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Republic Bolivarian of Venezuela.

M.P.P for the Education.


L.B.N 4 de febrero.
Caracas Venezuela.

SamuraiReading
(Unabrevehistoria
delosSamurais)
English.

4 section B

Teacher:

Student:

- Cristhian Bolvar.

Caracas, 30 of march of 2016.

- Anabel Varela.

Clasification & Identification:

-Pronouns Reflexives: Color Blue


-Pronouns Objetives: Color Red
-Pronouns Relatives: Color Green
-Pronouns Possesives: Color Yellow
Brief History of the Samurai.
courtesy of Mark McGeeJapan has a history that dates back thousands of years. Scientists believe
the Japanese people descended from many groups that migrated to the islands
from other parts of Asia, including China and Korea. As early as 4500 B.C., the
Japanese islands were inhabited by fishermen, hunters and farmers. The early
culture was known as "Jomon," which meant "cord pattern." That's because
the people made pottery decorated with rope-like designs. Scientists believe a
Caucasian race called the "Ainu" were the first inhabitants of what is now
Japan. The Ainu still exist today, mostly in the northernmost islands of Japan
called "Hokkaido." The next major Japanese cultural changed occurred about
200 B.C. The people were known as "Yayoi." The Yayoi were mostly farmers.
Scientists believe the present-day Japanese closely resemble the Yayoi in
appearance and language.
War played a central part in the history of Japan. Warring clans controlled
much of the country. A chief headed each clan; made up of related families.
The chiefs were the ancestors of Japan's imperial family. The wars were usually
about "land." Only 20% of the land was fit for farming. The struggle for control
of that land eventually gave rise to the Samurai.
One of the important dates in the history of the Japanese warring class is
660 B.C. That's when, according to legend, Jimmu Tenno became head of a
confederation of warlike clans. Tenno was known as "The Divine Warrior." He
led his people from Kyushu to the Kinki region and conquered the people there.
Tenno settled in the area of Yamato. This eventually gave rise to the Yamato
dynasty and state. The leaders of Yamato believed themselves to be of divine
origin.

The Yamato clans conducted many military campaigns on the Asian


mainland. The targets included Korea and China. These campaigns led to the
importation of Korean and Chinese culture, technology and martial arts.
Legend says that Emperor Keiko was the first person with the title of
"Shogun." The word meant "Barbarian-subduing General." Legend continues
that Keiko had a son named "Prince Yamato." He was cunning, fearless, strong
and a great martial artist. Many believe that Yamato was a role model for
future Samurai.
Ancient Yayoi warriors developed weapons, amour and a code during the
ensuing centuries that became the centerpiece for the Japanese Samurai. Early
weapons included bows, arrows and swords. Amour included a helmet that
protected head and neck, a breastplate that protected the chest, arm and
shoulder protectors, and a belly wrap.
By the mid-Heian period, later armour included protection for the legs
and thighs. Armour changed as the type of battles changed. A big change
occurred in the 5th century when horses were introduced to Japan. Another
change occurred in the 15th century because of the constancy of war and the
introduction of guns into battle. The code developed from the Chinese concept
of the virtues of warriors doing battle to the Samurai code of chivalry known as
Kyuba no michi ("The Way of Horse and Bow") to the Bushido (which means
"Way of the Warrior") code. Their lives were ruled by a strict code of duty,
bravery, honor and sacrifice and personal loyalty above life itself; ritual suicide
by disembowelment (seppuku) was institutionalized as a respected alternative
to dishonor or defeat. It was their ethical code.
The samurai attached great importance to the circumstances of their
own death. If a samurai died of his own accord, it was considered a valiant end.
Rather than suffer defeat or humiliation at the hands of an enemy, samurai
warriors often chose ritual suicide.
"Bushido" means "Way of the Warrior." It was at the heart of the beliefs
and conduct of the Samurai. The philosophy of Bushido is "freedom from fear."
It meant that the Samurai transcended his fear of death. That gave him the
peace and power to serve his master faithfully and loyally and die well if
necessary. "Duty" is a primary philosophy of the Samurai. Bushido was
formalized by samurai such as Imagawa Ryoshun as early as the 13th century.
The conduct of samurai served as role model behavior for the other social
classes.
The Samurai rose out of the continuing battles for land among three
main clans: The Minamoto, the Fujiwara and the Taira. Some clans were
originally formed by farmers who had taken up arms to protect themselves
from the Imperial magistrates sent to govern their lands and collect taxes.

These clans formed alliances to protect themselves against more powerful


clans.
The Samurai eventually became a class unto themselves between the
9th and 12th centuries A.D. They were called by two names: Samurai (knightsretainers) and Bushi (warriors). Some of them were related to the ruling class.
Others were hired men. They gave complete loyalty to their Daimyo (they
were the feudal local landowners in Japan) and received land and position in
return. Each Daimyo used his Samurai to protect his land and to expand his
power and rights to more land. Initially, their responsibility was restricted to
arresting rebels and collecting needed army provisions, and they were
forbidden from interfering with Kokushi Governors, but their responsibility
gradually expanded and thus the samurai-class appeared as the political ruling
power in Japan.
The Samurai became expert in fighting from horseback and on the
ground. The Samurai were like a police force. The samurai first came to power
in Japan during the 12th century. They were members of the privileged upper
class and had authority over common citizens and ordinary soldiers.
The training of the samurai in martial arts began at the early age of five.
They were most often taught by their fathers or uncles. Most grew up to have
families of their own. Many were farmers and many were well-educated in
history and literature, especially poetry.
They practiced armed and un-armed combat. The early Samurai
emphasized fighting with the bow and arrow. They used swords for close-in
fighting and beheading their enemies. Battles with the Mongols in the late
13th century led to a change in the Samurai's fighting style. They began to use
their sword more and also made more use of spears and naginata. The
Samurai slowly changed from fighting on horseback to fighting on foot.
Girls also received martial arts training. Although most samurai women
did not fight on the battlefield, they were prepared to defend their homes
against invaders.
The Samurai wore two swords (daisho). One was long; the other short.
The long long, curved, sword (daito - katana) was more than 24 inches. The
short sword (shoto - wakizashi) was between 12 and 24 inches. If any soldier or
common citizen disobeyed or offended a samurai, by law, the samurai had the
right to take its life. The Samurai often gave names to their swords and
believed it was the "soul" of their warriorship. The oldest swords were straight
and had their early design in Korea and China. The Samurai's desire for
tougher, sharper swords for battle gave rise to the curved blade we still have
today. The sword had its beginning as iron combined with carbon. The
swordsmith used fire, water, anvil and hammer to shape the world's best

swords. After forging the blade, the sword polisher did his work to prepare the
blade for the "furniture" that surrounded it. Next, the sword tester took the new
blade and cut through the bodies of corpses or condemned criminals. They
started by cutting through the small bones of the body and moved up to the
large bones. Test results were often recorded on the nakago (the metal piece
attaching the sword blade to the handle).
During the Tokugawa shogunate, samurai increasingly became courtiers,
bureaucrats, and administrators rather than warriors. With no warfare since the
early 17th century, samurai gradually lost their military function during the
Tokugawa era (also called the Edo period). By the end of the Tokugawa era,
samurai were aristocratic bureaucrats for the daimyo, with their daisho, the
paired long and short swords of the samurai (cf. katana and wakizashi)
becoming more of a symbolic emblem of power rather than a weapon used in
daily life. They still had the legal right to cut down any commoner who did not
show proper respect (kiri-sute gomen) ( ), but to what extent this
right was used is unknown. When the central government forced daimyos to
cut the size of their armies, unemployed Ronin became a social problem.
The last showing of the original samurai was in 1867 when samurai from
Choshu and Satsuma provinces defeated the Shogunate forces in favor of the
rule of the Emperor in the Boshin War (18681869). The two provinces were the
lands of the daimyo that submitted to Ieyasu after the Battle of Sekigahara
(1600).
Emperor Meiji abolished the samurai's right to be the only armed force in
favor of a more modern, western-style, conscripted army in 1873. Samurai
became Shizoku ( ) who retained some of their salaries, but the right to
wear a katana in public was eventually abolished along with the right to
execute commoners who paid them disrespect. The samurai finally came to an
end after hundreds of years of enjoyment of their status, their powers, and
their ability to shape the government of Japan. However, the rule of the state
by the military class was not yet over. In defining how a modern Japan should
be, members of the Meiji government decided to follow the footsteps of the
United Kingdom and Germany, basing the country on the concept of noblesse
oblige. Samurai were not a political force under the new order. With the Meiji
reforms in the late 19th century, the samurai class was abolished,
In 1876, the Japanese emperor banned the samurai from wearing
swords. By that time, many samurai took pens instead of guns and became
reporters and writers, setting up newspaper companies, and others entered
governmental service. Some samurai became businessmen. For example,
Iwasaki Yataro, who was the great-grandson of a samurai, established
Mitsubishi. Although the samurai no longer exist, descendants of samurai
families in Japan today are still highly respected. The teachings of the martial

arts carry on their code of honor and discipline. Today, the samurai are a
popular subject for books and can be seen in many martial arts movies.

5 extracted sentences of each pronoun:


Pronouns Reflexives:

1. The leaders of Yamato believed themselves to be


of divine origin.
2. Their lives were ruled by a strict code of duty,
bravery, honor and sacrifice and personal loyalty
above life itself.
3. Some clans were originally formed by farmers who
had taken up arms to protect themselves from the
Imperial magistrates sent to govern their lands
and collect taxes.
4. The Samurai eventually became a class unto
themselves between the 9th and 12th centuries
A.D.
5. These
clans
formed
alliances
to
themselves against more powerful clans.

protect

Pronouns Objetives:
1. It was at the heart of the beliefs and conduct
of the Samurai.
2. It was their ethical code.
3. Some of them were related to the ruling class.
Others were hired men.
4. but the right to wear a katana in public was
eventually abolished along with the right to

execute
commoners
disrespect.

who

paid

them

5. After forging the blade, the sword polisher did


his work to prepare the blade for the
"furniture" that surrounded it.
Pronouns Relatives:
1. Japan has a history that dates back thousands of years.
2. who was the great-grandson of a samurai.
3. which means "Way of the Warrior"
4. Legend says that Emperor Keiko was the first person
with the title of "Shogun".
5. By that time, many samurai took pens instead of guns
and became reporters and writers
Pronouns Possesives:
1. He led his people from Kyushu to the Kinki
region and conquered the people there.
2. the samurai had the right to take its life.
3. The sword had its beginning as iron combined
with carbon.
4. They were most often taught by their fathers
or uncles.
5. After forging the blade, the sword polisher did
his work to prepare the blade for the
"furniture" that surrounded it.

Translate to spanish:
Breve historia de los Samuris.

Japn tiene una historia que se remonta hace miles de aos. Los
cientficos creen que el pueblo japons desciende de los muchos grupos
que migraron a las islas desde otras partes de Asia, incluyendo China y
Corea. Ya antes de 4500 A.C., las islas japonesas estaban habitadas por
pescadores, cazadores y agricultores. La cultura temprana era conocida
como Jomon que significa patrn del cordn. Por eso es que la gente
hizo cermica decorada con el diseo similar a una cuerda. Los
cientficos crean que una raza caucsica llamada Ainu fueron los
primos habitantes de lo que hoy es Japn. Los Ainu todava existen hoy
en da, sobre todo en las islas ms al norte de Japn llamados
Hokkaido. Los siguientes principales cambios en cultura japonesa
ocurrieron alrededor de 200 A.C. Las personas eran conocidas como
Yayoi. Los Yayoi eran principalmente agricultores. Los cientficos creen
que los japoneses de hoy en da se parecen mucho en aspecto y
lenguaje a los Yayoi.
La guerra jug un papel centra en la historia de Japn. Los clanes
en guerra controlaban gran parte del pas. Un jefe era la cabecera de
cada clan, compuesto por familias. Los jefes eran los antepasados de la
familia imperial de Japn. Las guerras por lo general eran en tierra. Solo
un 20% de la tierra era apto para la agricultura. La lucha por el control
de la tierra eventualmente dio lugar a los Samuris.
Una de las fechas importantes en la historia de la clase guerrera
japonesa es 660 A.C. Fue entonces cuando, segn la leyenda, Jimnu
Tenno se convirti en la cabeza de una confederacin de clanes
guerreros. Tenno era conocido como El Guerrero Divino. l condujo a
su pueblo de Kyushu a la regin de Kinki y conquisto la gente de all.
Teno se instal en la zona de Yamato. Esto dio origen a la dinasta
Yamato y al estado. Los lderes de Yamato se crean que es de origen
divino.
El clan de los Yamato conduca muchas campaas militares en la
principal tierra de Asia. Los objetivos incluan Corea y China. Esas
campaas lideraron la importacin a la cultura China y coreana,
tecnologa y artes marciales.

La leyenda dice que el emperador Keiko fue la primera persona


con el ttulo de Shogun. La palabra significa Brbaro sometedor
general. La leyenda contina Keiko que tena un hijo llamado Prncipe
Yamato. Era astuto, audaz, fuerte y un gran artista marcial. Muchos
creen que Yamato era un modelo a seguir para el futuro Samurai.
Los guerreros antiguos Yayoi desarrollaron armas, armaduras y un
cdigo durante los siglos siguientes que se convirti en la pieza central
para el samuri japons. Las armas tempranas incluyen arcos, flechas y
espadas. Armadura incluido un casco que protega la cabeza y el cuello,
una coraza que protega el pecho, brazos y protectores de hombros, y
una envoltura de vientre.
Por mediados del periodo Heian, ms adelante las armaduras
incluan proteccin para las piernas y los muslos. La armadura cambio y
el tipo de batalla cambio. Un gran cambio se produjo en el siglo 5
cuando los caballos fueron introducidos en Japn. Otro cambio se
produjo en el siglo 15 debido a la constancia de la guerra y la
introduccin de armas de fuego en la batalla. El cdigo desarrollado a
partir del concepto chino de las virtudes de los guerreros que hacen
batalla por el cdigo del samuri de la caballera conocida como Kyuba
no michi El camino del caballo y el arco para el Bushido que significa
Camino del guerrero de cdigo. Sus vidas rigen por un cdigo estricto
cumpliendo del deber, valor, honor y sacrificio y lealtad personal por
encima de la vida misma; ritual de suicidio por desentraamiento
(seppuku) se institucionalizo como una alternativa ms respetada de
modo que deshonra o la derrota. Fue su cdigo tico.
El samuri concede gran importancia las circunstancias de su
propia muerte. Su un samuri muri por su propia voluntad, se consider
un extremo valiente. En lugar de sufrir la derrota o la humillacin a ms
de un enemigo, guerreros samuri suelen optar por el suicidio ritual.
Bushido significa camino del guerrero. Fue en el corazn de las
creencias y la conducta de los Samuri. La filosofa del Bushido es la
libertad del miedo. Esto significa que el Samuri trascendi su miedo a
la muerte. Eso le dio la paz y el poder para servir a su amo fiel y
lealmente y bien morir si es necesario. Deber es una filosofa
fundamental de los Samuri. Bushido fue formalizado por Samuris
sirvi como modelo para el comportamiento de las otras clases sociales.

El Samuri se levant de las batallas continuas en la tierra entre


tres clanes principales: El Minamoto, los Fujiwara y los Taira. Algunos
clanes se formaron originalmente por los agricultores que haban
tomado las armas para protegerse de los magistrados imperiales
enviados a gobernar sus tierras y recaudar impuestos. Estos clanes
formaron alianzas para protegerse contra los clanes ms poderosos.
El Samuri finalmente se convirti en una clase para s mismos
entre los siglos 9 y 12 A.C. Fueron llamados por dos nombres: Samurai
(retenedores de caballeros) y Bushi (guerreros). Algunos de ellos
estaban relacionados con la clase dominante. Otros fueron hombres
contratados. Dieron completa lealtad a su Daimyo (que eran las
propiedades de tierras feudales en Japn) y recibieron tierras y la
posicin de retorno. Cada Daimyo utiliz su Samurai para proteger su
tierra y para ampliar su poder y los derechos de ms tierras.
Inicialmente, su responsabilidad se limita a la detencin de los rebeldes
y la recoleccin de las provisiones necesarias para el ejrcito, y se les
prohbo que interfieran con los Gobernantes de Kokushi, pero su
responsabilidad se expandi gradualmente y por lo tanto la clase
Samuri apareci como el poder de decisin poltica en Japn.
El Samuri se convirti en experto en la lucha a caballo y en el
suelo. Los Samuris fueron como una fuerza policial. El Samuri llego por
primera vez al poder en Japn durante el siglo 12. Ellos eran miembros
de la clase alta privilegiada y tena autoridad sobre los ciudadanos
comunes y soldados ordinarios.
La formacin de los Samuris en las artes marciales empez a la
temprana edad de cinco aos. Fueron ms a menudo enseados por sus
padres o tos. La mayora creci hasta tener sus propias familias. Muchos
de ellos eran agricultores muchos fueron bien educados en la historia y
la literatura, especialmente la poesa.
Practicaban el combate armado y desarmado. Los primeros
Samuris enfatizaron su combate con arco y flecha. Ellos usan espadas
para combate cercano y decapitaban a sus enemigos. Las batallas con
los mongoles en el siglo 13 llevaron a un cambio en el estilo de lucha de
los Samuris. Comenzaron a usar espadas cada vez ms tambin
hicieron uso de lanzas y naginata. El Samuri cambi lentamente de
luchar a caballo a luchar a pie.

Las nias tambin recibieron entrenamiento en artes marciales.


Aunque la mayora de las mujeres Samuri no lucharon en el campo de
batalla, que estaban dispuestas a defender sus hogares contra los
invasores.
El Samuri llevaba dos espadas (Daisho). Uno de ellos fue larga; la
otra corta. La larga, larga y curveada espada es (daito-Katana) fue de
ms de 24 pulgadas. La espada corta (Shoto-Wakizashi) fue de entre 12
y 24 pulgadas. Si cualquier soldado o ciudadano comn desobedecieron
u ofendidos en Samuris, por ley, el Samuri tena el derecho de tomar
su vida. El Samuri a menudo puso nombres a sus espadas y se crea
que era el alma de su guerrero. Las espadas ms antiguas eran rectas
y tuvieron su primer diseo en Corea y China. El deseo del Samuri por
ms dura, ms ntidas espadas de batalla dio lugar a la hoja curva que
an tenemos hoy en da. La espada tena su principio como el hierro se
combina con el carbono. El herrero utiliza el fuego, el agua, el yunque y
el martillo para dar forma a mejores espadas del mundo. Despues de
forjar la hoja, la pulidora hizo su trabajo en la espada para preparar la
hoja para el mueble que lo rodeaba. A continuacin, el probador de
espadas tom la nueva hoja y cortar a travs de los cuerpos de los
cadveres o los criminales condenados. Comenzaron cortando a travs
de los pequeos huesos del cuerpo y se trasladaron hasta los huesos
grandes. Los resultados del ensayo se registran a menudo en la nakago
(la pieza de metal fija la hoja de la espada en el mango)
Durante el Tokugawa Shogunato, Samuris se volvieron cada vez
ms cortesanos, burcratas y administradores en lugar de guerreros. Sin
guerras desde principios del siglo 17, Samuri perdi gradualmente su
funcin militar durante la era Tokugawa (tambin llamado el periodo
Edo). Hacia el final de era Tokugawa Samuri eran burcratas
aristocrticos de los daimio, con su daisho, las espadas largas y cortas
apareadas de los Samuris (csf. Katana y wakizashi) cada vez ms de un
emblema simblico del poder en lugar de un arma utilizada en vida
diaria. Todava tenan el derecho legal para reducir cualquier plebeyo
que no mostrara el debido respeto (gomen kiri-sute), pero hasta qu
punto se utiliz derecho este se desconoce. Cuando el gobierno central
forz daimios para cortar el tamao de sus ejrcitos, parados Ronin se
convirti en un problema social.
La ltima muestra de los Samuris original estaba en 1867,
cuando los Samuris de las provincias Satsuma y Choshu derroto a las

fuerzas del shogunato en favor de la regla del emperador en la Guerra


Boshin (1868-1869). Las dos provincias eran las tierras de los daimios
que present a leyasu despus de la Batalla de Sekigahara (1600).
El emperador Meiji aboli el derecho de los samuris para estar en
la fuerza armada en favor de un estilo ms moderno, como del oeste, la
armada reclutada en 1873. Los Samuris se volvieron Shizuoka los
cuales mantenan algo de su salario, pero el derecho de llevar salario en
pblico fue eventualmente abolido junto con el derecho de ejecutar a los
plebeyos que les faltaran el respeto. Los samuris finalmente tuvieron su
fin despus de cientos de aos del disfrute de su estado, sus poderes, y
sus habilidades para moldear el gobierno de Japn. Como sea, la regla
del estado por la clase militar no se haba acabo an. In definicin cuan
moderno debera ser moderno, los miembros del gobierno Meiji decidi
seguir los pasos del Reino Unido y Alemania, basando el pas en el
conecto de la nobleza. Los samuris no eran una fuerza poltica bajo el
nuevo orden. Con la reforma de los Meiji en el tardo siglo XIX, la clase
samuri fue abolida.
En 1876, el emperador japons les prohibi a los samuris llevar
espadas. Para ese tiempo, muchos samuris tomaron bolgrafos en vez
de armas de fuego y se convirtieron en reporteros y escritores,
montando compaas de peridicos, y otros entraron en el servicio
gubernamental. Algunos samuris se convirtieron en hombres de
negocios. Por ejemplo, Iwasaki Ytaro, quien fue el Bisnieto de un
samuri, cre Mitsubishi. Aunque los samuris dejaron de existir, los
descendientes de las familias samuris en Japn an son altamente
respetados. Los maestros de artes marciales cargan el cdigo de honor y
la disciplina. Hoy en da, los samuri son un tema popular para libros y
puede ser visto en muchas pelculas de artes marciales.

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