OPTICAL

REMOTE SENSING
Part 1: Introduction

VL 0433 L 140 (Winter 2016/2017)

Overview

I. Background
II. Administration
III. Introduction

Contact Information

Olaf Hellwich
Email
olaf.hellwich@tu-berlin.de
Room
MAR 6.046
Consultation
Thursdays 1pm - 2pm

Remote Sensing Courses

Optical Remote Sensing

WT: 2 LE + 2 EX
Microwave and Radar Remote Sensing
ST: 2 LE (Prof. Reigber) + 2 EX

Overview

I. Background
II. Administration
III. Introduction

Lectures & Exercises

Course period:
October 17, 2016 - February 17, 2017
Lectures (VL 0433 L 140)
Begin:
October 24, 2016
Time:
Mondays 14:15 - 15:45 (MAR 0.011)
Exercises (UE 0433 L 141)
Begin:
October 31, 2016
Time:
Mondays 16:15 17:45 (MAR 0.011)
Examination:
Written

Website
http://www.cv.tu-berlin.de

Website
http://isis.tu-berlin.de

Registration:

Mandatory!
Useful Information
Presentation Notes

Exercises Sheet / Data

Check your isis email

regularly!!!

Examination

Prerequisite: Need to pass exercises!

Written Finals
At the end of the term

Homeworks
What to do?
Answering questions
Resolving problems
Using softwares under realistic situations

How?
Group of 3 students

Goals?
Practising, learning
No grade BUT PASS IS NECESSARY!

Homeworks

Comments
+++ wonderful solution
++- close to wonderful solution (few mistakes)
++ correct solution
+- some errors, better than + but need improvement
+
just acceptable Answering questions
-

not acceptable (a second - leads to --)

--

FAILED, SEE YOU NEXT YEAR!

Recommended Literatures

James B. Campbell and Randolph H. Wynne

Introduction to Remote Sensing
5. Edition, Guilford Press, 667 p., 2011 (~73 EUR)

John A. Richards and Xiuping Jia

Remote Sensing Digital Image Analysis
3. Edition, Springer, 420 p., 2012 (~79 EUR)

Course Topics
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

Introduction
Electromagnetic Radiation in the Optical Range
Sensors (1)
Sensors (2)
Geometric and Radiometric Editing
Arithmetic Operators and Spatial Filtering
Multispectral Transformations
Multispectral Classiication (1)
Multispectral Classiication (2)
Spatial Context in Classiication
Methods of Hyperspectral Remote Sensing
Use of Hyperspectral Remote Sensing
Digital Elevation Model
Questions?
Exam

Overview

I. Background
II. Administration
III.Introduction

Course Topics
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

26 Oct.
09 Nov.
16 Nov.
16 Nov.
23 Nov.
30 Nov.
07 Dec.
14 Dec.
04 Jan.
11 Jan.
18 Jan.
25 Jan.
01 Fev.
08 Feb .
18 Feb.

Introduction
Electromagnetic Radiation in the Optical Range
Sensors (1)
Sensors (2)
Geometric and Radiometric Editing
Arithmetic Operators and Spatial Filtering
Multispectral Transformations
Multispectral Classication (1)
Multispectral Classication (2)
Spatial Context in Classication
Methods of Hyperspectral Remote Sensing
Use of Hyperspectral Remote Sensing
Digital Elevation Model
Questions round!
Klausur

Overview

I. Background

II. Administration

III. Introduction

What is Remote Sensing?

Remote sensing is the science

and art of obtaining
information about an object,
area, or phenomenon through
the analysis of data acquired
by a device that is not in
contact with the object, area,
or phenomenon under
investigation
Lillesand and Kiefer 1987

What is Remote Sensing?

The art of dividing up the

world into little multi-colored
squares and then playing
computer games with them to
release unbelievable potential.
Jon Huntington,
Commonwealth
Scientic and Industrial Research
Organisation Exploration,
Geoscience, Australia.

Remote Sensing Sensor

non-imaging

microwave radiometer
magnetic sensor
gravimeter
Fourier spectrometer
other (resistivity, )

non-scanning

monochrome
natural color

passive

imaging

camera

infrared
color infrared
other
tv camera

Sensor

image plane scanning

scanning

imaging
object plane scanning

solid scanner
optical scanner
microwave radiometer
microwave radiometer
microwave altimeter

non-scanning non-imaging

laster water depth meter

active

laser distance meter

image plane scanning
scanning

remote sensing tutorial NASA

adapted

imaging

object plane scanning

20

passive phase array radar

real aperture radar
synthetic aperture radar

Remote Sensing Sensor

non-imaging

microwave radiometer
magnetic sensor
gravimeter
Fourier spectrometer
other (resistivity, )

non-scanning

monochrome
natural color

passive

imaging

camera

infrared
color infrared
other
tv camera

Sensor

image plane scanning

scanning

imaging
object plane scanning

solid scanner
optical scanner
microwave radiometer
microwave radiometer
microwave altimeter

non-scanning non-imaging

laster water depth meter

active

laser distance meter

image plane scanning
scanning

remote sensing tutorial NASA

adapted

imaging

object plane scanning

21

passive phase array radar

real aperture radar
synthetic aperture radar

Remote Sensing
Denition

is the science of deriving information about an object from

measurements made at a distance from the object (no
contact)

bio-, geochemical and geophysical parameters of targeted

objects by distinct refractions within the electromagnetic
spectrum.

That information is nearly always carried by electromagnetic

radiation

A Remote Sensing Instrument

The Eye

Remote sensing instrument in the visible wavelength

region (350 - 750 nm)

Signal processing in the eye and in the brain

Color (RGB) and relative intensity

are used to identify surface types

Large database and neuronal network

used to derive object properties

A Remote Sensing Instrument

The Eye

Scan the environment with up to 60 frames / s

170 eld of view

30 focus

Stereographic view

A large database enables detection of

size
distance
movement

A Remote Sensing Instrument

The Eye

Passive instrument

Relies on light scattered from the object (sun/other

sources)

No sensitivity to thermal emission of objects

Why should we use Remote Sensing?

Unobtrusive

Automated

Useful for extreme conditions

Offers excellent spatial and temporal coverage

Often cost-effective

Extends our sense

Why should we use Remote Sensing?

But!!!

Always indirect measurements

Electromagnetic signal contains more than quantity to be

measured

Need models and assumption for interpretation

Measurement area / volume is relatively large

Validation is a major task but quite not possible

Error estimation is very difcult.

A Short History
2300y ago - Aristotle: Camera Obscure

A projection of an image of the New

Royal Palace in Prague Castle

A Short History
1839 - Photographic process (Daguerre and Niepce)

A Short History
1859 - First known balloon photograph: Tournachon - Nadar

A Short History
1907 - Bavarian pigeon eet

Schlosshotel Kronberg.

Frankfurt

Frankfurt

A Short History
1946 - Photography from space
Sub-orbital US - launched V-2 rocket
The highest altitude (65 miles, 105 km)
5x higher than any picture

Space-borne Sensors

LandSAT 1, 2, 3

NASA (US)

4 bands

1972 / 1975 / 1982

LandSAT 4, 5

NASA (US)

7 bands

1982 / 1984

SPOT 1, 2, 3

CNES (FR)

4 bands

1986 / 1990 / 1993

SPOT 4

CNES (FR)

5 bands

1998

LandSAT 7

NASA (US)

8 bands

1999

ASTER

(JO)

15 Bands

1999

GeoEye 1

(US)

? bands

1999

IKONOS 2

(US)

5 bands

1999

Quickbird 2

(US)

5 bands

2001

SPOT 5

CNES (FR)

6 bands

2002

RapidEye - 5 satellites

(D)

5 bands

2008

SPOT 6

CNES (FR)

5 bands

2012

LandSAT 8

NASA (US)

11 bands

2013

SPOT 7

CNES (FR)

5 bands

2014?

+ Airborne Sensors of
various kinds

Remote Sensing Data

Acquisition
Passive system

use existing radiation

sunlight (visible -> near
infrared
thermal (microwave,
thermal infrared)

Active system

use own radiation

Laser scanner / Lidar
Radar (SAR, Altimeter,
Scatterometer)

Remote Sensing Observation

Schematic view

Data acquisition

Remote Sensing Observation

Schematic view

Data acquisition

Data Processing

Remote Sensing Observation

Schematic view

Data acquisition

Data Processing

Product Creation

Remote Sensing
Application elds
Meteorology
Climate

Geography

Collection
and control
of resource

Cartography

Planetary
Survey
Agrology
Monitoring
of
catastrophes

Geology /
Geomorphology
Archaelogy

Forestry /
Agriculture
Regional /
Residential

Hydrology /
Oceanogr.

Remote Sensing
Application elds
Meteorology
Climate

Geography

Cartography

Collection
and control
of resource

Planetary
Survey
Agrology
Monitoring
of
catastrophes

Geology /
Geomorphology
Archaelogy

Forestry /
Agriculture
Regional /
Residential

Hydrology /
Oceanogr.

Cartography
Production of maps

Aerial map of Berlin

1:5000 from HRSC-A

Data

Cartography
Production of maps

Satellite image map of

Laag / Somalia

1:50000 from Spot Pan TM

Data

Cartography
Production of maps

Radar image map of Puerto

Ayacucho

1:50000 from SAR Data

Aerosensing GmbH

Cartography
Thematic maps

Thematic map
Ekersby/Sweden

1:10000

Cartography
Thematic maps

Thematic map from Satellite

Data: El Fasher, Sudan

1:25000

Remote Sensing
Application elds
Meteorology
Climate

Collection
and control
of resource

Cartography

Geography
Planetary
Survey
Agrology

Monitoring
of
catastrophes

Geology /
Geomorphology
Archaelogy

Forestry /
Agriculture
Regional /
Residential

Hydrology /
Oceanogr.

Geography

Development of the
mouth of the Tyroler
Ache (Chiemsee)

1923

1950

1962

1997

Remote Sensing
Application elds
Meteorology
Climate

Geography

Collection
and control
of resource

Cartography

Planetary
Survey
Agrology

Geology /
Geomorphology

Monitoring
of
catastrophes
Archaelogy

Forestry /
Agriculture
Regional /
Residential

Hydrology /
Oceanogr.

Geology / Morphology

Context between

depth of the drainage network

soil conditions
sandstone

clay

granite

Geology / Morphology
Tectonically aected drainage network

sandstone

clay

granite

Geology
Geological maps

Geological map Bernice,

Egypt, from LandSAT
MSS Data

1:25000

Geology / Morphology
Lineaments

http://www.conroygoldandnaturalresources.com/projects/other_targets

Remote Sensing
Application elds
Meteorology
Climate

Geography
Cartography

Collection and
Military
control of
Survey
resource
Monitoring

Agrology
Geology /
Geomorphology

of
catastrophes
Archaelogy

Forestry /
Agriculture
Regional /
Residential

Hydrology /
Oceanogr.

Monitoring
Mining areas

Open pit areas: Goitsche / Bitterfeld

Mapping of the various relevant biotopes as well as upper tertiary sediments

Remote Sensing
Application elds
Meteorology
Climate

Geography

Collection
and control
of resource

Cartography

Planetary
Survey
Agrology
Monitoring
of
catastrophes

Geology /
Geomorphology
Archaelogy

Forestry /
Agriculture
Regional /
Residential

Hydrology /
Oceanogr.

Forestry / Agriculture
Deciduous forest in Schleswig-Holstein
1. oak tree / beech
tree (young)

2. oak tree / beech

tree

3. predominant
oak tree

4. predominant
beech tree

5. spruce

6. cottonwood /
alder

Forestry / Agriculture
Loss of forest in the Amazon area (Jiparana / Brazil)

Forestry / Agriculture
Forest res in the Yellowstone National Park

Recorded with

LandSAT TM (1998)

Channel 7, 5, 4

Vegetation: Green
Burned: Red/Orange
Active res: Yellow

Forestry / Agriculture
Land use mapping (multi spectral-classication) - Xinjiang / VR
China

Forestry / Agriculture
Land use mapping (multi spectral-classication) - Xinjiang / VR
China

Colors are

water
rice
sweet corn
alfalfa
wheat
sugar beet
cotton

Forestry / Agriculture
Control of agricultural aid

Fallow land
(uncultivated)
Harvest prediction

Forestry / Agriculture
growth defect through fungal decay

Remote Sensing
Application elds
Geography

Meteorology
Climate

Collection
and control
of resource

Cartography

Planetary
Survey
Agrology
Monitoring
of
catastrophes

Geology /
Geomorphology
Archaelogy

Forestry /
Agriculture

Regional /
Residential

Hydrology /
Oceanogr.

Regional Planning
Development of the district Mnster / Coerde
1954

1975

1999

Development of the district

Mnster / Coerde

Remote Sensing
Application elds
Meteorology
Climate

Geography

Collection
and control
of resource

Cartography

Planetary
Survey
Agrology
Monitoring
of
catastrophes

Geology /
Geomorphology

Archaelogy

Forestry /
Agriculture
Regional /
Residential

Hydrology /
Oceanogr.

Archaeology

Old trenches:

soil moisture
improved growth conditions

Underground stone fragments:

lead to worse / dry ground

declined growth conditions

Archaeology
Former medieval village - Northamptonshire / U.K.

remaining unevenness
is visible when the sun
stands low

Archaeology
Former cult place from the New Stone Age - Goseck /
Saxony-Anhalt

Visible through positive

crop marks

Archaeology
Relics of the former Roman town: Carnuntum at the Danube

Visible through the

negative crop marks

Archaeology
Ruins in the primeval forest near Angkor / Cambodia
Penetration depth
(SAR)

P-band photos of
AIRSAR sensors
(NASA/JPL) have
discovered them.

Remote Sensing
Application elds
Meteorology
Climate

Geography
Cartography

Collection
and control
of resource

Planetary
Survey
Agrology
Monitoring
of
catastrophes

Geology /
Geomorphology
Archaelogy

Forestry /
Agriculture
Regional /
Residential

Hydrology /
Oceanogr.

Hydrology / Oceanography
Flood in Bangladesh (conuence of Ganges and Brahmaputra)

Multi-temporal false
color composite
Made of three
ERS-1 radar images

Hydrology / Oceanography
Flood in Bangladesh (conuence of Ganges and Brahmaputra)

Derived classication

dark blue: normal river bed

light blue: ooded area,
orange: non ooded area.

Hydrology / Oceanography
Water temperature in the river Main

Leading in of
cooling water

Heat
accumulation

Hydrology / Oceanography
Water analysis - Greece

Clean water

particulate
material
algae pigments

color composite
Clean
algae and humid substances
particulate material

Hydrology / Oceanography
Chlorophyll-a concentration from HyMap data - Havel

Hydrology / Oceanography
Chlorophyll-a concentration from HyMap data - Havel

Chl-a concentration [g/l]

0

10 20 30 40

50 75 100 150

Remote Sensing
Application elds
Geography
Cartography

Meteorology
Climate

Collection
and control
of resource

Planetary
Survey
Agrology
Monitoring
of
catastrophes

Geology /
Geomorphology
Archaelogy

Forestry /
Agriculture
Regional /
Residential

Hydrology /
Oceanogr.

Meteorology and Climate Research

Global NDVI: 02.2000 - 12.2001

-0.1

0.4

0.9

Meteorology and Climate Research

Ozone hole over the Antarctic

Derived from GOMEmeasurements

Meteorology and Climate Research

Anomalies of the sea level - 1997er El-Nio phenomenon

Recorded by the ERS radar-altimeter (RA)

Meteorology and Climate Research

Wind directions and strengths - Pacic Typhoon

ENVISAT

scatterometer data

Remote Sensing
Application elds
Meteorology
Climate

Geography

Collection
and control
of resource

Cartography

Planetary
Survey
Agrology
Geology /
Geomorphology

Monitoring of
catastrophes
Archaelogy

Forestry /
Agriculture
Regional /
Residential

Hydrology /
Oceanogr.

Monitoring of Catastrophe
Recognition of damages caused by industry

Rupture and subsidence

Mining areas
former potash mining near
Magdeburg

Monitoring of Catastrophe
Recognition of damages caused by industry

Oil Field

subsidence of the
ground
~ 50 cm

Monitoring of Catastrophe
Bam earthquake, Iran - 26.12.2003

Differential interferogram
Each color cycle:
2.8 cm of deformation
Temporal baseline: 35 days

Remote Sensing
Application elds
Meteorology
Climate

Geography
Cartography

Collection
and control
of resource

Planetary
Monitoring
Survey of

Agrology
Geology /
Geomorphology

catastrophes
Archaelogy

Forestry /
Agriculture
Regional /
Residential

Hydrology /
Oceanogr.

Planetary Survey

Volcanic structure on Venus,

recorded through imaging radar of
the Magellan-sensor (1990)

Planetary Survey

Valles Marineris on Mars

(5000 x 200km large, 6-7 km
deep), mosaic of images of
the Viking Orbiters (1976)

Planetary Survey

Volcano on Jupiter
moon Io, Multispectral
camera of Galileo
(1999)

Planetary Survey

Frosted(?) surface of Jupiter

moon Europe, recorded with
the Galileo sensor (1997)

Remote Sensing
Key Points

Remotely gathering information carried by EM radiation

Quantitative analysis of digital information

Image interpretation from hard copy is history

Additional computational and analytical skills are required

Global change issues can be addressed

Highly interdisciplinary

World by Night