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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
II/IV (I-SEMESTER) R09 Syllabus
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Name Department Date Version
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Department of Mechanical Engineering Course File: Thermodynamics
LECTURE SCHEDULE
UN PERI TOPICS
OD
IT NO.
1 System, control volume, surroundings, boundaries, universe, types of
systems.
2 Macroscopic, microscopic views, concepts of continuum
3 Thermodynamic equilibrium, state, property, process, cycle-
reversibility.
I 4 Quasi-static process,
5 Irreversible process, causes of irreversibility-energy in state and in
transition.
6 Types, work and heat,
7 Point and Path Function
8 Problems & Exercise
1 Zeroeth law of thermodynamics-concept of equality of temperature.
2 Principles of thermometry-reference points
3 Constant Volume gas thermometer.
4 Scales of temperature, ideal gas scale.
5 PMM-I, Joules Experiments
6 First Law of Thermodynamics, Corollaries
7 First Law Applied to a Process
II 8 First Law Applied to a flow system
9 Steady Flow Energy Equation
10 Limitations of First Law
1 Thermal Reservoir
2 Heat Engine, heat Pump, Parameters of performance
3 Second law of Thermodynamics
4 Kelvin Plank & Clausius Statements
5 Their Equivalence/Corollaries
6 PMM II
7 Carnot Principle, Carnot Cycle & Its Specialties
8 Thermodynamic Scale of temperature
III 9 Clausius Inequality
10 Entropy
11 Principle of Entropy Increase- Energy Equation
12 Availability & Irreversibility
13 Thermodynamic Potentials
14 Gibbs & Helmholtz Functions
15 Maxwell Relations
16 Elementary Treatment of Third Law of Thermodynamics
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Department of Mechanical Engineering Course File: Thermodynamics
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Department of Mechanical Engineering Course File: Thermodynamics
Text Books:
Reference Books:
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Department of Mechanical Engineering Course File: Thermodynamics
UNIT I THERMODYNAMICS
Questions
2. (a) Show that Work is a path function and not a state function.
(b) Justify the statement that work and heat are not properties. [8+8]
3. (a) Explain thermodynamic system, surroundings and universe, illustrate the same with
examples.
(b) Distinguish between closed system, open system and isolated system with
Suitable examples.
4. Define the term property. State the differences between extensive, intensive
and specific properties of a thermodynamic system. Give few examples for each. [8M]
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Department of Mechanical Engineering Course File: Thermodynamics
8. a) What are the different types of thermodynamics systems? Explain with examples
b) Discuss Homogenous and heterogeneous systems
9. Define : Non-flow work and flow work , Extensive properties and intensive
properties, Boundary and surrounding of a system [16]
10. (a) Define the term property. State the differences between extensive, intensive
and specific properties of a thermodynamic system. Give few example for each.
(b) A mass of 2.5 kg of air is compressed in a quasi static process from 0.1 MPa
to
0.7 MPa for which PV = constant. The initial specific volume is 0.80 m3/kg.
Find the work done by the piston to compress the air. [8+8]
11. (a) What is a thermodynamic system? What is the difference between a closed
system and an open system? Give few examples for closed and open systems.
(b) An engine cylinder has a piston of area 0.12 m2 and contains gas at a pressure
of 1.5 MPa. The gas expands according to a process which is represented by a straight
line on a pressure-volume diagram. The final pressure is 0.15 MPa.
Calculate the work done by the gas on the piston if the stroke is 0.30 m.[8+8]
12. a] What is meant by quasi static process and explain any practical example of such
process.
b] A system with initial internal energy of 300KJ is receiving heat of 280KJ at constant
volume process and rejects heat of 260KJ at constant pressure when 60KJ of work is done on
the system. The system is brought to its original state by an adiabatic process. Calculate the
adiabatic work and value of internal energy at salient points. [4+12]
15. (a) What do you understand by state function and path function?
(b) Prove that work is a path function and properties are point functions. [6+10]
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Department of Mechanical Engineering Course File: Thermodynamics
16. (a) Differentiate the cyclic process and non cyclic process.
(b) A vacuum gauge connected to a tank reads 30 Kpa at a location where the
barometer reads 755 mm Hg. Calculate the absolute pressure in the tank assuming
density of Hg to be 13,590 kg/m3. [6+10]
17. (a) Explain thermodynamic system, surroundings and universe, illustrate the same
with examples. [8]
(b) Distinguish between closed system, open system and isolated system with
suitable examples. [8]
18. Discuss where the following quantities can be used as properties are not.
(a) R P dV+R V dP
(b) R P dV
(c) R V dP
19. (a) Define the terms system , surrounding and boundary of a system.
(b) Define and differentiate between the following cycles:
i. Closed cycle
ii. Open cycle.
20. (a) Define thermodynamic work and prove that work is a path function.
22. a) What is the difference between point and path function? Give sufficient
number of examples for each.
b) Differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic, and intensive and extensive
properties.
c) Explain the concept of thermodynamic work and differentiate it with
mechanical work.
23. a) Explain thermodynamic system, surroundings and universe. Illustrate the same
with examples.
b) Distinguish between closed system, open system and isolated system with
suitable examples.
23. (a) What is thermodynamic equilibrium? Explain the significance of it in quasi-
static process?
24. (a) Explain thermodynamic system, surroundings and universe, illustrate the same
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Department of Mechanical Engineering Course File: Thermodynamics
with examples.
(b) Distinguish between closed system, open system and isolated system with
suitable examples.
25. (a) Discuss the concept of continuum in thermodynamics.
(b) What do you mean by property? Distinguish between intensive and extensive
Properties.
26. (a) Distinguish between closed and open systems by giving practical examples.
(b) A computer in a closed room of volume 200m3 dissipates energy at a rate of
10kW. The room has 50kg wood, 25kg steel and with all material at 3000k;
100kpa. Assume all the mass heats up uniformly, how long will it take to increase
the temperature 100c.
27. (a) Explain the terms state, path, process and cyclic process.
(b) Discuss the macroscopic and microscopic point of view of thermodynamics.
28. (a) Show that work is a path function and not a state function.
(b) Justify the statement that work and heat are not properties.
29. (a) Write the differences between system and control volume.
(b) A gas undergoes a reversible non-flow process according to the relation P =
(-3V+15)where V is the volume in m3 and P is the pressure in bar. Determine the
work done when the volume changes from 3 to 6 m3. [6+10]
30. A fluid contained in a horizontal cylinder fitted with a frictionless leak proof piston,
is continuously agitated by means of a stirrer passing through the cylinder cover. The
cylinder diameter is 0.4 m. During the stirring process lasting 10 minutes, the piston
slowly moves out a distance of 0.485 m against the atmosphere. The net work done by
the fluid during the process is 2 kJ. The speed of the electric motor driving the stirrer is
840 rpm. Determine torque in the shaft and power output of the motor. [16]
31 . A gas expands according to the equation PV=100, where P is the pressure in KPa
and V is the specific volume in m3/kg. The initial pressure of the gas is 1000 KPa
and the final pressure is 500 KPa. The gas is then heated at constant volume back
to its original pressure of 1000 KPa. Determine the work of combined process. Also
sketch the process on P-V coordinates. [16]
32. (a) Define the term property. State the differences between extensive, intensive
and specific properties of a thermodynamic system. Give few example for each.
(b) A mass of 2.5 kg of air is compressed in a quasi static process from 0.1 MPa to 0.7
MPa for which PV = constant. The initial specific volume is 0.80 m3/kg. Find the work
done by the piston to compress the air. [8+8]
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Department of Mechanical Engineering Course File: Thermodynamics
33. (a) Write the differences between system and control volume.
(b) A gas undergoes a reversible non-flow process according to the relation P =
(-3V+15)where V is the volume in m3 and P is the pressure in bar. Determine
the work done when the volume changes from 3 to 6 m3. [6+10]
34 . A gas undergoes two processes that are in series. The first process is an expansion
that is carried out according to the law PV = constant, and the second process is a
Constant pressure process that returns the gas to the initial volume of the first process.
The start of the first process is at 400 KPa and 0.025 m3 with the expansion to 200 KPa.
Sketch the process on a P-V diagram, and determine the work of the combined process.
[16]
35. (a) What are different forms of work energy? Explain each briefly.
(b) Why does free expansion have zero work transfer? [10+6]
36. (a) State and study the thermodynamics with the view point of microscopic and
macroscopic approach.
(b) The properties of a closed system undergo change following the relation PV=4
where P is in bar and V in m3. Calculate the work done when P increases from 2.5
bar to 8 bar.
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Department of Mechanical Engineering Course File: Thermodynamics
UNIT II THERMODYNAMICS
Questions
1) What is a Zeroeth law of Thermodynamics?
2) Define Thermometric Property.
3) What is Thermometer?
4) What is a fixed point? What is a Standard Reference point in the
thermometry? Define it.
5) What is a Constant Gas Volume Thermometer? Why is it preferred to
Constant Pressure Gas thermometer?
6) What do you understand by Ideal Gas Temperature Scale?
7) How can the ideal gas temperature for the steam point be measured?
8) How can the ideal gas temperature for the steam point be measured?
9) How does Resistance thermometer measure temperature?
10) State First law of thermodynamics undergoing a cycle?
11) What is the property introduced by First law of Thermodynamics?
12) State the first law for a closed system undergoing a change of state.
13) Show that energy is a property of a system.
14) Define Internal Energy. How is energy stored in molecules and atoms?
15) Differentiate between the standard symbols of E & U.
16) What is the difference between Heat and Internal Energy?
17) Define Specific Heat at Constant Volume and at Constant Pressure.
18) What is PMM I? Why is it impossible?
19) Explain System Approach and Control volume Approach in the analysis of
a Flow process.
20) What is a Steady Flow process?
21) Under What condition S.F.E.E reduces to Eulers Equation.
22) How does Bernoullis Equation Compare with S.F.E.E?
23) What will be the velocity of a fluid leaving a nozzle if the velocity of
approach is very small?
24) Show that Enthalpy of a fluid before Throttling is equal to After
Throttling.
25) Write the General Energy Equation for a variable Flow Process.
26) What is the System Technique in Bottle Filling Process?
27) Explain the Control Volume Technique in a variable Flow process.
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Department of Mechanical Engineering Course File: Thermodynamics
3) The air speed of a turbojet engine. in flight is 270 m/s. Ambient air
temperature is
15C. Gas temperature at outlet of nozzle is 600 C. Corresponding enthalpy
values for air and gas are respectively 260 and 912 kJ/kg. Fuel-air ratio is
0.0190. Chemical energy of the fuel is 44.5 MJ/kg. Owing to incomplete
combustion 5 % of the chemical energy is not released in the reaction. Heat loss
Tom the engine is 21 kJ/kg of air. Calculate the velocity of the exhaust jet.
Questions
1) What are the Limitations of First Law.
2) What is the qualitative difference between heat and work? Why are the
heat and work not completely interchangeable forms of energy.
3) What is a Cyclic Heat Engine?
4) Explain a heat engine cycle performed by a closed system.
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Department of Mechanical Engineering Course File: Thermodynamics
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Department of Mechanical Engineering Course File: Thermodynamics
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Department of Mechanical Engineering Course File: Thermodynamics
UNIT IV THERMODYNAMICS
UNIT V THERMODYNAMICS
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Department of Mechanical Engineering Course File: Thermodynamics
UNIT VI THERMODYNAMICS
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Department of Mechanical Engineering Course File: Thermodynamics
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Department of Mechanical Engineering Course File: Thermodynamics
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Department of Mechanical Engineering Course File: Thermodynamics
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