the
specific governance
setting
Intermediaries and
data flow
Actions and impacts

1. There is a high
demand for sectorspecific data at the
sub-national level
across all stakeholder
groups, which calls for
prioritizing a push to
open up more of this
data and build
capacity in the
organizations that

No agreement
on methods
that is
comprehensive
enough to
encompass all
the key aspects
and potential
impacts of
open data
initiative.

Conclusions/
Recommendations
open data
initiatives vary
from country to
country and
context to
context, and,
understanding
the common
features of open
data that are
shaping its
implementation
in the diverse
settings, requires
broad-based
research.

1. The open data

community may
see a greater
return on
investment by
prioritizing the
release of data in
areas of greatest
demand.
2. Open data
projects are

No.

Study
Research
Symposium, 5
October 2016,
Madrid, Spain

Issues

Method

Finding/Outcome/Results

sampling frames
produce it.
through a rapid 2. Gathering user
assessment of
perspectives in an
decision-making
incremental and
ecosystem.
continuous fashion
3. Snowball
can help prioritize the
sampling to
datasets released.
target additional 3. There is a relatively
interviewees:
low demand for
granular data on aid
senior and
activities, which calls
mid-level
for rethinking ways to
officials in
package this
the national
information to users
government
that may need it the
in-country
most.
development
4. Data quality is a
partner
common barrier to
organizations
use, which calls for
,
innovative ways to
CSOs
balance the trade-offs
(including
between timeliness
academia).
and accuracy.
4. Semi-structured
interviews with
nearly 200
development
stakeholders
based in Dakar
(Senegal), Dili
(Timor-Leste),
and Tegucigalpa
(Honduras) in

Limitation

Conclusions/
Recommendations
successful when
they respond to
an existing welldefined problem
and when they
adapt to the local
context in terms
of content and
dissemination
strategies.
3. Crowdsourcing
and other forms
of validating
information by
involving
stakeholders with
a vested interest
in good quality
data can help
address quality
concerns in
certain contexts.

No.

Study

Issues

Method

Finding/Outcome/Results

Limitation

1. Most critical risk

mentioned by
entrepreneurs is the
quality of the data
published.
2. Most important
quality attributes for
entrepreneurs:
Updated
Available
Inaccurate
Formats
3. For all EU countries
except Sweden, Data
Quality shows a high
degree of concern.

Conclusions/
Recommendations

early 2016

13.

Measuring risks and

challenges in using
open data
Alan, Luis-Daniel,
and Elena (2016)
2016 Open Data
Research
Symposium, 5
October 2016,
Madrid, Spain
Keywords:
Open data,
Entrepreneurship,
Risks and Challenges.

1. Analyze the risks and

challenges that
companies are facing
when they are using
open data.
2. Analyzed the
variability of risk
perception in the
countries with most
applications (UK,
Spain, Italy, and
Germany).

1. Quantitative
approach:
identify and
rank these
barriers
according to
its frequency
of
occurrences
mentioned
by
businessmen
2. Text mining
techniques
through topic
modeling

The analysis

suggests a
union from
many others
risks and not a
standard risk
measurement
to fully
understand
data quality
variation across
countries.

The risks and

challenges when
entrepreneurs
are using open
data as raw
material are:
1) quality, 2)
sources, 3)
usability, 4)
users, 5)
datasets, 6)
available,
7) business, 8)
access, 9)
accuracy, 10)
formats, 11)
platform
Data quality is a
very strong
associate in the
risk assessment
of companies of
almost all
European
countries.
Open data policy
makers need to
be aware of data
quality concerns

No.

Study

Issues

14.

Implementation of
1. In order to measure
Metadata Quality
the efficiency of a
Metrics and
repository the
Application on Public
metadata quality
Government Data
needs to be
quantified.
Reiche, E, x00F, and
2. Quality assessment
fig (2013)
made by a human
expert not always
Keywords:
feasible thus an
Open data, data
automated approach
quality, metadata.
is crucial.

Method

Finding/Outcome/Results

Limitation

Conclusions/
Recommendations
since low-quality
data are result of
low-quality
production
process

1. Computing
algorithm in
Ruby to measure
the
completeness
metric for a
JSON object that
has been derived
from CKAN hardcoded source
code in Python.

The results for each

portal; gov.data.de,
gov.data.uk and
publicdata.eu can be seen
in 5 distinct metrics:
Completeness
Weighted
completeness
Accuracy
Richness of
information
Accessibility

The fitness of
the proposed
metrics was not
validated.
No comparison
of the
government
metadata
records made,
the comparison
would help to
narrow down
the set of
quality metrics
which are the
most viable.

The purpose of
the study was to
test the
implementation
of proposed
quality metrics on
CKAN powered
public
government data
repositories.
The 5 metrics, still
need validation in
order to be
considered
sufficiently viable
and reliable.

References
Alan, P., Luis-Daniel, I., & Elena, S. (2016). Measuring risks and challenges in using open data. Paper presented at the 2016 Open Data Research
Symposium, Madrid, Spain.
Alonso, J. M., Boyera, S., Grewal, A., Iglesias, C., & Pawelke, A. (2013). Open Government Data: Readiness Assessment Indonesia. 63. Retrieved
from http://webfoundation.org/about/research/open-government-data-readiness-assessment-indonesia/ website:
Bicknese, L., & van der Oord, M. (2015). Open city statistics: The first results with open data in Amsterdam. Statistical Journal of the IAOS, 31(1),
111-115. doi: 10.3233/SJI-150871
Elena, S. Open Data for Open Justice: A Case Study of the Judiciaries of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Mexico, Peru and Uruguay.
Mutuku, L., & Mahihu, C. (2014). Understanding the Impacts of Kenya Open Data Applications and Services.
Oyatsi, C. N. (2015). Factors influencing the implementation of the Kenya open data initiative: a case of Nairobi county. University of Nairobi.
Peled, A., & Nahon, K. (2015). Towards Open Data for Public Accountability: Examining the US and the UK Models.
Reiche, K. J., E, H., x00F, & fig. (2013, 22-26 July 2013). Implementation of Metadata Quality Metrics and Application on Public Government Data.
Paper presented at the Computer Software and Applications Conference Workshops (COMPSACW), 2013 IEEE 37th Annual.
Sethi, T. (2016). Getting to Use: What Developing Countries Have to Say About Closing the Gap Between Supply and Demand for (Open) Data.
Paper presented at the 2016 Open Data Research Symposium, Madrid, Spain.
Van Schalkwyk, F., Willmers, M. A., & Czerniewicz, L. (2014). Open data in the governance of South African higher education. Available at SSRN
2557342.
Vrai, T., Varga, M., & urko, K. (2016). Effects and Evaluation of Open Government Data Initiative in Croatia. Paper presented at the 39
International Convention MIPRO2016.
Wright, G., Abraham, S., & Shah, N. (2012). Open government data study: India. Available at SSRN 2071605.