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1
AIM
To perform no-load and blocked rotor tests on a single phase capacitor
start induction motor and determine its equivalent circuit.
SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
A single phase induction motor has two parts-a stator and rotor (rotor
generally of squirrel cage type).The supply is fed to the stator windings. As
a result of that, a magnetic field is developed on the stator windings. In a
single phase induction motor, there is only single field winding exited with
alternating current and hence a single phase induction motor is not
inherently self-starting since it does not have a true revolving field.
Various methods have been devised to initiate rotation of the squirrel cage
rotor and the particular method employed to start the rotor of single
phase motor will designate the specific type of motor.
There are two theories which explain of no torque at start and yet torque
once started in a single phase induction motor.
a. Cross field theory
b. Double revolving field theory
In our case a capacitor is used to start the motor.
Cross-field theory
The principle of operation of a single-phase induction motor can be
explained from the cross-field theory. As soon as the rotor begins to turn, a
speed emf E is induced in the rotor conductors, as they cut the stator flux
s. This voltage increases as the rotor speed increases. It causes current IR
to flow in the rotor bars facing the stator poles as shown in Fig. 1
A.C Source
cu
rre
rre
cu
nt
nt
s
+
N
+
S
s
m
2
directions.
Operation of single phase induction motor by double field revolving theory:Let the alternating flux at the stator winding have hypothetical
component fluxes 1 and 2.Let 1 and 2 rotate in anti-clockwise and
clockwise direction .The flux 1 produces torque T1 in anti-clockwise
direction and flux 2 produces torque T2 in clockwise direction in the
rotor. At standstill, these torques are equal and opposite and net torque
developed is zero. Therefore, a single phase induction motor is not selfstarting .Fig:2 reveals this fact.
rotating flux (f) and that in the other direction is the backward rotating
flux (b).The slip w. r.t .the forward flux is given by
Sf=
Ns N = s
Ns
N N
= 2-
Ns
Ns N = 2Ns Ns N
Ns
Ns
Ns N =2-s
Ns
Therefore, Sb =2-s
Thus for forward rotating flux, slip is s (less than unity) and for backward
rotating flux, the slip is 2-s (greater than unity). Since for usual rotor
resistance/reactance ratios, the torques at slips of less than unity are
greater than those at slips of more than unity, the resultant torque will be
in the direction of the forward flux. Thus, the motor once started will keep
rotating.
r1
x1
r2
Rc
x2
f Ef
b Eb
Hence, r2 and x2 can be split into two parts, each one corresponding to the
effects of one of the magnetic fields. Ef and Eb are voltages set up by the
two oppositely rotating fields.viz.forward and backward rotating field
Rc/2
x2/2
r2/2
x2/2
Ef
X/2
V1
Rc/2
r2/2
FORWARD
x1
X/2
Eb
BACKWARD
r1
r'2
r'2
) and in the backward field becomes
.Hence Ef is much
22 s
2s
greater than Eb. The equivalent circuit at any slip(s) is shown in fig.6.
From fig.6.
I'2f
r'2
2s
W --------------- (1)
I'2b r'2
Pgb= air-gap power of backward field=
2 2 s W ------------ (2)
2
Pgf
2 n s Nm--------------------- (3)
x1
r2/2(2-s)
I2b
V1
Rc/2
X/2
x2/2
FORWARD
Ef
X/2
Nm------------------ (4)
r2/2s
I2f
Rc/2
2 n s
x2/2
BACKWARD
Eb
I1
r1
Pgb
r'2
.
22 s
r'2
and the backward
2s
Stator Cu
&
Iron
losses
Rotor
input
Pr
Rotor
Cu
loss
Mech.power
developed in
rotor
Pm
Windage
&
Friiction
losses
Rotor
Output
Pout
Fig: 7. shows the block diagram of the power flow in a single phase
induction motor.
*Important points
Stator input, Pi =Stator output +Stator Cu loss
= Stator output+ Stator Iron loss + Stator Cu loss
Rotor input, Pf = Stator output
Gross mechanical power available, Pm = Pr - Rotor Cu loss
Mechanical power at shaft, Pout = Pm Friction and windage loss
Determination of parameters of equivalent circuit
The parameters of the equivalent circuit of a single phase induction motor
can be determined from the no load and blocked rotor test.
X
x'
r'
Rc
) and ( ) is much greater than ( 2 + j 2 ) (in Fig.6). Therefore
2
2
2
2
under blocked rotor test the equivalent circuit reduces to that Fig: 8. since
X
Rc
) and ( ) are of high values hence can be neglected in the equivalent
2
2
circuit.
Let Vsc ,Isc and Wsc be the input voltage, current and power during blocked
rotor test.
Isc
r1
Isc
=Rsc----------------------------- (9)
Vsc
--------------------------------------------- (10)
I sc
x1
r2/2
forward
Wsc
x2/2
r2/2
backward
Vsc
x2/2
---------------------- (11)
NO LOAD TEST
In this test the motor is on no load condition and voltage Vo,current Io and
power Woto the stator are measured. At no load s is very small and core
loss resistance Rc is neglected. Hence from fig: 6, (
than (X/2).Also, r2/2(2-s) (
r2
) is much greater
s
Wo
----------------------------------------------- (12)
Vo Io
Io
x1
r1
X
Vo
r2/4
x2/2
X
) is
2
r'2
x'2
j x1
Vo Io o r1
4
2
r'2
x'2
Vo Io o r1 4 j x1 2
X
Hence, ( ) =
------------------------ (13)
I0
2
NO LOAD TEST
1. The specification of the machine under test is noted down.
2. The circuit diagram as shown in Figure: 10 showing the proper ranges
of the ammeteraccording to specification of the machines for both no-load
and blocked rotor test is drawn.
3. The connections as shown in Figure: 10 for both no-load and blocked
rotor test is made.
4. The rated voltage to the induction motor having both main and auxiliary
windingsconnected together through single phase autotransformer (or by
NAME OF APPARATUS
RANGE
TABULATION
NO LOAD TEST
Vo
Io
Vbl
Ibl
Wbl
Experimental result:r1= , x1 = x2 = , X =
PRE EXPERIMENT QUESTIONS
1. Explain the operating principle of single phase induction motor.
2. Why do we need a starter to start single phase induction motor?
3. What are the different types of starter for a single phase induction
motor?
4. Draw the equivalent circuit for the single phase Induction motor.
5. Explain torque-speed characteristic for single phase induction motor in
comparison with that of balanced polyphase induction motor.
6. What is the basic principle behind every rotating machine?
7. Why a single phase induction motor keeps on vibrating without starter?
POST PROCESSING
1. What are the ratings of the various measuring equipments?
2. Compute the parameters of the equivalent circuit.