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2C-MT
Endocrine
Organ
Pituitary
gland
(anterior)
Location
Hormones released
Produced by
Target cell
Somatotrophs.
liver
Thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH)
or thyrotropin
Thyrotrophs.
Thyroid
Gland
Follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH)
Gonadotrophs.
Gonadotrophs.
Prolactin (PRL)
Lactotrophs
Ovaries and
Testes
Ovaries and
Testes
mammary
glands
Function of hormone
Stimulates liver, muscle,
cartilage, bone, and other
tissues to synthesize and
secrete insulinlike growth
factors (IGFs); IGFs
promote growth of body
cells, protein synthesis,
tissue repair, lipolysis, and
elevation of
blood glucose
concentration.
Stimulates the synthesis
and secretion of thyroid
hormones by the thyroid
gland.
In females, initiates
development of oocytes
and induces ovarian
secretion of estrogens. In
males, stimulates
testes to produce sperm.
In females, stimulates
secretion of estrogens and
progesterone, ovulation,
and formation of corpus
luteum.
In males, stimulates testes
to produce testosterone.
Together with other
hormones, promotes milk
secretion by the mammary
glands.
Secondary hyperthyroidism;
secondary hypothyroidism
. Hypo and hyper secretion of this
hormone causes several ailments
to human body. Due to hyper
secretion troubles like Premature
Ovarian Failure or Premature
menopause, Swyer syndrome,
Testicular failure, Gonadal
dysgenesis and various other
diseases can happen. And hypo
secretion of FSH causes disease
like Hypothalamic suppression,
Gonadotropin deficiency,
Hyperprolactinemia, Kallmann
syndrome and Gonadotropin
deficiency.
Hypersecretion of luteinizing
hormone (LH) is a significant cause
of infertility and miscarriage in
women with the polycystic ovary
syndrome
Hyperprolactinemia (hyper.)
resulting in galactorrhea (milk
production in non-lactating
female), lack of menses, infertility
Adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH)
or corticotropin
Melanocyte-stimulating
hormone
Parathyroid
Gland
Pituitary
Gland
(posterior)
embedded in the
posterior part of
the thyroid gland
Parathyroid hormone
Oxytocin
Corticotrophs
Corticotrophs.
Parathyroid
Neurosecretory cells
of hypothalamus
adrenal
cortex
Stimulates secretion of
glucocorticoids (mainly
cortisol) by the adrenal
cortex.
It stimulates melanocytes
to produce melanin
pigments in humans but
does not influence skin
colour changes.
brain
bone
Uterus and
mammary
glands
Stimulates contraction of
smooth muscle cells of the
uterus during childbirth;
stimulates contraction of
myoepithelial cells in the
mammary glands
to cause milk ejection.
Hyperparathyroidism
(hyper) bone loss,
elevated plasma Ca2+
Antidiuretic
hormone
(ADH) or
vasopressin
Neurosecretory cells
of hypothalamus
kidneys,
Sudoriferous
(sweat)glands &
arterioles
Thyroid Gland
T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4
(thyroxine) or thyroid
hormones from follicular cells
Thyroid
all except
brain
Thyroid
bone
Increase basal
metabolic rate,
stimulate
synthesisof
proteins,
increase use of
glucose and
fatty acidsfor
ATP
production,
increase
lipolysis,
enhanceexcreti
on, accelerate
body growth,
andcontribute
to
development
of the nervous
system.
Lowers blood
levels of Ca2_
and HPO42_ by
inhibiting
bone
resorption by
osteoclasts
and by
accelerating
uptake of
calcium and
phosphates
into bone
extracellular
matrix.
Mineralocorticoids (mainly
aldosterone)
from zona glomerulosa
cells
Zona
glomerulosa of
adrenal cortex
Kidneys (main),
pancreas,
salivary glands,
sweat glands
Liver, skeletal
muscle
Increase protein
breakdown (except in
liver),
stimulate gluconeogenesis
and lipolysis, provide
resistance to stress,
dampen inflammation, and
depress immune
responses.
Adrenal
Gland
(adrenal
cortex)
top of the
kidneys
Glucocorticoids (mainly
cortisol)
from zona fasciculata cells
Adrenal
Gland
(Adrenal
medulla)
Zona fasciculata
of adrenal
cortex
Androgens (mainly
dehydroepiandrosterone or
DHEA)
from zona reticularis cells
adrenal medulla
Epinephrine and
norepinephrine
from chromaffin cells
adrenal medulla
smooth muscle,
cardiac muscle,
skeletal muscle;
liver
smooth muscle
of blood vessels
Aldosteronism (hyper)
increased Na+ retention
leading to hypertension;
loss of K+ leading to
neural and muscular
dysfunction; Addisons
disease (hypo) resulting
in decreased Na+
reabsorption leading to
hypotension, increased
K+ leading to neural and
muscular dysfuncton;
Cushings disease (hyper;
mainly of cortisol) leading
to excess Na+ water
retention, and
hypertension, low K+
leading to neural and
muscular dysfunction
Addisons disease
(hyposecretion) resulting
in hypoglycemia (low
blood sugar); Cushings
disease (hypersecretion,
mainly of cortisol)
resulting in hyperglycemia
(high blood sugar; steroid
diabetes), redistribution
of fat (moon face and
buffalo neck), masking of
infections; weight loss,
loss of muscle and bone
mass; edema (effect of
excess Aldosterone)
attach
ed to
the
roof of
the
third
ventri
cle of
the
brain
at the
midlin
e
Pineal Gland
thymus
Pancreatic
Islet or islets
of langerhans
behind the
sternum
between the
lungs.
thymosin,
thymic
humoral
factor
(THF),
thymic
factor
(TF), and
thymopoie
tin
situated inferior
and posterior to
the stomach
pineal gland
from the amino
acid serotonin;
enteroendocrine
cells of the
gastrointestinal
tract;
pinealocytes
melatonin
Thymus
Glucagon
from
alpha cells
of
pancreatic
islets
lymphatic tissue
pancreatic
islets
gastrointest
inal tract,
pancreas &
liver
(Melatonin
receptors)
to
contribute
to the
setting
of the
bodys
biological
clock, which
is controlled
by the
suprachiasm
atic
nucleus of
the
hypothalam
us.
thymopoietinpromote
the maturation of T cells (a type of white
blood cell that destroys
microbes and foreign substances) and may
retard the aging
process.
Liver, skeletal
muscle; adipose
Insulin
from beta
cells of
pancreatic
islets
Somatosta
tin from
delta cells
of
pancreatic
islets
Pancreatic
polypeptid
e from F
cells
of
pancreatic
islets
Ovary
located ju
st inside
the
hipbones
Estrogens and
Progesterone
pancreatic
islets
Liver, skeletal
muscle; adipose
pancreatic
islets
Pituitary glands,
pancreas,
Gastrointestinal
tract, nervous
system
pancreas
Inhibits somatostatin
secretion, gallbladder
contraction, and secretion
of pancreatic digestive
enzymes.
pancreatic
islets
Zona reticularis of
adrenal cortex
Together with
gonadotropic
hormones of the
anterior
pituitary, regulate the
female reproductive
cycle,
regulate oogenesis,
maintain pregnancy,
prepare
the mammary glands
for lactation, and
promote
development and
maintenance of
female secondary
sex characteristics.
Testes
located
outside
the body
in a pouch
of skin
called a
scrotum,
which
hangs
between
the legs
below the
penis.
Relaxin
corpus
luteum(female) &
prostate (male)
Inhibin
Testosterone
Inhibin
Zona reticularis of
adrenal cortex
Increases flexibility of
pubic symphysis
during
pregnancy and helps
dilate uterine cervix
during
labor and delivery.
Inhibits secretion of
FSH from anterior
pituitary.
Stimulates
descent of the
testes before
birth, regulates
spermatogenesi
s, and promotes
development
and
maintenance of
male secondary
sex
characteristics.
Inhibits
secretion of
FSH from the
anterior
pituitary.