AUTOMATION IN PADDY IRRIGATION SYSTEM

USING PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by

A.AIJAZ MOOR
S.BHARTHIRAJA
M.S.HEMANTH KUMAR
R.MADHANAGOPAL
in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING

VELAMMAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE, CHENNAI 600 066

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

APRIL 2016

ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project reportAUTOMATION IN PADDY IRRIGATION
USING PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER" is the bonafide
work

of

A.AIJAZ

MOOR

(113212107004),

S.BHARATHIRAJA

(113212107010 ) , M.S.HEMANTH KUMAR ( 113212107025 )

and

R.MADHANAGOPAL (113212107046) who carried out the project work

under my supervision. Certified further, that to the best of my knowledge the
work reported herein does not form any part of any other project or dissertation
on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion on
this or any other candidate.

Dr.N.BHARATHI

Mr.C.V.DAYAKAR

HEAD OF THE
DEPARTMENT

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

Department of Electronics
and Instrumentation
Velammal Engineering
College

Department of Electronics
and Instrumentation.
Velammal Engineering
College

CERTIFICATE OF EVALUATION

COLLEGE NAME

: VELAMMAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE

BRANCH & SEMESTER : Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering

VIII Semester
PROJECT MEMBERS

TITLE OF THE
PROJECT

PROJECT GUIDE

1. AIJAZ MOOR.A
(113212107004)
2. BHARTHIRAJA.S
(113212107010)
3. HEMANTH KUMAR.M.S
(113212107025)
4. MADHANAGOPAL.R

AUTOMATION IN
PADDY
IRRIGATION
USING
PROGRAMMABLE
LOGIC
CONTROLLER

Mr.C.V.DAYAKAR
ASSISTANT
PROFESSOR

(113212107046)

The report of the project work submitted by the above students in the partial
fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering Degree in
ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING of
Anna University, Chennai was evaluated and confirmed to be the report of
the work done by the above students and then evaluated.
Submitted on

(INTERNAL EXAMINER)

(EXTERNAL EXAMINER)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to express our gratitude to our beloved and respected
Chairman, Dr.M.V.Muthuramalingam for his kind encouragement and
blessing. We would like to express thanks to our Chief Executive Officer,
Thiru. M.V.M.Velmurugan for his guidance and support.
Our deepest gratitude to our Principal, Dr.N.Duraipandian who has been
the inspiring force for our entire endeavors during our Engineering course.
We wish to express our sincere thanks and gratitude to the Head of the
Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering Dr.N.Bharathi
who has been a guiding force and constant source of inspiration to us.
Our sincere gratitude and thanks to our beloved Internal Guide,
Mr.C.V.Dayakar ,Assistant professsor for having extended her fullest
co-operation and guidance in solving various intricacies involved in the project.
Our sincere thanks to our Project Coordinators, Mrs.Z.Brijet and
Mr.K.V.Kandasamy for their constant inspiration and perpetual support. We
also thank all the faculties of Department of Electronics and Instrumentation,
Velammal engineering college, for their valuable suggestions.
We also take this opportunity to thank all teaching and Non-teaching
Staff members of our department, parents and friends for their timely help and
support in the successful completion of our project.

ABSTRACT
Agriculture is the backbone of Indian Economy. Because without
agriculture living is impossible since agriculture produces the main source of
food for us. But in todays situation the availability of labour for carrying out
agricultural activities is rare. The automation in all kind of industries leads to
industrial growth. Here agricultural process is automated. In this proposed
system all the machines to work on its own with the help of inputs received from
the sensors which are monitoring the agricultural land round the clock and a
single person is enough to monitor whether everything going normal. The entire
process is controlled and monitored by programmable logic controller.
Agricultural process involves seeding, irrigation, fertilizing and harvesting. Here
two processes can be implemented. The main objective is even a professionals
can work in the agricultural field. In general the manual cultivation for one acre
of land requires money of around Rs. 15,000-17,000 but due to this technique
we reduce the cost and is nearly Rs. 9,000-10,000 only and also the yield is high
when compared to normal one. The Programmable Controller (PC) is also
called as Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). It is a computer technique and
this technique is used to control relay. It is used in agricultural field mainly for
controlling the mechanical level. PLC is low cost, light weight and highly
flexible. For programming ladder diagram is used. In this study two modules has
been proposed (1) irrigation and (2) fertilization. The current status is passed to
the farmer in regular intervals using GSM. The automatic irrigation is made
possible by using water level sensors and IR sensors. Depending on the need of
the water in the soil and the height of the paddy the water is made to be
supplied. The data will be processed by the controller. Depending on this data
the motor is operated and required amount of water is supplied. Irrigation system
plays an important role in the conservation of groundwater resources.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER

TITLE

NO

PAGE

LIST OF TABLES

NO
ix

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF ABBREVATIONS

xi

INTRODUCTION

1.1 OVERVIEW

1.2 EXISTING SYSTEM

1.2.1Disadvantages of existing system

1.3 PROPOSED SYSTEM

LITERATURE REVIEW

CONTROL UNIT

12

3.1 INTRODUCTION

12

3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

12

3.3 CONTROLLER

13

3.3.1 Power supply

13

3.3.2 Wiring

14

3.3.3 I/O configuration

15

3.3.4 Specification

15

3.4 FUNCTION OF CONTROL UNIT

16

3.5 SOFTWARE USED

17

3.6 COMMUNICATION USED

18

3.6.1 RS485 to RS232 Converter

4

18

SENSORS

19

4.1 WATER LEVEL SENSOR

19

4.1.1 ULN 2803

20

4.1.1.1 Pin Details

6

20

4.2 RELAY

21

4.2.1 Types Of Relay

22

4.3 IR SENSOR

23

PUMPS

25

5.0 WATER PUMP

25

5.1 FERTILIZER PUMP

25

5.2 PESTICIDE PUMP

25

GSM

26

6.1 INTRODUCTION

26

6.2 SIM800 OVERVIEW

26

6.3 PACKAGE INFORMATION

27

6.4 TDD

28

6.5 BLUETOOTH

28

6.5.1 PIN Assignment

6.6 PRINCIPLE OF PCB LAYOUT

29

6.6.1 Antenna

29

6.6.2 Power Supply

30

6.6.3 SIM Card Interface

30

6.6.4 Audio Interface

30

6.6.5 Others

31

6.7 AT COMMANDS
6.7.1 Basic at commands

storage

29

31
32

6.7.1.1 To check the modem

32

6.7.1.2 To change SMS sending mode

32

6.7.1.3 To send new SMS

32

6.7.1.4 Preferred SMS message

32

6.7.1.5 To make a voice call

32

call

6.7.1.6 To redial last no

32

6.7.1.7 To receive incoming call

32

6.7.1.8 To hang up or disconnect a

32

6.7.1.9 To set a particular baud rate

32

6.7.1.10 Operator Selection

33

6.7.1.11 Incoming Call Indication

33

6.7.1.12 Read operator names

33

6.7.1.13 GPRS commands

34

DESIGN

35

7.1 LAYOUT DESIGN

35

7.2 HARDWARE CONTROL UNIT

36

7.2.1 Relay circuit

36

7.2.2 ULN circuit

37

7.2.3 IR sensor circuit

37

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

38

CONCLUSION

39

REFERENCE

40

APPENDIX

42

LIST OF FIGURES

CHAPTER

TITLE

PAGE NO

NO
3.1

Block diagram

12

3.2

Delta DVP 28SV PLC

13

3.3

System block diagram

16

3.4

Flow chart

17

3.5

WPL Soft Delta software

18

3.6

RS485 to RS232 Converter

18

4.1

Water level indicator

19

4.2

ULN 2803

20

4.3

IR sensor

24

5.1

Pump

25

6.1

Pin Out Diagram

27

6.2

GSM Modem

31

7.1

Layout Design

35

7.2

Hardware Control Unit

36

7.3

Relay circuit

36

7.4

ULN Circuit

37

7.5

IR Sensor circuit

37

8.1

GSM Output message

38

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO

TITLE

PAGE NO

3.1

Controller I/O Configuration

15

3.2

Controller Specification

15

4.1

ULN Pin Configuration

20

10

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
1. PLC- Programmable Logic Controller
2. GSM-Global System for Mobile Communications
3. IR Sensor- Infra Red sensor
4. SMS- Short Message Service
5. LED- Light Emitting Diode
6. I/O- Input / Output
7. SMPS- Switched Mode Power Supply
8. GND- Ground
9. RF- Radio Frequency
10.VBAT- Battery Voltage
11.TCP/IP- Transfer Control Protocol
12.SIM- Subscriber Identity Module
13.DCS- Distributed Control System
14.ACL link- Asynchronous Connection Less link
15.AT- Attention
16.GPRS- General Packet Radio Service
17.UART- Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter
18.PCM- Pulse Code Modulation
19.TDD-Time Division Distortion

11

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 OVERVIEW
This paper proposes a new model for automatic paddy irrigation
system using PLC and this new model has not been in existence before.
This project can be used only in paddy irrigation system.
There is a lack of man power in agriculture, also our country depends
mainly in agriculture. In this paper, we described the attempt to build an
automatic irrigation system for paddy cultivation.
The purpose of our project is to make a simple andconvenient paddy
cultivation by automating its irrigation system.
1.2 EXISTING SYSTEM
In existing system, Paddy rice is usually grown in level basins
which are flooded with water throughout most of the growing season.
The main reason for flooding the rice fields is that most rice varieties
maintain better growth and produce higher yields when grown in flooded
soils, than when grown in dry soils. The water layer also helps to
suppress the weeds.
1.2.1 DISADVANTAGES OF EXISTING SYSTEM :
Always depend on human
Continuous monitoring

12

1.3 PROPOSED SYSTEM

In our project, we implement automatic irrigation system for
paddy cultivation. Our implemented system is able to supply water,
fertilizer and pesticide to the agricultural field automatically as per the
need of the crop mainly based on its height. The current status of
theprocess is given to the farmer in regular intervals in terms of message
using GSM modem.
At the industry level the person can control the industry process by
seating there continuously in the control room. At the agriculture field
farmers are still visiting their field everyday and go to their field to spray
the fertilizer, spray the pesticides, watering the plant etc. This project
will help to automate the process such that they can monitor and control
the process through the SMS via GSM module from anywhere and at
any time.

13

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
MICROCONTROLLER BASED AUTOMATED IRRIGATION
SYSTEM , Shiraz Pasha B.R. , Dr. B Yogesha , Dept. of Mechanical
Engineering, MCE, Hassan. 2, Professor, Dept. of Mechanical
Engineering, MCE, Hassan.
Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the land or soil. It
is used to assist in the growing of agricultural crops, maintenance of
landscapes, and revegetation of disturbed soils in dry areas and during
periods of inadequate rainfall. Irrigation system uses valves to turn
irrigation ON and OFF. These valves may be easily automated by using
controllers and solenoids. In this project an attempt has been made to
automate farm or nursery irrigation that allows farmers to apply the right
amount of water at the right time, regardless of the availability of labour
to turn valves on and off. In addition, farmers using automation
equipment are able to reduce runoff from over watering saturated soils,
avoid irrigating at the wrong time of day, which will improve crop
performance by ensuring adequate water and nutrients when needed. The
Microcontroller based automated irrigation system consists of moisture
sensors, analog to digital converter, microcontroller, relay driver,
solenoid valve, solar panel and a battery. This system can be used in the
areas where electrical power is difficult to obtain. This system is eco
friendly and it uses a renewable source of energy.
MONITORING
AUTOMATION

AND

CONTROLLING

SYSTEM

USING

VaraManthanKantilal, Anurag P Lakhlani

OF

PLC

GSM

BASED
MODULE

Student, Assistant

Professor, Electronics & Communication Department, Marwadi

14

Education Foundations Faculty of P.G. Studies & Research in

Engineering & Technology
Main aim behind this project is to monitor and control a PLC
based automated system wirelessly for industry as well as agriculture
process. This can be achieved using GSM module. No person is required
to do the process manually. Status of the field is sent to user by PLC via
GSM module based on the input status of the sensors that are placed at
the field. Person need only to send the reply about the process that is to
be carried out and PLC will check the status of the SMS sent by person
and take the action according to it. To implement this project I am going
to use GSM SIM300 module, DVP 12SA PLC, Switches as a sensors,
Motors as an output and RS485 to RS232 converter.
A STUDY ON DEVELOPING A SMART ENVIRONMENT IN
AGRICULTURAL IRRIGATION TECHNIQUE, Angel C and
Asha S, School of Computing Science and Engineering, VIT
University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
Maintaining a good irrigation system is a necessity in todays
water scarcity environment. This paper describes a new approach for
automated Smart Irrigation (SIR) system in agricultural management.
Using various types of sensors in the crop field area, temperature and
moisture value of the soil is monitored. Based on the sensed data, SIR
will automatically decide about the necessary action for irrigation and
also notifies the user. The system will also focus on the reduction of
energy consumption by the sensors during communication.
REVIEW PAPER BASED ON AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION
SYSTEM BASED ON RF MODULE, Ms.DeweshvreeRane PG
Scholar - VLSI, Sevagram, Wardha, Prof. P. R. Indurkar Professor,
15

BDCE, Sevagram, Sevagram, Wardha, Prof. D. M. Khatri Assistant

Professor, BDCE, Sevagram, Sevagram, Wardha, India
In India, agriculture plays an important role for development in
food production. In our country, agriculture are depends on the
monsoons which is not sufficient source of water. So the irrigation is
used in agriculture field. In Irrigation system, depending upon the soil
type, water is provided to plant. In this paper, automatic irrigation
system based on ARMs and RF module. All the system will be setup
using ARM and RF module. The most important factor of this system is
RF module which is used to send and receiving the message to the
controller. This system used three nodes which communicate each other
and irrigate paddy field automatically. The aim of our project is to
modernizing agriculture technology by programming components and
built the necessary component for the system. The system is real time
based and extracts the exact condition of paddy field. There is one
central node used which to control other node. The main function of RF
module is to pass the message to the node and operate the system.
MICROCONTROLLER
IRRIGATION

SYSTEM

BASED
,

AUTOMATION

OF

DRIP

S.MahendraM.LakshmanaBharathy

(B.E. FINAL YEAR),Electronics and Communication Engineering

Department,

GKM

College

of

Engineering

&

Technology,

G.K.M.Nagar, New Perungalathur (Near Tambaram), Chennai600063, TamilNadu , India.

The green house based modern agriculture industries are the
recent requirement in every part of agriculture in India. In this
technology, the humidity and temperature of plants are precisely
controlled. Due to the variable atmospheric circumstances these

16

conditions sometimes may vary from place to place in large farmhouse,

which makes very difficult to maintain the uniformity at all the places in
the farmhouse manually. Therefore there is an intense need to develop
such Microcontroller based embedded system, which could maintain the
physical parameters uniform and also could keep the records for
analytical studies. We present in this paper, to the best of our knowledge
for the first time an auto-control network for agriculture industry, which
could give the facilities of maintaining uniform environmental
conditions. The second part of the paper will explain the concepts of
irrigation systems. The third part will explain the design.
AUTOMATION OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM USING ANN BASED
CONTROLLER

S.MuhammadUmairR.Usman Research Centre

for Modeling& Simulation, National University of Science and

Technology, Pakistan
Irrigation systems are as old as man itself since agriculture is the
foremost occupation of civilized humanity. To irrigate large areas of
plants is an onerous job. In order to overcome this problem many
irrigation scheduling techniques have been developed which are mainly
based on monitoring the soil, crop and weather conditions. Irrigation
scheduling engrosses when to irrigate and how much water to be
applied. Currently most of the irrigation scheduling systems and their
corresponding automated hardware are fixed rate. Variable rate irrigation
is very essential not only for the improvement of irrigation system but
also to reduce the irrigation cost and to increase crop yield. The heart of
automatic irrigation system (fixed rate or variable rate) is its control unit:
as it controls irrigation time and water flow. Intelligent control based
irrigation is necessitated to maximize the efficiency and production.
Existing technologies varies from water balance or check book method
17

to sophisticated sensor-based systems [1].Most of the irrigation systems

use ON/OFF controllers. These controllers cannot give optimal results
for varying time delays and varying system parameters. This paper
presents Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based intelligent control
system for effective irrigation scheduling. The proposed Artificial
Neural Network (ANN) based controller is prototyped using MATLAB.
The input parameters like air temperature, soil moisture, radiations and
humidity are modeled. Then using appropriate method, ecological
conditions, evapotranspiration

and type of crop, the amount of water

needed for irrigation is estimated and then associated results are

simulated.
INTELLIGENT

CONTROL

BASED

FUZZY

LOGIC

FOR

AUTOMATION OF GREENHOUSE IRRIGATION SYSTEM

AND EVALUATION IN RELATION TO CONVENTIONAL
SYSTEMS, P. JavadiKia, A. Tabatabaee Far, M. Omid, R.
Alimardani

and

L.

Naderloo,

Department

of

Agricultural

Machinery Engineering, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran

The idea of irrigation is not new, irrigation stems as far back as
the Egyptians and probably further in unrecorded history. Even the idea
of automated irrigation is not new, mankind has figured out how to
irrigate large areas of foliage through the use of automated and drop
irrigation systems. Efficient, automated irrigation systems, which can
irrigate plants to a desired level and supply those plants with just the
amount of water required for normal an uptake plant growth, are
currently not available. These systems, if developed, could reduce waste
of irrigated water. The irrigation controller is the "brain" of an entire
irrigation system. It supervises the flow of water and fertilizer to the
plants, therefore, enables the farmer, or the gardener, to obtain optimized
18

results: A successful crop or a beautiful garden, by using an optimum

amount of water and fertilizer. Nowadays computerized control is very
essential for the greenhouse irrigation control. Many conventional
methods for controlling greenhouse irrigation are not effective since they
are either based on on-off control methods or proportional control
methods. This results in a loss of energy and productivity. The paper
presents a solution for an irrigation controller based on the fuzzy-logic
methodology. First, it describes the general problem of irrigation. Then,
it discusses the physical control model. The developed Fuzzy Logic
Controller (FLC) prototype is based on a Mamdani controller and it is
built on MATLAB software. Following the discussion and the formal
presentation of the fuzzy controller, the paper provide examples that will
show the simplicity in designing and constructing such a system and
other advantages of using fuzzy logic in the feedback control problem.
The developed fuzzy logic controller can effectively estimate amount of
water uptake of plants in distinct depth using the reliable irrigation
model, evapotranspiration functions, environmental conditions of
greenhouse, soil type, type of plant and another factors affecting the
irrigation of greenhouse.
TECHNOLOGIES

FOR

AUTOMATION

IN

SURFACE

IRRIGATION Khaled Bali, Thomas Gill and Dale Lentz

Surface irrigation systems (mainly furrow and border irrigation)
are the primary method of irrigation for field crops in California. The
majority of water losses through these systems are either by surface
runoff or through leaching or a combination of both. Various irrigation
cutoff methods are used by irrigators to reduce surface runoff; however,
the cutoff time can vary from 60 to 90% of the field length depending on
irrigation flow rate, crop roughness, and field characteristics.
19

Determining the time of irrigation to reduce surface runoff and increase

irrigation efficiency could be achieved by automating surface irrigation
systems. Surface irrigation automation involves the use of wetting front
advance sensors, flumes, and electronic timing control gates to
determine the irrigation cutoff time. Automation of surface irrigation
systems increases irrigation efficiency and reduces the cost of labor and
water. In addition to water conservation, reduced surface runoff and deep
percolation

reduce

erosion,

off-site

movement

of

pesticides/phosphorous, and nitrate leaching.

AUTOMATED

IRRIGATION

SYSTEM

BY

USING

ARM

PROCESSORGayatriLondhe, Prof. S.G. Galande, Department of

Electronics

&

Telecommunication,

University

of

Pune,

Ahmednagar, India
The continuously increasing population in India demands for the
rapid improvement in food production technology. Indian, economy is
mainly based on agriculture. Water is the main resource for agriculture.
Hence efficient water management of fresh water resources has a crucial
importance. To save the water and to increase the yield of crop proper
method of irrigation must be used. It is well known that irrigation by
drip is very economical and efficient. The conventional drip irrigation
system is fully controlled and monitored by the farmer. This paper
presents a fully automated drip irrigation system which is controlled and
monitored by using ARM9 processor. Sensors are used to monitor the
moisture content of the soil and depending on that the valves of the
system are turned ON or OFF automatically for different interval of
time. pH of the soil is also important factor to be considered as it affects
the nutrient availability in the soil. Sensor to detect the pH of the soil is
used and depending on the value of the pH, suggestions are given to the
20

farmer to maintain the proper pH. Nitrogen is one of the important

macronutrient in the soil. It is a vital nutrient compound for plant
growth. Sensor to detect the soil nitrogen content is used and depending
upon the available nitrogen content suggestions are given to the farmer
to maintain nitrogen level as per requirement.
Keywords ARM9, Automation, LCD, Si4432 ISM Transceiver

AUTOMATION IN IRRIGATION SYSTEM USING A WIRELESS

SENSOR NETWORKAND GSM MODULE A. Nivedita, Dept. Of
ECE, Nandha Engineering College, Anna University Chennai,
Erode, India. A. Renita Mary Florence, Dept. Of ECE, Nandha
Engineering College, Anna University - Chennai ,Erode, India. T. S.
Logasundari, Dept. Of ECE, Nandha Engineering College, Anna
University - Chennai ,Erode, India. M. Keerthana, Dept. Of ECE,
Nandha Engineering College, Anna University - Chennai ,Erode,
India.
The population of India has reached beyond 1.2 billion. If the
population goes on increasing with the present rate then after 25-30
years there will be a serious problem of food, so in order to meet the
demand of food one has to give more emphasis on the development of
agriculture. Today, man has occupied all the suitable land but the land
located far away from the human settlement is not developed properly
and not utilized fully because it requires more manpower, time and
expenditure. But now a day it is possible to pay more attention with the
help of modern available controlled devices. With the evolvement of
WSNs for detecting the temperature and humidity, this paper aims an
irrigation control system to optimize the water use for agricultural use
21

using PIC microcontroller. Irrigation control system that consists of a

distributed wireless network of soil moisture and temperature sensors
deployed in plant root zones. Each sensor node involved a humidity
sensor probe, a temperature sensor, a microcontroller for data
acquisition, and a radio transceiver; the sensor measurements are
transmitted to a microcontroller-based receiver. This gateway permits
the automated activation of irrigation when the threshold values
humidity and temperature are reached. Communication between the
sensor nodes and the data receiver is via the Zigbee protocol. The data
from the receiver node is transmitted to the mobile phone through the
GSM module.

22

CHAPTER 3
CONTROL UNIT
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Every system need a control unit for proper operation. In our
project we use a PLC control unit to control the entire process along with
a wireless GSM modem. The PLC interfaced with the GSM modem is
clearly illustrated in the following block diagram.
3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig.3.1 Block diagram

23

3.3 CONTROLLER
PLC has become a part our lives same as controller and also as
field of electronics and communication. From the last few years PLC is
used in many of the automation system due to its reliability and
durability. In this project we use Delta DVP PLC which is more
convenient to interface with the GSM modem.

Fig.3.2 Delta DVP 28SV PLC

3.3.1 POWER SUPPLY
Power Supply The power input of DVP-SV/SV2 is DC. When
operating DVP-SV/SV2, note the following points: 1. The power is
connected to two terminals, 24VDC and 0V, and the range of power is
20.4 ~ 28.8VDC. If the power voltage is less than 20.4VDC, the PLC
24

will stop running, all outputs go Off, and the ERROR LED indicator
will start to blink continuously. 2. The power shutdown for less than
10ms will not affect the operation of the PLC. However, the shutdown
time that is too long or the drop of power voltage will stop the operation
of the PLC, and all outputs will go off. When the power returns to
normal status, the PLC will automatically resume the operation. (Please
take care of the latched auxiliary relays and registers inside the PLC
when doing the programming).
3.3.2 WIRING
1. Use 22-16AWG (1.5mm) single or multiple core wire on I/O
wiring terminals. See the figure in the right hand side for its
specification. PLC terminal screws should be tightened to 1.90 kg-cm
(1.65 in-lbs) and please use only 60/75C copper conductor.
2. DO NOT wire empty terminal. DO NOT place the I/O signal
cable in the same wiring circuit. 3. DO NOT drop tiny metallic
conductor into the PLC while screwing and wiring. Tear off the sticker
on the heat dissipation hole for preventing alien substances from
dropping in, to ensure normal heat dissipation of the PLC

25

3.3.3 I/O CONFIGURATION

TABLE: 3.1 I/O Configuration

3.3.4 SPECIFICATION
TABLE:3.2 Specification

26

3.4 FUNCTION OF CONTROL UNIT

Architecture contains the PLC as a central unit and sensors at the
field side connected to PLC and output device is also at the field side to
perform the action and GSM module connected to PLC for wireless
communication with user. Block diagram of the system is shown in the
figure 3.3.

Fig.3.3 System block diagram

As shown in fig 3.3.sensor is connected as input to the PLC and actuator
as output from the PLC to field. GSM module is connected to PLC as a
bi-directional because GSM module will transmit and receive the SMS
to and from the user.
For some network applications, Ethernet connection by cable is sometimes
not feasible due to installation environment restrictions. The Delta PLC
offers an RS command that when the PLC is connected to a GSM
MODEM, it will instantly send an alert message to the user when a fault
occurs. By
using an RS command, the user can monitor the status of the PLC
regardless of whether the Ethernet connection is feasible or not and any
malfunctions can be immediately corrected.

27

Fig 3.4 Flow chart

3.5 SOFTWARE USED

The software we use in this project is WPL Soft. WPL Soft is a
software for PLC (Programmable logic controller). When PLC is in
operation, use WPL Soft to monitor the set value or temporarily saved
value in timer (T), counter (C), and register (D) and force On/Off of
output contacts. PLC is a control system using electronic operations.

Fig.3.5 WPL Soft Delta software

28

3.6 COMMUNICATION USED

Components that are needed to interface the GSM with PLC are
RS485 to RS232 converter, RS232 cable, SMPS for PLC power supply,
GSM module and PLC.
3.6.1 RS485 TO RS232 CONVERTER
It is a converter that converts the RS232 communication port to
RS485 communication port. It needs the separate power supply to
convert the data. At RS485 side one connection is for power supply, two
connections are for ground, and remaining two are for RS485A and
RS485B

.
Fig.3.6 RS485 to RS232 Converter

29

CHAPTER 4
SENSORS
4.1 WATER LEVEL SENSOR
A water level indicator is a system by which we can get the
information of any water reservoir. Water level indicator systems are
quite useful to reduce the wastage of water from any reservoir, while
filling such reservoir. In this project we designed the sensor to measure
water up to four levels.

Fig 4.1 Water level indicator

30

4.1.1 ULN 2803

Fig.4.2 ULN 2803

The ULN2803A is a high-voltage, high-current Darlington
transistor array. The device consists of eight npn Darlington pairs that
feature high-voltage outputs with common-cathode clamp diodes for
switching inductive loads. The collector-current rating of each
Darlington pair is 500 mA. The Darlington pairs may be connected in
parallel for higher current capability.
4.1.1.1PIN DETAILS:
Table: 4.1 Pin details
Pin

Function

Name

Input for 1st channel

Input 1

Input for 2nd channel

Input 2

Input for 3rd channel

Input 3

Input for 4th channel

Input 4

No

31

Input for 5th channel

Input 5

Input for 6th channel

Input 6

Input for 7th channel

Input 7

Input for 8th channel

Input 8

Ground (0V)

Ground

10

Common freewheeling diodes

Common

11

Output for 8th channel

Output 8

12

Output for 7th channel

Output 7

13

Output for 6th channel

Output 6

14

Output for 5th channel

Output 5

15

Output for 4th channel

Output 4

16

Output for 3rd channel

Output 3

17

Output for 2nd channel

Output 2

18

Output for 1st channel

Output 1

4.2 RELAY
Most of the high end industrial application devices have relays for their
effective working. Relays are simple switches which are operated both
electrically and mechanically. Relays consist of an electromagnet and
also a set of contacts. The switching mechanism is carried out with the
help of the electromagnet. There are also other operating principles for

32

its working. But they differ according to their applications. Most of the
devices have the application of relays.
A relay is an electrical switch. Relays use an electromagnet to
mechanically operate a switch.
Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a
low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and
controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one
signal.
Relays were used in electrical circuits as amplifiers: they
repeated the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitted it on
another circuit.
Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early
computers to perform logical operations.
4.2.1 TYPES OF RELAY:
Solid-state relay.
Latching relay.
Reed relay.
Mercury-wetted relay.
Polarized relay.
Machine tool relay.
Time delay relay.
Vacuum relay.
Safety relay.
Multi voltage relay.
Coaxial relay.
33

 Overload protection relay.

The main operation of a relay comes in places where only a low-power
signal can be used to control a circuit. It is also used in places where
only one signal can be used to control a lot of circuits. The application of
relays started during the invention of telephones. They played an
important role in switching calls in telephone exchanges. They were also
used in long distance telegraphy. They were used to switch the signal
coming from one source to another destination. After the invention of
computers they were also used to perform Boolean and other logical
operations. The high end applications of relays require high power to be
driven by electric motors and so on. Such relays are called contactors.
4.3 IR SENSOR
A differential modulated IR height sensor. The sensor detects the
target height by looking for the reflected light from two separate LEDs
to be equal. The two LEDs are positioned such that they reflect light into
the sensor at slightly different heights. This allows the sensor to be used
most any bed surfaces.
A high degree of immunity from sunlight, incandescent artificial light,
and other background sources of IR.
Unlike capacitive and inductive sensors, the sensor measures the height
to the top surface of a glass bed, not the distance to a backing plate.
A red LED indicates when the head is at or below target height.
It will gives output as 3.5 to 5V .that is given to the relay circuit , but its
not enough to trigger the relay .so, it is given to the ULN IC to induce
the internal current.

34

Fig.4.3 IR sensor

35

CHAPTER 5
PUMPS
5.1 WATER PUMP
The water pump is the main source of water supply from the well
or water tank to the agricultural field for the irrigation purpose. The
power supply to the water pump is controlled using the PLC. Centrifugal
pump is the most commonly used pump.
5.2 FERTILIZER PUMP
Similar to water pump the fertilizer pump supply the required
amount of fertilizer to the field as per the PLC command.
5.3 PESTISIDE PUMP
The pesticide pump is similar to that of the above mentioned two
pumps.

Fig 5.1 pump

36

CHAPTER 6
GSM
6.1. INTRODUCTION
This document describes SIM800 hardware interface in great
detail. This document can help user to quickly understand SIM800
interface specifications, electrical and mechanical details. With the help
of this document and other SIM800 application notes, user guide, users
can use SIM800 to design various applications quickly.

6.2. SIM800 OVERVIEW

Designed for global market, SIM800 is a quad-band GSM/GPRS
module that works on frequencies GSM 850MHz, EGSM 900MHz, DCS
1800MHz and PCS 1900MHz. SIM800 features GPRS multi-slot class
12/ class 10 (optional) and supports the GPRS coding schemes CS-1,
CS-2, CS-3 and CS-4. With a tiny configuration of 24*24*3mm,
SIM800 can meet almost all the space requirements in users
applications, such as M2M, smart phone, PDA and other mobile devices.

SIM800 has 68 SMT pads, and provides all hardware interfaces between
the module and customers boards.
Support up to 5*5*2 Keypads.
One full function UART port, and can be configured to two independent
serial ports.
One USB port can be used as debugging and firmware upgrading.
Audio channels which include a microphone input and a receiver output.
Programmable general purpose input and output.
One SIM card interface.
37

 Support Bluetooth function.

Support one PWM.

PCM/SPI/SD card interface, only one function can be accessed

synchronously. (Default is PCM)

SIM800 is designed with power saving technique so that the current

consumption is as low as 1.2mA in sleep mode. SIM800 integrates
TCP/IP protocol and extended TCP/IP AT commands which are very
useful for data transfer applications.
6.3. PACKAGE INFORMATION

Fig 6.1 Pin out diagram

38

6.4. TDD
GSM signal could interfere audio by coupling or conducting.
Coupling noise could be filtered by adding 33 pFand 10pF capacitor
over

audio

lines.33pF

capacitor

could

eliminate

noise

from

GSM900MHz, while 10pFcapacitor could eliminate noise from

DCS1800MHz frequency. Coupling noise has great relatives with
PCBlayout. Under some scenarios, TDD noise from GSM 900MHz
frequency

affects

heavily,

but

some

differentstory

is

from

GSM1800MHz fervency, so customer should develop this filter solution

according to field testresult.
GSM antenna is the key coupling interfering source of TDD noise. Pay
attention to the layout of audio lineswhich should be far away from RF
cable & antenna and VBAT pin. The bypass capacitor for filtering
should beplaced near module and another group placed near to
connector.

6.5 BLUETOOTH
SIM800 supports Bluetooth function, customer only needs to
design the Bluetooth antenna, and then customer canoperate Bluetooth
conveniently by AT commands.
Fully compliant with Bluetooth specification3.0
Support operation with GPS and GSM/GPRS worldwide radio systems
Fully integrated PA provides 10dbm output power
Up to 4 simultaneous active ACL links
Support sniff mode
Supports PCM interface and built-in programmable transcoders for liner
voice with transmission

39

6.5.1 PIN ASSIGNMENT

Before the placement of the PCB design, customer should learn
well about PIN assignment in order to getreasonable layout with so
many external components.

6.6 PRINCIPLE OF PCB LAYOUT

During layout, we should pay attention to the following interfaces,
like Antenna, power supply, SIM cardinterface, audio interface, and so
on.

6.6.1 ANTENNA
There are some suggestions for components placing and routing
of GSM and Bluetooth RF traces:
The RF connector is used for conducted test, so keep it as close to the
GSM_ANT pin as possible;
Antenna matching circuit should be closed to the antenna;
Keep the RF traces as 50
The RF traces should be kept far away from the high speed signals and
strong disturbing source.
If using a RF cable, kept it far away from SIM card, power ICs;
It is recommended that GSM antenna and Bluetooth antenna be placed
as far as better.
6.6.2 POWER SUPPLY
Not only VBAT but also power ground is very important in
layout. The positive line of VBAT should be asshorter and wider as
possible. The correct flow from source to VBAT pin should go though

40

Zenerdiode thenhuge capacitor. PIN 62, 63, 64, 65 are GND signals, and
should be designed shortest layout to GND of powersource.

6.6.3 SIM CARD INTERFACE

SIM card holder will take much more space on board, and there
has no anti-EMI component inside, so, SIM card interface always be
interfered. So, pay attention to this interface during layout. Ensure SIM
card holder far wayfrom antenna or RF cable inside. And its better to
put SIM card holder near module, and its better to add ESDcomponent
to protect clock, data, reset and SIM_VDD signals which should be far
away from power andhigh-speed signal.

6.6.4 AUDIO INTERFACE

In order to avoid TDD noise, or current noise, or some other
noise, the signal trace of audio should far away fromantenna and power,
and it is recommended to surround audio traces by ground. And do not
rout audio trace and VBAT trace parallel.

6.6.5 OTHERS
Its better to trace signal lines of UART bunched, as well as
signals of USB and LCM.

41

Fig.6.2 GSM Modem

6.7 AT COMMANDS
AT commands are instructions used to control a modem. AT is
the abbreviation of Attention. Every command line start with AT or
at. Thats why modem commands are called AT commands.

6.7.1 BASIC AT COMMANDS

6.7.1.1 TO CHECK THE MODEM:
AT
OK
6.7.1.2 TO CHANGE SMS SENDING MODE:
AT+CMGF=1
OK
6.7.1.3 TO SEND NEW SMS:
AT+CMGS=MOBILE NO.
<MESSAGE>
{CTRL+Z}
6.7.1.4 PREFERRED SMS MESSAGE STORAGE:
AT+CPMS=?
42

+CPMS: (SM),(SM),(SM)
OK
AT+CPMS?
+CPMS: SM,19,30,SM,19,30,SM,19,30
6.7.1.5 TO MAKE A VOICE CALL:
ATD9876543210;
6.7.1.6 TO REDIAL LAST NO:
ATDL
6.7.1.7 TO RECEIVE INCOMING CALL:
ATA
6.7.1.8 TO HANGUP OR DISCONNECT A CALL:
ATH
6.7.1.9 TO SET A PARTICULAR BAUDRATE:
AT+IPR=?

{To view the baud rate values}

AT+IPR=0

{To set the modem to autobauding mode}

6.7.1.10 OPERATOR SELECTION:

AT+COPS=?
OK
AT+COPS?
+COPS: 0,0,AirTel
OK
6.7.1.11 AT+CRC SET CELLULAR RESULT CODES FOR
INCOMING CALL INDICATION:
AT+CRC=?
+CRC: (0-1)
OK
43

AT+CRC?
+CRC: 0
OK
AT+CRC=1
OK
+CRING: VOICE
6.7.1.12 READ OPERATOR NAMES.
AT+COPN=?
OK
AT+COPN
+COPN: 472001,DHIMOBILE
+COPN: 60500
+COPN: 502012,maxis mobile
+COPN:
+COPN: 502013,TMTOUCH
+COPN
+COPN: 502016,DiGi
+COPN: 502017,TIMECel"
+COPN: 502019,CELCOM GSM

44

6.7.1.13 GPRS COMMANDS:

Command Description
AT+CGATT

ATTACH/DETACH

FROM

GPRS

SERVICE
AT+CGDCONT

DEFINE PDP CONTEXT

AT+CGQMIN

QUALITY OF SERVICE PROFILE

(MINIMUM ACCEPTABLE)
AT+CGQREQ

QUALITY OF SERVICE PROFILE

(REQUESTED)
AT+CGACT

PDP

CONTEXT

ACTIVATE

OR

DEACTIVATE
AT+CGDATA

ENTER DATA STATE

AT+CGPADDR

SHOW PDP ADDRESS

AT+CGCLASS

GPRS MOBILE STATION CLASS

AT+CGEREP

CONTROL UNSOLICITED GPRS EVENT

REPORTING
AT+CGREG
AT+CGSMS

NETWORK REGISTRATION STATUS

SELECT SERVICE FOR MO SMS

MESSAGES
AT+CGCOUNT

GPRS PACKET COUNTERS

45

CHAPTER 7
DESIGN
7.1LAYOUT DESIGN
The layout design Fig 7.0 shown below is the mechanical field setup of
the automatic paddy irrigation system.

Fig 7.1 Layout Design

The above setup comprises of all the height sensors and water
level sensors which provide the input signals to the programmable logic
controller. As per the conditions the programmable logic controller
provides the desire output by controlling the pump output.

46

7.2 HARDWARE CONTROL UNIT

Fig 7.2 Hardware control unit

The hardware control unit comprises of the programmable logic
controller, switched mode power supply, input relay unit, ULN circuit
and output relay unit.
7.2.1 RELAY CIRCUIT
Relays were used here to handle 24V to the PLC and also from the
PLC.Relays were used in two parts in this project. Input relays were
from plant height sensors and water level sensors through ULN circuits
that have shown in the above image.

Fig 7.3 Relay circuit

47

7.2.2 ULN CIRCUIT

Inputs for ULN IC from the plant height sensor and water level sensors.
They were driven the signals from the field. The output of the ULN IC
goes to the PLC input.

Fig 7.4 ULN Circuit

7.2.3 IR SENSOR CIRCUIT

Fig 7.5 IR Sensor circuit

IR sensors were used to measure the height of the plant .If the plant
reaches the particular height the IR sensor gives the 5V output .that has
driven by the ULN IC to the PLC.
48

CHAPTER 8
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The proposed project is designed and the corresponding outputs were
obtained as per the required conditions. Also the status of the process is
sent in terms of SMS to the farmer via GSM modem. The corresponding
message output is shown below.

Fig 8.1 GSM Output message

49

CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSION
We have presented a project AUTOMATION IN PADDY
IRRIGATION USING PLC. In this project we are developing an
automatic supply of water, fertilizer and pesticide to paddy field as per
the need of the crop. It consists of IR sensor and water level sensor. The
IR sensor senses the height of the crop and the water level sensor senses
the level of the water in the field. If the crop reaches the height of the
first IR height sensor, then the water level must be maintained between
low low water level and low water level. If the crop reaches the second
IR height sensor, then the water level must be maintained between low
water level and medium water level. This is because as the crop grows it
consumes more water. If the crop reaches the third IR height sensor, then
the water level must be maintained between medium water level and
high water level. The fertilizer and the pesticide are given to the crops in
the field in regular interval. . The current status of the process is given to
the farmer in regular intervals in terms of message using GSM modem.
At the industry level the person can control the industry process by
seating there continuously in the control room. At the agriculture field
farmers are still visiting their field every day and go to their field to
spray the fertilizer, spray the pesticides, watering the plant etc. This
project will help to automate the process such that they can monitor and
control the process through the SMS via GSM module from anywhere
and at any time.

50

REFERENCE
1. Microcontroller Based Automated Irrigation System , Shiraz Pasha
B.R. , Dr. B Yogesha , Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, MCE,
Hassan.2,Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, MCE, Hassan.
2. Monitoring and Controlling of PLC based Automation System Using
GSM Module VaraManthanKantilal, Anurag P Lakhlani

Student,

Assistant Professor, Electronics & Communication Department,

Marwadi Education Foundations Faculty of P.G. Studies & Research in
Engineering & Technology
3. A study on developing a smart environment in agricultural irrigation
technique, Angel C and Asha S, School of Computing Science and
Engineering, VIT University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
4. Review paper based on automatic irrigation system based on rf
module, Ms.DeweshvreeRane PG Scholar - VLSI, Sevagram, Wardha,
Prof. P. R. Indurkar Professor, BDCE, Sevagram, Sevagram, Wardha,
Prof. D. M. Khatri Assistant Professor, BDCE, Sevagram, Sevagram,
Wardha, India
5. Microcontroller Based Automation of Drip Irrigation System ,
S.MahendraM.LakshmanaBharathy(B.E.

FINAL

YEAR),Electronics

and Communication Engineering Department, GKM College of

Engineering & Technology, G.K.M.Nagar, New Perungalathur (Near
Tambaram), Chennai-600063, TamilNadu , India.
6. Automation of Irrigation System Using ANN based Controller
S.MuhammadUmairR.Usman

Research

Centre

for

Modeling&

Simulation, National University of Science and Technology, Pakistan

51

7. Intelligent Control Based Fuzzy Logic for Automation of Greenhouse

Irrigation System and Evaluation in Relation to Conventional Systems,
P. JavadiKia, A. Tabatabaee Far, M. Omid, R. Alimardani and L.
Naderloo,

Department

of

Agricultural

Machinery

Engineering,

University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran

8. Technologies for automation in surface irrigation

Khaled Bali,

Thomas Gill and Dale Lentz

9. Automated Irrigation System By Using ARM Processor Gayathri
Londhe,

Prof.

S.G.

Galande,

Department

of

Electronics

&

Telecommunication, University of Pune, Ahmednagar, India

10. Automation in Irrigation System Using a Wireless Sensor Network
and GSM module A. Nivedita, Dept. Of ECE, Nandha Engineering
College, Anna University Chennai, Erode, India. A. Renita Mary
Florence, Dept. Of ECE, Nandha Engineering College, Anna University
- Chennai ,Erode, India. T. S. Logasundari, Dept. Of ECE, Nandha
Engineering College, Anna University - Chennai ,Erode, India. M.
Keerthana, Dept. Of ECE, Nandha Engineering College, Anna
University - Chennai ,Erode, India.

52

APPENDIX
PROGRAM

53

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64

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