Computer engineering manual

By Anthony Goetz

TEJ2OI

Teacher Mr. POPE

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section 1: Ohms law

Section 2: Numbering Systems

 The system base (10, 8, 2, 16)
 The digits used in the numbering system (e.g. 0123456789)
 How to convert between the following numbering systems.
o Decimal to Binary
o Binary to Decimal
o Octal to Decimal
o Decimal to Octal
o Hexadecimal to Decimal
o Decimal to Hexadecimal

Section 3: Computer Hardware

Section 4: Computer software

Section 5: Networking
 Ohms law

V=I r R=v symbol meaning

I=v I v volts
R
Pa power
amps

r resistanc
e
I current

Section 2 – Numbering Systems

Decimal system base10

The digits used in this numbering system are
(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9)

Binary base2
The digits used are (0, 1)

Octal base 8
The digits used are (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7)

Hexadecimal base16
The digits used are
(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A=10,B=11,C=12,D=13,E=14,F=
15)

Binary to decimal

23 22 21 20 number
1 0 1 5
1 1 1 0 14

Decimal to binary

23 22 21 20 number
1 1 3
1 0 0 1 9
Decimal to octal
21 2
16910 8 169 8 21
- 168 - 16
1 5

You divide the decimal number by 8 till you get a number in the
zone then you take the numbers from top right to the bottom till
bottom left.
Octal to Decimal
84 83 82 81 80

power
4096 512 64 8 1

numbers
5 6
40 6

1 0 0 1 46
512 0 0 1

513

Decimal to hexadecimal
To get a hex number divide the decimal number by 16 and do the
same thing you did in octal. Except 10-15 are letters of the
alphabet

163 162 161 160 Number

1 1 A25
16 1
2 0 EA52
32 0

HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL

Now you divide the decimal number 16 until you get a number
with the 16 numbers.
2

16 36
-32

4
= 24

Section 3: Computer Hardware

Computer problems

Will your computer not turn on?

-Move your mouse.

-Maybe it is in hibernation mode press the power button.
-Hold the power button for 5 seconds.

Loud noise.
-bad fan

Blue screen of death (bsod)

- Bad memory
- New hardware
- Virus
- Hardrive
- Os prob
- New software
Smoke from pc
-overheat
-foreign liquid
-blow power supply
-fire
-smell

Virus
-Virus checker update
-full system scan
-system restore
-Safe mode
-Backup files
- Remove hard drive & put in another pc
Mouse won’t work
 -Pc frozen
-broken mouse
- no communication
- Dead batteries
- Needs drivers
- Bad connection

Monitor Doesn’t turn on

-Bad video card
- Drivers
- Bad connection
-bad monitor
-turn it on
- no power
-doesn’t support resolution
- turn on safe mode

No sound
- Turn on speaker
- No sound drivers
- Pc muted
- Volume level
- Bad connection
- Plugged in wrong port
- Broken wire
- Missing cable

Weird colours
-magnet
-bad vid card
-vid card overheat
-bad drivers
-bad connection
Can’t login
-caps on
-spaces in login
-password has changed

Beeps
-bad hardware
-power problem
-new hardware
-look at manual

MOTHERBOARD DIAGRAM

jprnt Ps/2

communication
North bridge

Modem
cpu
Pci 1

Pci 2

Pci 3
DIMM 1

Pci ata
exp cmos

Bios

Ide 1 Ide2

floppy
HOW HARD DRIVES WORK

At the simplest level, a hard disk is not that different from a cassette tape.
Both hard disks and cassette tapes use the same magnetic recording
techniques described in How Tape Recorders Work. Hard disks and cassette
tapes also share the major benefits of magnetic storage -- the magnetic
medium can be easily erased and rewritten, and it will "remember" the
magnetic flux patterns stored onto the medium for many years.
Data is stored onto the disk in the form of files. A file is simply named
collection of bytes. When a program running on the computer requests a file,
the hard disk retrieves its bytes and sends them to the CPU one at a time.
Data rate - The data rate is the number of bytes per second that the drive
can deliver to the CPU. Rates between 5 and 40 megabytes per second are
common.
Seek time - The seek time is the amount of time between when the CPU
requests a file and when the first byte of the file is sent to the CPU. Times
between 10 and 20 milliseconds are common.

How the bios works

Power is applied to the computer.

When power is applied to the system and all output voltages from the power supply are good, the power
supply will generate a power good signal which is received by the motherboard timer. When the timer
receives this signal, it stops forcing a reset signal to the CPU and the CPU begins processing instructions.

Actual boot
The very first instruction performed by a CPU is to read the contents of a specific memory address that is
preprogrammed into the CPU. In the case of x86 based processors, this address is FFFF:0000h. This is the
last 16 bytes of memory at the end of the first megabyte of memory. The code that the processor reads is
actually a jump command (JMP) telling the processor where to go in memory to read the BIOS ROM. This
process is traditionally referred to as the bootstrap, but now commonly referred to as boot and has been
broadened to include the entire initialization process from applying power to the final stages of loading the
operating system

POST
POST stands for Power On Self Test. It's a series of individual functions or routines that perform various
initialization and tests of the computers hardware. BIOS starts with a series of tests of the motherboard
hardware. The CPU, math coprocessor, timer IC's, DMA controllers, and IRQ controllers. The order in which
these tests are performed varies from motherboard to motherboard. Next, the BIOS will look for the
presence of video ROM between memory locations C000:000h and C780:000h. If a video BIOS is found, It's
contents will be tested with a checksum test. If this test is successful, the BIOS will initialize the video
adapter. It will pass controller to the video BIOS, which will in turn initialize itself and then assume controller
once it's complete. At this point, you should see things like a manufacturers logo from the video card
manufacturer video card description or the video card BIOS information. Next, the BIOS will scan memory
from C800:000h to DF800:000h in 2KB increments. It's searching for any other ROM's that might be
installed in the computer, such as network adapter cards or SCSI adapter cards. If a adapter ROM is found,
it's contents are tested with a checksum test. If the tests pass, the card is initialized. Controller will be
passed to each ROM for initialization then the system BIOS will resume controller after each BIOS found is
done initializing. If these tests fail, you should see a error message displayed telling you "XXXX ROM Error".
 The XXXX indicates the segment address where the faulty ROM was detected. Next, BIOS will begin checking
memory at 0000:0472h. This address contains a flag which will tell the BIOS if the system is booting from a
cold boot or warm boot. A value of 1234h at this address tells the BIOS that the system was started from a
warm boot. This signature value appears in Intel little endian format , that is, the least significant byte
comes first, they appear in memory as the sequence 3412. In the event of a warm boot, the BIOS will will
skip the POST routines remaining. If a cold start is indicated, the remaining POST routines will be run.
During the POST test, a single hexadecimal code will be written to port 80h. Some other PC's send these
codes to other ports however. Compaq sends them to port 84h, IBM PS/2 model 25 and 30 send them to
port 90h, model 20-286 send them to port 190h. Some EISA machines with an Award BIOS send them to
port 300h and system with the MCA architecture send them to port 680h. Some early AT&T, Olivetti, NCR
and other AT Clones send them to the printer port at 3BC, 278h or 378h. This code will signify what is being
tested at any given moment. Typically, when the BIOS fails at some point, this code will tell you what is
failing.

Looking for the Operating System

Once POST is complete and no errors found, the BIOS will begin searching for an operating system.
Typically, the BIOS will look for a DOS Volume Boot Sector on the floppy drive. If no operating system is
found, it will search the next location, the hard drive C. If the floppy drive (A), has a bootable floppy in it,
the BIOS will load sector 1, head 0, cylinder 0 from the disk into memory starting at location 0000:7C00h.
The first program to load will be IO.SYS, then MSDOS.SYS. If the floppy does not contain a DOS volume
boot sector, then BIOS will next search the computers hard drive for a master partition boot sector and load
it into memory at 0000:7C00h. There are some occasions in which you will encounter problems with the
proper loading of the Volume Boot Sector. Below are some of those:
A. If the first byte of the Volume Boot Sector is less than 6h, then you will receive a message similar to
"Diskette boot record error".
B. If the IO.SYS or MSDOS.SYS are not the first two files in the Volume Boot Sector, then you will see a
message similar to "Non-system disk or disk error".
C. If the Volume Boot Sector is corrupt or missing, you will get a message similar to "Disk boot failure"

TYPES OF RAM

SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM)

Almost all systems used to ship with 3.3 volt, 168-pin SDRAM DIMMs.
SDRAM is not an extension of older EDO DRAM but a new type of DRAM
altogether. SDRAM started out running at 66 MHz, while older fast page
mode DRAM and EDO max out at 50 MHz. SDRAM is able to scale to 133
MHz (PC133) officially, and unofficially up to 180MHz or higher. As
processors get faster, new generations of memory such as DDR and
RDRAM are required to get proper performance.

DDR (Double Data Rate SDRAM)

DDR basically doubles the rate of data transfer of standard SDRAM by
transferring data on the up and down tick of a clock cycle. DDR memory
operating at 333MHz actually operates at 166MHz * 2 (aka PC333 /
PC2700) or 133MHz*2 (PC266 / PC2100). DDR is a 2.5 volt technology
that uses 184 pins in its DIMMs. It is incompatible with SDRAM physically,
but uses a similar parallel bus, making it easier to implement than RDRAM,
which is a different technology.
 Rambus DRAM (RDRAM)
Despite it's higher price, Intel has given RDRAM it's blessing for the
consumer market, and it will be the sole choice of memory for Intel's
Pentium 4. RDRAM is a serial memory technology that arrived in three
flavors, PC600, PC700, and PC800. PC800 RDRAM has double the
maximum throughput of old PC100 SDRAM, but a higher latency. RDRAM
designs with multiple channels, such as those in Pentium 4 motherboards,
are currently at the top of the heap in memory throughput, especially when
paired with PC1066 RDRAM memory.

SECTION 4 : COMPUTER SOFTWARE

TASK MANAGER

Task Manager you can monitor your Cpu usage and end annoying programs.
SYSTEM CONFIG

Disable annoying or good program.