MRD

DOGFISH SHARK
Body Wall and Pleuroperitoneal Cavity
Pleuroperitoneal cavity large internal cavity; greater part of the coelom
Parietal peritoneum Covers the pleuroperitoneal cavity; smooth shining membrane;
adheres closely to the inside of body wall
Body wall is composed of skin, muscles & parietal peritoneum
Viscera of Pleuroperitoneal Cavity
Liver anterior end of the cavity; large, brownish/grayish
Left & right lobe long
Median lobe small; in which the long, greenish gall bladder is located
Esophagus-Stomach dorsal to the liver on the left side; J-shaped
-no external demarcation between the two
Esophagus anterior (papillae)
Stomach posterior (rugae)
Pylorus/Pyloric region constriction of the stomach; sharp bend; decrease in the diameter; extends
anteriorly
Spleen dark-colored organ found in the posterior margin of the bend of the stomach (or attached in
the duodenum)
-Part of the lymphatic system
Intestine
Duodenum first part of intestine beyond the pylorus
Bile duct long, stout duct, easily seen descending from the gall bladder to enter the duodenum
-runs in a strip of mesentery
Pancreas white gland
Ventral lobe of the pancreas found in the curve of the duodenum
Dorsal lobe of the pancreas long and slender; reaching to the spleen; located dorsal to
stomach and duodenum
Valvular intestine part of the small intestine occupied by spiral valve (spiral fold which
occupies the interior of the intestine; serves to increase the digestive and absorptive surface of
the intestine)
Colon/Large intestine caudal to valvular intestine; narrow
Rectal/Digitiform gland small cylindrical body attached to the colon; which seems to secrete
mucus
Cloaca terminal chamber of the colon
Anus opening of the cloaca

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Gonads pair of soft bodies against the dorsal anterior part of the pleuroperitoneal cavity.
*In mature females, oviducts are seen as stout white tubes
The mesenteries
Mesogaster part of the mesentery supporting the stomach
Gastroplenic ligament portion of mesogaster from the spleen to the stomach
Mesentery (limited sense) portion of the mesentery supporting the small intestine
Mesorectum dorsal mesentery supporting the rectal gland
Gastro-hepato-duodenal ligament remnants of the ventral mesentery; extending from the right side of
the stomach to the liver and duodenum; divided into
Hepatoduodenal ligament from liver to the duodenumcontaining bile duct and blood vessels
Gastrohepatic ligament stomach to the liver and duodenum
Suspensory/ Falciform ligament also a remnant of ventral mesentery; found at the anterior end of the
liver
Mesovarium mesentery of ovary
Mesorchium mesentery of testis
Mesotubarium mesentery of oviduct (mature females)
Transverse septum - partition found at the anterior end of the pleuroperitoneal cavity
Coronary ligament - attaches the liver to the septum
Abdominal pores means of communication of the pleuroperitoneal cavity to the exterior; found on
each side of the anal opening; purpose is obscure
Pericardial Cavity
Parietal pericardium incloses the pericardial cavity
Pericardial cavity where the heart is situated
*Heart is attached only at its anterior and posterior ends
Visceral pericardium pericardial lining passing over the surface of the heart as a covering layer
Sinus venosus fan-shaped chamber at the posterior end of the heart
Transverse septum separates the parietal pericardium and parietal peritoneum
Oral and pharyngeal cavities and the respiratory system
Buccal/oral cavity anterior; inclosed by jaws and gill arches
-bounded in front with upper and lower jaws, provided with teeth
Tongue (primary tongue) at the floor of the mouth; flat, slight, practically immovable projection
-supported by the second or hyoid gill arch
Pharynx wall is pierced with 6 internal gill slits
Spiracle 1st internal gill slit; rounded opening in the roof of the pharynx

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The remaining five gill slits are elongated
Gill pouches large cavities where the internal gill slits open
External gill slits where the gill pouches open to the exterior
Branchial bar/ Visceral arch tissue between successive gill pouches
Interbranchial septum tissue between gill slits
Demibranch half-gill
Holobranch two demibranchs of both faces
Lamellae respiratory mechanism of the animal in which the blood obtains oxygen and gives up
carbon dioxide
Female Urogenital System
Kidneys slender, long brown bodies lying against the dorsal body wall, one to each side of the dorsal
aorta; RETROPERITONEAL (lies outside of the peritoneum)
-mesonephroi/opisthonephoi
Anterior portion thinner; lost its urinary function
Posterior portion thicker; performs the work of excretion
Ovaries pair of soft bodies; oval in form, situated dorsal to the liver
-In mature females, ovaries contain eggs, consisting of yolk
Mesovarium ovarian mesentery
Oviducts (immature) slender tubes running along the ventral surface of the kidneys, without
mesenteries
-(mature) very large tubes; spring free from the kidneys by means of mesotubaria (oviduct
mesentery)
Ostium common opening that unites the two oviducts; wide funnel-like aperture lying in the falciform
ligament
Shell/nidamental gland slight enlargement in the oviduct (anterior); secretes a thin membrane in
which several eggs are inclosed
Uterus - posterior enlargement of the oviduct; swings free by means of mesotubarium
Cloaca - common chamber for urogenital discharge
Coprodaeum opening of the intestine into the ventral part
Urodaeum slight fold which separates the dorsal urogenital region
Urinary papilla/e located in the middorsal wall of the urodaeum
Male Urogenital System
Testes pair of soft bodies dorsally situated; in the anterior part of pleuroperitoneal cavity, dorsal to the
liver
Mesorchium mesenty supporting the testes

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Kidneys - identical to the female (opisthonephros)
Cranial part lost its urinary function
Wolffian ducts run posteriorly along the dorsal surface of the kidney
Efferent ductules -connects the testis to the opisthonephos(kidney); found in the mesorchium
Epididymis - part of opisthonephros penetrated by the efferent ductules
Leydigs gland secrete a fluid beneficial to the sperm
Seminal Vesicle caudal of ductus deferens; wide straight tube
Sperm sac where seminal vesicle terminates; blind sac
Cloaca no dofference in males and females
Heart 2 atria & 1 Ventricle
Sinus venosus - posterior and dorsal to the ventricle
Conus arteriosus anterior of the ventricle
TURTLE
Coelom
Parietal peritoneum - covers and conceals the viscera
Muscle layer between the skin and peritoneum is lacking in the ventral body wall because of the
presence of plastron
Ventral body wall consists of:
Skin with exoskeleton and peritoneum
Pericardial Sac triangular membranous sac which incloses the heart
Parietal pericardium membranous sac covering the heart
Pericardial Cavity space between pericardial sac and the heart
Ventral abdominal veins run longitudinally in the parietal peritoneum between pericardial sac and
pelvic girdle
Pleuroperitoneal cavity walls are lined by the parietal peritoneum
Small pericardial cavity
Larger pleuroperitoneal cavity
Pericardial cavity is ventral to Pleuroperitoneal cavity
Transverse septum
The heart must carry with it the transverse septum and parietal pericardium, in order to move
posteriorly, it must separate from the body wall to which it is attached, and so becomes an independent
sac called pericardial sac.
Pericardial sac lie ventral to the anterior part of the pleuroperitoneal cavity.
Viscera and mesenteries

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Liver anterior part of pleuroperitoneal cavity (large and brown; left and right:2)
Lateral margins curve dorsally to fit the curves of carapace
Transverse septum membrane between heart and liver; Oblique position
Ventral part of pericardial cavity
Dorsal part of Parietal peritoneum
Liver is attached to transverse septum by coronary ligament
Stomach found curving dorsally to the lateral border of the left liver lobe
Esophagus anterior the stomach
Gastrohepatic ligament - attaches the stomach to the liver
Intestine posterior to the liver
Duodenum first part and is attached to the right lobe of the liver by the hepatoduodenal
ligament
Pancreas white gland situated in the duodenum
Gall bladder large; connected to the duodenum by the bile duct
Mesoduodenum dorsal mesentery supporting the duodenum
Fused with hepatoduodenal ligament and appears as one
Mesogaster dorsal mesentery supporting the stomach
Distinct from hepatoduodenal ligament
Large intestine/Colon
Colic caecum slight projection which is the junction of the small intestine and colon
Mesocolon dorsal mesentery supporting the colon
Spleen dorsal side of colon; rounded red body
Urinary bladder - ventral to the colon; large, thin-walled, bilobed
Greatly distended with urine
Has no ligaments
Oviduct large, white, found on each side of the stalk of the bladder entering the cloaca
Mesentery: mesotubarium
Ovaries pair of large sac like bodies containing in their walls eggs of various sizes
Mesentery: mesovarium
Respiratory system
Oral cavity bounded by the jaws which have no teeth but are clothed with horny beaks of epidermal
origin
Beaks extend as plates into the mouth cavity

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Posterior nares (choanae) a pair of elongated opening

in the roof of the mouth cavity

Connected with the anterior nares via the passages which runs through the nasal cavities
Tongue floor of the mouth cavity; fleshy and pointed; definitive type

Neither gill slits nor gill arches are present but gill arches are represented
Laryngeal prominence elevation behind the base of the tongue
Glottis - elongated slit at the center of the laryngeal prominence
Arytenoid cartilages found on each side of glottis
Derived from gill arches
Auditory/Eustachian tube a canal or opening posterior to the muscles connecting the skull and lower
jaw, leading from the pharynx to the cavity of middle ear.
Pharynx posteriorly narrows into the esophagus
Trachea/ windpipe - tube stiffened by rings of cartilage
Hyoid found in front of trachea with two pairs of horns
Larynx expanded chamber at the anterior end of the trachea
Arytenoid cartilages found on the lateral walls of the larynx,supporting the two triangular flaps
which bound the glottis
Cricoid posterior to the glottis; a ring shaped cartilage
2 Bronchi where trachea bifurcates which proceeds to the lungs
Lungs large spongy organ; dorsal
RETROPERITONEAL - Lung is in contact with the inner surface of the carapace and the
parietal peritoneum passes over the ventral surface of the lung, leaving the lung outside the
membrane
The posterior end of the lung however, projects into the pleuroperitoneal cavity and is
clothed with the peritoneum
Alveoli - air sacs
Bronchus accompanied by pulmonary artery and vein
Pharyngeal cavity - where the path of food and air cross.
Path of Air Respiration
External nares nasal cavities internal nares oral cavity pharyngeal cavity glottis larynx
trachea bronchi lungs

Female Urogenital Sytem

Ovaries large baglike bodies in the posterior part of the pleuroperitoneal cavity
usually contain yellow eggs
Mesovarium mesentery which supports the ovary
Oviduct a large white coiled tube at the posterior border of each ovary
Mesotubarium mesentery that supports the oviduct
Ostium lies in the mesentery and has winglike borders which are generally closed together
*The stalk of the large bilobed urinary bladder joins the cloaca midway between the two oviducts
Cloaca common chamber for urogenital discharge
Accessory urinary bladder attached to each side of cloaca posterior to the oviducts
-uncertain function; in females, they carry water employed in softening the soil
while digging a nest

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Clitoris dark structure in the cloacal wall, homologous in male penis and has no function in females
*Opening of the large intestine most dorsal and is separated by a fold from the urogeniral openings,
so that the cloaca is divisible into coprodaeum and urodaeum
Ventral to the opening of the intestine are the openings of the oviducts on thickened papillae
Kidneys - metanephroi; flattened lobed organs fitting snugly at the posterior end of the pleuroperitoneal
cavity
-renal portal vein and internal iliac run along the ventral face of the kidney
Metanephric duct/Ureter extending from the middle of the kidney to the cloaca
Male Urogenital Syatem
Accessory bladders - attached to the lateral walls of the cloaca
Penis/Copulatory organ dark mass seen in the ventral wall of cloaca
-inserted into the female cloaca at mating so the sperm are injected directly into
the female system
Bulbs of the corpora cavernosa part of the penis; pair of rounded mass that projects from the anterior
wall of the cloaca to either side of the stalk of the bladder
Testis yellow spherical body attached to the ventral face of the kidney
Mesorchium mesentery supporting the testis
Epididymis lateral and posterior to the testis; elongated, dark colored coiled body
Efferent ductules connects the testis and epididymis; runs in the mesorchium
*Efferent ductules and epididymis are remnants of mesonephros
Penis 2 spongy ridges: corpora cavernosa and cavernous bodies, in between the two is urethral
groove. Urethral grooves terminates at the base of a heart shaped projection, the glans of the penis.
Ureter dorsal side of the epididymis; short straight tube proceeding to the cloaca.
Heart 2 atria & 1 ventricle
PIGEON
Advancement of birds: division of pleuroperitoneal cavity into anterior pleural cavities (lung) and a
posterior peritoneal cavity
Oral Cavity and the pharynx
Oral cavity anterior
Beaks horny; bounds the roof and floor of oral cavity (incase the jaw); epidermal origin
-Teeth are absent
Palatal fold at the roof of the mouth; do not meet on the median line (palatal fissure)
-thus called the split palate (imperfect development)
Posterior/internal nares concealed above by the palatal folds
Tongue floor of the oral cavity; compound definitive; not very muscular

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Pharnyx
Auditory tubes median aperture at the caudal end of the palatal folds
Two auditory tubes unit at one at the point of communication with the pharynx
Soft palate pair of folds which hang down like a curtain at the pharyngeal cavity
Lanryngeal prominence hardened elevation posterior to the caudal end of the tongue
Glottis -elongated opening at the center of the laryngeal prominence
Laryngeal cartilages supporting walls of the glottis
Hyoid apparatus, Larynx, Trachea, & Esophagus
Hyoid apparatus remnants of the 2nd and 3rd gill arches
3 median elements - entoglossal cartilage (represents 2 fused ceratohyals anterior horns)
Basihyal posterior to the entoglossal cartilage; median bony piece
Basibranchial posterior to basihyal
Posterior horn ceratobranchial and epibranchial
Larynx expanded chamber at the top of the trachea and opening into the pharyngeal cavity by the
glottis
*Voice is not produced in the larynx
Arytenoid cartilage - on each side of the glottis
Cricoid cartilage enlarge, triangular; ventral side of the larynx
Trachea/Windpipe tube with walls stiffened by rings of cartilage
broad, hard and bony ventrally, but narrower, softer and cartilaginous dorsally
Esophagus dorsal to the trachea; smooth
Crop enormous bilobed sac
-where the food which is swallowed whole is detained for a time and may be subject to
muscular and enzymatic action; passed to the stomach in small quantities or sometimes
regurgitated from the crop and fed to the young
Anterior Air sacs and pectoral muscles
Respiration: Lungs, air sacs in the viscera & air spaces in bones
*Air sacs and air spaces communicate with the lungs by means of the branches of the bronchi
-decreases specific gravity and more complete exposure of the lung to the air
-air in the lungs is consequently renewed at each inspiration
Pectoralis major great muscle covering the entire sternum and extending to the humerus
Pneumatic foramen entrance to the air spaceof the humerus

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*Actions of the pectoralis major and minor are opposed to each other, one depressing, the other one
raising the limb. This arrangement eliminates all powerful muscles from the back and enables all of the
wing muscles to take their origin from the firm and strong sternum
Divisions of the coelom and posterior air sacs
Parietal peritoneum covers the pleural and peritoneal cavity
Peritoneal cavity posterior to the sternum
Ventral ligament mesentery of the gizzard
Falciform ligament extends from the liver to the midventral line of the body wall
*Falciform ligament of the liver and ventral ligament of gizzard divides the peritoneal cavity into a large
right portion and smaller left portion
Pericardial sac contains the heart
Pericardial cavity space between the pericardial sac and the heart
*Only the posterior part of the pericardial sac is freed from the body wall
Oblique septum membranous partition from the points where the pericardial sac meets the lateral
body wall; derived from the transverse septum
-divides the pleuroperitoneal cavity into 2 pleural cavities(anterior) and a peritoneal
cavity(posterior)

Coelom of birds divided into 4 compartments:

Pericardial cavity, 2 pleural cavities, peritoneal cavity

Peritoneal cavity and its contents

- lined by parietal peritoneum
- at the surface of the viscera (visceral peritoneum)
Liver Right (larger) and left lobe
Pericardial sac rests between the 2 lobes
Coronary ligament attaches the liver to the pericardial sac
*Absence of gall bladder
Gizzard covered by the left lobe; triturates the food since birds have no teeth and swallows their food
whole; horny lining/wall
Gastrohepatic ligament connects the gizzard and the liver
Mesogaster mesentery that connects the gizzard to the dorsal body wall
Proventriculus anterior from the gizzard; contains gastric glands and performs the enzymatic part of
stomach digestion; smooth glandular walls
Gizzard + Proventriculus = stomach
Intestine
Duodenum U shaped loop posterior to the stomach
Hepatoduodenal ligament attaches the beginning of duodenum to the liver

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Mesoduodenum mesentery supporting duodenum
Pancreas lying between the two limbs of the loop
Bile ducts (2) from the right lobe of the liver to the duodenum
Pancreatic ducts (3) pass from the right side of the pancreas into the right duodenum
Small intestine posterior from the duodenum
Colic caeca pair of small lateral diverticula; point of junction of small and large intestine
Large intestine/colon short
Cloaca posterior from the colon; can be traced directly to the anus because of the absence of ischial
and pubis symphyses
*Absence of urinary bladder; but in the embryo is the presence of allantois
Ovary single left; found in the anterior part of the peritoneal cavity; dorsal to the gizzard
Oviduct single left; entering the left side of the cloaca
Spleen rounded red body; between proventriculus and anterior right duodenum
Pleural cavities and their contents
Lung reddish, spongy, flattened organ; dorsal wall of pleural cavity; solid
Pleural cavity cavity where each lung is contained
Pleura - passes over the lungs ventral faces, leaving them outside; coelomic membrane
Syrinx expanded chamber where the trachea forks into 2 bronchi; where the voice of birds are being issued
*Voice is produced by the vibrations of the pessulus and tympaniform membranes
*the bifurcation of the trachea into 2 bronchi can be seen dorsal to the heart
Female Urogenital system
Single ovary and oviduct on the left side
Ovary - a mass containing eggs of various sizes, situated anterior of the left kidney
Mesovarium mesentery of the ovary
Oviduct -posterior to the ovary
Mesotubarium - mesentery of oviduct
Ostium winglike borders fastened to the mesotubarium
Kidneys metanephroi; flattened 3 lobed organ situated against the dorsal wall
Ureters situated just dorsal to the renal portal veins
Left ureter (dorsal) concealed by the oviduct
Cloaca expanded chamber receiving the rectum on its median ventral surface
Coprodaeum large ventral portion; where rectum opens
Urodaeum where oviducts and ureters open

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Proctodaeum most dorsal; opens the anus
Bursa of Fabricius small pouch
Male Urogenital system
Testes pair of oval organs at the anterior end of the kidney
-lack mesorchia
Kidneys the same as the females
Male ducts/deferent ducts medial surface of the testes
-slender, convulated tubes which pass caudad parallel to the ureters
Ureters ventral of the deferent ducts
Cloaca -smaller in males and lips of the anus more protruding
Heart 1 atrium & 1 ventricle