1.

Diagram 1 shows stem cell cultivation in producing different types of cells in human
body.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan penyediaan sel stem dalam membentuk pelbagai jenis sel dalam
badan manusia.

In vitro fertilized egg / Telur yang

disenyawa secara in vitro
Morula stage (5-7 days old) /
Peringkat morula ( 5-7 hari)
Inner stem cell mass / Sekumpulan
sel
Cultured undifferentiated stem cell /
Kultur sel Stem yang tidak membeza
Specialized cells / Sel-sel khusus

Q
R

Diagram 1 / Rajah 1

(a)

Explain how the stem cells are able to become tissue P, Q and R.
Terangkan bagaimana sel stem boleh menjadi tisu P, Q dan R.
P1 : through differentiation/specialization
P2 : the stem cell becomes specialized cells
[2 marks]

(b)

Explain how structure in stage 2 and 3 are different.

1

Terankag bagaimana struktur dalam aras 2 dan 3 berbeza

P1 : Structure in stage 2 has fewer number of cells than structure in stage 3
P2 : Structure in stage 2 is a solid ball of cells however structure in stage 3 has fluid
filled cavity
[2 marks]
(c)

Stem cells can be used to treat a condition such as paralysis. Support the statement with
more information
Sel stem boleh digunakan untuk merawat sesuatu keadaan seperti paralisis. Sokong
pernyataan ini dengan lebih maklumat
P1 : Paralysis is loss of the ability to move one or more muscles
P2: Caused by damage to nervous system ( esp spinal cord)
P3: Stem cells differentiate
P4: Produce (new) nerve and muscle tissues
[2 marks]

(c )

During pregnancy, an umbilical cord and placenta join the embryo to the mother.At birth,
the umbilical cord is cut. Stem cells can be obtained from the umbilical cord . Many
people think stem cells for treating human condition should be obtained form umbilical
cord rather than human embryos. Suggest one reason why.
Ketika hamil, tali pusat dan plasenta menghubungkan fetus dan ibu. Ketika kelahiran,
tali pusat dipotong. Sel-sel stem boleh diperolehi daripada tali pusat. Kebanyak orang
berfikiran bahawa sel stem untuk merawat keadaan manusia perlu diperolehi dari tali
pusat bukannya embrio manusia. Cadangkan satu sebab mengapa .
Can cause amage to the embryo
[1 mark]

(d)

Discuss how stem cell research is beneficial to human health

Bincangkan bagaimana penyelidikan sel stem berfaedah kepada kesihatan manusia
P1 :
P2 :
P2 :
P3 :
P4 :
P5 :

Important in medicinal field

Stem cell therapy
used for treatment of diseases such as heart disease and diabetes
stem cell as anti-aging
stem cell is used in bone marrow transplant
as a treatment for cancer such as leukaemia
[3 marks]

2.

Diagram 2 shows cell P, Q and R from three parts of the plant which are formed by a
process called cell differentiation. Rajah 2 menunjukkan sel P, Q dan R daripada tiga
bahagian tumbuhan yang terhasil daripada proses pembezaan sel.

Cells P

Cells Q

Cell R

Diagram 2 / Rajah 2

(a)

Explain how cell(s) P, Q and R are adapted to carry out its function.
Terangkan bagaimana sel P, Q dan R disesuaikan untuk menjalankan fungsi mereka.
P1 : Cells P ( guard cells) contain chloroplasts
P2 : To carry out photosynthesis
P3 : The inner wall is thicker than the outer wall
P4 : Enables the cells to bend outwards and inwards
P5 : Cells Q (Xylem vessel) are hollow tube
P6 : to transport water from root to shoots (continuosly)
P7 : the wall is lignified
P8 : to give mechanical support to the plants
3

P9 : Cell R (Root hair) forms a projection

P10 : increase surface area for water absorption
P11: the wall is not covered by cuticles
P12 : to facilitate the osmosis process
[10 marks]
(b)

Explain the role of trees in maintaining a balance ecosystem.

Terangkan peranan pokok dalam mengekalkan ekosistem seimbang.
P1 :
P2 :
P3 :
P4 :
P5 :
P6 :
P7 :
P8 :
P9 :
P10
P11:
P12:
P13 :
P14-

3.

Producer (trees ) carry out photosynthesis

produce glucose / organic food for the consumer
in food chain/food web
produce oxygen for respiration of organism
ensure a balanced in the carbon cycle
The roots of the trees hold the soil structure
avoid soil erosion/any suitable disaster
Trees is a natural water catchment area
Provides habitat // breeding places for organisms
Contributes to biodiversity of flora / fauna
Source of major sources of food / traditional herbs / Medicinal plants.
Trees carry out transpiration/water loss to the environment
Ensure a balance water cycle
Trees provide canopy for the forest which provide shades to prevent direct
sunlight
[10 marks]

Paramecium are so tiny that you need a microscope to see them. They live in water,
including lakes, ponds, and rivers
Paramecium adalah sangat kecil dimana kamu memerlukan mikroskop untuk melihatnya.
Ia tinggal di dalam air termasuk tasik, kolam dan sungai
A student collected a sample of pond water and observe it under a light microscope. She
wanted to investigate the rate of contraction of contractile vacuole of paramecium sp. X
and Y. She placed them in sodium chloride solutions of different concentrations. She
recorded the rate of contraction of the contractile vacuole of both, paramecium sp. X and Y.
Table 1 shows the results of the experiment.
Seorang pelajar mengumpul sampel air kolam dan membuat pemerhatian di bawah
mikroskop cahaya.
Beliau hendak mengkaji kadar pengecutan vakuol mengecut
paramecium sp. X dan Y. Beliau meletakkannya ke dalam larutan sodium klorida pada
kepkatan yang berbeza. Beliau merekodkan kadar pengecutan vakuol mengecut kedua-dua
paramecium sp. X and Y. Jadual 1 menunjukkan keputuan kajian

Concentration of sodium chloride solution (%)

Kepekatan larutan sodium klorida (%)

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Rate of contraction of paramecium sp. X ( number of 14

contractions per minute)
Kadar pengecutan paramecium sp. X ( bilangan
pengecutan dalam satu minit)

Rate of contraction of paramecium sp. Y ( number of

contractions per minute)
Kadar pengecutan paramecium sp. Y ( bilangan
pengecutan dalam satu minit)

10

Table 1/ Jadual 1
Discuss how the rate of contraction of the contractile vacuole of paramecium sp. X and
Yare different.
Bincangkan bagaimana kadar pengecutan vakuol mengecut paramecium sp. X dan Y
berbeza.
P1 : The rate of contraction of contractile vacuole of paramecium sp. X is higher
than paramecium sp. y
P2 : The size of paramecium sp. X is smaller than paramecium sp. Y
P3 : The TSA/V ratio of paramecium sp. X is bigger than paramecium sp. Y
P4 : More diffusion of water into the contractile vacuole of paramecium sp. X
P5 : More contraction of contractile vacuole
P6 : To expel the excess water
[4 marks]
(a)

Dense growths (over 25% of the surface area) of algae and other water plants can
seriously interfere with pond recreation and threaten aquatic life. This can be controlled
with the used of pesticide. The herbicide causes the ATPase enzyme in the cell to denature.
However, the use of pesticide can affect the of paramecium sp. in the pond. Explain
what the effect is.
P1 :
P2 :
P3 :
P4 :
P5 :

The paramecium sp. in the pond will die

Without ATPase enzymes, no energy can be produced
Contractile vacuole cannot contract
To expel excess water
The paramecium sp. burst
[4 marks]

4.

A group of students carried out an experiment to study succession process by bread moulds. A
piece of wet bread is kept in a dark room for 2 weeks. Diagram 3 shows how quadrat sampling
technique is used to calculate the percentage of bread mould .
5

Sekumpulan pelajar telah menjalankan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji proses sesaran oleh kulat
roti. Sekeping roti lembap disimpan dalam bilik gelap selama 2 minggu. Rajah 3menunjukkan
bagaimana teknik persampelan kuadrat digunakan untuk menghitung peraus litupan kulat roti

Day

Name of
mould

Percentage of cover (%)

1 st

2nd

White

4th

White

28

6th

White

50

8th

White

72

Yellow

28

White

38

Yellow

52

Black

10

White

16

Yellow

60

Black

30

Yellow

30

Black

32

10th

Scale of square:
Skala grid:
Key:

1c
m
White
mould

Kekunci:

Kulapuk
putih
Diagram 3 / Rajah 3

(a)

12th

1c
m

14th

Based on Table 1, name the type of mould for:

Berdasarkan jadual , namakan jenis kulat sebagai:
Pioneer species / Perintis :

White mould

First successor / Penyesar pertama: Yellow mould

[2 marks]
(b)

The size of each small square is increased to 2cm 2. Explain the effect of this to the
accuracy of the percentage coverage estimation.
6

Saiz setiap segiempat kecl ditambah kepada 2 cm2.

ketepatan penganggaran peratus litupan

Terangkan kesan ini kepada

P1: The estimation will be less accuarate

P2: Because there will be less number of small square counted
P3: Which is fully and at least half/partially occupied by the mould.
[2 marks]
(c)

Explain why percentage coverage of yellow mould decreased on day 14 ?

Terangkan mengapa peratus litupan kulat kuning berkurangan [ada hari ke 14 ?
P1- Yellow mould has changed the environment
P2- To become less moist / drier
P3- The environment is not suitabe anymore for yellow mould
P4- More suitable for black mould
[2 marks]

(d)

Explain why bread mould can grow on the bread eventhough it was kept in a dark room?
Jelaskan bagaimana kulat roti boleh tumbuh di atas roti walaupun ianya disimpan di
dalam bilik gelap
P1- Bread mould is saprophyte
P2- Does not undergo photosynthesis
P3- Get nutrients from the bread
[2 marks]

(e)

The experiment is repeated by using bread that has been sprayed with pH 5 solution.
Explain the effect to the growth of bread mould.
Eksperimen ini diulang dengan menggunakan roti yang telah disembur dengan larutan
pada pH 5. Terangkan kesannya kepada pertumbuhan kulat roti tersebut
P1- The growth of the bread mould increases
P2- Mould prefer acidic/pH 5 condition
[2 marks]

5.

Mitral stenosis is a condition where the mitral valve (bicuspid valve) in your heart is
narrow. The mitral valve is between the left ventricle and left atrium of your heart. When
the mitral valve is narrowed, the flow of oxygenated blood through your heart may
decrease. The damaged vavle can be replaced with artificial valve.
Mitral stenosis adalah keadaan dimana injap mitral ( injap bicuspid) di dalam jantung
yang telah menyempit. Injap mitral terletak di antara ventrikel kiri dan atrium kiri.
Apabila injap ini menyempit, aliran darahberoksigen melalui jantung akan berkurangan.
Injap yang rosak boleh digantikan dengan injap buatan

Diagram 4.1 shows a normal heart and heart with mitral valve stenosis and diagram 4.2
shows the two types of artificial valve that can be used to replace the damaged valve
Rajah 4 menunjukkan jantung yang sihat dan jantung yang mengalami mitral stenosis dan
rajah 4.2 menunjukkan dua jenis injap buatan yang boleh digunakan untuk menggantikan
injap yang telah rosak

Diagram 4.1 / Rajah 4.1

Mechanical valve / Injap mekanikal

Animal tissue valve / Injap tisu haiwan

Diagram 4.2 / Rajah 4.2

(a)

Suggest the impact of the mitral stenosis to someones health.

Cadangkan impak mitral stenosis kepada kesihatan seseorang.
P1 : (When the mitral valve is narrowed) blood flow through the heart may
decrease.
P2 : Body tissues will not have enough oxygen
P3 : Less energy
P4 : Severe tiredness
P5 : Shortness of breath (during activity)
P6 : Fast, jumpy, or fluttery heartbeat
P8 : heart has to work harder to pump blood out of the heart
P9 : cause heart muscle is enlarged and thickens
P10 : heart muscle loose elasticity and efficiency
8

[4 marks]
(b)

The scientist knows that the mechanical valve must be the correct size to fit in the heart.
Suggest two other factors that need to be considered so that the newly designed
mechanical valve works effectively in the heart
Ahli saintis mengetahui bahawa injap mekanikal perlu mempunyai saiz yang betul
untuk jantung tersebut. Cadangkan dua faktor lain yang perlu di ambil kira untuk
membolehkan injap mekanikal yang baru berfungsi lebih efektif di dalam sesuatu
jantung .
P1:
P2:
P3:
P4:
P5:

It doesnt cause an immune response

It isnt rejected / damaged by white blood cells //
It is a long lasting material / doesnt decompose //
It is strong (to withstand pressure) //
It doesnt leak / can prevent backflow
[2 marks]

(c )

Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of using mechanical and animal tissue
valve / Cadangkan stu kebaikan dan satu keburukan penggunaan injap mekanikal dan
injap tisu haiwan

Advantage /
Kebaikan

Mechanical Valve
Injap mekanikal

Animal Tissue Valve

Injap tisu haiwan

Long lasting // The need for a

further operation is low.

Low risk of blood clot

Disadvantage /
Keburukan
6.

(a)

Risk of infection / Rejected by

Short lasting // Require further
the recipients immune system // mitral valve surgery.
High risk to have blood clot
The health problem that can be suffered by mountain climbers is Hypoxia, This
may happen after they reached 2500 m or 8200 ft altitude. Some of the symptoms
including headache, the feeling of exhausted and breathlessness . In contrast to
lowland people, highlanders seldom experience hypoxia.
Masalah kesihatan yang boleh dhidapi oleh pendaki gunung adalah hipoksia. Ini
boleh berlaku selepas mereka berada pada ketinggian 2500 m atau 8200 kaki .
Antara simtomnya termasuklah sakit kepala, kepenatan dan kesukaran bernafas .
Berlainan dengan mereka di kawasan tanah rendah, mereka yang tinggal di
kawasan tingg jarang menghadapi masalah hipoksia.

Suggest modifications of the circulatory and respiratory systems that might help people that live
for many years at high altitude
Cadangkan pengubahsuaian pada sistem penngangkutan dan respirasi yang boleh membantu
manusia yang tinggal bertahun-tahun di altitud tinggi
Circulatory system
P1:
Higher heart rate
P2: To increase the transport of oxygen to body cells
P3:
Increase number of red blood cells // haemoglobin
P4 : More oxygen can be transported
Respiratory system
P5 : Higher breathing rate
P6 : More oxygen intake
P7 : Increase the volume of lung
P8:
To occupy more oxygen
[4 marks]
(b)

Seals are diving mammals that live in cold environments. The seals can remain
underwater for long periods of time
Anjing laut adalah mamalia penyelam yang tinggal dalam persekitaran yang
sejuk. Anjing laut boleh berada di dalam air untuk tempoh yang panjang.

10

Diagram 5 shows the rate of blood flow to different organs of a seal before and
during its stay underwater.
Rajah 5 menunjukkan kadar pengaliran darah pada organ yang berlainan seekor
anjing laut sebelum dan sewaktu berada di dalam air

Rate of blood
flow to organ /
cm3 per gram of
tissue per
minute
Kadar aliran
darah ke organ /
cm3per gram
tisu se minit

1.
2

Before /
sebelum

1.
0

During/
Sewaktu

0.
8
0.
6
0.
4
0.
2
0

Brain

Lung
s
Diagram 5 / Rajah 5

Heart

Describe the changes in the rate of blood flow to the different organs before and during
its stay underwater.
Jelaskan perubahan dalam kadar aliran darah ke organ yang berbeza sebelum dan
sewaktu ia berada di dalam air.
P1 : No change in the rate of blood flow in brain; but others fall
P2 : Brain controls other organs; therefore need onstant supply of oxygen
P3 : Lungs not // less used // Seal can hold their breath underwater // can conserve
oxygen
P4 : Less oxygen used ; therefore heart rate decreases
[3 marks]

(c )

An athlete can run a marathon in 2 hours 15 minutes on a dry day in outside temperatures
up to 35C. If the air is dry, his body will not overheat. However, in humid conditions, if
11

the outside temperature goes over 18C then his body will overheat. Suggest an
explanation for the athlete overheating in humid conditions
Seoran atlet boleh berlari dalam satu pertandingan marathon selama 2 jam 15 minit
sewaktu hari yang kering dengan suhu persekitaran mencecah 35C. Jikalau udara
adalah kering, badannya tidak akan terlalu panas. Tetapi dalam keadaan lembap, jika
suhu meningkat ke 18C, badannya akan mengalami kepanasan melampau. Cadangkan
satu penerangan bagaimana keadaan panas melampau berlaku dalam keadaan yang
lembap
P1 : Sweat produced cannot be released because of high humidity
P2 : Less heat released

7.

12

(a)

Give your suggestion on how the virus can be spread to different countries.
Berikan cadangan anda bagaimana virus ini boleh tersebar ke Negara-negara berlainan
P1: Infected person travels to other country
P2 Mosquito ( in the new country) bites the infected person
P3: The virus in his blood enters the mosquitos system
P2 : The mosquito then bites other person ( in the new country)
P3: and infect them
[2 marks]

(b)

How Zika is similar to Dengue / Bagaimana Zika adalah sama dengan denggi ?
P1: Both are caused by virus
P2: Both are transmitted disease
P3: The virus of both are transmitted by mosquito (Aedes Aegypti)
P4 : Both have common symptoms are fever, rash, joint pain,
[2 marks]

(c )

Can you explain what will happen to someones immune system when he or she is
infected by Zika virus
Bolehkah anda terangkan apa yang akan berlaku kepada sistem imun seseorang apabila
dijangkiti oleh virus Zika
P1: virus is pathogen
P2: (when it enters the blood), it stimulates lymphocyte will produce antibody
P3 : to fight against the pathogen/virus
P4 : the amount of antibody must achieve the immunity level

13

(d)

Zika virus can lead to death of a fetus. Support the statement with more information
Virus Zika boleh menyebabkan kematian kepada fetus. Sokong pernyataan ini dengan
lebih maklumat
P1: the virus can pass through placenta
P2: transported to fetal blood
P3: cause brain damage to the fetus
[3 marks]

(e)

Is there a better solution to eliminate the Zika virus?

Adakah terdapat penyelesaian yang lebih baik untuk menghapuskan virus Zika?
P1: eliminate environmental factors that promote the growth of Aedes Aegypti
P2: eliminating pools of stagnantwater
P3: spray insecticide
P4 : use mosquito repellent
P5 : educate public
[3 marks]

8.

Diagram 6.1 shows a schedule of immunisation given in Malaysia / Rajah 6

menunjukkan jadual immunisasi yang di beri di Malaysia

Diagram 6.1 / Jadual 6.1

(a)

Explain why every parent must follow strictly to the schedule of immunization.
Jelaskan mengapa setiap ibu bapa perlu patuh kepada jadual immunisasi
14

P1: Immunisation is given to prevent infection from pathogens that caused diseases
like Tuberculosis, Hepatitis B, Polio, diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus. German
measles ( state at least 3 example )
P2: New borns are injected with vaccines to get Artificially Active Immunity
P3: First dose are given to induce baby lymphocytes to produce antibodies which
are specific against the antigens / bacteria / virus
P4: 2nd and 3rd dose are booster dose to increase the production of antibodies at a
faster rate.
P5: Achieved immunity level // antibodies remained in the blood for a long time and
provide permanent immunity / protect them from the next infection

[4 marks]
Measles is a dangerous disease caused by a virus. Normally, MMR vaccinations are given
at 1 year old and again at 4 years old. In April 2013, there were 630 cases of measles in
children aged 4 and over in Malaysia. Of these cases, 504 children had not been
vaccinated against MMR at all and only a few had been given a second vaccination.
Penyakit campak adalah penyakit merbahaya yang disebabkan oleh virus.
Kebiasaanynya, vaksin MMR akan diberi kepada pada umur 1tahun dan sekali lagi pada
umur 4 tahun. Pada April 2013, sebanyak 630 kes penyakit campak dikalangan kanakkanak berumur 4 tahun di Malaysia. Daripada itu, 504 kanak-kanak tidak memperolehi
langsung vaksin menentang MMR dan hanya sebilangan kecil yang mendapat vaksin
kedua
(b)

Antibiotics can only be used to treat some infection but not measles. Do you agree with
the statement.
Antibiotik hanya boleh diguna untuk merawat sesetengah penyakit tetapi bukannya
demam campak. Adakah anda bersetuju dengan pernyataan ini.
P1 : I agree
P2 : Viruses have different structures and replicate in a different way compared to
bacteria.
P3 : virus / pathogen lives inside cells
P4 : Antibiotics act on an actual organism (bacteria) but cannot act on the infected
cells
[4 marks]
15

(c )

Give two possible reasons why some parents choose not to take vaccination for their
children.
Berikan dua alasan munasabah mengaa sebahagian ibubapa memilih untuk tidak
mengambi pemvaksinan untuk anak mereka
Too busy // concerned about side effects // allergic to vaccines // expensive // religion
[2 marks]

9.

Like other living organisms, pea plants show variation in characteristics such as the shape
of the pod. A group of students carried out an experiment to study the ratio between the flat
and constricted pod of 25 pea plants.
Seperti kebanyakan organisma hidup, pokok kacang menunjukkan variasi dalam pelbagai
ciri seperti bentuk . Sekumpulan pelajar telah menjakankan satu eksperimen untuk
mengkaji nisbah antara lenggai yang rata dan berlekuk pada 25 pokok kacang.
Diagram 1(a) shows the two types of pod of pea plants
Rajah 1 (a) menunjukkan dua jenis lenggai pokok kacang

Flat pod
Lenggai rata

Contricted pod
Lenggai berlekuk

Table 1 shows the result of the eksperimen

Jadual 1 menunjukkan keputisan eksperimen tersebut

16

Plant 1
Pokok 1

Plant 2
Pokok 2

Plant 3
Pokok 3

Plant 4
Pokok 4

Plant 5
Pokok 5

Plant 6
Pokok 6

Plant 7
Pokok 7

Plant 8
Pokok 8

Plant 9
Pokok 9

Plant 10
Pokok 10

Plant 11
Pokok 11

Plant 12
Pokok 12

Plant 13
Pokok 13

Plant 14
Pokok 4

Plant 15
Pokok 5

Plant 16
Pokok 16

Plant 17
Pokok 17

Plant 18
Pokok 18

Plant 19
Pokok 19

Plant 20
Pokok 20

Plant 21
Pokok 21

Plant 22
Pokok 22

Plant 23
Pokok 23

Plant 24
Pokok 24

Plant 25
Pokok 25

17

Table 1 / Jadual 1
(a)

Camplete table 2 by stating the number of flat and constricted pod as shown in table 1
Lengkapkan jadual 2 dengan menyatakan jumlah Berdasarkan jadual 1, rekodkan
Flat pod / Lenggai rata

Constricted pod / Lenggai berlekuk

19

Number of pods
Bilangan lenggai

Table 2 / Jadual 2
(b) (i) Based on Table 1, state two observations that can be made from this experiment.
Berdasarkan jadual 1, nyatakan dua pemerhatian yang boleh dibuat daripada
eksperimen ini
Observation / Pemerhatian 1
The number of flat pod is 19
Observation / Pemerhatian 2
The number of constricted pod is 19
(b) (ii) State the inference for each observation in 1(b)(i).
Nyatakan inference untuk setiap pemerhatian di (b)(i)
Inference / Inferen 1
1. Flat pod is dominant trait
2. Controlled by dominant allele / gene
Inference / Inferen 2
1. Constricted pod is recessivet trait
2. Controlled by recessive allele / gene
3. Complete Table 2 based on the experiment / Lengkapkan jadual 2 berdasarkan
eksperimen
Variable / Pembolehubah

Operating the variable / Mengoperasi pembolehubah

Manipulated variable
Pembolehubah manipulasi
18

Type of pod

Observed flat and constricted pod

Responding variable
Pembolehubah bergerakbalas
The number of pod / The
percentage of

Count and record the number of flat and

constricted pod //
Calculate the percentage of flat and constricted pod
using a formula
Number of (flat and constricted) pods X 100

Controlled variable
Pembolehubah dimalar
Type of plant

The number of all pods ( 25)

Fix / use similar plant which is pea plant

4. State the hypothesis for this experiment / Nyatakan hipotesis bagi eksperimen ini
The number // the percentage of flat pod is more// higher than the constricted pod
5. (i) Construct a table to record the result of the study by using the criteria given below:Bina satu jadual untuk merekodkan keputusan kajian dengan menggunakan kriteria
dibawah
The type of pod / Jenis lenggai
The number of pod / Bilangan lenggai
Ratio of pod / Nisbah lenggai
Type of pod

Number of pods

Flat pod

19

Constricted pod

Ratio of pod

3 Flat : 1 Constricted

(e) (ii) Using the data in 1(e)(i), draw a bar chat of the number of pods against the type of
pods
Dengan menggunakan data di 1(e)(i), lukiskan satu carta bar bagi bilangan melawan
jenis lenggai.
(e)(iii) Based on the bar chart in 1(e)(ii), explain the type of variation for the pods of the pea
plants
Berdasarkan carta bar di 1(e )(ii), terangkan jenis variasi bagi lenggai pokok kacang
19

P1 : The type of variation is discontinuous variation

P2 : Produces discrete distribution
P3 : No intermediate character

6. Based on the experiment , define variation operationally

Berdasarkan esperimen, definasikan variasi secara operasi
P1 : Differences in characteristics // traits / phenotypes in pea plant
P2 : Shown by the number of pods
P3 : Affected by the types of pods which are flat and constricted
7.

The experiment is repeated by using 80 pea plants. Predict the number of flat and
constricted pods. Explain your answer.
Eksperimen ini diulang dengan mengunakan 80 pokok kacang. Ramalkan bilangan lenggai
rata dan berlekuk. Terangkan jawapan anda
P1 : Flat pod = 60 , constricted pod = 20
P2 : The phenotypic ratio is 3 flat:1 constricted
P3 : Flat pod is dominant to constricted pod

8.

A group of students carried out a field work study to determine the population size of
two plants species Mimosa pudica and Imperata cylindrica in the school field by using the
quadrat sampling technique.
Sekumpulan pelajar telh menjalankan kajian lapangan untuk mengkaji saiz populasi dua
jenis spesies tumbuhan iaitu Mimosa pudica and Imperata cylindrical di padang sekolah
mereka dengan menggunakan teknik persampelan kuadrat

20

Based on the above information, design an experiment to study the population size of the
two spesies of plant species in their school field.
Berdasarkan maklumat di atas, rekabentuk satu esperimen untuk mengkaji saiz populasi
kedua-dua sesies tumbuhan di padang sekolah mereka

1.

Aim / Tujuan

To determine the population size of two plants species Mimosa

pudica and Imperata cylindrica in the school field

Problem Statement /
Pernyataan
masalah

1. What is the population size / percentage coverage / density /

frequency of Mimosa pudica and Imperata cylindrica in the
school field?
2 Does the type of plant species affects the population size /
percentage coverage / density / frequency of the plants?
3. Which type of the plant species/ species Mimosa pudica or
Imperata cylindrica has the highest percentage coverage/
population size?

Hypothesis /
Hipotesis

1.

Variables /
Pembolehubah

Manipulated variable: Type of plant species/ species Mimosa

The population size / percentage coverage / density /

frequency of species Mimosa pudica plant is higher than
species Imperata cylindrica in the school field.
2. Different plant species have different population size /
percentage coverage / density / frequency.
3. Plant species Mimosa pudica is more dominant than species
Imperata cylindrica in this habitat.

pudica and Imperata cylindrica / two example of plant species

Responding variable: Population size / percentage coverage /
density / frequency of plants
Controlled variable : Quadrat size, school field.

Apparatus &
Materials / Alatan

Materials : Plant species Mimosa pudica and Imperata

cylindrica B.
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& Radas

Apparatus : Wooden // Plastic quadrat, Pen

22

Procedure /
Prosedur

School field was chosen as the field study

(P1)

(10) Quadrats of size 1m x 1m was used.

(P2)

Two plants species Mimosa pudica and Imperata

cylindrica was identified

(P3)

The quadrats were thrown at random in the school field

(P1)

The area of (coverage) each plant species was counted

cylindrica (percentage coverage) // the number of
individual plant species in each quadrat // (density) / the
number of quadrats containing the plant spesies
(frequency ) was counted

(P4)

If more than half of the squares in the quadrat are

covered, the area of plant species will be counted. The
area is not counted if only less than half is covered.

(P5)

Steps 5 to 7 was repeated for the other (9) quadrats

(P1)

The area covered by plant species / species Mimosa

pudica and species Imperata cylindrica (percentage
coverage) / number of individual plant species studied in
each quadrat (density) / the number of quadrats
containing the plant spesies (frequency )were recorded
and tabulated in a table.

(P4)

The percentage coverage / density / frequency of plant

species / species Mimosa pudica and species Imperata
cylindrica were calculated by using this formula:

(P4)

Percentage coverage of plant species :

= Total area covered plant species in all
quadrats X 100%
Total number of quadrats X area of a
quadrat
// Frequency of species = Number of quadrat containing
plant species X 100%
Total
number of quadrats
// Density of plant species = total number of individual
species in all quadrats
Total number of quadrats X
area of a quadrat

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Result / Keputusan
Plant
species

Area coverage (m2) // number of

plant spesies in the quadrat //
number of quadrat with the plant
species
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

M.pudica
I.cylinda

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Percentage
coverage
area (%) //
Density //
Frequency