DEDICATION

I am dedicating this industrial training to the almighty God as my source of inspiration,

strength and source of providence during the period of my industrial training despite the
security challenges and risks in the country and establishment.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I want to acknowledge God for my safety and also my immediate family for the support
both morally and financially.
My gratitude goes to my parents Mr. Solomon Ozogbuda and Mrs. Stella Ozogbuda and
also my siblings for their support in my life and academics.
I also want to thank the institution Rivers state University of Science and Technology, our
SIWES Director Dr. (Mrs.) Edith Chisa Chuku, members of the RSUST SIWES
committee, my SIWES supervisor Engr. Elechi Promise and my industrial based
supervisor Mr. Sam Oboyo for the impart and academic exposure you all have given to me
through this industrial training.

ABSTRACT
The industrial training period was generally centred on the engineering and telecommunication sector of the
establishment (Delta Broadcasting Services). The engineering/telecommunication sector was comprised of;
the plant unit, studio unit and transmission unit (telecommunication). The studio unit mostly called the MCR
(i.e. the master control unit) where I was stationed is concerned with controlling, analysing, mixing of
signals before being sent to the transmission unit where further amplification and modulation processes takes
place, whereas the plant unit ensures steady supply of power for smooth operation. The station makes use of
the line of sight transposer antenna to transmit and receive signals at both ends. Around the premises is also
a star time equipment which helps in transmitting the station using their antenna for those willing to tune in
with their decoders.

Above are pictures of the plant unit and part of the studio unit.TABLE

OF CONTENTS
Pages

Title

ii

Acknowledgements

iii

Abstract

iv

Dedication

Table of Contents

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1

Brief Introduction of SIWES and its Objectives

1.2

Objectives of SIWES -

1.3

A Brief History of Delta Broadcasting Service Warri-

1.4

Philosophy of the Establishment

CHAPTER TWO: WORK EXPERIENCE

2.1

Power Supply of a Circuit

2.2

Transmission System -

2.2.1

FM Transmitter

2.3

Frequency Multiplier -

2.4

FM Receiver -

11

2.5

Amplifier

12

2.6

Antenna

17

2.7

Audio Mixer Console -

19

2.8

Visual Mixer -

20

2.9

Stereo Audio Monitor Amplifier

22

2.10

FM Stereo Demodulator

23

2.11

Stereo Audio Distribution Controller 3 Way -

24

2.12

MPX Distribution Controller - 3 Way-

25

2.13

Stereo Audio Distribution Amplifier 3 Way -

26

CHAPTER THREE
3.1

New Skills Acquired -

28

3.2

Challenges Encountered:

28

Conclusion and Recommendation

29

References

30

Appendices

31

CHAPTER FOUR

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1

BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF SIWES AND ITS OBJECTIVES

The Student Industrial Training Work Experience scheme (SIWES) is the accepted skills
training programme, which forms part of the approved minimum academic standard in the
various degree programmes for all Nigerian universities. The scheme bridges the gap
between theory and practice of the engineering and technology, science, technical and
science education and other professional educational programmed in the Nigerian tertiary
institutions, it is aimed at exposing students to ways of safeguarding the work areas and
workers in industries and other organizations. The minimum duration for SIWES is 24
weeks (6 months). SIWES is a tripartite programme involving the students, universities
and the industries. The programme was established by the federal government of Nigeria
and is jointly co-ordinated by the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) and the National
Universities Commission (NUC). The responsibilities of students in SIWES training
programme are mainly of three stages: pre-SIWES stage, SIWES stage and post-SIWES
stage. The basic requirements for each of the stages are described in appropriate sections
of this handbook.
1.2

OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

Specifically, the objectives of the students industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) are
to:
1. Provide an avenue for students in institutions of higher learning to acquire industrial skills
and experience in their courses of study.
2. Prepare students for industrial work situations they are to meet after graduation.

3. Expose students to work methods and technologies in handling equipment and

machinery that may not be available in their institutions.
4. Make transition from school to the world of work easier, and enhance students

contacts

for later job placement.

5. Provide student with an opportunity to apply their knowledge in real work situation
thereby bridging the gap between theory and practice.
6. Enlist and strengthen employers involvement in the entire educational process and
prepare students for employment after graduation.
1.3

A BRIEF HISTORY OF DELTA BROADCASTING SERVICE WARRI

Delta broadcasting service Warri came into existence after the creation of Delta State on
August 27th , 1991 under the regime of the first Military Administrator Rtd. Group captain
Duke Ochollo. This was a very significant development that split the former Bendel
Broadcasting Service Asaba and Edo Broadcasting Service, Benin.
Long before the state owned broadcasting service in the newly created Delta State two
transmitting sub-station of old Bendel Broadcasting which was an independent property of
the memorable Radio Bendel and Television which had existed in the old city Warri and
Obulu-Uku community which is a few kilometres from Asaba, the present state capital.
Both sub-station became full fledged stations three years after the creation of the state
Delta Broadcasting Service Edjeba Expressway Warri and Delta Broadcasting Service
Obulu-Uku were commission as sub-stations by the First Civil Governor Olorugun Felix
Ibruon Tuesday 30th June 1992.
Delta Broadcasting Service was a radio station with its code as 88.6 FM (frequency
modulation) and its known as melody Fm which broadcast on channel 41 UHF (Ultra

High Frequency) and its known as Delta Rainbow Television. Both are clear signals that
are received throughout the state and beyond.
There are six departments and three units in Delta Broadcasting Service Warri. They
include; news and current affairs programmes department, Administration, Engineering
service and Financial/Accounting department. The three units are legal, public relation
unit, and internal audit.
Delta Broadcasting Service Warri has a crop of seasoned journalists, diligent
Administrators and technical personnels. Since the creation of Delta Broadcasting Service
Warri, the establishment has been headed by the following General Managers and
Administrators and Acting General Managers and they include; Dr Chris Egweke from
1991-1994, Mr Donald Ovberedjo from 1994-1998, Mr Ephraim Osubor from 1998-2001,
Mr Willysowho from 2001-2004, Chief Patience Okwuofu as sole Administrator from
2004-2005.
Mr. Willyso who became the General Manager again from 2006-2009, Mr Eric as acting
General Manager from 2009-2010. M.O Anuta (Mrs.) also became Acting General
Manager from 2010-2012, and Mr Tunde Omonode Igramma from 2012 till date.
All the above mentioned have been ably assisted by a committee of management staffs
who have contributed immensely to the growth and success of the establishment.
1.4

PHILOSOPHY OF THE ESTABLISHMENT

DBS Warri is guided by a philosophy that seeks to promote the interest of Africa in unity
while being sensitive to religious, cultural, political and social divides and background. It
does not encourage disaffection and hatred among members of the society. The station
seeks to deliver programmes and services of information, education and entertainment. It
also seeks to develop and maintain the stations human and material resources.

The services also entertain the audience through various programmes packed for both
Television and Radio. It also stands as a mediator between the government of the day and
the masses. The station promotes human dignity, development and good citizenship. The
programmed aired are designed to reflect the African life, music, culture, and good degree
of global traditions.
Assistant General Manager, Account and Finance
He is in charge of all financial issues in the establishment.
Assistant General Manager Engineering
He is the head of the Engineering department. He is also in charge of all engineering and
technical work done in the establishment. He ensures all the stations equipments are in
good working conditions.
Public Relation Officer
This office attends to any visitors to the establishment like those coming to make certain
inquires, to see certain official in the establishment, to attend to those of excursion, paste
notices for staffs of any upcoming event.
Chief Internal Auditor
He is the head of the internal audit unit who audits the account of the establishment.
Assistant Manager
The personnel act on the absence of the manager. As the name implies, he assists the
manager.
Reporters
These are journalists who go out to cover events in the society or their designated field of
assignment, writes and package their report for broadcast.

Editors
This section is under the production design unit of the programmes department. They are
in charge of editing both news and programmes, materials for broadcast. They also
package jingles for the establishment.
Camera Unit
This is the section in charge of all camera work done within and outside the establishment
they are attached to reporter, producers and also on standby in the television studio in case
of live broadcast.
Library
This is the section in charge of all broadcast documents in the establishment especially
those aired during the day and night when there are no live broadcast.
The Engineering Department
The Engineering department is comprised of three units:
1. Transmission unit(TX)
2. Work service unit
3. Studio
4. ICT Department
Transmission Unit
Signals transmitted from the studio is received by the transmission unit through the
antenna (transposer) and then transmitted to air
Work Service Unit
They are the unit responsible for repair of faulty equipments and maintenance of the
general electrical equipments; this unit also include the plant unit which takes care of the
power supply of the entire broadcasting station.

Studio Unit
This unit consist of the Master control room (MCR), the transmitter room, and a
workshop. This is where the news and other programs are taken, controlled and
transmitted to the transmitter unit.
ICT Unit
This unit was recently introduced into the Delta Broadcasting services. The department
was introduced to facilitate 24 hours broadcasts which run from 12pm to 5am in the
morning.

CHAPTER TWO
WORK EXPERIENCE
2.1

POWER SUPPLY OF A CIRCUIT

The power supply section of the transmitter/receiver section got bad and we diagnosed and
trouble-shoot it and discovered the following;
1. The fuse was damaged due to over current
2. The full wave rectifying diode was bad
Fuse: the fuse is a low resistant resistor/conductor that serves as a sacrificial device
against over current
Rectifying diode: a diode is an active device that allows direct current to flow. A full wave
rectifying diode is used to convert from AC (alternating current) to DC (direct current)
Step taken for troubleshooting the power supply:
1. The fuse was replaced
2. The rectifying diode was also replaced and tested in the absence of the capacitor
3. The capacitor was then put back and retested and worked properly.
2.2

TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

DIAGRAM OF A TYPICAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

2.2.1

FM Transmitter

Frequency Modulation is the process in which the frequency of the carrier signal is varied
by the modulating signal while the amplitude remains constant
Using Reactance Modulator Direct Method
The FM transmitter has three basic sections.
1.

The exciter section contains the carrier oscillator, reactance modulator and the
buffer amplifier.

2.

The frequency multiplier section, which features several frequency multipliers.

3.

The power output section, which includes a low-level power amplifier, the final
power amplifier, and the impedance matching network to properly load the power
section with the antenna impedance.

The essential function of each circuit in the FM transmitter may be described as

follows.
1.

The Exciter: The function of the

carrier

oscillator

is to generate

a stable sine wave signal at the rest frequency, when no modulation is applied. It
must be able to linearly change frequency when fully modulated, with no
measurable change in amplitude. The buffer amplifier acts as a constant highimpedance load on the oscillator to help stabilize the oscillator frequency. The

buffer amplifier may have a small gain. The modulator acts to change the carrier
oscillator frequency by application of the message signal. The positive peak of the
message signal generally lowers the oscillator's frequency to a point below the rest
frequency, and the negative message peak raises the oscillator frequency to a value
above the rest frequency. The greater the peak-to-peak message signal, the larger
the oscillator deviation.
2.

Frequency Multiplier: Frequency multipliers are tuned-input, tuned-output

RF

amplifiers

to

multiple

in

which
of

the

the
input

output

resonant

frequency.

circuit

Common

is

tuned

frequency

multipliers are 2x, 3x and 4x multiplication. A 5x Frequency multiplier is

sometimes seen, but its extreme low efficiency forbids widespread usage. Note that
multiplication is by whole numbers only. There can not a 1.5x multiplier, for
instance.
3.

Power output section: The final power section develops the carrier power, to be
transmitted and often has a low-power amplifier driven the final power amplifier.
The impedance matching network is the same as for the AM transmitter and
matches the antenna impedance to the correct load on the final over amplifier.
2.3

FREQUENCY MULTIPLIER

A special form of class C amplifier is the frequency Multiplier. Any class C amplifier is
capable of performing frequency multiplication if the tuned circuit in the collector
resonates at some integer multiple of the input frequency.
For example a frequency doubler can be constructed by simply connecting a parallel tuned
circuit in the collector of a class C amplifier that resonates at twice the input frequency.
When the collector current pulse occurs, it excites or rings the tuned circuit at twice the
input frequency. A current pulse flows for every other cycle of the input.

A Tripler circuit is constructed in the same way except that the tuned circuit resonates at 3
times the input - frequency. In this way, the tuned circuit receives one input pulse for every
three cycles of oscillation it produces Multipliers can be constructed to increase the input
frequency by any integer factor up to approximately 10. As' the multiplication factor gets
higher, the power output of the multiplier decreases. For most practical applications, the
best result is obtained with multipliers of 2 and 3.
Another way to look the operation of class C multipliers is .to .remember that the nonsinusoidal current pulse is rich in harmonics. Each time the pulse occurs, the second,
third, fourth, fifth, and higher harmonics are generated. The purpose of the tuned circuit in
the collector is to act as a filter to select the desired harmonics.
In many applications a multiplication factor greater than that achievable with a single
multiplier stage is required. In such cases two or more multipliers are cascaded to produce
an overall multiplication of 6. In the second example, three multipliers provide an overall
multiplication of 30. The total multiplication factor is simply the product of individual
stage multiplication factors.
Reactance Modulator
The reactance modulator takes its name from the fact that the impedance of the circuit acts
as a reactance (capacitive or inductive) that is connected in parallel with the resonant
circuit of the Oscillator. The varicap can only appear as a capacitance that becomes part of
the frequency determining branch of the oscillator circuit. However, other discrete devices
can appear as a capacitor or as an inductor to the oscillator, depending on how the circuit
is arranged. A colpitts oscillator uses a capacitive voltage divider as the phase-reversing
feedback path and would most likely tapped coil as the phase-reversing element in the
feedback loop and most commonly uses a modulator that appears inductive

2.4

FM RECEIVER

RF Section
Consists of a pre-selector and an amplifier
Pre-selector is a broad-tuned band pass filter with an adjustable center frequency
used to reject unwanted radio frequency and to reduce the noise bandwidth.
RF amplifier determines the sensitivity of the receiver and a predominant factor in
determining the noise figure for the receiver.
Mixer/Converter Section
Consists of a radio-frequency oscillator and a mixer.
Choice of oscillator depends on the stability and accuracy desired.
Mixer is a nonlinear device to convert radio frequency to intermediate frequencies
(i.e. heterodyning process).
The shape of the envelope, the bandwidth and the original information contained in the
envelope remains unchanged although the carrier and sideband frequencies are translated
from RF to IF.
IF Section
Consists of a series of IF amplifiers and band pass filters to achieve most of the
receiver gain and selectivity.
The IF is always lower than the RF because it is easier and less expensive to
construct high-gain, stable amplifiers for low frequency signals.
IF amplifiers are also less likely to oscillate than their RF counterparts.
Detector Section
To convert the IF signals back to the original source information (demodulation).

 Can be as simple as a single diode or as complex as a PLL or balanced

demodulator.
Audio Amplifier Section
Comprises several cascaded audio amplifiers and one or more speakers
AGC (Automatic Gain Control)
Adjust the IF amplifier gain according to signal level (to the average amplitude
signal almost constant).
AGC is a system by means of which the overall gain of radio receiver is varied
automatically with the variations in the strength of received signals, to maintain the
output constant.
2.5

AMPLIFIER

An amplifier, electronic amplifier or (informally) amp is an electronic device that can

increase the power of a signal. An amplifier functions by taking power from a power
supply and controlling the output to match the input signal shape but with a larger
amplitude. In this sense, an amplifier modulates the output of the power supply based
upon the properties of the input signal. An amplifier is effectively the opposite of an
attenuator: while an amplifier provides gain, an attenuator provides loss.

Types of Amplifiers

If amplifiers have only one simple job to do-making a signal bigger while distorting it as
little as possible-you might think one type of amplifier would be plenty. After all, how
many different ways can you make something bigger? In fact, as a quick online search will
reveal, there are zillions of different kinds of amplifier, they come in all shapes and sizes
(from single transistors used in hearing aids right up to gigantic audio amps used to power
loudspeakers at rock concerts) and we can classify them in many different ways. We
could, for example, sort them by what they do for us (boosting radio signals, perhaps, or
making the signals from a record-player pickup loud enough to push a loudspeaker back

and forth) or how they do it (how their circuits are wired up inside); whether they work in
an analog way or using digital circuits; whether they're used alone or in sequence with
other amplifiers; how much gain they give to our signal or how efficiently they use power;
and even by what sorts of components they're built from (vacuum tubes, transistors, or
integrated circuits). With so many different factors to think about, amplifiers can be very
confusing when you first encounter them; let's try to make sense of them all the same.

Photo: An amplifier mixing console (also called a mixing board) used to control the
output from a public address system. Photo by Esperanza Berrios courtesy of US Air
Force and Defense Imagery.

Classed by Voltage, Current, and Power

Every amplifier takes in some kind of input signal (a certain current and voltage, which,
together multiply to give a certain power level) and produces a bigger output signal (which
may have a different current, voltage, or power). One very basic classification we can
make is between voltage and power amplifiers. In a voltage amplifier, the output voltage is
always bigger than the input voltage (so there's a voltage gain), although that doesn't
necessarily mean there's also a gain in power (because the current could be reduced at the
same time). In a power amplifier, the output power is always bigger than the input power
because the product of the output voltage and output current (the output power) is bigger
than the product of the input voltage and input current (the input power).

Amplifiers aren't always designed to turn a small voltage or power level into a bigger one;
sometimes it's the current we're interested in instead. With conventional amplifiers, the

gain we're interested in is defined as the ratio of the output voltage to the input voltage (or
the output current to the input current). Sometimes, however, we want an amplifier to
produce an output current that's proportional to our input voltage; for that job, we'd use
what's called a transconductance amplifier. A transresistance amplifier does the opposite
job (producing an output voltage proportional to the input current).

Classed by Frequency
From crackly radio signals zapping through the air to scratchy sounds scraped from the
face of an LP, amplifiers usually boost not a constant voltage or current but a fluctuating
signal of some kind. By fluctuating, we mean that it changes at a certain frequency (so
many times per second, measured as so many hertz, Hz). Audio signals (ones we can
hear), for example, change in the broad frequency range from about 20 Hz to 20,000 kHz
(the sound range young, keen human ears can detect); radio signals fluctuate thousands of
times faster (in the range from kilohertz to megahertz); and video signals (used in TV
broadcasting) cover a wide band of frequencies, equivalent to running from the very low

audio (a few hertz) right up to the very high radio (many megahertz). Because of the way
amplifiers are designed, they invariably work better at some frequencies than others. That
means that an amplifier designed to faithfully boost audio signals is unlikely to work as
effectively with radio or video signals-and vice-versa.

Photo: This electronic hearing aid from the 1950s1960s (shown here with its case open)
is essentially a pocket audio amplifier: the four black transistors on the left do the
amplifying. All we're interested in amplifying here are audible sound frequencies. Early
hearing aids amplified all frequencies by the same amount; modern aids can be tuned to
give more selective amplification of particular frequencies to match a person's precise
pattern of hearing loss.

Classes AD
No amplifier is perfect in every respect or perfectly suited for every application; there are
many different applications for amplifiers and many different types available. When you
choose an amplifier for a particular application, you're always compromising on
something-either gain (how much of a boost you get), linearity (how closely the output
signal resembles the input, often informally referred to as "fidelity," especially for audio
amplifiers), or efficiency (how much power you waste during the amplification process).
Apart from being classified by things like voltage, power, current, and frequency, or their
end-use, amplifiers are often also classified using letters of the alphabet (typically A to D),
which, broadly speaking, tell you whether a certain amplifier is optimized for linearity,
efficiency, or a compromise between them both.

Class A amplifiers generally provide the best output quality (the best linearity), but tend to
be large, hot, heavy, power-hungry, and inefficient. Class B offer poorer linearity but are
cheaper, run cooler, and are much more efficient. Class AB are a compromise solution,
aiming for the output quality of class A and the efficiency of class B. Class C amplifiers
have much higher efficiency but much poorer output quality. You'll also sometimes see
other amplifier classes (D, F, G, H, I, S, and T), though we'll not go into those any further
here.

Classed by Construction

Does it really matter how an amplifier is made if it boosts your signal? To many people,
the answer is a very resounding "yes." Hi-fi buffs often swear by old-style vacuum-tube
("valve") amplifiers, which they insist give a "warm," hi-fidelity sound, though inevitably
much comes down to personal preference. Vacuum tubes might be great if your objective
is to drive a pair of classy speakers with an expensive turntable, but they're no use
whatsoever if you're deaf and you want a small, discreet, but still highly accurate hearingaid. Back in the 1950s and 1960s, transistors revolutionized hearing-aid technology but
did little more than boost signals from a microphone (amplifying all the input equally, so
making background noise worse as well as the sounds you really wanted to hear); from the
1980s onward, digital hearing aids used much more complex integrated circuits to provide
more selective amplification of signals, without noise, tailored precisely to each person's
specific pattern of hearing loss. In other words, it matters very much how an amplifier's
constructed.
Photo: And, yes, if you want a guitar amp but you can't afford one, there's an app for it.
This one's Amp Kit, a "virtual amplifier" that runs on your iPhone. Simply plug in your
guitar, download your choice of amps, pedals, cabinets, and mikes, and off you go. Here
I'm simulating a Peavey Valve King on an iPod Touch, but this app offers lots of others to
choose from.

Other Special Amplifiers

Amplifiers aren't always designed to carry out simple, straightforward signal boosting.
Operational amplifiers ("op-amps"), for example, are common components in electronic

circuits that can be used for all kinds of things, from basic computing operations like
addition and subtraction to signal filtering and oscillation.

2.6

ANTENNA

An antenna (plural antennae or antennas), or aerial, is an electrical device which

converts electric power into radio waves, and vice versa.[1] It is usually used with a radio
transmitter or radio receiver. In transmission, a radio transmitter supplies an electric
current oscillating at radio frequency (i.e. a high frequency alternating current (AC)) to the
antenna's terminals, and the antenna radiates the energy from the current as
electromagnetic waves (radio waves). In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the
power of an electromagnetic wave in order to produce a tiny voltage at its terminals, that is
applied to a receiver to be amplified.

Antennas are essential components of all equipment that uses radio. They are used in
systems such as radio broadcasting, broadcast television, two-way radio, communications
receivers, radar, cell phones, and satellite communications, as well as other devices such
as garage door openers, wireless microphones, Bluetooth-enabled devices, wireless
computer networks, baby monitors, and RFID tags on merchandise.
Typically an antenna consists of an arrangement of metallic conductors (elements),
electrically connected (often through a transmission line) to the receiver or transmitter. An
oscillating current of electrons forced through the antenna by a transmitter will create an
oscillating magnetic field around the antenna elements, while the charge of the electrons
also creates an oscillating electric field along the elements. These time-varying fields
radiate away from the antenna into space as a moving transverse electromagnetic field

wave.

Conversely,

reception, the

oscillating

and magnetic

fields of an incoming

radio

wave

exert force on the

in

the antenna elements,

causing them

to move back and

forth, creating

oscillating

electrons

during
electric

currents

in the antenna.

Antennas can be designed to transmit and receive radio waves in all horizontal directions
equally (omnidirectional antennas), or preferentially in a particular direction (directional
or high gain antennas). In the latter case, an antenna may also include additional elements
or surfaces with no electrical connection to the transmitter or receiver, such as parasitic
elements, parabolic reflectors or horns, which serve to direct the radio waves into a beam
or other desired radiation pattern.

Radio/TV Mast

2.7

AUDIO MIXER CONSOLE

In audio, a mixing console is an electronic device for combining (also called "mixing"),
routing, and changing the volume level, timbre (tone color) and/or dynamics of many
different audio signals, such as microphones being used by singers, mics picking up
acoustic instruments such as drums or saxophones, signals from electric or electronic
instruments such as the electric bass or synthesizer, or recorded music playing on a CD
player.

2.8

VISUAL MIXER

A vision mixer (also called video switcher, video mixer or production switcher) is a
device used to select between several different video sources and in some cases
compositing (mix) video sources together to create special effects. This is similar to what a
mixing console does for audio.

Program Input Equipment (PIE) Rack

2.9

STEREO AUDIO MONITOR AMPLIFIER

The AMA-2 Audio amplifier unit is a compact unit requiring only 2U Rack space. The 19
Rack mount unit is designed primarily for use in audio program monitoring in VHF/UHF
FM Stereo Broadcasting and Studio interface applications. The AMA-2 provides quality,

compact and versatile solution for VHF FM Monitoring and distribution as a 2U 19 inch
rack-mount unit that forms part of a VHF FM audio monitoring system with Left and
Right (XLR) balanced inputs and internal loudspeakers. The unit can be operated via a/c
mains or optional +24V dc battery (normally for use with solar panels). The AMA-2 can
also be used as a 2U 19 inch rack-mount unit in a small studio application using internal or
external (optional) loudspeakers. The unit provides Led indicators for Left and Right audio
inputs, which illuminate when audio inputs are present, even when the output level
controls are fully anti-clockwise. Once the input level indicators are active, the Left and
Right level controls can be adjusted individually to a suitable listening level and the VU
meters will indicate the output level to allow level monitoring and balancing.

FEATURES:

19 Rack mounted unit (2U).

XLR (balanced) stereo inputs (Left and Right).

Internal Loudspeakers (8 ohm) for Left and Right audio.

Separate level adjustment for Left and Right program on Front panel

Audio input active indicators on Front panel.

Audio output VU meters for Level monitoring.

Optional external Loudspeaker terminals for 4 ohm or 8 ohm loudspeakers.

2.10

FM STEREO DEMODULATOR

The FMSD-1 is a high quality VHF FM Stereo demodulator with precision metering on
the front panel. The FMSD-1 is used for FM signal monitoring on-site or for testing the
audio and modulation quality of studio encoding systems, (Stereo encoders or transmitter
equipment). The unit can be used in conjunction with other test equipment such as the
Lindos test set or on its own. The Unit includes an Audio Test Meter section and a Peak
Modulation Test Section on the front panel. The features include selection of L/R and
Mono / Stereo measurement (displayed audio on the Front panel PPM meters). The audio
level can be tested by the selection of the various scales, if a low audio signal has been
demodulated. RF input is optional from the rear or from the front of the unit. The RF input
is designed for -20dBm signal level or more to obtain the correct input measurements. The
front end includes a Band pass Filter, Mixer and PLL to lock onto the strongest signal. A
low RF Input LED on the front panel indicates when the RF input level is below the
measurement threshold.
FEATURES:

Superior audio performance High quality audio O/P (L&R)

Built-in Stereo Decoder (<60dB separation)

Measurement with MPX input or FM RF signal

Headphone socket for audio monitoring

De-emphasis measurement selection

Modular design

Indication of audio Left and Right audio levels

2.11

STEREO AUDIO DISTRIBUTION CONTROLLER 3 WAY

The BTADC1 Audio Distribution Controller forms a means of buffering and distributing
stereo audio signals to other FM Broadcast transmitter equipment. The unit is housed in a
19-inch rack mount case occupying only a 1U space. The BTADC1 Audio Distribution
Controller offers a standard specification, well above the requirements of major
broadcasters in the world. This level of performance is only found in the very best
equipment the market has to offer. The BTADC1 Audio Distribution Controller provides
stereo audio distribution of 2 stereo audio (L & R) inputs (main and standby) to three
stereo audio outputs. Control logic is included to switch the input from the main stereo
audio input to the backup stereo input, which switches on silence sense detection on the
main input. The silence sense audio input level detection and the time duration for
switching function to occur can be set internal to meet the users requirement. The
BTADC1 includes telemetry for controlling the changeover remotely and also for remote
monitoring. This function is useful for remote reporting of input audio failure.
FEATURES

19? Rack mounted unit (1U).

XLR (balanced) stereo inputs and outputs (Left and Right).

Remote/Internal channel selection (standard).

Auto changeover from main to standby input on silence sense

Remote telemetry with voltage free contacts (standard).

Silence sense indicators on Front panel.

2.12

MPX DISTRIBUTION CONTROLLER - 3 WAY

The MPX SU-1 unit forms a means of buffering and distributing stereo multiplex signals
to other FM Broadcast transmitter equipment. The unit is housed in a 19-inch rack mount
case occupying only a 1U space. The MPX SU-1 unit offers a standard specification, well
above the requirements of broadcasters in the world. This level of performance is only
found in the very best equipment the market has to offer. The MPX SU-1 unit provides
stereo multiplex distribution of 2 inputs (main and standby) to three separate stereo
multiplex outputs. Control logic is included to switch the input from the main stereo
multiplex input to the back-up stereo multiplex input, which switches on silence sensing
on the main input. The MPX SU-1 includes telemetry for controlling the changeover
remotely and also for remote monitoring The silence sense audio input level detection and
the time duration for switching function to occur can be set internal to meet the users
requirement. The MPX SU-1 includes telemetry for controlling the changeover remotely
and also for remote monitoring. This function is useful for remote reporting of input audio
failure.
FEATURES

19 Rack mounted unit (1U).

BNC (Un-balanced) MPX inputs and outputs

Remote/Internal channel selection (standard).

Auto changeover from main to standby input on silence sense

Remote telemetry with voltage free contacts (standard).

Program Loss indicators on Front panel.

2.13

STEREO AUDIO DISTRIBUTION AMPLIFIER 3 WAY

The ADU-1 Audio Distribution Amplifier forms a means of buffering and distributing
stereo audio signals to other FM Broadcast transmitter equipment. The unit is housed in a
19-inch rack mount case occupying only a 1U space. The ADU-1 Audio Distribution
Amplifier offers a standard specification, well above the requirements of major
broadcasters in the world. This level of performance is only found in the very best
equipment the market has to offer. The ADU-1 Audio Distribution Amplifier provides
stereo audio distribution of one stereo audio (L & R) input to four stereo audio outputs.
The level of the Stereo Audio inputs is adjustable form the front panel of the unit The
ADU-1 includes silence sense audio input level detection which is displayed on the front
panel and can assist in detecting loss of audio signal input to the system.
FEATURES

19? Rack mounted unit (1U).

Standard Version (XLR) L & R (Balanced) Input.

Front panel Audio Level adjustment.

Silence sense indicators on Front panel.

4 x Stereo Audio Outputs

CHAPTER THREE
3.1

NEW SKILLS ACQUIRED

1.

I was acquainted with the general operation of the TV and radio transmission
system

2.

I obtained practical knowledge of how to handle the studio in times of difficult

situations like power failure, switching of power supply and troubleshooting of
faulty equipments.

3.

My working and social skills was improved as I had the opportunity to work with
experienced personnels and other IT individuals from various universities

4.

I acquired better and practical understanding of my course (electrical/electronic

engineering)

5.

I also got a taste of what engineering really is in the industrial sector

3.2

CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED:
1) Theres was lack of proper equipment and tools to use
2) Theres is usually lack of motivation to perform their duties from the workers
during technical difficulties due to poor management and late payment of salaries
3) Poor maintenance of equipment was a serious issue due to the fact that it is a
government establishment workers show less or no concern
4) The IT students was no given any financial compensation for their work in spite of
the fact that we do most of the tedious jobs
5) There were no modern equipment in the establishment, most of the equipments
and method of transmission was out dated

CHAPTER FOUR
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
The industrial training period was really enlightening as it drove my imaginations into
reality and also exposed me to a whole new way of academic learning. It was a time of
acqual application of both academics and moral conduct which was a real impact to me.
And as a result I think everyone as a matter of personal academic development should not
exempt him or herself from this experience as it does not only gives you the practical
application of all the theories learned in class but also teaches us on how the future is
going to be like. I strongly advice and recommend everyone that has this as part of his or
her academic curriculum to seriously partake in it not just for the record but for lasting
impact and development in all aspects of your life.

REFERENCES
Rivers State University of Science and Technology (2016) SIWES Handbooks,
Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) Unit, Port Harcourt.
http://www.bselec.com/products/audio-program-input-equipment.html
http://www.explainthatstuff.com/amplifiers.html

APPENDIX