Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
& Pre-Calculus 12
Topics Covered
Polynomial, Radical, and Rational Functions
Transformations and Operations
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Trigonometry One
Trigonometry Two
Permutations and Combinations
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Mathematics 30-1
& Pre-Calculus 12
Formula Sheet
Trigonometry I
Trigonometry II
Transformations
& Operations
Exponential and
Permutations &
Logarithmic Functions Combinations
Polynomial, Radical
& Rational Functions
Curriculum Alignment
Math 30-1: Alberta | Northwest Territories | Nunavut
Pre-Calculus 12: British Columbia | Yukon
Pre-Calculus 30: Saskatchewan
Pre-Calculus 40S: Manitoba
www.math30.ca
Mathematics 30-1
& Pre-Calculus 12
Table of Contents
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
Polynomial Functions
Polynomial Division
Polynomial Factoring
Radical Functions
Rational Functions I
Rational Functions II
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
Basic Transformations
Combined Transformations
Inverses
Function Operations
Function Composition
Unit 4: Trigonometry I
Lesson
Lesson
Lesson
Lesson
(3
(3
(3
(2
(2
(3
days)
days)
days)
days)
days)
days)
(2
(2
(2
(2
(3
days)
days)
days)
days)
days)
Unit 5: Trigonometry II
2:22
2:15
2:24
1:58
(4
(4
(5
(4
days)
days)
days)
days)
2:12 (4 days)
2:34 (4 days)
2:19 (4 days)
Lesson 1: Permutations
Lesson 2: Combinations
Lesson 3: The Binomial Theorem
Total Course
2:00 (4 days)
1:56 (4 days)
1:01 (2 days)
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Lesson Notes
For each polynomial function given below, state the leading coefficient, degree, and constant term.
i) f(x) = 3x - 2 ii) y = x3 + 2x2 - x - 1 iii) P(x) = 5
b) Determine which expressions are polynomials. Explain your reasoning.
1
i) x5 + 3 ii) 5x + 3 iii) 3 iv) 4x2 - 5x - 1 v) x2 + x - 4 vi) |x| vii) 5 x - 1 viii)
3
1
2
ii
quadratic
quadratic
quadratic
quadratic
vi
vii
viii
quartic
quartic
quartic
Odd-Degree Polynomials
i
ii
iv
linear
cubic
vii
cubic
quartic
Example 2b
iii
vi
cubic
d) P(x) = (x - 1)3
iv
Example 2a
iii
linear
c) P(x) = (x - 3)2
1
x+3
Even-Degree Polynomials
7 x + 2 ix)
quintic
cubic
viii
quintic
e) P(x) = (x + 1)2(x - 2)
Examples 5 - 7: Find the requested data for each polynomial function, then use this information to
sketch the graph. i) Find the zeros and their multiplicities. ii) Find the y-intercept. iii) Describe the
end behaviour. iv) What other points are required to draw the graph accurately?
Example 5:
Example 6:
Example 7:
a) P(x) = 1 (x - 5)(x + 3)
2
b) P(x) = -x2(x + 1)
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Lesson Notes
Examples 8 - 10: Determine the polynomial function corresponding to each graph. You may leave your answer in factored form.
Example 8:
Example 9:
a)
a)
b)
b)
(0, 4)
(0, -1)
(2, -6)
4,
Example 10:
a)
15
2
b)
(-6, 0)
(0, -6)
(0, -9)
a) P(x) = x2 - 2x - 168
b) P(x) = x3 + 7x2 - 44x
c) P(x) = x3 - 16x2 - 144x + 1152
Example 12: Given the characteristics of a polynomial function, draw the graph and derive the function.
a) Characteristics of P(x):
b) Characteristics of P(x):
x-intercepts: (-1, 0) and (3, 0); sign of leading coefficient: (+); x-intercepts: (-3, 0), (1, 0), and (4, 0); sign of leading coefficient: (-);
polynomial degree: 3; y-intercept at: (0, -3/2)
polynomial degree: 4; relative maximum at (1, 8)
Example 13: A box with no lid can be made by cutting out squares from each corner of a rectangular piece of cardboard and folding up
the sides. A particular piece of cardboard has a length of 20 cm and a width of 16 cm. The side length of a corner square is x.
x
a) Derive a polynomial function that represents the volume of the box.
x
b) What is an appropriate domain for the volume function?
c) Use a graphing calculator to draw the graph of the function. Indicate your window settings.
16 cm
d) What should be the side length of a corner square if the volume of the box is maximized?
3
e) For what values of x is the volume of the box greater than 200 cm ?
Example 14: Three students share a birthday on the same day. Quinn and Ralph are the same age,
but Audrey is two years older. The product of their ages is 11548 greater than the sum of their ages.
a) Find polynomial functions that represent the age product and age sum.
b) Write a polynomial equation that can be used to find the age of each person.
c) Use a graphing calculator to solve the polynomial equation from part (b).
Indicate your window settings. How old is each person?
20 cm
Example 15: The volume of air flowing into the lungs during a breath can be represented by the polynomial
function V(t) = -0.041t3 + 0.181t2 + 0.202t, where V is the volume in litres and t is the time in seconds.
a) Use a graphing calculator to graph V(t). State your window settings.
r
b) What is the maximum volume of air inhaled into the lung?
At what time during the breath does this occur?
c) How many seconds does it take for one complete breath?
d) What percentage of the breath is spent inhaling?
Example 16: A cylinder with a radius of r and a height of h is inscribed within a sphere that
has a radius of 4 units. Derive a polynomial function, V(h), that expresses the volume of
the cylinder as a function of its height.
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3
3
-4
3
-5
-7
2
2
-7
Lesson Notes
Example 1: Divide using long division and answer the related questions.
a) x + 2 x3 + 2x2 - 5x - 6
b) Label the division components (dividend, divisor, quotient, remainder) in your work for part (a).
c) Express the division using the division theorem, P(x) = Q(x)D(x) + R. Verify the division theorem
by checking that the left side and right side are equivalent.
d) Another way to represent the division theorem is
R
.
D(x)
P(x)
D(x)
R
P(x)
= Q(x) +
.
D(x)
D(x)
b)
x3 - 3x - 2
x-2
P(x)
R
= Q(x) +
.
D(x)
D(x)
c) (x3 - 1) (x + 2)
b)
3x4 + 5x3 + 3x - 2
x+2
P(x)
R
= Q(x) +
.
D(x)
D(x)
c) (2x4 - 7x2 + 4) (x - 1)
Example 4: Polynomial division only requires long or synthetic division when factoring is not
an option. Try to divide each of the following polynomials by factoring first, using long or
synthetic division as a backup.
a)
x2 - 5x + 6
x-3
b) (6x - 4) (3x - 2)
d)
x3 + 2x2 - 3x
x-3
V = x3 + 6x2 - 7x - 60
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x+4
1
-
Lesson Notes
-4
3
-5
-7
2
2
-7
(3, 8)
f(x)
g(x)
6
, determine f(x) and g(x).
x-1
b)
a) (kx3 - x - 3) (x - 1) Remainder = -1
c) (2x3 + 3x2 + kx - 3) (2x + 5)
b)
3x3 - 6x2 + 2x + k
x-2
Remainder = 2
d)
d)
2x4 + 3x3 - 4x - 9
2x + 3
Remainder = -3
2x3 + kx2 - x + 6
2x - 3
(2x - 3 is a factor)
Example 15
P(x) = x3 + kx2 + 5
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(4, a)
(2, -3)
x3 - 5x2 + 2x + 8
Lesson Notes
(x + 1)(x - 2)(x - 4)
Example 5: P(x) = x3 - 8
Example 6: P(x) = x3 - 2x2 - x - 6
Example 7: P(x) = x4 - 16
Example 8: P(x) = x5 - 3x4 - 5x3 + 27x2 - 32x + 12
Example 10: A rectangular prism has a volume of 1050 cm3. If the height of the
prism is 3 cm less than the width of the base, and the length of the base is 5 cm
greater than the width of the base, find the dimensions of the rectangular prism.
Solve algebraically.
Example 11: Find three consecutive integers with a product of -336. Solve algebraically.
Example 12: If k, 3k, and -3k/2 are zeros of P(x) = x3 - 5x2 - 6kx + 36, and k > 0,
find k and write the factored form of the polynomial.
Example 13: Given the graph of
P(x) = x4 + 2x3 - 5x2 - 6x and various
points on the graph, determine the
values of a and b. Solve algebraically.
Example 14: Solve each equation
algebraically and check with a
graphing calculator.
a) x3 - 3x2 - 10x + 24 = 0
b) 3x3 + 8x2 + 4x - 1 = 0
Example 13
Quadratic Formula
(0, 0)
(b, 0)
(a, 0)
(2, 0)
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Lesson Notes
x3 - 5x2 + 2x + 8
(x + 1)(x - 2)(x - 4)
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y= x
Lesson Notes
x
-1
f(x)
1
4
a) f(x) = - x
-x
c) f(x) =
2x
d) f(x) =
1x
2
x -5
b) f(x) =
x +2
c) f(x) =
x-1
d) f(x) =
x+7
x-3+2
b) f(x) = 2 x + 4
c) f(x) = - x - 3
d) f(x) =
-2x - 4
b) y = -(x + 2)2 + 9
Example 7: a) y = (x - 5)2 - 4
Example 8: a) y = -(x + 5)2
b) y = x2
b) y = x2 + 0.25
x+2 =3
Example 10: x =
x+2
Set-Builder Notation
A set is simply a collection of numbers,
such as {1, 4, 5}. We use set-builder notation
to outline the rules governing members of a set.
{x | x R, x -1}
-1
Example 11: 2 x + 3 = x + 3
State the
variable.
List conditions
on the variable.
Example 12:
16 - x2 = 5
-1
x -1
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Interval Notation
Math 30-1 students are expected to
know that domain and range can be
expressed using interval notation.
() - Round Brackets: Exclude point
from interval.
[] - Square Brackets: Include point
in interval.
Infinity always gets a round bracket.
Examples: x -5 becomes [-5, );
1 < x 4 becomes (1, 4];
x R becomes (- , );
-8 x < 2 or 5 x < 11
becomes [-8, 2) U [5, 11),
where U means or, or union of sets;
x R, x 2 becomes (- , 2) U (2, );
-1 x 3, x 0 becomes [-1 , 0) U (0, 3].
y= x
Lesson Notes
b)
c)
d)
(2, 3)
(2, 2)
(8, -1)
(1, 3)
Example 14: A ladder that is 3 m long is leaning against a wall. The base of the ladder is d metres
from the wall, and the top of the ladder is h metres above the ground.
a) Write a function, h(d), to represent the height
of the ladder as a function of its base distance d.
b) Graph the function and state the domain and range.
Describe the ladders orientation when d = 0 and d = 3.
c) How far is the base of the ladder from the wall when
the top of the ladder is 5 metres above the ground?
Example 15: If a ball at a height of h metres is dropped,
the length of time it takes to hit the ground is:
t=
h
4.9
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5 cm
Cone Volume
1
y=
x
Lesson Notes
1
.
x
1
b) Draw the graph of the function y =
. State the domain and range.
x
c) Draw the graph of y = x in the same grid used for part (b).
1
Compare the graph of y = x to the graph of y =
.
x
d) Outline a series of steps that can be used to draw the
1
graph of y = , starting from y = x.
x
-2
-1
-0.5
-0.25
0
0.25
0.5
1
2
1
.
f(x)
iii. Asymptote Equation(s)
Example 2: Reciprocal of a Linear Function. Given the graph of y = f(x), draw the graph of y =
a) y = x - 5
1
b) y = - x + 2
2
1
f(x)
1
a) Fill in the table of values for the function y = 2
.
x -4
1
b) Draw the graph of the function y = 2
.
x -4
State the domain and range.
-3
-2.05
-2
-1.95
-1
0
c) Draw the graph of y = x - 4 in the same grid used for part (b).
1
.
Compare the graph of y = x2 - 4 to the graph of y = 2
x -4
2
1
f(x)
1.95
2.05
b)
c)
d)
e)
1
f(x)
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f)
1
f(x)
1
y=
x
Lesson Notes
1
f(x)
b)
c)
d)
Example 6: For each function, determine the equations of all asymptotes. Check with a graphing calculator.
a) f(x) =
1
2x - 3
b) f(x) =
1
x2 - 2x - 24
c) f(x) =
1
6x3 - 5x2 - 4x
d) f(x) =
1
4x2 + 9
Example 7: Compare each of the following functions to y = 1/x by identifying any stretches or
translations, then draw the graph without using technology.
a) y =
4
x
b) y =
1
-3
x
c) y =
3
x+4
d) y =
2
+2
x-3
Identify the stretches and translations, then draw the graph without using technology.
c) y =
6 - 2x
x-1
d) y =
33 - 6x
x-5
))
Example 9: The ideal gas law relates the pressure, volume, temperature, and molar amount
of a gas with the formula PV = nRT. An ideal gas law experiment uses 0.011 mol of a gas at a
temperature of 273.15 K.
)
)
))
))
))
))
))
a) If the temperature and molar amount of the gas are held constant, the ideal gas law follows
a reciprocal relationship and can be written as a rational function, P(V). Write this function.
b) If the original volume of the gas is doubled, how will the pressure change?
c) If the original volume of the gas is halved, how will the pressure change?
d) If P(5.0 L) = 5.0 kPa, determine the experimental value of the universal gas constant R.
e) Complete the table of values and draw the graph for this experiment.
f) Do the results from the table match the predictions in parts b & c?
Example 10: The illuminance of light can be described with the reciprocal-square relation
))
x-1
x-2
))
b) y =
1 - 2x
x
))
a) y =
(L)
(kPa)
P
50
45
40
0.5
35
30
1.0
25
2.0
20
5.0
10
15
5
10.0
9 10 V
where I is the illuminance (SI unit = lux), S is the amount of light emitted by a source (SI unit = lumens),
and d is the distance from the light source in metres. In an experiment to investigate the reciprocal-square
nature of light illuminance, a screen can be moved from a baseline position to various distances from the bulb.
I
130
a) If the original distance of the screen from the bulb is doubled, how does the illuminance change?
b) If the original distance of the screen from the bulb is tripled, how does the illuminance change?
c) If the original distance of the screen from the bulb is halved, how does the illuminance change?
d) If the original distance of the screen from the bulb is quartered, how does the illuminance change?
e) A typical household fluorescent bulb emits 1600 lumens. If the original distance from the bulb
to the screen was 4 m, complete the table of values and draw the graph.
f) Do the results from the table match the predictions made in parts a-d?
120
(m)
(W/m2)
110
100
90
80
60
70
50
40
30
12
10
20
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9 10 11 12
y=
x2 + x - 2
x+2
Lesson Notes
Example 1: Numerator Degree < Denominator Degree. Predict if any asymptotes or holes are present in
the graph of each rational function. Use a graphing calculator to draw the graph and verify your prediction.
a) y =
x
2
x -9
b) y =
x+2
x2 + 1
c) y =
x+4
x2 - 16
d) y =
x2 - x - 2
x3 - x2 - 2x
Example 2: Numerator Degree = Denominator Degree. Predict if any asymptotes or holes are present in
the graph of each rational function. Use a graphing calculator to draw the graph and verify your prediction.
a) y =
4x
x-2
b) y =
x2
x2 - 1
c) y =
3x2
x2 + 9
d) y =
3x2 - 3x - 18
x2 - x - 6
Example 3: Numerator Degree > Denominator Degree. Predict if any asymptotes or holes are present in
the graph of each rational function. Use a graphing calculator to draw the graph and verify your prediction.
2
x2 + 5
x2 - x - 6
y
=
y
=
b) y = x - 4x + 3
d)
c)
x-1
x+1
x-3
x
Example 4: Graph y = 2
without using the graphing feature of your calculator.
x - 16
a) y =
x2 + 5x + 4
x+4
i. Horizontal Asymptote
Example 6: Graph y =
i. Horizontal Asymptote
iv. x - intercept(s)
2x - 6
without using the graphing feature of your calculator.
x+2
Example 5: Graph y =
i. Horizontal Asymptote
iii. y - intercept
iii. y - intercept
iv. x - intercept(s)
x2 + 2x - 8
without using the graphing feature of your calculator.
x-1
ii. Vertical Asymptote(s) iii. y - intercept iv. x - intercept(s) v. Domain and Range
Example 7: Graph y =
x2 - 5x + 6
without using the graphing feature of your calculator.
x-2
ii. Holes
iii. y - intercept
iv. x - intercept(s)
Example 8: Find the rational function with each set of characteristics and draw the graph.
a)
b)
vertical asymptote(s)
x = -2, x = 4
horizontal asymptote
y=1
x-intercept(s)
hole(s)
none
vertical asymptote(s)
x=0
horizontal asymptote
y=0
x-intercept(s)
none
hole(s)
(-1, -1)
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y=
Lesson Notes
x2 + x - 2
x+2
3x
= 4 in three different ways.
x-1
x
4
6
= 2
in three different ways.
x -x-2
x-2
x+1
Example 13: Cynthia jogs 3 km/h faster than Alan. In a race, Cynthia was able to jog 15 km
in the same time it took Alan to jog 10 km. How fast were Cynthia and Alan jogging?
a) Fill in the table and derive an equation
t
s
d
that can be used to solve this problem.
Cynthia
b) Solve algebraically.
Alan
c) Check your answer by either
(i) finding the point of intersection of two functions OR (ii) finding the x-intercept(s) of a single function.
Example 14: George can canoe 24 km downstream and return to his starting position (upstream) in 5 h.
The speed of the current is 2 km/h.What is the speed of the canoe in still water?
t
s
a) Fill in the table and derive an equation
d
that can be used to solve this problem.
Upstream
b) Solve algebraically.
Downstream
c) Check your answer by either
(i) finding the point of intersection of two functions OR (ii) finding the x-intercept(s) of a single function.
Example 15: The shooting percentage of a hockey player is ratio of scored goals to
total shots on goal. So far this season, Laura has scored 2 goals out of 14 shots taken.
Assuming Laura scores a goal with every shot from now on, how many goals will she
need to have a 40% shooting percentage?
a) Derive an equation that can be used to solve this problem.
b) Solve algebraically.
c) Check your answer by either:
(i) finding the point of intersection of two functions OR (ii) finding the x-intercept(s) of a single function.
Example 16: A 300 g mixture of nuts contains peanuts and almonds.
The mixture contains 35% almonds by mass. What mass of almonds must
be added to this mixture so it contains 50% almonds?
a) Derive an equation that can be used to solve this problem.
b) Solve algebraically.
c) Check your answer by either:
(i) finding the point of intersection of two functions OR (ii) finding the x-intercept(s) of a single function.
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Lesson Notes
Example 1: Draw the graph resulting from each transformation. Label the invariant points.
a) y = 2f(x)
b) y =
1
f(x)
2
c) y = f(2x)
d) y = f(
1
x)
2
Example 2: Draw the graph resulting from each transformation. Label the invariant points.
a) y =
1
f(x)
4
c) y = f(
b) y = 3f(x)
1
x)
5
d) y = f(3x)
Example 3: Draw the graph resulting from each transformation. Label the invariant points.
a) y = -f(x)
b) y = f(-x)
c) x = f(y)
Example 4: Draw the graph resulting from each transformation. Label the invariant points.
a) y = -f(x)
b) y = f(-x)
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c) x = f(y)
Lesson Notes
b) y = f(x) - 4
c) y = f(x - 2)
d) y = f(x + 3)
b) y = f(x) - 3
c) y = f(x - 5)
d) y = f(x + 4)
Example 7: Draw the transformed graph. Write the transformation as both an equation and a mapping.
a) The graph of f(x) is
horizontally stretched
1
by a factor of
.
2
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Lesson Notes
b)
c)
Original graph:
Transformed graph:
d)
Example 9: Describe each transformation and derive the equation of the transformed graph.
Draw the original and transformed graphs.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Example 10: Describe each transformation and derive the equation of the transformed graph.
Draw the original and transformed graphs.
a)
b)
c)
d)
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Lesson Notes
1
b) If the player moves so the equation of the shot is h(d) = - (d + 1)2 + 4, what is the horizontal
9
distance from the player to the hoop?
h(d)
5
4
3
2
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
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y = af[b(x - h)] + k
Lesson Notes
d) y = -
1
f(-x)
2
iv. y = f(x + 7) + 5
b) y = f(x - 3) + 7
c) y - 12 = f(x - 6)
d) y + 2 = f(x + 8)
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Lesson Notes
y = af[b(x - h)] + k
d) 2y - 8 = 6f(x - 2)
d) y =
1
f(-x - 4)
3
i
i
b) If the point (5, 4) exists on the graph of y = f(x), find the coordinates
1
of the new point after the transformation y = f(5x - 10) + 4.
2
c) The point (m, n) exists on the graph of y = f(x). If the transformation y = 2f(2x) + 5 is applied to
the graph, the transformed point is (4, 7). Find the values of m and n.
Example 9: For each transformation description,
write the transformation equation. Use mappings
to draw the transformed graph.
a) The graph of y = f(x) is vertically stretched by
a factor of 3, reflected about the x-axis, and
translated 2 units to the right.
b) The graph of y = f(x) is horizontally stretched by
a factor of 1/3, reflected about the x-axis, and
translated 2 units left.
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Example 9a
Example 9b
y = af[b(x - h)] + k
Lesson Notes
Example 10: Greg applies the transformation y = -2f[-2(x + 4)] - 3 to the graph below, using the
transformation order rules learned in this lesson.
Original graph:
Transformed graph:
Translations:
5) Vertical translation 3 units down
6) Horizontal translation 4 units left
Next, Colin applies the same transformation, y = -2f[-2(x + 4)] - 3, to the graph below.
He tries a different transformation order, applying all the vertical transformations first,
followed by all the horizontal transformations.
Colins Transformation Order:
Original graph:
Vertical Transformations:
1) Vertical stretch by a scale factor of 2
2) Reflection about the x-axis
3) Vertical translation 3 units down.
Transformed graph:
Horizontal Transformations:
4) Horizontal stretch by a scale factor of 1/2
5) Reflection about the y-axis
6) Horizontal translation 4 units left
According to the transformation order rules we have been using in this lesson
(stretches & reflections first, translations last), Colin should obtain the wrong graph.
However, Colin obtains the same graph as Greg! How is this possible?
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Lesson Notes
y = af[b(x - h)] + k
Example 11: The goal of the video game Space Rocks is to pilot a spaceship
through an asteroid field without colliding with any of the asteroids.
a) If the spaceship avoids the
asteroid by navigating to the
position shown, describe
the transformation.
b) Describe a transformation
that will let the spaceship
pass through the asteroids.
Original position of ship
Final position of ship
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f-1(x)
Lesson Notes
d)
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b)
f-1(x)
Lesson Notes
32
Celsius
Thermometer
Fahrenheit
Thermometer
F
100
50
-100
-50
50
-50
-100
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100 C
(f - g)(x)
f
(x)
g
(f + g)(x)
(f g)(x)
Lesson Notes
Example 1: Given the functions f(x) and g(x), draw the graph.
State the domain and range of the combined function.
a) h(x) = (f + g)(x)
b) h(x) = (f - g)(x)
d) h(x) =
c) h(x) = (f g)(x)
f(x)
f(x)
f(x)
f(x)
g(x)
g(x)
g(x)
g(x)
c) (fg)(-1)
b) (f - g)(6)
d)
f
(5)
g
Example 3: Draw each combined function and state the domain and range.
a) h(x) = (f + g)(x)
b) h(x) = (f - g)(x)
c) h(x) = (f g)(x)
d) h(x) = (f + g + m)(x)
f(x)
g(x)
f(x)
g(x)
g(x)
f(x)
f(x)
g(x)
m(x)
Examples 4 & 5: i. Graph. ii. Derive the resultant function, h(x). iii. State the domain & range of h(x).
iv. Write a transformation equation that transforms the graph of f(x) to h(x).
a) (f + g)(x)
a) (f - g)(x)
b) (f g)(x)
f(x)
f(x)
g(x)
g(x)
b)
g(x)
g(x)
f(x)
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f(x)
(f + g)(x)
Lesson Notes
(f g)(x)
(f - g)(x)
f
(x)
g
i. Graph. ii. Derive h(x) = (f g)(x) iii. State the domain & range of h(x).
b) f(x) = 1 and g(x) = x - 2
c) f(x) = x + 3 and
g(x) = x2 + 6x + 9
g(x)
g(x)
g(x)
d) f(x) = x + 3
and g(x) = x + 2
g(x)
f(x)
f(x)
f(x)
f(x)
Example 7: Two rectangular lots are adjacent to each other, as shown in the diagram.
a) Write a function, AL(x), for the area of the large lot.
b) Write a function, AS(x), for the area of the small lot.
c) If the large rectangular lot is 10 m2 larger than the
small lot, use a function operation to solve for x.
d) Using a function operation, determine the total
area of both lots.
e) Using a function operation, determine how many
times bigger the large lot is than the small lot.
4x
2x - 2
x
3x - 3
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slant
height
SA = r2 + rs
1
V = r2h
3
f g = f(g(x))
Lesson Notes
Example 1a
f(g(x))
-3
-2
-1
g(x)
Example 1b
f(x)
g(f(x))
1
2
3
b) n(1) = (g f)(1)
d) q(-4) = (g g)(-4)
Example 3: Given the functions f(x) = x2 - 3 and g(x) = 2x (these are the same functions
found in Example 2), find each composite function.
a) m(x) = (f g)(x)
b) n(x) = (g f)(x)
c) p(x) = (f f)(x)
d) q(x) = (g g)(x)
e) Using the composite functions derived in parts (a - d), evaluate m(3), n(1), p(2), and q(-4).
Do the results match the answers in Example 2?
Example 4: Given the functions f(x) and g(x), find each
composite function. Make note of any transformations as
you complete your work.
a) m(x) = (f g)(x)
f(x) = (x + 1)2
g(x) = 3x
b) n(x) = (g f)(x)
Example 5: Given the functions f(x) and g(x), find the composite function m(x) = (f g)(x) and
draw the graph. How does the domain of the composite function compare to the domain of the
component functions? i. Derive m(x) = (f g)(x) and draw the graph. ii. State the domain of m(x).
b)
a)
Examples 6 & 7: Given the functions f(x), g(x), m(x), and n(x), find each composite function.
State the domain of the composite function and draw its graph.
f(x) =
g(x) =
1
x
m(x) = |x|
b) h(x) = [n f n](x)
b) h(x) = [f (n + n)](x)
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n(x) = x + 2
Lesson Notes
f g = f(g(x))
Example 8: Given the composite function h(x) = (f g)(x), find the component
functions, f(x) and g(x). (More than one answer is possible)
a) h(x) = 2x + 2
b) h(x) =
d) h(x) = x2 + 4x + 4
1
x -1
e) h(x) = 2
1
x
f) h(x) = |x|
Example 9: Two functions are inverses if (f-1 f)(x) = x. Determine if each pair of functions
are inverses of each other.
a) f(x) = 3x - 2 and f-1(x) =
1
2
x+
3
3
Example 10: The price of 1 L of gasoline is $1.05. On a level road, Darlenes car uses 0.08 L of fuel
for every kilometre driven.
a) If Darlene drives 50 km, how much did the gas cost to fuel the trip? How many steps does it take
to solve this problem (without composition)?
b) Write a function, V(d), for the volume of gas consumed as a function of the distance driven.
c) Write a function, M(V), for the cost of the trip as a function of gas volume.
d) Using function composition, combine the functions from parts b & c into a single function, M(d),
where M is the money required for the trip. Draw the graph.
e) Solve the problem from part (a) again, but this time use the function derived in part (d).
How many steps does the calculation take now?
Example 11: A pebble dropped in a lake creates a circular wave that travels outward at a speed of 30 cm/s.
a) Use function composition to derive a function, A(t), that expresses the area of the circular wave as a function of time.
b) What is the area of the circular wave after 3 seconds?
c) How long does it take for the area enclosed by the circular wave to be 44100 cm2? What is the radius of the wave?
Example 12: The exchange rates of several currencies on a particular day are listed below:
a) Write a function, a(c), that converts Canadian Dollars to American Dollars.
American Dollars = 1.03 Canadian Dollars
b) Write a function, j(a), that converts American Dollars to Japanese Yen.
Euros = 0.77 American Dollars
c) Write a function, b(a), that converts American Dollars to British Pounds.
Japanese Yen = 101.36 Euros
British Pounds = 0.0083 Japanese Yen
d) Write a function, b(c), that converts Canadian Dollars to British Pounds.
Example 13: A drinking cup from a water fountain has the shape of an inverted cone.
The cup has a height of 8 cm, and a radius of 3 cm. The water in the cup also has the
shape of an inverted cone, with a radius of r and a height of h. The diagram of the drinking
cup shows two right triangles: a large triangle for the entire height of the cup, and a smaller
triangle for the water in the cup. The two triangles have identical angles, so they can be
classified as similar triangles.
a) Use similar triangle ratios to express r as a function of h.
8 cm
b) Derive the composite function, Vwater(h) = (Vcone r)(h),
for the volume of the water in the cone.
c) If the volume of water in the cone is 3 cm3, determine
the height of the water.
$CAD
$USD
3 cm
r
h
Vcone =
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1
r2h
3
y=b
Lesson Notes
Interval Notation
Math 30-1 students are expected to
know that domain and range can be
expressed using interval notation.
1
c) y =
2
b)
d)
b)
c)
d)
10
100
10
(-3, 125)
100
50
(3, 64)
(-3, n)
50
(2, 16)
(-2, n)
(3, n)
(-2, 25)
(1, n)
Example 3: Draw the graph. State the domain, range, and equation of the asymptote.
a)
d)
c)
b)
Example 4: Draw the graph. State the domain, range, and equation of the asymptote.
a)
b)
c)
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d)
y = bx
Lesson Notes
Example 5: Determine the exponential function corresponding to each graph, then use the function
to find the unknown. Both graphs in this example have the form y = abx + k.
a)
b)
10
10
(-5, n)
5
(-5, n)
-5
(0, -2)
-5
ii.
v.
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iii.
y=b
Lesson Notes
c)
b)
d)
c)
b)
e) Determine x and y:
d)
f) Determine m and n:
and
and
b)
a)
d)
c)
b)
d)
c)
b)
a)
c)
b)
d)
b)
a)
d)
Example 14: Solving equations where x is in the exponent. (No Common Base - Use Technology)
a)
b)
c)
d)
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Lesson Notes
y = bx
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$
$ $
logBA = E
Lesson Notes
i. log21 or log42
i. log21 =
ii. log 1 =
, log22 =
, log 10 =
, log24 =
, log28 =
, log 100 =
ii.
or
, log 1000 =
c)
Example 3: Convert each equation from logarithmic to exponential form. (The Seven Rule)
Express answers so y is isolated on the left side.
a)
b)
e)
f)
c)
d)
h)
g)
Example 4: Convert each equation from exponential to logarithmic form. (A Base is Always a Base)
Express answers with the logarithm on the left side.
a)
e)
c)
b)
d)
g)
f)
h)
e)
b)
f)
c)
g)
d)
h)
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logBA = E
Lesson Notes
Example 6: Expand each logarithm using the product law. (Product Law)
b)
a)
d)
c)
h)
g)
f)
e)
Example 7: Expand each logarithm using the quotient law. (Quotient Law)
b)
a)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
Example 8: Expand each logarithm using the power law. (Power Law)
b)
a)
d)
c)
e)
g)
f)
h)
Example 9: Expand each logarithm using the appropriate logarithm rule. (Other Rules)
a)
b)
c)
g)
f)
e)
d)
h)
Example 10: Use logarithm laws to answer each of the following questions. (Substitution Questions)
a) If 10k = 4, then 101 + 2k =
b) If 3a = k, then log3k4 =
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logBA = E
Lesson Notes
c)
b)
d)
c)
b)
d)
b)
c)
d)
b)
c)
d)
b)
c)
d)
c) Solve.
b) Condense.
e) Write as a logarithm.
f) Show that:
d) Evaluate.
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h) Condense.
logBA = E
Lesson Notes
Example 17: Assorted Mix II
a) Evaluate.
e) Evaluate.
b) Evaluate.
f) Condense.
d) Solve.
g) Solve.
h) If xy = 8, then
5log2x + 5log2y =
e) Condense.
b) Solve.
c) Condense.
f) Evaluate.
g) Show that:
d) Solve.
h) Condense.
a) Solve.
e) Evaluate.
f) Solve.
c) Solve.
d) Condense.
g) Evaluate.
h) Condense.
d) Condense.
b) Solve.
e) Solve.
f) Solve.
c) Evaluate.
g) Condense.
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h) Solve.
y = logbx
Lesson Notes
y = log2x
y = 2x
Domain
Range
x-intercept
y-intercept
Asymptote
Equation
-5
-5
b)
Example 3: a)
c)
b)
Example 6: a)
d)
c)
b)
Example 5: a)
d)
c)
b)
Example 4: a)
d)
c)
d)
c)
b)
d)
Example 7: Exponential Equations. Solve each equation by (i) finding a common base (if possible),
(ii) using logarithms, and (iii) graphing.
a)
b)
c)
Example 8: Logarithmic Equations. Solve each equation by (i) using logarithm laws, and (ii) graphing.
a)
b)
c)
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Lesson Notes
y = logbx
b) If the point (a, 0) exists on the graph of f(x), and the point (0, a) exists
on the graph of g(x), what is the transformation equation?
c) What is the inverse of f(x) = 3x + 4?
d) If the graph of f(x) = log4x is transformed by the equation y = f(3x 12) + 2, what is the
new domain of the graph?
e) The point (k, 3) exists on the inverse of y = 2x. What is the value of k?
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y = logbx
Lesson Notes
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y = logbx
Lesson Notes
e) How many times more intense is 40 dB than 20 dB?
f) Show that an equivalent form of the equation is:
g) What is the loudness of a sound twice as intense as 20 dB?
h) What is the loudness of a sound half as intense as 40 dB?
Example 14: The pH of a solution can be measured with the
formula shown, where [H+] is the concentration of hydrogen
ions in the solution (mol/L). Solutions with a pH less than 7
are acidic, and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic.
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7
=
210
180
6
Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
radian
revolution
degree
radian
revolution
= 120
60 =
= 135
45 =
= 150
30 =
0 =
360 =
= 180
= 210
330 =
= 225
= 240
315 =
300 =
= 270
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Trigonometry
210
Lesson Notes
7
=
180 6
Example 7: For each angle, find all co-terminal angles within the stated domain.
a) 60, Domain: -360 < 1080
b) -495, Domain: -1080 < 720
c) 11.78, Domain: -2 < 4
d) 8/3, Domain: -13/2 < 37/5
Example 8: For each angle, use estimation to find the principal angle.
a) 1893 b) -437.24 c) 912/15 d) 95/6
Example 9: Use the general form of co-terminal angles to find the specified angle.
a) p = 300 (Find c, 3 rotations CC) b) p = 2/5 (Find c, 14 rotations C)
c) c = -4300 (Find n and p) d) c = 32/3 (Find n and p)
Example 10: In addition to the three
primary trigonometric ratios (sin, cos,
and tan), there are three reciprocal
ratios (csc, sec, and cot). Given a
triangle with side lengths of x and y,
and a hypotenuse of length r, the six
trigonometric ratios are as follows:
y
x
sin =
y
r
csc =
1
r
=
sin
y
cos =
x
r
sec =
1
r
=
cos
x
tan =
y
x
cot =
1
x
=
tan
y
a) If the point P(-5, 12) exists on the terminal arm of an angle in standard position, determine the exact
values of all six trigonometric ratios. State the reference angle and the standard position angle.
b) If the point P(2, -3) exists on the terminal arm of an angle in standard position, determine the exact
values of all six trigonometric ratios. State the reference angle and the standard position angle.
Example 11: Determine the sign of each trigonometric ratio in each quadrant.
a) sin b) cos c) tan d) csc e) sec f) cot
g) How do the quadrant signs of the reciprocal trigonometric ratios (csc, sec, and cot) compare
to the quadrant signs of the primary trigonometric ratios (sin, cos, and tan)?
Example 12: Given the following conditions, find the quadrant(s) where the angle could potentially exist.
a) i. sin < 0 ii. cos > 0 iii. tan > 0
b) i. sin > 0 and cos > 0 ii. sec > 0 and tan < 0 iii. csc < 0 and cot > 0
c) i. sin < 0 and csc = 1/2 ii. cos = -
Example 13: Given one trigonometric ratio, find the exact values of the other five trigonometric ratios.
State the reference angle and the standard position angle, to the nearest hundredth of a radian.
a)
b)
Example 14: Given one trigonometric ratio, find the exact values of the other five trigonometric ratios.
State the reference angle and the standard position angle, to the nearest hundredth of a degree.
a)
b)
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Trigonometry
7
=
210
180 6
Lesson Notes
I or II
I or III
I or IV
II or III
II or IV
III or IV
Marks Calculation
of (using sine)
sin =
Jordans Calculation
of (using cosine)
3
5
cos =
= 36.87
Dylans Calculation
of (using tan)
-4
5
tan =
= 143.13
3
-4
= -36.87
Example 16: The formula for arc length is a = r, where a is the arc length, is the central angle in radians,
and r is the radius of the circle. The radius and arc length must have the same units.
a) Derive the formula for arc length, a = r. (b - e) Solve for the unknown.
b)
c)
d)
1.23 cm
5 cm
e)
6 cm
3 cm
5 cm
6 cm
153
b)
c)
d)
9 cm
4 cm
3 cm
7
6
e)
240
120
60
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2
3
6 cm 3 cm
Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
210
7
=
180 6
is the angular speed, is the change in angle, and T is the change in time.
Calculate the requested quantity in each scenario. Round all decimals to the
nearest hundredth.
a) A bicycle wheel makes 100 complete revolutions in 1 minute.
Calculate the angular speed in degrees per second.
b) A Ferris wheel rotates 1020 in 4.5 minutes. Calculate the angular speed in radians per second.
c) The moon orbits Earth once every 27 days. Calculate the angular speed in revolutions per second.
If the average distance from the Earth to the moon is 384 400 km, how far does the moon travel
in one second?
d) A cooling fan rotates with an angular speed of 4200 rpm. What is the speed in rps?
e) A bike is ridden at a speed of 20 km/h, and each wheel has a diameter of 68 cm. Calculate the
angular speed of one of the bicycle wheels and express the answer using revolutions per second.
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340 km
6370 km
Trigonometry
(cos, sin)
Lesson Notes
10
-10
10
10
-10
-10
10
-10
-1
-1
i.
ii.
, quadrant II.
iii. (-1, y)
iv.
, cos > 0.
Example 2: The following diagram is called the unit circle. Commonly used angles are shown as
radians, and their exact-value coordinates are in brackets. Take a few moments to memorize this
diagram. When you are done, use the blank unit circle on the next page to practice drawing the
unit circle from memory.
a) What are some useful tips to memorize the unit circle?
b) Draw the unit circle from memory.
Example 3: Use the unit circle to find the exact
value of each expression.
3
a) sin b) cos 180 c) cos
4
6
e) sin 0
f) cos
g) sin
4
3
d) sin
11
6
h) cos -120
e) sin
5
2
f) -sin
9
4
13
6
d) cos
2
3
7
3
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Trigonometry
(cos, sin)
Lesson Notes
sec =
1
cos
csc =
1
sin
tan =
sin
cos
cot =
1
cos
=
tan sin
3
2
c) csc
d) csc
3
4
e) tan
f) -tan
5
4
g) cot2(270)
h) cot
c)
b)
d)
c)
b)
d)
d)
c)
b)
a)
e)
b)
c)
f)
d)
g)
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h)
5
6
Trigonometry
(cos, sin)
Lesson Notes
b) Find one positive and one negative angle such that P() =
c) How does a half-rotation around the unit circle change the coordinates?
If = , find the coordinates of the point halfway around the unit circle.
6
d) How does a quarter-rotation around the unit circle change the coordinates?
2
If =
, find the coordinates of the point a quarter-revolution (clockwise) around the unit circle.
3
e) What are the coordinates of P(3)? Express coordinates to four decimal places.
Example 14: Circumference and Arc Length of the Unit Circle
a) What is the circumference of the unit circle?
b) How is the central angle of the unit circle related to
its corresponding arc length?
Diagram for
Example 14 (d).
be used to find cos? How many values for cos are possible?
d) If
unit circle be used to find sin? How many values for sin are possible?
e) If cos = 0, and 0 < , how many values for sin are possible?
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Number Line
Trigonometry
(cos, sin)
Lesson Notes
exists on the terminal arm of a unit circle, find the exact values
of the six trigonometric ratios. State the reference angle and standard position angle to the nearest
hundredth of a degree.
Example 17: In a video game, the graphic of a butterfly needs to be rotated. To make the
butterfly graphic rotate, the programmer uses the equations:
x = x cos - y sin
y = x sin + y cos
to transform each pixel of the graphic from its original coordinates, (x, y), to its
new coordinates, (x, y). Pixels may have positive or negative coordinates.
a) If a particular pixel with coordinates of (250, 100) is rotated by , what are the new
6
coordinates? Round coordinates to the nearest whole pixel.
5
b) If a particular pixel has the coordinates (640, 480) after a rotation of
, what were the
4
original coordinates? Round coordinates to the nearest whole pixel.
Example 18: From the observation deck of the Calgary Tower, an observer has to
tilt their head A down to see point A, and B down to see point B.
a) Show that the height of the observation
x
deck is h =
.
cotA - cotB
A
B
b) If A =
, B =
, and x = 212.92 m,
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Trigonometry
y = asinb( - c) + d
Lesson Notes
Example 1: Label all tick marks in the following grids and state the coordinates of each point.
a)
b)
y
20
-5
-20
c)
d)
y
12
40
-40
-12
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Trigonometry
y = asinb( - c) + d
Lesson Notes
b) y = -2cos
c) y =
1
sin
2
d) y =
5
cos
2
Example 6: The a Parameter. Determine the trigonometric function corresponding to each graph.
a) write a sine function.
28
(, 41 )
0
-8
-28
-1
-5
b) y = cos + 4
c) y = -
1
sin + 2
2
d) y =
1
1
cos 2
2
Example 8: The d Parameter. Determine the trigonometric function corresponding to each graph.
a) write a sine function.
35
-4
32
-35
-32
-4
Example 9: The b Parameter. Graph each function over the stated domain.
a) y = cos2
c) y = cos
(0 2)
b) y = sin3
(0 6)
d) y = sin
(0 2)
(0 10)
Example 10: The b Parameter. Graph each function over the stated domain.
a) y = -sin(3)
c) y = 2cos
(-2 2)
1
-1
2
(-2 2)
b) y = 4cos2 + 6
d) y = sin
(-2 2)
(0 6)
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Trigonometry
y = asinb( - c) + d
Lesson Notes
Example 11: The b Parameter. Determine the trigonometric function corresponding to each graph.
a) write a cosine function.
-2
12
-4
-2
-1
Example 12: The c Parameter. Graph each function over the stated domain.
a)
(-4 4)
b)
c)
(-2 2)
d)
(-4 4)
(-2 2)
Example 13: The c Parameter. Graph each function over the stated domain.
a)
c)
b)
(- 4)
d)
(-2 6)
(-2 2)
Example 14: The c Parameter. Determine the trigonometric function corresponding to each graph.
a) write a cosine function.
-8
-4
-6
-1
-1
-4
Example 15: a, b, c, & d Parameters. Graph each function over the stated domain.
a)
c)
(0 6)
-3
(0 2)
b)
d)
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(0 2)
(0 2)
Trigonometry
y = asinb( - c) + d
Lesson Notes
Example 16: a, b, c, & d. Determine the trigonometric function corresponding to each graph.
a) write a cosine function.
-2
12
-2
-2
-12
y
a) Draw y = sec. b) State the period. c) State the domain and range.
d) Write the general equation of the asymptotes.
e) Given the graph of f() = cos, draw y =
-2
1
.
f()
-3
y
a) Draw y = csc. b) State the period. c) State the domain and range.
d) Write the general equation of the asymptotes.
-2
1
.
f()
-3
y
a) Draw y = cot. b) State the period. c) State the domain and range.
d) Write the general equation of the asymptotes.
e) Given the graph of f() = tan, draw y =
-2
1
.
f()
-3
Example 20: Graph each function over the domain 0 2. State the new domain and range.
a)
3
-3
c)
b)
3
y = sec
-3
d)
y = sec
-3
y = csc
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-3
y = cot
Trigonometry
h(t)
Lesson Notes
t
Example 1: Trigonometric Functions of Angles
(0 < 3)
a) i. Graph:
(0 < 540)
b) i. Graph:
b) i. Graph:
c) What are three differences between trigonometric functions of angles and trigonometric
functions of real numbers?
Example 3: Determine the view window for each function and sketch each graph.
a)
b)
Example 4: Determine the view window for each function and sketch each graph.
b)
a)
10
(8, 9)
(1425, 150)
16
-4
16
25
(16, -3)
-10
-5
2400
(300, -50)
-10
-300
Example 6: a) If the transformation g() - 3 = f(2) is applied to the graph of f() = sin, find the new range.
b) Find the range of
and
If the amplitude of each graph is quadrupled, determine the new points of intersection.
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Trigonometry
h(t)
Lesson Notes
(m, n)
g()
n
f()
m
f()
g()
If the point
3
2
h(t)
12 cm
8 cm
4 cm
ground level
0 cm
1s
2s
3s
4s
Example 9: A wind turbine has blades that are 30 m long. An observer notes
that one blade makes 12 complete rotations (clockwise) every minute.
The highest point of the blade during the rotation is 105 m.
a) Using Point A as the starting point of the graph,
draw the height of the blade over two rotations.
b) Write a function that corresponds to the graph.
c) Do we get a different graph if the wind turbine rotates counterclockwise?
Example 10: A person is watching a helicopter ascend
from a distance 150 m away from the takeoff point.
a) Write a function, h(), that expresses the height as a function of the
angle of elevation. Assume the height of the person is negligible.
b) Draw the graph, using an appropriate domain.
c) Explain how the shape of the graph relates to the motion of the helicopter.
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150 m
Trigonometry
h(t)
Lesson Notes
Example 11: A mass is attached to a spring 4 m above the ground and allowed to oscillate from its
equilibrium position. The lowest position of the mass is 2.8 m above the ground, and it takes 1 s
for one complete oscillation.
a) Draw the graph for two full oscillations of the mass.
b) Write a sine function that gives the height of the mass
above the ground as a function of time.
c) Calculate the height of the mass after 1.2 seconds.
Round your answer to the nearest hundredth.
d) In one oscillation, how many seconds is the mass lower
than 3.2 m? Round your answer to the nearest hundredth.
Example 12: A Ferris wheel with a radius of 15 m rotates once every 100 seconds.
Riders board the Ferris wheel using a platform 1 m above the ground.
a) Draw the graph for two full rotations of the Ferris wheel.
b) Write a cosine function that gives the height of the rider as a function of time.
c) Calculate the height of the rider after 1.6 rotations of the Ferris wheel.
Round your answer to the nearest hundredth.
d) In one rotation, how many seconds is the rider higher than 26 m?
Round your answer to the nearest hundredth.
Example 13: The following table shows the number of daylight hours in Grande Prairie.
December 21
6h, 46m
March 21
12h, 17m
June 21
17h, 49m
September 21 December 21
12h, 17m
6h, 46m
a) Convert each date and time to a number that can be used for graphing.
Day Number December 21 =
March 21 =
June 21 =
September 21 =
December 21 =
12h, 17m =
17h, 49m =
12h, 17m =
12h, 46m =
b) Draw the graph for one complete cycle (winter solstice to winter solstice).
c) Write a cosine function that relates the number of daylight hours, d, to the day number, n.
d) How many daylight hours are there on May 2? Round your answer to the nearest hundredth.
e) In one year, approximately how many days have more than 17 daylight hours?
Round your answer to the nearest day.
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Trigonometry
h(t)
Lesson Notes
Example 14: The highest tides in the world occur between New Brunswick and
Nova Scotia, in the Bay of Fundy. Each day, there are two low tides and
two high tides. The chart below contains tidal height data that was collected
over a 24-hour period.
Time
Decimal Hour
Height of Water (m)
a) Convert each time to a decimal hour.
High Tide 8:12 AM
13.32
b) Graph the height of the tide for one
Low Tide 2:12 PM
3.48
full cycle (low tide to low tide).
13.32
High Tide 8:12 PM
c) Write a cosine function that relates
the height of the water to the elapsed time.
d) What is the height of the water at 6:09 AM? Round your answer to the
nearest hundredth.
e) For what percentage of the day is the height of the water greater than 11 m?
Round your answer to the nearest tenth.
Low Tide
Bay of
Fundy
Bay of
Fundy
3.48
2:12 AM
Example 15: A wooded region has an ecosystem that supports both owls and mice.
Owl and mice populations vary over time according to the equations:
Owl population:
Mouse population:
where O is the population of owls, M is the population of mice, and t is the time in years.
a) Graph the population of owls and mice over six years.
b) Describe how the graph shows the relationship between owl and mouse populations.
Example 16: The angle of elevation between the 6:00 position and the 12:00 position
.
of a historical buildings clock, as measured from an observer standing on a hill, is
444
The observer also knows that he is standing 424 m away from the
clock, and his eyes are at the same height as the base of the clock.
The radius of the clock is the same as the length of the minute hand.
If the height of the minute hands tip is measured relative to the
bottom of the clock, what is the height of the tip at 5:08,
to the nearest tenth of a metre?
Example 17: Shane is on a Ferris wheel, and his height
can be described by the equation
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444
424
Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 1: Primary Ratios. Find all angles in the domain 0 2 that satisfy the given equation.
Write the general solution. Solve equations non-graphically using the unit circle.
a)
b)
c)
d) tan2 = 1
Example 2: Primary Ratios. Find all angles in the domain 0 2 that satisfy the given equation.
Write the general solution. Solve equations graphically with intersection points.
a) sin
b) sin = -1
c) cos
d) cos = 2
f) tan = undefined
e) tan
Example 3: Primary Ratios. Find all angles in the domain 0 360 that satisfy the given equation.
Write the general solution. Solve equations non-graphically with a calculator (degree mode).
a)
c)
b)
Example 4: Primary Ratios. Find all angles in the domain 0 2 that satisfy the given equation.
Solve equations graphically with -intercepts.
a) sin = 1
b) cos =
-
0 2
b) non-graphically,
using the unit circle.
c) graphically, using
point(s) of intersection.
d) graphically,
using -intercepts.
c) graphically, using
point(s) of intersection.
d) graphically,
using -intercepts.
b) non-graphically,
using the unit circle.
Example 7: Reciprocal Ratios. Find all angles in the domain 0 2 that satisfy the given equation.
Write the general solution. Solve equations non-graphically using the unit circle.
a)
b)
c)
Example 8: Reciprocal Ratios. Find all angles in the domain 0 2 that satisfy the given equation.
Write the general solution. Solve equations graphically with intersection points.
a)
b)
c)
d) sec = -1 e)
f)
Example 9: Reciprocal Ratios. Find all angles in the domain 0 360 that satisfy the
given equation. Write the general solution. Solve non-graphically with a calculator (degree mode).
a)
c)
b)
Example 10: Reciprocal Ratios. Find all angles in the domain 0 2 that satisfy the
given equation. Write the general solution. Solve equations graphically with -intercepts.
a)
b)
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
0 2
b) non-graphically,
using the unit circle.
c) graphically, using
point(s) of intersection.
b) non-graphically,
using the unit circle.
d) graphically,
using -intercepts.
0 360
c) graphically, using
point(s) of intersection.
d) graphically,
using -intercepts.
Example 13: First-Degree Trigonometric Equations. Find all angles in the domain 0 2 that
satisfy the given equation. Write the general solution.
a) cos - 1 = 0
b)
c) 3tan - 5 = 0
d) 4sec + 3 = 3sec + 1
Example 14: First-Degree Trigonometric Equations. Find all angles in the domain 0 2 that
satisfy the given equation. Write the general solution.
b) 7sin = 4sin
a) 2sincos = cos
c) sintan = sin
d) tan + costan = 0
Example 15: Second-Degree Trigonometric Equations. Find all angles in the domain 0 2 that
satisfy the given equation. Write the general solution.
a) sin2 = 1
b) 4cos2 - 3 = 0
c) 2cos2 = cos
d) tan4 - tan2 = 0
Example 16: Second-Degree Trigonometric Equations. Find all angles in the domain 0 2 that
satisfy the given equation. Write the general solution.
a) 2sin2 - sin - 1 = 0
b) csc2 - 3csc + 2 = 0
Example 17: Double and Triple Angles. Solve each equation (i) graphically, and (ii) non-graphically.
a)
0 2
b)
0 2
Example 18: Half and Quarter Angles. Solve each equation (i) graphically, and (ii) non-graphically.
a)
0 4
b)
-1
0 8
Example 19: It takes the moon approximately 28 days to go through all of its phases.
a) Write a function, P(t), that expresses the visible percentage of the moon
as a function of time. Draw the graph.
b) In one cycle, for how many days is 60% or more of the moons surface visible?
Example 20: A rotating sprinkler is positioned 4 m away from the wall of a house.
The wall is 8 m long. As the sprinkler rotates, the stream of water splashes the house
d meters from point P.
a) Write a tangent function, d(), that expresses the distance where the water
splashes the wall as a function of the rotation angle .
b) Graph the function for one complete rotation of the sprinkler. Draw only
the portion of the graph that actually corresponds to the wall being splashed.
c) If the water splashes the wall 2.0 m north of point P, what is the angle
of rotation (in degrees)?
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
and (ii) x =
c) Verify that sin2x + cos2x = 1 is an identity using a graphing calculator to draw the graph.
d) Using the identity sin2x + cos2x = 1, derive 1 + cot2x = csc2x and tan2x + 1 = sec2x.
e) Verify that 1 + cot2x = csc2x and tan2x + 1 = sec2x are identities for x =
f) Verify that 1 + cot2x = csc2x and tan2x + 1 = sec2x are identities graphically.
Example 3: Reciprocal Identities. Prove that each trigonometric statement is an identity.
State the non-permissible values of x so the identity is true.
a)
b)
b)
b)
d)
c)
a)
c)
d)
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 7: Common Denominator Proofs. Prove that each trigonometric statement is an identity.
State the non-permissible values of x so the identity is true.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Example 8: Common Denominator Proofs. Prove that each trigonometric statement is an identity.
State the non-permissible values of x so the identity is true.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Example 9: Assorted Proofs. Prove each identity. For simplicity, ignore NPVs and graphs.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Example 10: Assorted Proofs. Prove each identity. For simplicity, ignore NPVs and graphs.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Example 11: Assorted Proofs. Prove each identity. For simplicity, ignore NPVs and graphs.
a)
b)
c)
d)
for .
3
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
for .
3
b) Verify that
for
.
2
Example 15: Equations with Identites. Solve each trigonometric equation over the domain 0 x 2.
a)
c)
b)
d)
Example 16: Equations with Identites. Solve each trigonometric equation over the domain 0 x 2.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Example 17: Equations with Identites. Solve each trigonometric equation over the domain 0 x 2.
a)
b)
c)
d)
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 18: Use the Pythagorean identities to find the indicated value and
draw the corresponding triangle.
a) If the value of
b) If the value of
c) If cos =
7
, and cot < 0, find the exact value of sin.
7
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 1: Evaluate each trigonometric sum or difference.
c)
b)
a)
e)
d)
f)
c)
b)
b)
c)
b)
Example 3d
c)
ii.
iii.
ii.
iii.
iv.
c) Write each of the following expression as a single trigonometric ratio using a double-angle identity.
i.
ii.
iii.
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iv.
Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Note: Variable restrictions may be
ignored for the proofs in this lesson.
b)
c)
d)
b)
c)
d)
b)
c)
d)
b)
c)
d)
b)
d)
c)
a)
c)
d)
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 13: Prove each trigonometric identity.
a)
b)
d)
c)
b)
d)
c)
b)
Diagram for
Example 18
d)
c)
b)
c)
d)
b)
d)
b) If A = 32 and B = 89,
what is the value of C?
Diagram for
Example 19
x
57
176
104
B
A
153
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Trigonometry
Lesson Notes
Example 20: If a cannon shoots a cannonball degrees above
the horizontal, the horizontal distance traveled by the cannonball
before it hits the ground can be found with the function d().
The initial velocity of the cannonball is 36 m/s.
v i 2 sin cos
4.9
g() = 4cos
f() = 2cos
0
-6
m() = 2cos
0
n() = 2cos( - )
-6
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n!
P
=
n r
(n - r)!
Lesson Notes
g)
n!
(n - 2)!
h)
B
C
(n + 1)!
(n - 1)!
Course
Math 30-1
Spare
Physics 30
English 30-1
Biology 30
Round 2
Round 3
Pop
Dance
Country
Blues
Folk
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n!
P =
n r
(n - r)!
Lesson Notes
Six people (Andrew, Brenda, Cory, Danielle, Eliza, Frank) are going
to be seated in a line. How many unique lines can be formed if:
a) Frank must be seated in the third chair?
b) Brenda or Cory must be in the second chair, and Eliza must be in
the third chair?
c) Danielle cant be at either end of the line?
d) men and women alternate positions, with a woman sitting in the
first chair?
e) if the line starts with the pattern man-man-woman?
a) Evaluate 4P3
c) Write
5!
3!
as a permutation.
d) Write 3! as a permutation.
n!
(n - 2)!
= 5n
b) (n + 2)! = 12n!
c)
n!
10
n-1 n-3
d)
(2n + 1)!
(2n - 1)!
b) 6Pr = 120
c)
P = 20
n+3 2
d)
P = 2n - 4P1
n-3 1
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= 4n + 2
P =
n r
n!
(n - r)!
n!
C
=
n r
(n - r)!r!
Lesson Notes
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n!
C =
n r
(n - r)!r!
Lesson Notes
6!
4!2!
c) Evaluate
b) Evaluate 3C3
as a combination.
e) Write
5!
4!
as a combination.
b) 4Cr = 6
d)
c)
C4
C
n-2 2
=1
b)
Cr
C
n n-r
=1
c)
P =2
n-1 3
n-1
C2
d)
n+1
C2 =
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1
C
2 n+2 3
Cr =
n!
(n - r)!r!
n!
C
=
n r
(n - r)!r!
Lesson Notes
Digit
Digit
Digit
Digit
Letter
A
B
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Lesson Notes
n!
C =
n r
(n - r)!r!
A
B
D
C
E
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tk+1 = nCk(x)n-k(y)k
Lesson Notes
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
4
5
1
1
3
6
10
15
1
4
10
20
1
5
15
1
6
ii. 1
12
28
56
70
56
28
66
12
b)
c)
d)
B
B
B
c) (2x - 3)4
b)
c)
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Lesson Notes
tk+1 = nCk(x)n-k(y)k
General Term
tk + 1 = nCk(x)n - k(y)k
a
. What is the value of m.
b
b) In the expansion of
c) In the expansion of
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