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PortableDocumentFormat
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

ThePortableDocumentFormat(PDF)isafileformatusedto
presentdocumentsinamannerindependentofapplication
software,hardware,andoperatingsystems.[2]EachPDFfile
encapsulatesacompletedescriptionofafixedlayoutflat
document,includingthetext,fonts,graphics,andother
informationneededtodisplayit.
APDFfilecapturesdocumenttext,fonts,images,
andevenformattingofdocumentsfromavarietyof
applications.YoucanemailaPDFdocumentto
yourfriendanditwilllookthesamewayonhis
screenasitlooksonyours,evenifhehasaMac
andyouhaveaPC.[3]

PortableDocumentFormat

AdobePDFicon
Filename
extension

.pdf

Internet
mediatype

application/pdf, [1]
application/xpdf
application/xbzpdf

Contents
1 Historyandstandardization
2 Technicalfoundations
2.1 PostScript
3 Technicaloverview
3.1 Filestructure
3.2 Imagingmodel
3.2.1 Vectorgraphics
3.2.2 Rasterimages
3.2.3 Text
3.2.3.1 Fonts
3.2.3.2 StandardType1Fonts
(Standard14Fonts)
3.2.3.3 Encodings
3.2.4 Transparency
3.3 Interactiveelements
3.3.1 AcroForms
3.3.1.1 FormsDataFormat(FDF)
3.3.1.2 XMLFormsDataFormat
(XFDF)
3.3.2 AdobeXMLFormsArchitecture
(XFA)
3.4 Logicalstructureandaccessibility
3.5 Securityandsignatures
3.5.1 Usagerights
3.6 Fileattachments
3.7 Metadata
4 Intellectualproperty
5 Technicalissues
5.1 Accessibility
5.2 Virusesandexploits
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application/xgzpdf

Typecode

'PDF' [1](includingasingle
space)

UniformType
com.adobe.pdf
Identifier(UTI)
Magicnumber

%PDF

Developedby

AdobeSystems

Initialrelease

June15,1993

Latestrelease

1.7

Extendedto

PDF/A,PDF/E,PDF/UA,
PDF/VT,PDF/X

Standard

ISO320001

Openformat?

Yes

Website

www.adobe.com/devnet/pdf/pdf
_reference_archive.html(https://
www.adobe.com/devnet/pdf/pdf
_reference_archive.html)

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5.2 Virusesandexploits
5.3 Usagerestrictionsandmonitoring
5.4 Defaultdisplaysettings
6 Content
7 Software
7.1 Editing
7.2 Annotation
7.3 Other
8 Seealso
9 References
10 Furtherreading
11 Externallinks

Historyandstandardization
PDFwasdevelopedintheearly1990s[4]asawaytosharecomputerdocuments,includingtextformattingand
inlineimages.[5]ItwasamonganumberofcompetingformatssuchasDjVu,Envoy,CommonGroundDigital
Paper,FarallonReplicaandevenAdobe'sownPostScriptformat.InthoseearlyyearsbeforetheriseoftheWorld
WideWebandHTMLdocuments,PDFwaspopularmainlyindesktoppublishingworkflows.AdobeSystems
madethePDFspecificationavailablefreeofchargein1993.PDFwasaproprietaryformatcontrolledbyAdobe,
untilitwasofficiallyreleasedasanopenstandardonJuly1,2008,andpublishedbytheInternationalOrganization
forStandardizationasISO320001:2008,[6][7]atwhichtimecontrolofthespecificationpassedtoanISO
Committeeofvolunteerindustryexperts.In2008,AdobepublishedaPublicPatentLicensetoISO320001
grantingroyaltyfreerightsforallpatentsownedbyAdobethatarenecessarytomake,use,sell,anddistribute
PDFcompliantimplementations.[8]
However,therearestillsomeproprietarytechnologiesdefinedonlybyAdobe,suchasAdobeXMLForms
Architecture(XFA)andJavaScriptextensionforAcrobat,whicharereferencedbyISO320001asnormativeand
indispensablefortheapplicationoftheISO320001specification.Theseproprietarytechnologiesarenot
standardizedandtheirspecificationispublishedonlyonAdobeswebsite.[9][10][11][12][13]Manyofthemarealso
notsupportedbypopularthirdpartyimplementationsofPDF.SowhenorganizationspublishPDFswhichuse
theseproprietarytechnologies,theypresentaccessibilityissuesforsomeusers.
In2014,ISOTC171votedtodeprecateXFAforISO320002("NextgenerationPDF").[14]

Technicalfoundations
ThePDFcombinesthreetechnologies:
AsubsetofthePostScriptpagedescriptionprogramminglanguage,forgeneratingthelayoutandgraphics.
Afontembedding/replacementsystemtoallowfontstotravelwiththedocuments.
Astructuredstoragesystemtobundletheseelementsandanyassociatedcontentintoasinglefile,withdata
compressionwhereappropriate.

PostScript
PostScriptisapagedescriptionlanguageruninaninterpretertogenerateanimage,aprocessrequiringmany
resources.Itcanhandlenotjustgraphics,butstandardfeaturesofprogramminglanguagessuchasifandloop
commands.PDFislargelybasedonPostScriptbutsimplifiedtoremoveflowcontrolfeatureslikethese,while
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graphicscommandssuchaslinetoremain.
Often,thePostScriptlikePDFcodeisgeneratedfromasourcePostScriptfile.Thegraphicscommandsthatare
outputbythePostScriptcodearecollectedandtokenized.Anyfiles,graphics,orfontstowhichthedocument
refersalsoarecollected.Then,everythingiscompressedtoasinglefile.Therefore,theentirePostScriptworld
(fonts,layout,measurements)remainsintact.
Asadocumentformat,PDFhasseveraladvantagesoverPostScript:
PDFcontainstokenizedandinterpretedresultsofthePostScriptsourcecode,fordirectcorrespondence
betweenchangestoitemsinthePDFpagedescriptionandchangestotheresultingpageappearance.
PDF(fromversion1.4)supportstruegraphictransparencyPostScriptdoesnot.
PostScriptisaninterpretedprogramminglanguagewithanimplicitglobalstate,soinstructions
accompanyingthedescriptionofonepagecanaffecttheappearanceofanyfollowingpage.Therefore,all
precedingpagesinaPostScriptdocumentmustbeprocessedtodeterminethecorrectappearanceofagiven
page,whereaseachpageinaPDFdocumentisunaffectedbytheothers.Asaresult,PDFviewersallowthe
usertoquicklyjumptothefinalpagesofalongdocument,whereasaPostScriptviewerneedstoprocessall
pagessequentiallybeforebeingabletodisplaythedestinationpage(unlesstheoptionalPostScript
DocumentStructuringConventionshavebeencarefullycompliedwith).

Technicaloverview
Filestructure
APDFfileisbasicallya7bitASCIIfile,exceptforcertainelementsthatmayhavebinarycontent.APDFfile
startswithaheadercontainingthemagicnumberandtheversionoftheformatsuchas%PDF1.7.Theformatisa
subsetofaCOS("Carousel"ObjectStructure)format.[15]ACOStreefileconsistsprimarilyofobjects,ofwhich
thereareeighttypes:[16]
Booleanvalues,representingtrueorfalse
Numbers
Strings,enclosedwithinparentheses((...)),maycontain8bitcharacters.
Names,startingwithaforwardslash(/)
Arrays,orderedcollectionsofobjectsenclosedwithinsquarebrackets([...])
Dictionaries,collectionsofobjectsindexedbyNamesenclosedwithindoublepointybrackets(<<...>>)
Streams,usuallycontaininglargeamountsofdata,whichcanbecompressedandbinary
Thenullobject
Furthermore,theremaybecomments,introducedwiththepercentsign(%).Commentsmaycontain8bit
characters.
Objectsmaybeeitherdirect(embeddedinanotherobject)orindirect.Indirectobjectsarenumberedwithanobject
numberandagenerationnumberanddefinedbetweentheobjandendobjkeywords.Anindextable,alsocalled
thecrossreferencetableandmarkedwiththexrefkeyword,followsthemainbodyandgivesthebyteoffsetof
eachindirectobjectfromthestartofthefile.[17]Thisdesignallowsforefficientrandomaccesstotheobjectsinthe
file,andalsoallowsforsmallchangestobemadewithoutrewritingtheentirefile(incrementalupdate).Beginning
withPDFversion1.5,indirectobjectsmayalsobelocatedinspecialstreamsknownasobjectstreams.This
techniquereducesthesizeoffilesthathavelargenumbersofsmallindirectobjectsandisespeciallyusefulfor
TaggedPDF.
AttheendofaPDFfileisatrailerintroducedwiththetrailerkeyword.Itcontains
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adictionary
anoffsettothestartofthecrossreferencetable(thetablestartingwiththexrefkeyword)
andthe%%EOFendoffilemarker.
Thedictionarycontains
areferencetotherootobjectofthetreestructure,alsoknownasthecatalog
thecountofindirectobjectsinthecrossreferencetable
andotheroptionalinformation.
TherearetwolayoutstothePDFfiles:nonlinear(not"optimized")andlinear("optimized").NonlinearPDFfiles
consumelessdiskspacethantheirlinearcounterparts,thoughtheyareslowertoaccessbecauseportionsofthe
datarequiredtoassemblepagesofthedocumentarescatteredthroughoutthePDFfile.LinearPDFfiles(also
called"optimized"or"weboptimized"PDFfiles)areconstructedinamannerthatenablesthemtobereadina
Webbrowserpluginwithoutwaitingfortheentirefiletodownload,sincetheyarewrittentodiskinalinear(asin
pageorder)fashion.[18]PDFfilesmaybeoptimizedusingAdobeAcrobatsoftwareorQPDF.

Imagingmodel
ThebasicdesignofhowgraphicsarerepresentedinPDFisverysimilartothatofPostScript,exceptfortheuseof
transparency,whichwasaddedinPDF1.4.
PDFgraphicsuseadeviceindependentCartesiancoordinatesystemtodescribethesurfaceofapage.APDFpage
descriptioncanuseamatrixtoscale,rotate,orskewgraphicalelements.AkeyconceptinPDFisthatofthe
graphicsstate,whichisacollectionofgraphicalparametersthatmaybechanged,saved,andrestoredbyapage
description.PDFhas(asofversion1.6)24graphicsstateproperties,ofwhichsomeofthemostimportantare:
Thecurrenttransformationmatrix(CTM),whichdeterminesthecoordinatesystem
Theclippingpath
Thecolorspace
Thealphaconstant,whichisakeycomponentoftransparency
Vectorgraphics
AsinPostScript,vectorgraphicsinPDFareconstructedwithpaths.Pathsareusuallycomposedoflinesandcubic
Bziercurves,butcanalsobeconstructedfromtheoutlinesoftext.UnlikePostScript,PDFdoesnotallowasingle
pathtomixtextoutlineswithlinesandcurves.Pathscanbestroked,filled,orusedforclipping.Strokesandfills
canuseanycolorsetinthegraphicsstate,includingpatterns.
PDFsupportsseveraltypesofpatterns.Thesimplestisthetilingpatterninwhichapieceofartworkisspecifiedto
bedrawnrepeatedly.Thismaybeacoloredtilingpattern,withthecolorsspecifiedinthepatternobject,oran
uncoloredtilingpattern,whichdeferscolorspecificationtothetimethepatternisdrawn.BeginningwithPDF1.3
thereisalsoashadingpattern,whichdrawscontinuouslyvaryingcolors.Thereareseventypesofshadingpattern
ofwhichthesimplestaretheaxialshade(Type2)andradialshade(Type3).
Rasterimages
RasterimagesinPDF(calledImageXObjects)arerepresentedbydictionarieswithanassociatedstream.The
dictionarydescribespropertiesoftheimage,andthestreamcontainstheimagedata.(Lesscommonly,araster
imagemaybeembeddeddirectlyinapagedescriptionasaninlineimage.)Imagesaretypicallyfilteredfor
compressionpurposes.ImagefilterssupportedinPDFincludethegeneralpurposefilters
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ASCII85Decodeafilterusedtoputthestreaminto7bitASCII
ASCIIHexDecodesimilartoASCII85Decodebutlesscompact
FlateDecodeacommonlyusedfilterbasedonthedeflatealgorithmdefinedinRFC1951(deflateisalso
usedinthegzip,PNG,andzipfileformatsamongothers)introducedinPDF1.2itcanuseoneoftwo
groupsofpredictorfunctionsformorecompactzlib/deflatecompression:Predictor2fromtheTIFF6.0
specificationandpredictors(filters)fromthePNGspecification(RFC2083)
LZWDecodeafilterbasedonLZWCompressionitcanuseoneoftwogroupsofpredictorfunctionsfor
morecompactLZWcompression:Predictor2fromtheTIFF6.0specificationandpredictors(filters)from
thePNGspecification
RunLengthDecodeasimplecompressionmethodforstreamswithrepetitivedatausingtherunlength
encodingalgorithmandtheimagespecificfilters
DCTDecodealossyfilterbasedontheJPEGstandard
CCITTFaxDecodealosslessbilevel(black/white)filterbasedontheGroup3orGroup4CCITT(ITUT)
faxcompressionstandarddefinedinITUTT.4andT.6
JBIG2Decodealossyorlosslessbilevel(black/white)filterbasedontheJBIG2standard,introducedin
PDF1.4
JPXDecodealossyorlosslessfilterbasedontheJPEG2000standard,introducedinPDF1.5
NormallyallimagecontentinaPDFisembeddedinthefile.ButPDFallowsimagedatatobestoredinexternal
filesbytheuseofexternalstreamsorAlternateImages.StandardizedsubsetsofPDF,includingPDF/Aand
PDF/X,prohibitthesefeatures.
Text
TextinPDFisrepresentedbytextelementsinpagecontentstreams.Atextelementspecifiesthatcharacters
shouldbedrawnatcertainpositions.Thecharactersarespecifiedusingtheencodingofaselectedfontresource.
Fonts

AfontobjectinPDFisadescriptionofadigitaltypeface.Itmayeitherdescribethecharacteristicsofatypeface,
oritmayincludeanembeddedfontfile.Thelattercaseiscalledanembeddedfontwhiletheformeriscalledan
unembeddedfont.Thefontfilesthatmaybeembeddedarebasedonwidelyusedstandarddigitalfontformats:
Type1(anditscompressedvariantCFF),TrueType,and(beginningwithPDF1.6)OpenType.AdditionallyPDF
supportstheType3variantinwhichthecomponentsofthefontaredescribedbyPDFgraphicoperators.
StandardType1Fonts(Standard14Fonts)

Fourteentypefaces,knownasthestandard14fonts,haveaspecialsignificanceinPDFdocuments:
Times(v3)(inregular,italic,bold,andbolditalic)
Courier(inregular,oblique,boldandboldoblique)
Helvetica(v3)(inregular,oblique,boldandboldoblique)
Symbol
ZapfDingbats
Thesefontsaresometimescalledthebasefourteenfonts.[19]Thesefonts,orsuitablesubstitutefontswiththesame
metrics,mustalwaysbeavailableinallPDFreadersandsoneednotbeembeddedinaPDF.[20]PDFviewersmust
knowaboutthemetricsofthesefonts.OtherfontsmaybesubstitutediftheyarenotembeddedinaPDF.
Encodings

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Withintextstrings,charactersareshownusingcharactercodes(integers)thatmaptoglyphsinthecurrentfont
usinganencoding.Thereareanumberofpredefinedencodings,includingWinAnsi,MacRoman,andalarge
numberofencodingsforEastAsianlanguages,andafontcanhaveitsownbuiltinencoding.(Althoughthe
WinAnsiandMacRomanencodingsarederivedfromthehistoricalpropertiesoftheWindowsandMacintosh
operatingsystems,fontsusingtheseencodingsworkequallywellonanyplatform.)PDFcanspecifyapredefined
encodingtouse,thefont'sbuiltinencodingorprovidealookuptableofdifferencestoapredefinedorbuiltin
encoding(notrecommendedwithTrueTypefonts).[21]TheencodingmechanismsinPDFweredesignedforType1
fonts,andtherulesforapplyingthemtoTrueTypefontsarecomplex.
Forlargefontsorfontswithnonstandardglyphs,thespecialencodingsIdentityH(forhorizontalwriting)and
IdentityV(forvertical)areused.WithsuchfontsitisnecessarytoprovideaToUnicodetableifsemantic
informationaboutthecharactersistobepreserved.
Transparency
TheoriginalimagingmodelofPDFwas,likePostScript's,opaque:eachobjectdrawnonthepagecompletely
replacedanythingpreviouslymarkedinthesamelocation.InPDF1.4theimagingmodelwasextendedtoallow
transparency.Whentransparencyisused,newobjectsinteractwithpreviouslymarkedobjectstoproduceblending
effects.TheadditionoftransparencytoPDFwasdonebymeansofnewextensionsthatweredesignedtobe
ignoredinproductswrittentothePDF1.3andearlierspecifications.Asaresult,filesthatuseasmallamountof
transparencymightviewacceptablyinolderviewers,butfilesmakingextensiveuseoftransparencycouldbe
viewedincorrectlyinanolderviewerwithoutwarning.
Thetransparencyextensionsarebasedonthekeyconceptsoftransparencygroups,blendingmodes,shape,and
alpha.ThemodeliscloselyalignedwiththefeaturesofAdobeIllustratorversion9.Theblendmodeswerebased
onthoseusedbyAdobePhotoshopatthetime.WhenthePDF1.4specificationwaspublished,theformulasfor
calculatingblendmodeswerekeptsecretbyAdobe.Theyhavesincebeenpublished.[22]
TheconceptofatransparencygroupinPDFspecificationisindependentofexistingnotionsof"group"or"layer"
inapplicationssuchasAdobeIllustrator.Thosegroupingsreflectlogicalrelationshipsamongobjectsthatare
meaningfulwheneditingthoseobjects,buttheyarenotpartoftheimagingmodel.

Interactiveelements
PDFfilesmaycontaininteractiveelementssuchasannotations,formfields,videoandFlashanimation.
RichMediaPDFisatermthatisusedtodescribeinteractivecontentthatcanbeembeddedorlinkedtoinsideofa
PDF.ThiscontentmustbeproducedusingtheFlashfileformat.WhenAdobeboughtMacromedia,thejewelof
thecompanywasFlash,andtheFlashplayerwasembeddedinsideAdobeAcrobatandAdobeReader,removing
theneedforthirdpartypluginssuchasFlash,QuickTime,orWindowsMedia.Unfortunately,thiscausedarift
withAppleasQuickTimevideowasprohibitedfromPDF.RichMediaexpertRobertConnollybelievesthisevent
triggeredthewarbetweenAppleandAdobeovertheFlashiPhone/iPaddispute.RichMediaPDFwillnotoperate
inApple'siOSdevicessuchastheiPad,andinteractivityislimited.
InteractiveFormsisamechanismtoaddformstothePDFfileformat.
PDFcurrentlysupportstwodifferentmethodsforintegratingdataandPDFforms.Bothformatstodaycoexistin
PDFspecification:[23][24][25][26]
AcroForms(alsoknownasAcrobatforms),introducedinthePDF1.2formatspecificationandincludedin
alllaterPDFspecifications.
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AdobeXMLFormsArchitecture(XFA)forms,introducedinthePDF1.5formatspecification.TheXFA
specificationisnotincludedinthePDFspecification,itisonlyreferencedasanoptionalfeature.Adobe
XFAFormsarenotcompatiblewithAcroForms.[27]
AcroForms
AcroFormswereintroducedinthePDF1.2format.AcroFormspermitusingobjects(e.g.textboxes,Radio
buttons,etc.)andsomecode(e.g.JavaScript).
AlongsidethestandardPDFactiontypes,interactiveforms(AcroForms)supportsubmitting,resetting,and
importingdata.The"submit"actiontransmitsthenamesandvaluesofselectedinteractiveformfieldstoa
specifieduniformresourcelocator(URL).Interactiveformfieldnamesandvaluesmaybesubmittedinanyofthe
followingformats,(dependingonthesettingsoftheactionsExportFormat,SubmitPDF,andXFDFflags):[23]
HTMLFormformat(HTML4.01SpecificationsincePDF1.5HTML2.0since1.2)
FormsDataFormat(FDF)
XMLFormsDataFormat(XFDF)(externalXMLFormsDataFormatSpecification,Version2.0supported
sincePDF1.5itreplacedthe"XML"formsubmissionformatdefinedinPDF1.4)
PDF(theentiredocumentcanbesubmittedratherthanindividualfieldsandvalues).(definedinPDF1.4)
AcroFormscankeepformfieldvaluesinexternalstandalonefilescontainingkey:valuepairs.Theexternalfiles
mayuseFormsDataFormat(FDF)andXMLFormsDataFormat(XFDF)files.[28][29][30]Theusagerights(UR)
signaturesdefinerightsforimportformdatafilesinFDF,XFDFandtext(CSV/TSV)formats,andexportform
datafilesinFDFandXFDFformats.[23]
FormsDataFormat(FDF)

TheFormsDataFormat(FDF)isbasedonPDF,itusesthesame
FormsDataFormat(FDF)
syntaxandhasessentiallythesamefilestructure,butismuch
simplerthanPDF,sincethebodyofanFDFdocumentconsists
Filenameextension
.fdf
ofonlyonerequiredobject.FormsDataFormatisdefinedinthe
Internetmediatype
application/vnd.fdf[31]
PDFspecification(sincePDF1.2).TheFormsDataFormatcan
Typecode
'FDF'
beusedwhensubmittingformdatatoaserver,receivingthe
response,andincorporatingintotheinteractiveform.Itcanalso
Developedby
AdobeSystems
beusedtoexportformdatatostandalonefilesthatcanbe
Initialrelease
1996(PDF1.2)
importedbackintothecorrespondingPDFinteractiveform.
PDF
BeginninginPDF1.3,FDFcanbeusedtodefineacontainerfor Extendedfrom
Extendedto
XFDF
annotationsthatareseparatefromthePDFdocumenttheyapply
to.FDFtypicallyencapsulatesinformationsuchasX.509
Standard
ISO320001:2008
certificates,requestsforcertificates,directorysettings,
Openformat?
Yes
timestampserversettings,andembeddedPDFfilesfornetwork
transmission.[30]TheFDFusestheMIMEcontenttype
application/vnd.fdf,filenameextension.fdfandonMacOSitusesfiletype'FDF'.[23]Supportforimportingand
exportingFDFstandalonefilesisnotwidelyimplementedinfreeorfreewarePDFsoftware.Forexample,thereis
noimport/exportsupportinEvince,Okular,Poppler,KPDForSumatraPDF,however,Evince,OkularandPoppler
supportfillinginofPDFAcroformsandsavingfilleddatainsidethePDFfile.ImportsupportforstandaloneFDF
filesisimplementedinAdobeReaderexportandimportsupport(includingsavingofFDFdatainPDF)isfor
exampleimplementedinFoxitReaderandPDFXChangeViewerFreesavingofFDFdatainaPDFfileisalso
supportedinpdftk.

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XMLFormsDataFormat(XFDF)

XMLFormsDataFormat(XFDF)istheXMLversionofForms
DataFormat,buttheXFDFimplementsonlyasubsetofFDF
containingformsandannotations.TherearenotXFDF
equivalentsforsomeentriesintheFDFdictionarysuchasthe
Status,Encoding,JavaScript,Pageskeys,EmbeddedFDFs,
DifferencesandTarget.Inaddition,XFDFdoesnotallowthe
spawning,oraddition,ofnewpagesbasedonthegivendataas
canbedonewhenusinganFDFfile.TheXFDFspecificationis
referenced(butnotincluded)inPDF1.5specification(andin
laterversions).ItisdescribedseparatelyinXMLFormsData
FormatSpecification.[29]ThePDF1.4specificationallowed
formsubmissionsinXMLformat,butthiswasreplacedby
submissionsinXFDFformatinthePDF1.5specification.
XFDFconformstotheXMLstandard.AsofNovember2014,
XFDF3.0isintheISO/IECstandardizationprocessunderthe
formalnameISO/CD194441DocumentmanagementXML
formsdataformatPart1:XFDF3.0.[33]

XMLFormsDataFormat(XFDF)
Filename
extension

.xfdf

Internet
mediatype

application/vnd.adobe.xfdf[32]

Typecode

'XFDF'

Developedby

AdobeSystems

Initialrelease

July2003(referencedinPDF
1.5)

Latestrelease

3.0
(August2009)

Extendedfrom PDF,FDF,XML
Standard

No(understandardizationas
ISO/CD194441[33])

Website

XFDF3.0specification(https://p
artners.adobe.com/public/develop
er/en/xml/XFDF_Spec_3.0.pdf)

XFDFcanbeusedthesamewayasFDFe.g.,formdatais
submittedtoaserver,modificationsaremade,thensentback
andthenewformdataisimportedinaninteractiveform.Itcan
alsobeusedtoexportformdatatostandalonefilesthatcanbeimportedbackintothecorrespondingPDF
interactiveform.AsupportforimportingandexportingXFDFstandalonefilesisnotwidelyimplementedinfree
orfreewarePDFsoftware.ImportofXFDFisimplementedinAdobeReader5andlaterversionsimportand
exportisimplementedinPDFXChangeViewerFreeembeddingofXFDFdatainPDFformisimplementedin
pdftk(pdftoolkit).
AdobeXMLFormsArchitecture(XFA)
InthePDF1.5format,AdobeSystemsintroducedanew,proprietaryformatforforms,namelyAdobeXMLForms
Architecture(XFA)forms.TheXFA2.02isreferencedinthePDF1.5specification(andalsoinlaterversions)but
isdescribedseparatelyinAdobeXMLFormsArchitecture(XFA)Specification,whichhasseveralversions.[34]XFA
specificationisnotincludedinISO320001PDF1.7andisonlyreferencedasanexternalproprietary
specificationcreatedbyAdobe.XFAwasnotstandardizedasanISOstandard.In2011theISOCommittee(TC
171/SC2/WG8)urgedAdobeSystemstosubmittheXFASpecificationforstandardization.[10]
AdobeXFAFormsarenotcompatiblewithAcroForms.AdobeReadercontains"disabledfeatures"foruseofXFA
Forms,thatactivateonlywhenopeningaPDFdocumentthatwascreatedusingenablingtechnologyavailableonly
fromAdobe.[35][36]TheXFAFormsarenotcompatiblewithAdobeReaderpriortoversion6.
XFAformscanbecreatedandusedasPDFfilesorasXDP(XMLDataPackage)files.TheformatofanXFA
resourceinPDFisdescribedbytheXMLDataPackageSpecification.[23]TheXDPmaybeastandalonedocument
oritmayinturnbecarriedinsideaPDFdocument.XDPprovidesamechanismforpackagingformcomponents
withinasurroundingXMLcontainer.AnXDPcanalsopackageaPDFfile,alongwithXMLformandtemplate
data.[34]PDFmaycontainXFA(inXDPformat),butalsoXFAmaycontainPDF.[34]WhentheXFA(XMLForms
Architecture)grammarsusedforanXFAformaremovedfromoneapplicationtoanother,theymustbepackaged
asanXMLDataPackage.[37]
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WhenthePDFandXFAarecombined,theresultisaforminwhicheachpageoftheXFAformoverlaysaPDF
background.ThisarchitectureissometimesreferredtoasXFAF(XFAForeground).Thealternativeistoexpress
alloftheform,includingboilerplate,directlyinXFA(withoutusingPDF,oronlyusing"ShellPDF"whichisa
containerforXFAwithminimalskeletonofPDFmarkup,orusingaprerendereddepictionofastaticXFAform
asPDFpages).ItissometimescalledfullXFA.[37]
StartingwithPDF1.5,thetextcontentsofvariabletextformfields,aswellasmarkupannotationsmayinclude
formattinginformation(styleinformation).TheserichtextstringsareXMLdocumentsthatconformtotherich
textconventionsspecifiedfortheXMLFormsArchitecturespecification2.02,whichisitselfasubsetofthe
XHTML1.0specification,augmentedwitharestrictedsetofCSS2styleattributes.[23]InPDF1.6,PDFsupports
therichtextelementsandattributesspecifiedintheXMLFormsArchitecture(XFA)Specification,2.2.InPDF
1.7,PDFsupportstherichtextelementsandattributesspecifiedintheXMLFormsArchitecture(XFA)
Specification,2.4.[23]
MostPDFprocessorsdonothandleXFAcontent.WhengeneratingashellPDFitisrecommendedtoincludein
thePDFmarkupasimpleonepagePDFimagedisplayingawarningmessage(e.g."Toviewthefullcontentsof
thisdocument,youneedalaterversionofthePDFviewer.",etc.).PDFprocessorsthatcanrenderXFAcontent
shouldeithernotdisplaythesuppliedwarningpageimageorreplaceitquicklywiththedynamicformcontent.[38]
ExamplesofPDFsoftwarewithsomesupportofXFArenderingincludeAdobeReaderforWindows,Linux,Mac
OSX(butnotAdobeReaderMobileforAndroidoriOS)orNuancePDFReader.
In2014,ISOTC171votedtodeprecateXFAforISO320002("NextgenerationPDF").[14]

Logicalstructureandaccessibility
A"tagged"PDF(ISO320001:200814.8)includesdocumentstructureandsemanticsinformationtoenable
reliabletextextractionandaccessibility.Technicallyspeaking,taggedPDFisastylizeduseoftheformatthat
buildsonthelogicalstructureframeworkintroducedinPDF1.3.TaggedPDFdefinesasetofstandardstructure
typesandattributesthatallowpagecontent(text,graphics,andimages)tobeextractedandreusedforother
purposes.[39]
TaggedPDFisnotrequiredinsituationswhereaPDFfileisintendedonlyforprint.Sincethefeatureisoptional,
andsincetherulesforTaggedPDFasspecifiedinISO320001arerelativelyvague,supportfortaggedPDF
amongstconsumingdevices,includingassistivetechnology(AT),isuneven.[40]
AnAIIMprojecttodevelopanISOstandardizedsubsetofPDFspecificallytargetedataccessibilitybeganin
2004,eventuallybecomingPDF/UA.

Securityandsignatures
APDFfilemaybeencryptedforsecurity,ordigitallysignedforauthentication.
ThestandardsecurityprovidedbyAcrobatPDFconsistsoftwodifferentmethodsandtwodifferentpasswords,
userpassword,whichencryptsthefileandpreventsopening,andownerpassword,whichspecifiesoperationsthat
shouldberestrictedevenwhenthedocumentisdecrypted,whichcaninclude:printing,copyingtextandgraphics
outofthedocument,modifyingthedocument,oraddingormodifyingtextnotesandAcroFormfields.Theuser
password(controlsopening)encryptsthefileandrequirespasswordcrackingtodefeat,withdifficultydepending
onpasswordstrengthandencryptionmethoditispotentiallyverysecure(assuminggoodpasswordand
encryptionmethodwithoutknownattacks).Theownerpassword(controlsoperations)doesnotencryptthefile,
andinsteadreliesonclientsoftwaretorespecttheserestrictions,andisnotsecure.An"ownerpassword"canbe
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removedbymanycommonlyavailable"PDFcracking"software,includingsomefreeonlineservices.[41]Thus,the
userestrictionsthatadocumentauthorplacesonaPDFdocumentarenotsecure,andcannotbeassuredoncethe
fileisdistributedthiswarningisdisplayedwhenapplyingsuchrestrictionsusingAdobeAcrobatsoftwareto
createoreditPDFfiles.
Evenwithoutremovingthepassword,mostfreewareoropensourcePDFreadersignorethepermission
"protections"andallowtheusertoprintormakecopyofexcerptsofthetextasifthedocumentwerenotlimited
bypasswordprotection.[42][43][44]
ThereareanumberofcommercialsolutionsincludingAdobeLiveCycleRightsManagementandLocklizardPDF
DRM[45]thataremorerobustmeansofinformationrightsmanagement.Notonlycantheyrestrictdocument
accessbuttheyalsoreliablyenforcepermissionsinwaysthatthestandardsecurityhandlerdoesnot.[46]
Usagerights
BeginningwithPDF1.5,Usagerights(UR)signaturesareusedtoenableadditionalinteractivefeaturesthatare
notavailablebydefaultinaparticularPDFviewerapplication.Thesignatureisusedtovalidatethatthe
permissionshavebeengrantedbyabonafidegrantingauthority.Forexample,itcanbeusedtoallowauser:[23]
tosavethePDFdocumentalongwithmodifiedformand/orannotationdata
importformdatafilesinFDF,XFDFandtext(CSV/TSV)formats
exportformdatafilesinFDFandXFDFformats
submitformdata
instantiatenewpagesfromnamedpagetemplates
applyadigitalsignaturetoexistingdigitalsignatureformfield
create,delete,modify,copy,import,exportannotations
Forexample,AdobeSystemsgrantspermissionstoenableadditionalfeaturesinAdobeReader,usingpublickey
cryptography.AdobeReaderverifiesthatthesignatureusesacertificatefromanAdobeauthorizedcertificate
authority.ThePDF1.5specificationdeclaresthatotherPDFviewerapplicationsarefreetousethissame
mechanismfortheirownpurposes.[23]

Fileattachments
PDFfilescanhavedocumentlevelandpagelevelfileattachments,whichthereadercanaccessandopenorsave
totheirlocalfilesystem.PDFattachmentscanbeaddedtoexistingPDFfilesforexampleusingpdftk.Adobe
Readerprovidessupportforattachments,andpopplerbasedreaderslikeEvinceorOkularalsohavesomesupport
fordocumentlevelattachments.

Metadata
PDFfilescancontaintwotypesofmetadata.[47]ThefirstistheDocumentInformationDictionary,asetof
key/valuefieldssuchasauthor,title,subject,creationandupdatedates.ThisisstoredintheoptionalInfotrailerof
thefile.Asmallsetoffieldsisdefined,andcanbeextendedwithadditionaltextvaluesifrequired.
InPDF1.4,supportwasaddedforMetadataStreams,usingtheExtensibleMetadataPlatform(XMP)toaddXML
standardsbasedextensiblemetadataasusedinotherfileformats.Thisallowsmetadatatobeattachedtoany
streaminthedocument,suchasinformationaboutembeddedillustrations,aswellasthewholedocument
(attachingtothedocumentcatalog),usinganextensibleschema.
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Intellectualproperty
AnyonemaycreateapplicationsthatcanreadandwritePDFfileswithouthavingtopayroyaltiestoAdobe
SystemsAdobeholdspatentstoPDF,butlicensesthemforroyaltyfreeuseindevelopingsoftwarecomplying
withitsPDFspecification.[48]

Technicalissues
Accessibility
PDFfilescanbecreatedspecificallytobeaccessiblefordisabledpeople.[49][50][51][52][53]PDFfileformatsinuse
asof2014canincludetags(XML),textequivalents,captions,audiodescriptions,etc.TaggedPDFisrequiredin
thePDF/A1aspecification.[54][55]SomesoftwarecanautomaticallyproducetaggedPDFs,butthisfeatureisnot
alwaysenabledbydefault.[56][57]Leadingscreenreaders,includingJAWS,WindowEyes,Hal,andKurzweil1000
and3000canreadtaggedPDFsaloud,ascanlaterversionsoftheAcrobatandAcrobatReaderprograms.[58][59][60]
Moreover,taggedPDFscanbereflowedandmagnifiedforreaderswithvisualimpairments.Problemsremain
withaddingtagstoolderPDFsandthosethataregeneratedfromscanneddocuments.Inthesecases,accessibility
tagsandreflowingareunavailable,andmustbecreatedeithermanuallyorwithOCRtechniques.Theseprocesses
areinaccessibletosomedisabledpeople.
OneofthesignificantchallengeswithPDFaccessibilityisthatPDFdocumentshavethreedistinctviews,which,
dependingonthedocument'screation,canbeinconsistentwitheachother.Thethreeviewsare(i)thephysical
view,(ii)thetagsview,and(iii)thecontentview.Thephysicalviewisdisplayedandprinted(whatmostpeople
consideraPDFdocument).Thetagsviewiswhatscreenreadersandotherassistivetechnologiesusetodelivera
highqualitynavigationandreadingexperiencetouserswithdisabilities.Thecontentviewisbasedonthephysical
orderofobjectswithinthePDF'scontentstreamandmaybedisplayedbysoftwarethatdoesnotfullysupportthe
tagsview,suchastheReflowfeatureinAdobe'sReader.
PDF/UA,theInternationalStandardforaccessiblePDFbasedonISO320001waspublishedasISO142891in
2012,andestablishesnormativelanguageforaccessiblePDFtechnology.

Virusesandexploits
PDFattachmentscarryingviruseswerefirstdiscoveredin2001.Thevirus,namedOUTLOOK.PDFWormor
Peachy,usesMicrosoftOutlooktosenditselfasanattachmenttoanAdobePDFfile.ItwasactivatedwithAdobe
Acrobat,butnotwithAcrobatReader.[61]
Fromtimetotime,newvulnerabilitiesarediscoveredinvariousversionsofAdobeReader,[62]promptingthe
companytoissuesecurityfixes.OtherPDFreadersarealsosusceptible.OneaggravatingfactoristhataPDF
readercanbeconfiguredtostartautomaticallyifawebpagehasanembeddedPDFfile,providingavectorfor
attack.IfamaliciouswebpagecontainsaninfectedPDFfilethattakesadvantageofavulnerabilityinthePDF
reader,thesystemmaybecompromisedevenifthebrowserissecure.Someofthesevulnerabilitiesarearesultof
thePDFstandardallowingPDFdocumentstobescriptedwithJavaScript.DisablingJavaScriptexecutioninthe
PDFreadercanhelpmitigatesuchfutureexploits,althoughitdoesnotprotectagainstexploitsinotherpartsofthe
PDFviewingsoftware.SecurityexpertssaythatJavaScriptisnotessentialforaPDFreader,andthatthesecurity
benefitthatcomesfromdisablingJavaScriptoutweighsanycompatibilityissuescaused.[63]Onewayofavoiding
PDFfileexploitsistohavealocalorwebserviceconvertfilestoanotherformatbeforeviewing.

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OnMarch30,2010securityresearcherDidierStevensreportedanAdobeReaderandFoxitReaderexploitthat
runsamaliciousexecutableiftheuserallowsittolaunchwhenasked.[64]

Usagerestrictionsandmonitoring
PDFsmaybeencryptedsothatapasswordisneededtovieworeditthecontents.ThePDFReferencedefinesboth
40bitand128bitencryption,bothmakinguseofacomplexsystemofRC4andMD5.ThePDFReferencealso
defineswaysthatthirdpartiescandefinetheirownencryptionsystemsforPDF.
PDFfilesmayalsocontainembeddedDRMrestrictionsthatprovidefurthercontrolsthatlimitcopying,editingor
printing.Therestrictionsoncopying,editing,orprintingdependonthereadersoftwaretoobeythem,sothe
securitytheyprovideislimited.
ThePDFReferencehastechnicaldetailsforanenduseroverview.[65]LikeHTMLfiles,PDFfilesmaysubmit
informationtoawebserver.ThiscouldbeusedtotracktheIPaddressoftheclientPC,aprocessknownas
phoninghome.Afterupdate7.0.5toAcrobatReader,theuserisnotified"...viaadialogueboxthattheauthorof
thefileisauditingusageofthefile,andbeofferedtheoptionofcontinuing."[66]
ThroughitsLiveCyclePolicyServerproduct,Adobeprovidesamethodtosetsecuritypoliciesonspecific
documents.Thiscanincluderequiringausertoauthenticateandlimitingtheperiodduringwhichadocumentcan
beaccessedoramountoftimeadocumentcanbeopenedwhileoffline.OnceaPDFdocumentistiedtoapolicy
serverandaspecificpolicy,thatpolicycanbechangedorrevokedbytheowner.Thiscontrolsdocumentsthatare
otherwise"inthewild."Eachdocumentopenandcloseeventcanalsobetrackedbythepolicyserver.Policy
serverscanbesetupprivatelyorAdobeoffersapublicservicethroughAdobeOnlineServices.Aswithother
formsofDRM,adherencetothesepoliciesandrestrictionsmayormaynotbeenforcedbythereadersoftware
beingused.

Defaultdisplaysettings
PDFdocumentscancontaindisplaysettings,includingthepagedisplaylayoutandzoomlevel.AdobeReaderuses
thesesettingstooverridetheuser'sdefaultsettingswhenopeningthedocument.[67]ThefreeAdobeReadercannot
removethesesettings.

Content
APDFfileisoftenacombinationofvectorgraphics,text,andbitmapgraphics.Thebasictypesofcontentina
PDFare:
Textstoredascontentstreams(i.e.,nottext)
Vectorgraphicsforillustrationsanddesignsthatconsistofshapesandlines
Rastergraphicsforphotographsandothertypesofimage
Multimediaobjectsinthedocument
InlaterPDFrevisions,aPDFdocumentcanalsosupportlinks(insidedocumentorwebpage),forms,JavaScript
(initiallyavailableaspluginforAcrobat3.0),oranyothertypesofembeddedcontentsthatcanbehandledusing
plugins.
PDF1.6supportsinteractive3DdocumentsembeddedinthePDF3DdrawingscanbeembeddedusingU3Dor
PRCandvariousotherdataformats.[68][69]

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TwoPDFfilesthatlooksimilaronacomputerscreenmaybeofverydifferentsizes.Forexample,ahigh
resolutionrasterimagetakesmorespacethanalowresolutionone.Typicallyhigherresolutionisneededfor
printingdocumentsthanfordisplayingthemonscreen.Otherthingsthatmayincreasethesizeofafileis
embeddingfullfonts,especiallyforAsiaticscripts,andstoringtextasgraphics.

Software
PDFviewersaregenerallyprovidedfreeofcharge,andmanyversionsareavailablefromavarietyofsources.
TherearemanysoftwareoptionsforcreatingPDFs,includingthePDFprintingcapabilitiesbuiltintoMacOSX
andmostLinuxdistributions,LibreOffice,MicrosoftOffice2007(ifupdatedtoSP2)andlater,[70]WordPerfect9,
Scribus,numerousPDFprintdriversforMicrosoftWindows,thepdfTeXtypesettingsystem,theDocBookPDF
tools,applicationsdevelopedaroundGhostscriptandAdobeAcrobatitselfaswellasAdobeInDesign,Adobe
FrameMaker,AdobeIllustrator,AdobePhotoshop.Google'sonlineofficesuiteGoogleDocsalsoallowsfor
uploadingandsavingtoPDF.
Rasterimageprocessors(RIPs)areusedtoconvertPDFfilesintoarasterformatsuitableforimagingontopaper
andothermediainprinters,digitalproductionpressesandprepressinaprocessknownasrasterisation.RIPs
capableofprocessingPDFdirectlyincludetheAdobePDFPrintEngine[71]fromAdobeSystemsandJaws[72]and
theHarlequinRIPfromGlobalGraphics.

Editing
ThereisspecializedsoftwareforeditingPDFfiles,thoughthechoicesaremuchmorelimitedandoftenmore
expensivethancreatingandeditingstandardeditabledocumentformats.Version0.46andlaterofInkscapeallows
PDFeditingthroughanintermediatetranslationstepinvolvingPoppler.
SerifPagePluscanopen,editandsaveexistingPDFdocuments,aswellaspublishingofdocumentscreatedinthe
package.
EnfocusPitStopPro,apluginforAcrobat,allowsmanualandautomaticeditingofPDFfiles,[73]whilethefree
EnfocusBrowsermakesitpossibletoeditthelowlevelstructureofaPDF.[74]
Dochub,isafreeonlinePDFeditingtoolthatcanbeusedwithoutpurchasinganything.[75]

Annotation
AdobeAcrobatisoneexampleofproprietarysoftwarethatallowstheusertoannotate,highlight,andaddnotesto
alreadycreatedPDFfiles.OneUNIXapplicationavailableasfreesoftware(undertheGNUGeneralPublic
License)isPDFedit.AnotherGPLlicensedapplicationnativetotheunixenvironmentisXournal.Xournalallows
forannotatingindifferentfontsandcolours,aswellasaruleforquicklyunderliningandhighlightinglinesoftext
orparagraphs.Xournalalsohasashaperecognitiontoolforsquares,rectanglesandcircles.InXournalannotations
maybemoved,copiedandpasted.ThefreewareFoxitReader,availableforMicrosoftWindows,OSXandLinux,
allowsannotatingdocuments.TrackerSoftware'sPDFXChangeViewerallowsannotationsandmarkupswithout
restrictionsinitsfreewarealternative.Apple'sMacOSX'sintegratedPDFviewer,Preview,doesalsoenable
annotationsasdoesthefreewareSkim,withthelattersupportinginteractionwithLaTeX,SyncTeX,andPDFSync
andintegrationwithBibDeskreferencemanagementsoftware.FreewareQiqqacancreateanannotationreportthat
summarizesalltheannotationsandnotesonehasmadeacrosstheirlibraryofPDFs.

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Formobileannotation,iAnnotatePDF(fromBranchfire)andGoodReader(fromAji)allowannotationofPDFsas
wellasexportingsummariesoftheannotations.
Therearealsowebannotationsystemsthatsupportannotationinpdfandotherdocumentsformats,e.g.,A.nnotate,
crocodoc,WebNotes.
IncaseswherePDFsareexpectedtohaveallofthefunctionalityofpaperdocuments,inkannotationisrequired.
Someprogramsthatacceptinkinputfromthemousemaynotberesponsiveenoughforhandwritinginputona
tablet.ExistingsolutionsonthePCincludePDFAnnotatorandQiqqa.

Other
ExamplesofPDFsoftwareasonlineservicesincludingScribdforviewingandstoring,Pdfvueforonlineediting,
andZamzarforconversion.
In1993theJawsrasterimageprocessorfromGlobalGraphicsbecamethefirstshippingprepressRIPthat
interpretedPDFnativelywithoutconversiontoanotherformat.Thecompanyreleasedanupgradetotheir
HarlequinRIPwiththesamecapabilityin1997.[76]
AgfaGevaertintroducedandshippedApogee,thefirstprepressworkflowsystembasedonPDF,in1997.
ManycommercialoffsetprintershaveacceptedthesubmissionofpressreadyPDFfilesasaprintsource,
specificallythePDF/X1asubsetandvariationsofthesame.[77]ThesubmissionofpressreadyPDFfilesarea
replacementfortheproblematicneedforreceivingcollectednativeworkingfiles.
PDFwasselectedasthe"native"metafileformatforMacOSX,replacingthePICTformatoftheearlierclassic
MacOS.TheimagingmodeloftheQuartzgraphicslayerisbasedonthemodelcommontoDisplayPostScriptand
PDF,leadingtothenicknameDisplayPDF.ThePreviewapplicationcandisplayPDFfiles,ascanversion2.0and
lateroftheSafariwebbrowser.SystemlevelsupportforPDFallowsMacOSXapplicationstocreatePDF
documentsautomatically,providedtheysupporttheOSstandardprintingarchitecture.Thefilesarethenexported
inPDF1.3formataccordingtothefileheader.WhentakingascreenshotunderMacOSXversions10.0through
10.3,theimagewasalsocapturedasaPDFlaterversionssavescreencapturesasaPNGfile,thoughthis
behaviourcanbesetbacktoPDFifdesired.
In2006PDFwaswidelyacceptedasthestandardprintjobformatattheOpenSourceDevelopmentLabsPrinting
Summit.ItissupportedasaprintjobformatbytheCommonUnixPrintingSystemanddesktopapplication
projectssuchasGNOME,KDE,Firefox,Thunderbird,LibreOfficeandOpenOfficehaveswitchedtoemitprint
jobsinPDF.[78]
SomedesktopprintersalsosupportdirectPDFprinting,whichcaninterpretPDFdatawithoutexternalhelp.
Currently,allPDFcapableprintersalsosupportPostScript,butmostPostScriptprintersdonotsupportdirectPDF
printing.
TheFreeSoftwareFoundationonceconsideredoneoftheirhighpriorityprojectstobe"developingafree,high
qualityandfullyfunctionalsetoflibrariesandprogramsthatimplementthePDFfileformatandassociated
technologiestotheISO32000standard."[79][80]In2011,however,theGNUPDFprojectwasremovedfromthelist
of"highpriorityprojects"duetothematurationofthePopplerlibrary,[81]whichhasenjoyedwiderusein
applicationssuchasEvincewiththeGNOMEdesktopenvironment.PopplerisbasedonXpdf[82][83]codebase.
TherearealsocommercialdevelopmentlibrariesavailableaslistedinListofPDFsoftware.

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TheApachePDFBoxprojectoftheApacheSoftwareFoundationisanopensourceJavalibraryforworkingwith
PDFdocuments.PDFBoxislicensedundertheApacheLicense.[84]

Seealso
OpenXMLPaperSpecification
ComparisonofOpenXPSandPDF
DjVu
PAdES,PDFAdvancedElectronicSignature
Webdocument

Webdocument
XSLFormattingObjects

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Furtherreading
Hardy,M.R.B.Brailsford,D.F.(2002)."MappinganddisplayingstructuraltransformationsbetweenXML
andPDF".Proceedingsofthe2002ACMsymposiumonDocumentengineeringDocEng'02(PDF).
Proceedingsofthe2002ACMsymposiumonDocumentengineering.pp.95102.
doi:10.1145/585058.585077.ISBN1581135947.
Standards
PDF1.7[1](http://www.adobe.com/content/dam/Adobe/en/devnet/acrobat/pdfs/pdf_reference_17.pd
f)
PDF1.6(ISBN0321304748)
PDF1.4(ISBN0201758393)
PDF1.3(ISBN0201615886)

Externallinks
HowwasthePDFformatcreated?Quora(http://www.quora.com/PD
WikimediaCommonshas
Ffileformat/HowwasthePDFformatcreated)
mediarelatedtoPDF.
PDFAssociation(http://www.pdfa.org/)ThePDFAssociationisthe
industryassociationforsoftwaredevelopersproducingorprocessing
PDFfiles.
AdobePDF101:SummaryofPDF(http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/tips/topic_tip31.html)
Adobe:PostScriptvs.PDF(https://www.adobe.com/print/features/psvspdf/)Officialintroductory
comparisonofPS,EPSvs.PDF.
PDFStandards....transitioningthePDFspecificationfromadefactostandardtoadejurestandard(https://
web.archive.org/web/20110424013530/http://www.aiim.org/Resources/Archive/Magazine/2007JulAug/334
48)attheWaybackMachine(archivedApril24,2011)InformationaboutPDF/EandPDF/UA
specificationforaccessibledocumentsfileformat(archivedbyTheWaybackMachine)
ISO190051:2005(http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=3892
0)thePDF/A1ISOstandardpublishedbytheInternationalOrganizationforStandardization(chargeable)
PDFReferenceandAdobeExtensionstothePDFSpecification(https://www.adobe.com/devnet/pdf/pdf_ref
erence.html)
PortableDocumentFormat:AnIntroductionforProgrammers(http://www.mactech.com/articles/mactech/Vo
l.15/15.09/PDFIntro/)IntroductiontoPDFvs.PostScriptandPDFinternals(uptov1.3)
TheCamelotPaper(http://www.planetpdf.com/enterprise/article.asp?ContentID=6519)thepaperinwhich
JohnWarnockoutlinedtheprojectthatcreatedPDF
EverythingyouwantedtoknowaboutPDFbutwereafraidtoask(http://rivervalley.zeeba.tv/everythingyo
uwantedtoknowaboutpdfbutwereafraidtoask/)recordingoftalkbyLeonardRosenthol(Adobe
Systems)atTUG2007
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format

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PortableDocumentFormatWikipedia

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format

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