Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
002
Fall, 2008
Unit M1.4
(All About)
Trusses
Readings:
CDL 1.9
MIT - 16.001/16.002
Fall, 2008
Unit M1.4 - p. 2
MIT - 16.001/16.002
Fall, 2008
Uses of trusses
Figure M1.4-1
Bridges
Figure M1.4-2
Buildings
Cranes
Others?
Paul A. Lagace 2007
Unit M1.4 - p. 3
MIT - 16.001/16.002
Figure M1.4-3
Fall, 2008
Unit M1.4 - p. 4
MIT - 16.001/16.002
Fall, 2008
_Fbar
_Fbar = _Fpin
Paul A. Lagace 2007
(by equilibrium)
Unit M1.4 - p. 5
MIT - 16.001/16.002
Fall, 2008
Pin bears or pulls on bar and only axial force can result
So we now have an idealized planar truss.
The first step in the analysis is..
(purpose of analysis: determine reaction forces and the internal
load/forces in bars)
Determination of reactions
The fact that the structural body is a truss does not change the procedure:
-
Unit M1.4 - p. 6
MIT - 16.001/16.002
Figure M1.4-5
Fall, 2008
200 N
A
10 m
HB
x2
VB
x1
5m
200 N
~
HA
10 m
Unit M1.4 - p. 7
MIT - 16.001/16.002
Fall, 2008
=> Proceed
- Apply planar equations of equilibrium:
3 (3 degrees of freedom = 3 reactions)
= 0
= 0
H A + HB = 0
VB + 200N = 0
VB = 200N
3( A )
(200N)(10 m) H B (5 m) = 0
HB = 400N
about point A
And using
=
0
gives:
HA = H
400N
A + HB = 0
HA = 400N
vB + 200N = 0
F2 = 0HB = 400
N
VB = 200N
Summarizing:
Unit M1.4 - p. 8
MIT - 16.001/16.002
Fall, 2008
Figure M1.4-6
400 N
x2
200 N
x1
B
5m
200 N
A
400 N
check by taking
10 m
3( B)
checks
Unit M1.4 - p. 9
MIT - 16.001/16.002
Fall, 2008
Method of Joints
Basically isolate each joint and draw a free body diagram and analyze it.
Work progressively along the truss.
So once reactions are known, the procedure is:
- isolate a joint by cutting bars
- replace cut bars by tensile internal forces pulling away
from joint coincident with bar
- calculate and show orthogonal components of force for
each bar (use geometry)
- apply equations of planar equilibrium
- positive forces are tensile; negative forces are
compressive
--> do this at joints progressively from end of truss
This is best illustrated through an example
Paul A. Lagace 2007
Unit M1.4 - p. 10
MIT - 16.001/16.002
Fall, 2008
Figure M1.4-7
400 N
x1
B
5m
200 N
A
400 N
10 m
x2
FCB
x1
FCA
~~
Figure M1.4-8
200 N
C
Unit M1.4 - p. 11
MIT - 16.001/16.002
Fall, 2008
= tan 1
10 m
5m
10m
tan
1
27
2
x2
x1
0.89 FCB
FCA
0.45 FCB
~~
Figure M1.4-10
200 N
C
Unit M1.4 - p. 12
MIT - 16.001/16.002
Fall, 2008
F
F
F
F
M
1
CB = CB
Using FCB in
gives:
FCA = 395N
~~
444 N
395 N
compression since
arrow points in
200 N
C
444 N
or
395 N
x2
x1
~~
Figure M1.4-11
200 N
C
Unit M1.4 - p. 13
MIT - 16.001/16.002
Fall, 2008
400 N
x1
x2
200 N
0.89 FBC
FBC = FCB = 444 N
~
FBA
0.45 FBC
= 0
FBA = 0
Paul A. Lagace 2007
Unit M1.4 - p. 14
MIT - 16.001/16.002
Fall, 2008
Check using
= 0 +
400N + 0.89 ( FBC ) =? 0
?
400N + 0.89 (444N ) =
0
Isolation of joint A
x2
FAB = 0 N
~
~
400 N
x1
FAC = 395 N
Unit M1.4 - p. 15
MIT - 16.001/16.002
Fall, 2008
Finally, draw truss with bar forces written above corresponding bar
(+) tension
() compression
Representation of truss with all bar loads
400 N
Figure M1.4-14
x2
200 N
x1
5m 0 N
400 N
444 N
200 N
395 N
(~ 400 N)
10 m
--> Also notice that bar forces are much like the Rij forces we used in
Unit U4 when considering a group of particles
This worked quite well for a truss with only a few bars or if we want the
load in each bar, then we march progressively through the truss.
Paul A. Lagace 2007
Unit M1.4 - p. 16
MIT - 16.001/16.002
Fall, 2008
But, what if we have a bigger truss (one with more members/bays) and
we want only one of few bar loads? Go to the.
Method of Sections
Uses equilibrium of a section of the truss which contains two or more
joints.
Again, begin by determining reactions, then isolate a section by.
- cutting the truss into sections (take a cut through the truss)
- (again) replace cut bars by tensile internal forces pulling
away from joint coincident with bar
- (again) calculate and show orthogonal components of force
for each bar (use geometry)
- (again) apply equations of planar equilibrium
- (again) positive forces are tensile; negative forces are
compressive
Paul A. Lagace 2007
Unit M1.4 - p. 17
MIT - 16.001/16.002
Fall, 2008
E
5
A
10
10
2P
Unit M1.4 - p. 18
MIT - 16.001/16.002
Fall, 2008
VA
10
10
~V
2P
= 0 + VA + VC + 2P = 0
3( A )
= 0 + 2P (10' ) + VC (20' ) = 0
about point A
From
HA
F
M
x2
VC =
VA = P
Unit M1.4 - p. 19
MIT - 16.001/16.002
Fall, 2008
Figure M1.4-16
x1
10
10
~
P
2P
FEB
FED
x2
x1
FAB
~
P
Unit M1.4 - p. 20
MIT - 16.001/16.002
Fall, 2008
FEB sin
FEB
gives: = 45
So:
Free Body Diagram of cut section with resolution of FEB
E
~
P
~
A
FED
Figure M1.4-19
0.707 FEB
FEB
FAB
x2
x1
0.707 FEB
Unit M1.4 - p. 21
MIT - 16.001/16.002
Fall, 2008
F
F
1
2
= 0 +
= 0 + P 0.707 FEB = 0
FEB = 1.414 P
and
3( E )
gives:
-P - P + FED = 0
FED = + 2P
So can show:
Unit M1.4 - p. 22
MIT - 16.001/16.002
Fall, 2008
Figure M1.4-20
x2
x1
1.414 P
B
A
P
~
P
2P
Figure M1.4-21
etc.
More generally can draw closed surface and consider all forces that
cross surface to get information..
Paul A. Lagace 2007
Unit M1.4 - p. 23
MIT - 16.001/16.002
Fall, 2008
Figure M1.4-22
x1
~
P
10
10
FDE
FAE
x2
FBE
2P
FDC
x1
FBC
~
P
2P
Paul A. Lagace 2007
Unit M1.4 - p. 24
MIT - 16.001/16.002
Fall, 2008
--> Both the Method of Joints and the Method of Sections are approaches
to determining internal equilibrium
Joint Realities
There are naturally no such things as frictionless pins. Joints are
generally more restrained.
Figure M1.4-23 Some possible bar joints
weld
solid piece
(e.g. wrapped
composite)
gusset
plate
Paul A. Lagace 2007
Unit M1.4 - p. 25
MIT - 16.001/16.002
Fall, 2008
Weve done a lot with equilibrium, but lets now explore what
happens when we need more than equilibrium and deal with
statically indeterminate sections.
Unit M1.4 - p. 26