Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
ANG AVERLLEN 0321444 | ONG SHI HUI 0320303 | NG WYN JANE 0319440 | LIM ZIA HUEI 0321031
JACK LEE 0325810 | LEE ZI YING 0320435 | LIM ZANYU 0325034 | LIM YANG KANG 0320538
CONTENT
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION OF SITE
6.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE
6.1 COLUMNS
6.2 BEAMS
6.3 SLABS
6.4 WALLS
6.5 STAIRCASES
4.0 FOUNDATION
4.1 REINFORCED CONCRETE PILE FOUNDATION
4.2 REINFORCED CONCRETE PILE CAP
4.3 COLUMN STUMP FORMATION
4.4 SHALLOW FOUNDATION
5.0 BASEMENT
5.1 BASEMENT CONSTRUCTION
5.2 RETAINING WALL
8.0 ROOF
9.0 SUMMARY
10.0 REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
01
INTRODUCTION
02
INTRODUCTION
GROUND FLOOR
FIRST FLOOR
GROUND FLOOR
FIRST FLOOR
03
INTRODUCTION
To Batu Caves
To Duta
To KLCC
To KLCC
To Cheras
04
INTRODUCTION
ROOF TOP
The 800-square-feet roof
top garden providing
excellent views of the
surroundings
1ST FLOOR
En-suite master
bedroom 1, 2 en-suite
bedrooms
GROUND FLOOR
Car porch for 4 cars, a
spacious living area,
dining room, wet and dry
kitchen
LOWER GROUND 1
En-suite bedroom 2 and
family hall
LOWER GROUND 2
A large service area
that offers the
convenience of laundry
and storage space
05
SIGNAGES
The reason of placing safety sign is to deliver
the important of the information to public and
warn the public about hazard that could be
happen in construction site. No only that, the
sign provides information of who is working
and the contact as well.
PROHIBITION /
DANGER
ALARM
WARNING
FIREFIGHTING
NO DANGER
MANDATORY
Different colours and symbols of signages give
identify different actions or procedures to be
used.
ATTIRE
-Long sleeve, short sleeve shirts and tshirt are allowed
-tight fitting or suggestive is not
allowed.
-must not be exposed in the torso area.
ATTIRE
-Pants and shorts must not be
tight fitting.
-Shorts must be no higher than
mid-thigh.
FOOT PROTECTION
Closed toe shoes only. Work boots are preferred
but thick soled tennis shoes will be allowed.
07
SAFETY NET
DIAMOND
MESH
PLANKING
RUNNER
BEARER
SILL
DIAGONAL
BRACE
THE ARM
-Consists of a bucket and a boom.
-Can be replaced by hammer or
breaker.
-Does the digging work.
THE CAB
-The drivers seat consists
of the control systems and
steering
CRAWLER
EXCAVATOR
-Two endless tracks.
-used in hilly areas where
risks of sliding of machinery
are on the verge.
-Low ground pressure
because of spreading of load
on large area and also used
where soil support is weak.
THE SWING
-Ability to turn
360 degree.
THE FEET
-Two types of excavators bases.
-Wheel excavator use on hard
surface.
-Crawler excavator use on unstable
surface.
09
THE JIB
-This lattice like structure
frees up the boom to extend
fully and provide maximum lift
range.
THE COUNTERWEIGHTS
-Keep cranes from
becoming unbalanced
while hoisting heavy
loads.
THE BOOM
-It is the most recognizable part of the crane. Does
heavy lifting of materials such as beam and
column.
10
LOADER
THE BOOM
-Bent upwards to make
it easier to dig.
THE BACKHOE
-Use to dig up hard compact
material or lift heavy loads.
THE TRACTOR
-Move easily over all
kind of rough terrain by
controlling the steering
in the cab.
THE LOAD
-Use to pick up and push
large amount of loose
materials into holes.
THE CAB
-Drivers seat consists of the
control systems and steering.
THE BUCKET
-Use to load materials.
-Can be replace by other devices and tools.
-Different size of buckets.
11
Control system
12
EXTERNAL WORKS
Site clearing
Site layout and Security and safety
Setting out and levelling
SITE CLEARING
- A construction site is usually prepared in two steps : clearing the vegetation and also cut and fill the surface soil. It can be done by hand
or by machineries depending on the scale of the site.
- Based on the scale of the sites selected, the machineries needed for clearing the site includes : Multipurpose excavator, bulldozer,
dumper, since they can not be done manually.
13
EXTERNAL WORKS
SOIL FILLING
After all the vegetations are removed from site, it will be followed by the process of soil filling, which basically cuts and fill the topmost
surface of the soil, to produce an even surface for the site. The fill dirt used is usually the subsoil and underlying soil parent material which
has little soil organic matter or biological activity. They are taken from a location where soil is being removed as a part of leveling an area for
construction, while it may also contain sand, rocks, and stones, as well as earth.
RETAINING WALL
- To hold the soil
together
- Prevent the
happening of erosion
to disrupt the
construction progress
A deeper foundation
compared to a normal
construction site
14
EXTERNAL WORKS
- Retention pond
- Construction area
- Site security
- Entrance to site
15
EXTERNAL WORKS
- Site security
- Water trough
EXTERNAL WORKS
SITE SECURITY
- Security against theft
- Security from vandals
- Protection from innocent trespassers
The need for and type of security required
will vary from site to site according to the
neighbourhood.
HOARDINGS
- A closed boarded fence
adjacent to public highway
and footpath
- Needs to be adequately
constructed to provide
protection for the public,
resist impact damage,
resist anticipated wind
pressures and adequately lit
at night
- Must obtain a license or
permit from local authority
17
EXTERNAL WORKS
Site
boundary
Alternative
method for
corner
Temporary
bench mark or
site datum post
Corner post
Footpath
Nail in
centre of
post
Cord marking
outline of
building
18
EXTERNAL WORKS
Necessary staff
reading calculated
to give level at
desired height
Level
DATUM
- Altitude zero taken at mean sea level,
this varies between different countries
- Most common are identified as
carves arrows cut into walls of
permanent structures
Sight line
Sight rail
posts
Temporary bench
mark or site datum
post
Ground
level
19
EXTERNAL WORKS
SITE OFFICE
- A temporary space to
accommodate site managers,
provide space for site
meetings and also provide
storage for site
documentations
- Must be reasonably
practicable, sufficient working
space and arranged nicely and
taking into account necessary
working equipments
MATERIAL STORAGE
- Area of space required to
protect, control materials, that
are to be kept on a
construction site during
building process
- Planned to ease accessibility
and reachability
- Guarded from theft or
vandalism
20
EXTERNAL WORKS
TEMPORARY TOILET
- Located at an easy accessible place,
preferable near site office
- Kept clean at all time to prevent
mosquitoes or causes uneasy smell
21
EXTERNAL WORKS
DRAINAGE SYSTEM
- Important feature during a
construction process to allow
unclean water and
construction wastes to flow
out smoothly
- Keeping the construction site
clean at all times, prevent
diseases from spreading
- Prevent the growth of
mosquitoes which will cause
disturbance to the neighbours
or receiving complains
- Prevent clogged drains,
causes uneasy smell
- A feature to reduce pollution
happening at construction
sites
DRAINAGE
- The black colour pipe
allows soils, silts to be
removed
- The green colour pipe
shows water being
transported out to main
drainage system
RETENTION POND
- Settle suspended
sediments and other solids
- Assist with flood
management & improve
water quality
WASH TROUGH
- Used to wash off dirt
from plants and
machineries
- Also a spot for workers to
clean off, water flows out
easily
22
EXTERNAL WORKS
- Temporary electricity supply is installed for use throughout the whole building
construction process
- Allowing site office to function, providing a conducive space through lighting
and air-conditioning
- Provide lighting for construction site during the night
- Enable certain plants and machineries to work on-site
23
Situations which lead to the necessitate use of piles are:- Insufficient load bearing capacity is offered by the soil at a shallow depth, but sufficient is
available at a greater depth
- The nature of the soil at a shallow depth is variables and performance is unpredictable in
site.
- Soil at shallow depths are subject to shrinkage or swelling.
- Building are subjected to an uplifting force, and require to be anchored to the ground.
By the way in which they are
installed
Ground level
Load Structure
Ground level
Pile Cap
Pre-cast
Reinforced
Concrete pile
Weak strata
Weak Strata
Bearing
Ground
Piles
Displacement Piles
Bearing Ground
15mm Thick
Plate
3m
6m
9m
12m
Pointed pile shoe (male
shoe) - as initial pile
Main
Beam
Hydraulic
Beam
Ground level
Test Pile
Dial
Anchor Pile
Gauge
- It is advisable to test load at least one pile per delivery by jacking
against kentledge placed over the test pile.
- The test pile should be overloaded by at least 50% of its working
load and this load should be held for 24 hours.
- The test pile should not form part of the actual foundation.
25
Pile Space
Extension Pile
Joint
Bearing
Ground
Initial Pile
3. Marking of the
length of piles.
4. Lifting and
fitting pile into the
piling machine and
placement of pile
onto piling point.
5. Driving of pile
into the ground.
6. Joining of piles
with welding when
insufficient pile
length occurs.
7. Driving of pile
until bearing
ground. Bearing
ground on site are
average 37 m below
ground
Pile Space
- Piles should be spaced at such a distance that the group is economically formed and at the same time any
interaction between adjacent piles is prevented.
- The minimum spacing for end bearing piles is 750mm or not less than 2x pile diameter, whichever is greater.
8. Final
26
Column Stump
Load
Pile Cap
Load equally
distributed
onto bearing
ground
RC Piles
Pile Cap
Reinforcement
2 Storey lot
While a 2 storey lot only
needed a 4p pile cap to
support the load
27
- The main reinforcement is two-directional formed in loops over the pile heads to spread the loads.
- To provide structural continuity, the reinforcement in the piles is bonded into the pile cap; this may necessitate
the breaking out of concrete from the heads of piles to expose the reinforcement.
- The heads of piles penetrate the bottom of pile cap some 100 to 150mm to ensure continuity of the members.
28
Pile
reinforcement
Pile
Formwork
Excavated pit
lean
concrete
1. Excavate pit to expose
piling
Reinforcement
Column stump
To ensure
the position
of the
column
stump
4. Install pile cap
reinforcement.
concrete
Formwork
11. Backfilling
30
Bent
rebars
Fitting of
rebars
Bending
of rebars
4. Rebar bending via power-assisted bar bending machine.
Completed
column stump
31
4.0 F O U N D A T I O N (REFERENCE)
Shallow
foundation
Transfer
load directly
to
supporting
soil by
vertical
Pile hit bearing
pressure
ground for support
due to
due to unsuitable
adequate
soil
soil.
Isolated
footings
support
freestandin
g columns
and piers
Continuous
footing is a
extended
RC footings
to support a
row of
columns
Combined footing is a RC
footings for perimeter
foundation wall or
column extended to
support an interior
column load..
Strip
footings are
the
continuous
spread
footings of
foundation
wall
33
Timber
formwork
Bracing
STEP 1: First, forms are erected according to the structural or
architectural plans.
STEP 2: Next, reinforcing steel bars are assembled within the forms and
tied together.
STEP 4: When the concrete is two or three days old, the forms are
stripped away and the concrete basement walls remain. The
concrete is strong enough to support itself after seven days.
34
5.0 B A S E M E N T (REFERENCE)
Ground
level
Basement
Footing
Reinforcement steel
bar
36
Rebar
Footing trench
Open side
Earth side
Sheathing
-12--
Brace
Brace as support
Timber formwork
Drain
stake
Footing
---12--
Stud
5.0 B A S E M E N T (REFERENCE)
Poured concrete
Masonry unit
Stone
6.1 COLUMNS
SUPERSTRUCTURE
is the part of any structure that is built above its foundation or basement.
It serves the purpose of the structures main intended use.
Concrete was used for both sites superstructure casting as it is able to withstand
great compressive forces from 20-40 MPa while reinforcement bars would
complement the concrete by giving the structure greater tensile strength.
COLUMNS
are vertical structural elements which transfer load from the roof, beams, slabs,
ceilings, and its own weight to the foundation.
Columns found
at the sites
were columns
of square and
of rectangular
sections.
Their rebars
had 40D and
T12/T16 traits.
Thin metal
wires called
links are tied
around
intersecting
joints to
prevent
movement
Square
Rectangular
39
6.1 COLUMNS
COLUMN INSTALLATION
Casting
concrete
Excess
rebar for
lapping of
the next
upper
floor
columns
Main rebar
for column
Yorks
Lapping for
column
stump
Wooden
formwork
40
6.2 BEAMS
BEAMS
are horizontal structural elements which carry transverse
load (mostly from the slabs) to the columns and/or walls.
150mm spacing
between each tie
R6 link
41
6.3 SLABS
SLABS
are flat and horizontal surfaces which transfer
load to the beams and are supported by the
beams and the columns.
Ground slab layers
Concrete slab
Resists compressive forces
BRC mesh (200x200)
Reinforcement: transfers load to beams
Damp-proof membrane
Prevents water from leaking through
Anti-termite spray
Repels termites
Lean concrete
Provides flat bottom on uneven terrain
Hardcore (granite)
Backfilling: fills any void in the ground
43
6.0 S U P E R S T R U C T U R E
(SITE VISIT)
6.4 WALL
Wall is a vertical structure that made up of stones or bricks. It divides or enclosed an area to provide habitable space and protection. Walls
in buildings form a fundamental part of the superstructure and it is for load bearing, fire resistance, sound and thermal insulation purpose.
TYPES OF WALLS
MASONRY WALL
6.0 S U P E R S T R U C T U R E
(SITE VISIT)
6.4 WALL
TYPES OF MATERIAL
CLAY BRICK
CONCRETE
- Made up of clay
- Dark orange or deep red
- Many finishes and size available
- Dried and fired with high temperature
TYPES OF BOND
- Bond is the arrangement of bricks in rows which designed for the appearance and tied the walls together
STRETCHER BOND
- Use for internal wall
- Half brick thick
- Use to separate the
space
FLEMISH BOND
- Use for external wall
- One brick thick
- Two hours fire resistance
- Sound proof
45
6.0 S U P E R S T R U C T U R E
(SITE VISIT)
6.4 WALL
TYPES OF JOINTS
mm
215
BRICK
RAKED
JOINT
BRICK
- Raked joint
- Protect the edges of masonry units
- For weather-resistant purpose
- Can be formed by using trowel or steel rod
65mm
ER
102
TCHE
HE
AD
STRE
.5m
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
CONSTRUCTION OF MASONRY WALL
GET THE LENGTH OF THE
WALL
CONCRETE FOOTING
OARD S
WOOD B
UPPORT
STEP 1: Preparing the mortar (mixture of cement, lime, sand and water, a bonding agent in masonry construction)
STEP 2: Spread a layer of mortar bed as footer.
STEP 3: Put the bricks down at each side corner. Measure and mark the length.
STEP 4: Set up a line to keep courses straight. Start to lay the bricks from corner on mortar bed and check the balance using spirit level.
STEP 5: Continue the laying process, cut off excess mortar with trowel. Repeat the process till the destined height. Check the height and make
sure each new course is an additional 10mm high.
46
6.0 S U P E R S T R U C T U R E
(SITE VISIT)
6.4 WALL
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE
1. Layering Technique
- Arrange in an angle of 45 at the
top
- Fill up the space of the last few
rows to prevent the occurrence
of gap that make the layering
process harder
2. Wire Mesh
- Use to hold every 4 layers of
bricks together
3. Stiffener
- Horizontal stiffener is added
when the length of the wall
exceed 4 meter
- Vertical stiffener is added when
the height of the wall exceed 3
meter
4. Dowel Bars
- R6 (mild steel 6mm) is added
between every 4 courses of
brick wall to prevent collapse
6. Setup Line
- To maintain the verticality and
horizontality of the brick wall
during layering process
7. Cement Pit
- Mark the thickness of
plastering (13-15mm) on a
brick wall
6.0 S U P E R S T R U C T U R E
(SITE VISIT)
6.4 WALL
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
CONSTRUCTION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE WALL
PLA
NK
S
VERTICAL
POSTS
STEEL BARS
HORIZONTAL
MEMBERS
RACKERS
STRUTS
PVC
PIPE
48
6.0 S U P E R S T R U C T U R E
(SITE VISIT)
6.4 WALL
PLASTERING PROCESS
STEP 2: Coating
- Skim coat is applied to the rough surface
of wall in order to smoothen them.
STEP 3: Finishing
- Desired colour of paint is applied for
aesthetic purposes.
REFERENCES
DRY WALL
- Non-bearing wall
- Fast and easy to install
- Light and good fire
insulation
- Susceptible to water
damage, moulding and
external forces
GLASS WALL
- Allow transparency
- Remain compressive
strength
- High cost
- Requires specialist
consultants and
contractors
- Weather resistance
- Strong but brittle
49
6.5 STAIRCASE
Plan
Elevation
U-SHAPED STAIRS
Plan
Elevation
L-SHAPED STAIRS
Plan
Elevation
50
Riser
-
The vertical
part of a step
Ledger
A horizontal timber in a scaffold,
attached to the uprights
Support the putlogs
Dead Shores
Also known as vertical shores
As temporary support for the flooring,
roofs, walls and etc by providing
horizontal members known as
needles.
Wedges
wooden wedges used vertically and
horizontally underneath a staircase in
slots cut into the stringers to secure
riser and treads
Stringer
This pertains to the portion of a stair
running along the stairs side.
Helps to support the surface portion
of stairs on which people walk on it
51
6.5 STAIRCASE
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
Concrete poured
from top to
bottom
Joist
Reinforcement
bar
Riser
board
Decking
Timber
formwork
Timber formork
Riser
cleat
6.0 S U P E R S T R U C T U R E (REFERENCES)
6.4 STAIRCASE
TIMBER STAIRCASE
GLASS STAIRCASE
STEEL STAIRCASE
53
7.0 D O O R S & W I N D O W S
7.1 DOORS
Door is a movable screen across an opening, providing
access to a building or between rooms within a building.
Performance requirements of doors:
- Weather exclusion
- Security
- Fire resistance
- Thermal and sound insulation
- Privacy
- Operation
- Durability
Rough
opening
Head
Jamb
Stop
Casing
Threshold
54
7.0 D O O R S & W I N D O W S
7.1 DOORS
LINTEL
Lintel is placed typically on top of doors and windows. The function of lintel is just the same as an arch or beam to support the
load transfer from the upper brick wall.
Load
Brick Wall
Lintel
2 T10
Deformed Steel Bar
Link
1 R6- 150 spacing
Mild Steel Bar
DOOR FRAME
A door frame is attached to the opening in which a door is to be fitted. Door frames
fitted with a sill are designed for one of two conditions:
-
In our study site, they are just used aluminium door frame.
55
7.0 D O O R S & W I N D O W S
7.1 DOORS
DOOR OPERATION
SWING
SLIDING DOOR
56
7.0 D O O R S & W I N D O W S
7.1 DOORS
REFERENCE ( DOOR OPERATION )
1. Surface Sliding
FOLDING DOOR
2. Pocket Sliding
7.0 D O O R S & W I N D O W S
7.1 DOORS
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
58
7.0 D O O R S & W I N D O W S
7.2 WINDOWS
A window is an opening in the wall or roof of a building that is fitted
with glass or other transparent material in a frame to admit light or air
and allow people to see out.
SIZE OF WINDOWS
Kelab Ukay
Residence
3050
575
600
1400
Rough opening
3000
1000
Casing Trim
Living
Window Frame
2805
725
Head
135
5
72
5
1000
Jamb
Exterior casing:
Not always used.
Drip cap or head
casing
Sill
1500
900
Family 1
Powder Room
59
7.0 D O O R S & W I N D O W S
7.2 WINDOWS
WINDOW OPERATION
1.
2.
Fixed
3. Awning
Casement
-
Have operating sashes that are sidehinged and usually swing outward.
When open, the sash is able to direct
ventilation.
The inner end of the sash may slide
along a track on the sill or jamb as
the sash swings outward.
Kelab Ukay Residence
MATERIAL USED
1.
-
Laminated glass
Built up in layers.
Composed of an outer and inner
layer of polyvinylbutyral( PVB).
Flexible layer retain the glass when
it is broken.
60
7.0 D O O R S & W I N D O W S
7.2 WINDOWS
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
8.0 R O O F S
A roof is part of a building envelope. It is the covering on the uppermost part of a building or shelter which provides protection from
animals and weather, notably rain but also heat, wind and sunlight. The word also denotes the framing or structure which supports that
covering. A roof may also provide additional living space, for example a roof garden.
-
8.0 R O O F S
Standing or batten
Seams
Horizontal and valley
seams are flat and
usually soldered.
Vertical seams are
spaced depending on
the starting width of the
metal sheets and the
size of the standing or
batten seams.
STANDING SEAMS
BATTEN SEAMS
63
8.0 R O O F S
TANALISED
ROOF BATTEN
MONOPITCH ROOF
-
FASCIA
PLASTERBOARD
Ceiling joists at
high level bolted to
roof joists and
fixed
64
8.0 R O O F S
Cladding fastened to
this flange
Narrow
flange
Broad Flange
Bolt in flange
at end of lab
Critical depth
of beam
Rafter
8.0 R O O F S
Spice plate
Ends of beams
may be
tapered or
lightened with
cutouts.
66
8.0 R O O F S
A flat roof is a roof which is almost level in contrast to the many types of sloped roofs. The slope of a roof is properly known as its pitch and
flat roofs have up to an approximate 10 pitched angle. Flat roofs are an ancient form mostly used in arid climates and allow the roof space
to be used as a living space or a living roof.
Wear course
Roofing membrane
Lightweight concrete insulation
Vapor retarder
Smooth troweled
finish to receive
insulation and
roofing
Built-up column
support matches
truss thickness
Reinforced concrete
roof slab
67
8.0 R O O F S
Basket Strainer
ROOF GUTTER
Cap
Rain gutter, a narrow trough or duct which collects rainwater from the roof of
a building and diverts it away from the structure, typically into a drain. Main
purpose of a gutter is to protect a buildings foundation by watershed water
away. It also helps to reduce corrosion, preventing leaks in the basement.
Strap
Copper
flashing
Gutter
Outlet
Elbows
Expansion
Joint Cap
Screen
Wall
Bracket
Fastener
Downspout
Bracket
Elbow or shoe
Copper Gutter
Splash Block
68
8.0 R O O F S
As the roof gutter works by controlling the flow of the rainwater from entering neither the formwork nor wall which will cause damage to the
painting and the appearance of the building itself. Hence, the roof gutter takes an important role in roofs which is to sustain the building.
Non-rusting
material with
slotted
openings
Dome-slotted to
prevent clogging
Roof
membrane
Combined
flashing collar
and gravel stop
Edge of sump
Water cutoff
mastic
Strainer
Clamping
Ring
Flange
Roof
decking
Outlet to drainpipe
Stripping Felts
Insulation
Insulation
taper
towards
drain
Metal
flashing
Stripping Felts
Deck clamp
Taper insulation
to drain
Weephole
69
SUMMARY
Being able to visit multiple construction sites and witnessing all the thoughtful planning, precise measurements, and
hard labour that goes into the building construction in person has been a great privilege to us all. We were able to
receive a much greater perspective and appreciation toward all the fine details that go into constructing a building
from seeing the building process right in front of our very eyes that no amount of words in a textbook can give us and
we would strongly urge any aspiring architects out there to take the initiative to seek out ongoing construction sites
for their own enlightenment.
Besides being able to better understanding the various topics from our module Building Construction I, visiting these
sites expanded upon our knowledge from our previous semesters Building Materials as we got to actually the
practical uses of all the different materials we studied on up close that cant be seen in the final design such as brick
and concrete in some cases.
When designing any structure, many factors must be taken into consideration. Of course its design will be of
majoritys main concern especially if the majority are the public, but how practical the structure is along with the
planning and process of how it starts from nothing and rises from the ground to stand on its own are just as
important if not more.
70
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
71