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Measurement
Introduction
Pressure is define as force divided by
area. (exerts on solid, gas, liquid)
P = F/A
F = force in newton/ lb
A = area in m2/ in2
QUIZ
Convert 2 atm to psi. Given 1 psi = 6897 Pa
Pressure Measurement
Absolute pressure is the
pressure measured wrt
a vacuum (unit = psia)
Gauge pressure is the
pressure measured wrt
atmospheric pressure
Zero Pressure
Pressure due to
Atmosphere
(unit = psig)
Atmospheric pressure is
the pressure on the
earths surface due to
the weight of gases in
the earths atmosphere
(14.7psi)
Gauge
Pressure at
point of interest
Absolute
Pressure
at point of
interest
Exercise
Find the absolute pressure, if a pressure gauge
reads 8.3psi, while the atm pressure is 14.7psi.
Pabs = Pat + Pg
= 14.7 + 8.3
= 23 psi
Hydrostatic Pressure
Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure in a liquid.
The pressure increases as the depth in a liquid increases, due to its
weight.
= density in kg/m3
In term of equation, P = gh
g = acceleration due to gravity
(9.8m/s2)
h = depth in liquid in m
P = pressure in Pa
P = wh
w = weight density in lb/ft3
h = depth in liquid in ft
P = pressure in lb/ft2
Exercise
If a pool has a water
with a depth of 6 ft.
Find the pressure at
the bottom of the pool
in Pa and psi. (assume
density = 103kg/m3)
Pressure Measuring
Instrument
1.
Pressure Measuring
Instrument
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3.
Manometer
Types of Manometer
U-tube Manometer
Well-type Manometer
Incline-tube Manometer
Elastic Elements
Elastic elements, when subjected to pressure, get
deformed.
Measurement of the deformation, gives an indication of
pressure value.
The deformation may be measured by mechanical or
electrical means.
Example of elastic elements are; diaphragms, capsules,
bellows, Bourdon or helical tubes.
Elastic Elements
Flat diaphragm
Bellows
Corrugated diaphragm
Capsule
Straight tubes
C-shape
Bourdon tube
Spiral Bourdon
tube
Electrical Resistance
Pressure Gauge
The concept of operation is based on electrical resistance change in
a conductor when applied directly to a pressure.
The sensing element consist of a loosely wound coil of relatively fine
wire, and it will be compressed when high pressure applied on it.
The length and cross section of the wire affect its electrical
resistance, when pressure applied at a rate determined by the bulk of
modulus material.
McLeod Gauge
It compresses the low pressure gas so that the increased pressure
can be measured.
The change in volume and pressure can then be used to calculate the
original gas pressure, providing that the gas not condensed.
Pirani Gauge
It consist of platinum filament and thermocouple enclosed in a
chamber.
The pressure measurement is based on the relation of heat
conduction and radiation from a heating element to the number of gas
molecules per unit volume in the low pressure region.
Ionization Gauge
It can be used to measure pressure down to about 2 torr.
The gas is ionized with a beam of electrons and the
current is measured between two electrodes in the gas.
The current is proportional to the number of ions per unit
volume, which also proportional to the gas pressure.
How to select?
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