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based on S-3
Furier transform:
a(x) =
we get:
d3 p
ipx
e
a
(p) !
3/2
(2)
d3 x
(2)3
eipx = 3 (p)
d3 p ipx
3
e
=
(x)
3
(2)
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[A, B] = AB BA
Vacuum is annihilated by
is a state of momentum
is eigenstate of
, eigenstate of
with
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Relativistic generalization
Hamiltonian for free relativistic particles:
is the lagrangian.
Thus:
is Lorentz invariant:
For the action to be invariant we need:
the lagrangian density must be a Lorentz scalar!
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Lets consider:
arbitrary constant
! = 1, c = 1
integration by parts,
and (x) = 0 at
infinity in any direction
(including time)
Klein-Gordon equation
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where
and
are arbitrary functions of , and
is a function of |k| (introduced for later convenience)
if we tried to interpret
as a quantum wave function, the second term
would represent contributions with negative energy to the wave function!
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real solutions:
k k
thus we get:
(such a
so that
is Lorentz invariant:
is Lorentz invariant
for which
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where again:
For later use we can express
where
,
in terms of
Note,
is time independent.
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In field theory:
hamiltonian density
In our case:
Inserting
we get:
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d3 x ipx
e
= 3 (p)
3
(2)
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