Coursemotor 1 Anintroductiontoelectricalmotorsbasics 130112001554 Phpapp02

2012
Course Motor-1: An Introduction to Electrical Motors Basics
AliHassan
CertifiedEnergyManagerAEEUSA
CopyRightsto:alihassanelashmawy.blogspot.com
AboutAuthor
Hi,I'mAliHassanelAshmawy,Ibeganmycareerfrom1999asa
siteelectricalengineerthenasareamanagerfrom2001thenas
electricaldesignerfrom2003thenasseniorelectricaldesigner
from2006anduptodate.
Inmypastexperience,Idesignedandconstructabout100projectsindifferent
countrieslikeEgypt,Kuwait,Indonesia,KSA,GabonandIraq.
MydesignswereapprovedbymanyinternationalauthoritieslikeUSAcorpsof
engineersandUSAministryofexteriorOBOOffice.
I'mcertifiedenergymangerCEMfromAEEUSAsince2006andIhopetobecomea
wellknowndesignerinthefieldofelectricaldesign.
TocontactmepleaseemailtoAli1973hassan@yahoo.com
Page2of127
CourseDescription:
Thiscourseisintendedtopreparethetargetpersonswiththeabilitytounderstand
andrecognizedifferenttypes,components,theoryofoperationandapplicationsof
AllElectricalMotors.
ThetargetPersons:
Designengineers,newgraduateengineers,undergraduateengineeringstudents,
sitefieldengineers,maintenanceengineersandtechnicians.
SkillsDevelopment:
Oncompletionofthiscoursethetargetpersonwillbeableto:
1. Understandthetechnology,conceptsandterminologyofElectricalMotors.
2. Recognizedifferenttypes,theoryofoperation,componentsandaccessories
ofElectricalMotors.
3. SpecifycorrectlyanytypeofElectricalMotorsforcertainapplications.
Page3of127
TableofContents
S/N
1
2
3
3.1
3.2
4
4.1
A
A.1
A.2
A.3
A.4
A.5
A.6
A.7
B
4.2
4.2.1
A
A.1
A.2
a
b
Item
Introduction
PrincipleofHowMotorsWork
MotorBasicParts
ACMotorBasicParts
DCMotorBasicParts
TypesofMotor
DCMotors
1.ABrushDCmotors
PermanentMagnet
ShuntWound
SeriesWound
CompoundWound
SeparatelyexcitedDCmotor
UniversalMotor
ServoMotors
1.BBrushlessDCmotors
AcMotors
Inductionmotor
SinglePhase,SquirrelCage,InductionMotor
ShadedPoleInductionMotors
SplitPhaseACInductionMotor
CapacitorStart
PermanentSplitCapacitor(CapacitorRun)ACInduction
Motor
CapacitorStart/CapacitorRunACInductionMotor
ResistanceStart
Universalmotor
ThreePhase,SquirrelCage,InductionMotor
SinglePhase,WoundRotor,InductionMotor
Repulsionmotor
RepulsionstartInductionrunmotor.
RepulsionInductionmotor
ThreePhase,WoundRotor,InductionMotor
Synchronousmotor
Nonexcitedmotors.
Reluctancemotors.
Hysteresismotors.
Permanentmagnetmotors.
DCexcitedmotors.
BrushtypeSynchronousmotors
BrushlesstypeSynchronousmotors
Page
No.
6
6
7
7
21
25
26
28
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
48
48
55
55
56
58
60
61
63
64
65
65
68
68
69
71
77
77
80
82
83
84
84
59
c
d
A.3
B
C
C.1
a
b
D
4.2.2
A
A.1
A.2
A.3
B
B.1
B.2
Page4of127
S/N
C
C.1
C.2
C.3
4.2.3
A
B
5
5.1
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
5.2
Item
Steppermotor
VariableReluctanceStepMotors
PermanentMagnetRotorStepMotors
HybridPermanentMagnetStepMotors
LinearMotors
Linearinductionmotor(LIM)
Linearsynchronousmotor(LSM)
MotorsSelectionProcedures
AcMotorsSelectionProcedures
Thepowersupply
Systemrequirements
Motorclass
Motorinsulationtype
MotorDutyCycleApplications
Bearingtype
Methodofmountingthemotor
Thecostandsizeofthemotor
Methodofspeedcontrol
Environmentalconditions
DCMotorSelectionProcedures.
Page
No.
86
88
89
90
91
92
95
96
96
96
101
106
110
112
114
115
119
119
121
125
Page5of127
1Introduction
Electricmotorsdefinedaselectromechanicaldevicesthatconvertelectricalenergy
tomechanicalenergy;theyaretheinterfacebetweentheelectricalandmechanical
systemsofafacility.
Electricmotorsareanimportantpartofanyelectricalsystem.Theyusedthroughout
everymanufacturingplant,office,andhomeconsumingabout64%ofallelectricity
generated.
Therearenumerouswaystodesignamotor,thustherearemanydifferenttypesof
motorsandeachtypepossessdifferentoperatingcharacteristics(thatwillbelisted
later).Basedonthesecharacteristicsthemotorcanbechosenforaspecified
application.
2PrincipleofHowMotorsWork:
PrincipleofHowMotorsWork
1. Electricalcurrentflowinginaloopofwirewillproduceamagneticfield
acrosstheloop.
2. Whenthisloopissurroundedbythefieldofanothermagnet,theloopwill
turn,producingaforce(calledtorque)thatresultsinmechanicalmotion
Page6of127
3Motorbasicparts:
ElectricmachinesareclassifiedintotwocategoriesD.C.andA.C.motors,thebasic
partsforeachtypewillbedifferentforeachtypeasfollows:
3.1ACMotorBasicParts:
ACMotorBasicParts
ThebasicpartsforACmotorsareasfollows:
1. Enclosure.
2. Stator.
3. Rotor.
4. Bearings.
5. ConduitBox.
6. EyeBolt.
Page7of127
1Enclosure
Enclosure
Theenclosureconsistsofaframe(oryoke)andtwoendbrackets(orbearing
housings).
Amotor'senclosurenotonlyholdsthemotor'scomponentstogether,italso
protectstheinternalcomponentsfrommoistureandcontainments.Thedegreeof
protectiondependsontheenclosuretype.Inaddition,thetypeofenclosureaffects
themotor'scooling.Therearetwocategoriesofenclosuresasfollows:
OpenEnclosure.
TotallyenclosedEnclosure.
Page8of127
OpenandEnclosedTypes
AOpenEnclosure
opendripproof(ODP)enclosure
Openenclosurespermitcoolingairtoflowthroughthemotor.Onetypeofopen
enclosureistheopendripproof(ODP)enclosure.Thisenclosurehasventsthatallow
forairflow.Fanbladesattachedtotherotormoveairthroughthemotorwhenthe
rotoristurning.Theventsarepositionedsothatliquidsandsolidsfallingfromabove
Page9of127
atanglesupto15fromverticalcannotentertheinteriorofthemotorwhenthe
motorismountedonahorizontalsurface.Whenthemotorismountedonavertical
surface,suchasawallorpanel,aspecialcovermaybeneeded.ODPenclosures
shouldbeusedinenvironmentsfreefromcontaminates.
BTotallyenclosedEnclosure
Thiscategorywillincludethefollowingthreetypes:
1. TotallyEnclosedNonVentilatedEnclosure.
2. TotallyEnclosedFanCooledEnclosure.
3. ExplosionProofEnclosure.
aTotallyEnclosedNonVentilatedEnclosure(TENV)
TotallyEnclosedNonVentilatedEnclosure(TENV)
Insomeapplications,theairsurroundingthemotorcontainscorrosiveorharmful
elementswhichcandamagetheinternalpartsofamotor.Atotallyenclosednon
ventilated(TENV)motorenclosurelimitstheflowofairintothemotor,butisnot
Page10of127
airtight.However,asealatthepointwheretheshaftpassesthroughthehousing
preventswater,dust,andotherforeignmatterfromenteringthemotoralongthe
shaft.
MostTENVmotorsarefractionalhorsepower.However,integralhorsepowerTENV
motorsareusedforspecialapplications.Theabsenceofventilatingopeningsmeans
thatalltheheatfrominsidethemotormustdissipatethroughtheenclosureby
conduction.TheselargerhorsepowerTENVmotorshaveanenclosurethatisheavily
ribbedtohelpdissipateheatmorequickly.TENVmotorscanbeusedindoorsor
outdoors.
bTotallyEnclosedFanCooledEnclosure(TEFC)
TotallyEnclosedFanCooledEnclosure(TEFC)
Atotallyenclosedfancooled(TEFC)motorissimilartoaTENVmotor,buthasan
externalfanmountedoppositethedriveendofthemotor.Thefanblowsairover
themotor'sexteriorforadditionalcooling.Thefaniscoveredbyashroudtoprevent
anyonefromtouchingit.TEFCmotorscanbeusedindirty,moist,ormildlycorrosive
environments.
Page11of127
cExplosionProofEnclosure(XP)
ExplosionProofEnclosure(XP)
Hazardousdutyapplicationsarecommonlyfoundinchemicalprocessing,
mining,foundry,pulpandpaper,wastemanagement,andpetrochemical
industries.Intheseapplications,motorshavetocomplywiththestrictest
safetystandardsfortheprotectionoflife,machinesandtheenvironment.
Thisoftenrequiresuseofexplosionproof(XP)motors.
AnXPmotorissimilarinappearancetoaTEFCmotor,however,mostXP
enclosuresarecastiron.
Page12of127
DivisionIlocationsnormallyhavehazardousmaterialspresentinthe
atmosphere.
DivisionIIlocationsmayhavehazardousmaterialpresentintheatmosphere
underabnormalconditions.
Locationsdefinedashazardous,arefurtherdefinedbytheclassandgroupof
hazard.Forexample,
ClassI,GroupsAthroughDhavegasesorvaporspresent.
ClassII,GroupsE,F,andGhaveflammabledust,suchascokeorgraindust.
ClassIIIisnotdividedintogroups.Thisclassinvolvesignitablefibersandlint.
2Stator
Stator
Page13of127
Themotorstatorconsistsoftwomainparts:
AStatorCore
Thestatoristhestationarypartofthemotor'selectromagneticcircuit.Thestatoris
electricalcircuitthatperformsaselectromagnet.Thestatorcoreismadeupofmany
thinmetalsheets,calledlaminations.Laminationsareusedtoreduceenergylosses
thatwouldresultifasolidcorewereused.
BStator(Windings)
Statorlaminationsarestackedtogetherformingahollowcylinder.Coilsofinsulated
wireareinsertedintoslotsofthestatorcore.
Whentheassembledmotorisinoperation,thestatorwindingsareconnected
directlytothepowersource.Eachgroupingofcoils,togetherwiththesteelcoreit
surrounds,becomesanelectromagnetwhencurrentisapplied.Electromagnetismis
thebasicprinciplebehindmotoroperation.
3Rotor
Rotor
Therotoristherotatingpartofthemotor'selectromagneticcircuit.Magneticfield
fromthestatorinducesanopposingmagneticfieldontotherotorcausingtherotor
topushawayfromthestatorfield.
TherearealotofrotortypeslikeSquirrelcagerotorandwoundrotor,theywillbe
explainedlater.
Page14of127
4Bearings
Bearings,mountedontheshaft,supporttherotorandallowittoturn.Notall
bearingsaresuitableforeveryapplication;auniversal,allpurposebearingdoesnot
exist.Thechoiceofbearingarrangementisbasedonthefollowingqualities:
Loadcarryingcapacityintheaxialandradialdirection.
Overspeedandduration.
Rotatingspeed.
Bearinglife.
Thesizeofthebearingtobeusedisinitiallyselectedonthebasisofitsloadcarrying
capacity,inrelationtotheloadtobecarried,andtherequirementsregardingitslife
andreliability.
Otherfactorsmustalsobetakenintoconsideration,suchasoperatingtemperature,
Page15of127
dirtyanddustyenvironmentalconditions,andvibrationandshocksaffecting
bearingsinrunningandrestingconditions.
BearingsTypes:
Therearemanytypesofbearingsonthemarket,eachwithdifferentcharacteristics
anddifferentuses,thesetypesareasfollows:
ADeepgrooveballbearings
Deepgrooveballbearingsarethemostcommontypeofbearing,andcanhandle
bothradialandthrustloads.Duetotheirlowfrictionaltorque,theyaresuitablefor
highspeeds.
Inaballbearing,theloadistransmittedfromtheouterracetotheballandfromthe
balltotheinnerrace.
Sincetheballisasphere,itonlycontactstheinnerandouterraceataverysmall
point,whichhelpsittospinverysmoothly.Thisalsomeansthatthereisnotvery
muchcontactareaholdingtheload,soifthebearingisoverloaded,theballscan
deform,ruiningthebearing.
Page16of127
BCylindricalrollerbearings
Theserollerbearingsareusedinapplicationswheretheymustholdheavyradial
loads.Intherollerbearing,therollerisacylinder,sothecontactbetweentheinner
andouterraceisnotapointbutaline.Thisspreadstheloadoutoveralargerarea,
allowingthebearingtohandlemuchgreaterradialloadsthanaballbearing.
However,thistypeofbearingisnotdesignedtohandlemuchthrustloading.
CAngularcontactballbearings
AngularContactballbearingshaveracewaysintheinnerandouterringswhichare
displacedwithrespecttoeachotherinthedirectionofthebearingaxis.Thismeans
thattheyaresuitablefortheaccommodationofcombinedloadssuchas
simultaneouslyactingradialandaxialloadsinverticalmachines.
Page17of127
DSphericalrollerthrustbearing
InSphericalRollerthrustbearings,theloadistransmittedfromoneracewaytothe
otheratanangletothebearingaxis.Theyaresuitablefortheaccommodationof
highaxialloadsinadditiontosimultaneouslyactingsmallradialloads.Spherical
rollerthrustbearingsarealsoselfaligning.
ESleeveBearings
Sleevebearingshavenomovingparts,theyrelyonathinfilmofoiltoreducefriction
andallowthemotorshafttoturnfreely.Thisfilmofoiliscriticaltothelifeofa
sleevebearing.
Whenproperlylubricated,thereisactuallynophysicalcontactbetweenthebearing
andtheshaft.Ifforsomereasontheoilfilmbreaksdown,metaltometalcontact
Page18of127
betweentheshaftandthebearingwillcausethebearingtowearveryquicklyand
soonfail
Sleevebearingsareoftenchosenbecauseoftheirrelativelyquietoperationand
lowercostcomparedtoballbearings.
Sleevebearingscanbedividedto:
aFlangemountedsleevebearings
Theyareusedformachineswithashaftheightofupto1120mm.Machineswith
bearingsofthistypearequickandeasytoalign.Theairgapbetweenstatorand
rotorcomesfromthefactoryalreadyadjusted,anddoesnotneedanyfurther
adjustmentonsiteduringinstallation.
bFootmountedsleevebearings
Theyaremountedonapedestal.Thepedestalcaneitherbeintegratedinthestator
frame,orcanbemountedseparately.Ifitisintegratedwiththestatorframeitis
easyandfasttoalign.
5ConduitBox
ConduitBox
Pointofconnectionofelectricalpowertothemotorsstatorwindings.
Page19of127
6EyeBolt
EyeBolt
Usedtoliftheavymotorswithahoistorcranetopreventmotordamage.
Page20of127
2DCMotorBasicParts:
DCMotorBasicParts
ThebasicpartsforDCmotorsareasfollows:
1Stator
ThestatorcarriesthefieldwindingandPoles.Thestatortogetherwiththerotor
constitutesthemagneticcircuitorcoreofthemachine.Itisahollowcylinder.
2Rotor
Itcarriesthearmaturewinding.Thearmatureistheloadcarryingmember.Therotor
iscylindricalinshape.
Page21of127
3ArmatureWinding
Thiswindingrotatesinthemagneticfieldsetupatthestationarywinding(Field
winding).Itistheloadcarryingmembermountedontherotor.Anarmaturewinding
isacontinuouswinding;thatis,ithasnobeginningorend.Itiscomposedofa
numberofcoilsinseries.
4FieldWinding
Thisisanexcitingsystemwhichmaybeanelectricalwindingorapermanentmagnet
andwhichislocatedonthestator.
Note:DCMotorsaregenerallyclassifiedbyhowtheirArmature&Fieldwindingsare
connectedtotheirDCpowersupply.
5Commutator
CommutatorWinding
Thecoilsonthearmatureareterminatedandinterconnectedthroughthe
commutatorwhichcomprisedofanumberofbarsorcommutatorsegmentswhich
areinsulatedfromeachother.Thecommutatorrotateswiththerotorandservesto
rectifytheinducedvoltageandthecurrentinthearmaturebothofwhichareA.C.
Page22of127
6Brushes
Brushes
Theseareconductingcarbongraphitespringloadedtorideonthecommutatorand
actasinterfacebetweentheexternalcircuitandthearmaturewinding.
7Poles
Poles
Thefieldwindingisplacedinpoles,thenumberofwhichisdeterminedbythe
voltageandcurrentratingsofthemachine.
Page23of127
8Slot/Teeth
Formechanicalsupport,protectionfromabrasion,andfurtherelectricalinsulation,
nonconductingslotlinersareoftenwedgedbetweenthecoilsandtheslotwalls.
Themagneticmaterialbetweentheslotsiscalledteeth.
9MotorHousing
Themotorhousingsupportstheironcore,thebrushesandthebearings.
Page24of127
ClassificationofElectricMotors
MainTypesofMotor
Electricmotorsarebroadlyclassifiedintotwocategoriesasfollows:
1. ACMotors.
2. DCMotors.
Withinthosetwomaincategoriestherearesubdivisionsasshowninthebelow
image.
MotorTypes
Notes:
Recently,withthedevelopmentofeconomicalandreliablepowerelectronic
components,therearenumerouswaystodesignamotorandtheclassificationsof
thesemotorshavebecomelessrigorousandmanyothertypesofmotorhave
appeared.Ourclassificationofmotorswillbecomprehensiveascanaspossible.
Page25of127
First:DCmotors
DCmotors
DCpowersystemsarenotverycommoninthecontemporaryengineeringpractice.
However,DCmotorshavebeenusedinindustrialapplicationsforyearsCoupled
withaDCdrive,DCmotorsprovideveryprecisecontrolDCmotorscanbeusedwith
conveyors,elevators,extruders,marineapplications,materialhandling,paper,
plastics,rubber,steel,andtextileapplications,automobile,aircraft,andportable
electronics,inspeedcontrolapplications.
AdvantagesofDCmotors:
1. Itiseasytocontroltheirspeedinawiderange;theirtorquespeed
characteristichas,historically,beeneasiertotailorthanthatofallACmotor
categories.ThisiswhymosttractionandservomotorshavebeenDC
machines.Forexample,motorsfordrivingrailvehicleswere,untilrecently,
exclusivelyDCmachines.
2. Theirreducedoveralldimensionspermitaconsiderablespacesavingwhich
letthemanufacturerofthemachinesorofplantsnottobeconditionedby
theexaggerateddimensionsofcircularmotors.
DisadvantagesofDCmotors
1. Sincetheyneedbrushestoconnecttherotorwinding.Brushwearoccurs,
anditincreasesdramaticallyinlowpressureenvironment.Sotheycannotbe
usedinartificialhearts.Ifusedonaircraft,thebrusheswouldneed
replacementafteronehourofoperation.
Page26of127
2. Sparksfromthebrushesmaycauseexplosioniftheenvironmentcontains
explosivematerials.
3. RFnoisefromthebrushesmayinterferewithnearbyTVsets,orelectronic
devices,Etc.
4. DCmotorsarealsoexpensiverelativetoACmotors.
ThusallapplicationofDCmotorshaveemployedamechanicalswitchor
commutatortoturntheterminalcurrent,whichisconstantorDC,intoalternating
currentinthearmatureofthemachine.Therefore,DCmachinesarealsocalled
commutatingmachines.
TypesofDCmotors:
TypesofDCmotors
Page27of127
TheDCmotorsaredividedmainlyto:
1. BrushDCmotors(BDC).
2. BrushlessDCmotors(BLDC).
1.ABrushDCmotors
BrushDCmotors
AbrushedDCmotor(BDC)isaninternallycommutatedelectricmotordesignedto
berunfromadirectcurrentpowersource.
Applications:
BrushedDCmotorsarewidelyusedinapplicationsrangingfromtoystopushbutton
adjustablecarseats.
Advantages:
BrushedDC(BDC)motorsareinexpensive,easytodrive,andarereadilyavailablein
allsizesandshapes
Page28of127
Construction:
BrushedDCmotorConstruction
AllBDCmotorsaremadeofthesamebasiccomponents:astator,rotor,brushesand
acommutator.
1Stator
Thestatorgeneratesastationarymagneticfieldthatsurroundstherotor.Thisfieldis
generatedbyeitherpermanentmagnetsorelectromagneticwindings.
Page29of127
2Rotor
Rotor(Armature)
Therotor,alsocalledthearmature,ismadeupofoneormorewindings.When
thesewindingsareenergizedtheyproduceamagneticfield.Themagneticpolesof
thisrotorfieldwillbeattractedtotheoppositepolesgeneratedbythestator,
causingtherotortoturn.Asthemotorturns,thewindingsareconstantlybeing
energizedinadifferentsequencesothatthemagneticpolesgeneratedbytherotor
donotoverrunthepolesgeneratedinthestator.Thisswitchingofthefieldinthe
rotorwindingsiscalledcommutation.
Page30of127
3BrushesandCommutator
CommutatorExample
SegmentsandBrushes
Page31of127
Unlikeotherelectricmotortypes(i.e.,brushlessDC,ACinduction),BDCmotorsdo
notrequireacontrollertoswitchcurrentinthemotorwindings.Instead,the
commutationofthewindingsofaBDCmotorisdonemechanically.Asegmented
coppersleeve,calledacommutator,residesontheaxleofaBDCmotor.Asthe
motorturns,carbonbrushes(rideonthesideofthecommutatortoprovidesupply
voltagetothemotor)slideoverthecommutator,comingincontactwithdifferent
segmentsofthecommutator.Thesegmentsareattachedtodifferentrotor
windings,therefore,adynamicmagneticfieldisgeneratedinsidethemotorwhena
voltageisappliedacrossthebrushesofthemotor.Itisimportanttonotethatthe
brushesandcommutatorarethepartsofaBDCmotorthataremostpronetowear
becausetheyareslidingpasteachother.
HowtheCommutatorWorks:
HowtheCommutatorWorks
Astherotorturns,thecommutatorterminalsalsoturnandcontinuouslyreverse
polarityofthecurrentitgetsfromthestationarybrushesattachedtothebattery.
Page32of127
TypesofBDCmotors:
TypesofDCmotors
ThedifferenttypesofBDCmotorsaredistinguishedbytheconstructionofthestator
orthewaytheelectromagneticwindingsareconnectedtothepowersource.These
typesare:
1. PermanentMagnet.
2. ShuntWound.
Page33of127
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
SeriesWound.
CompoundWound.
SeparatelyexcitedDCmotor.
UniversalMotor.
ServoMotors.
APermanentMagnet
PermanentMagnetMotor
ApermanentmagnetDC(PMDC)motorisamotorwhosepolesaremadeoutof
permanentmagnetstoproducethestatorfield.
Page34of127
Advantages:
1. Sincenoexternalfieldcircuitisneeded,therearenofieldcircuitcopper
losses.
2. Sincenofieldwindingsareneeded,thesemotorscanbeconsiderable
smaller.
3. Widelyusedinlowpowerapplication.
4. Fieldwindingisreplacedbyapermanentmagnet(simpleconstructionand
lessspace).
5. Norequirementonexternalexcitation.
Disadvantages:
1. Sincepermanentmagnetsproducesweakerfluxdensitiesthenexternally
supportedshuntfields,suchmotorshavelowerinducedtorque.
2. Thereisalwaysariskofdemagnetizationfromextensiveheatingorfrom
armaturereactioneffects(SomePMDCmotorshavewindingsbuiltintothem
topreventthisfromhappening).
BShuntWound
ShuntWoundMotor
ShuntwoundBrushedDC(SHWDC)motorshavethefieldcoilinparallel(shunt)with
thearmature.
Thespeedispracticallyconstantindependentoftheloadandthereforesuitablefor
commercialapplicationswithalowstartingload,suchascentrifugalpump,machine
tools,blowersfans,reciprocatingpumps,etc.
Page35of127
Advantages:
1. Thecurrentinthefieldcoilandthearmatureareindependentofone
another.asaresult,thesemotorshaveexcellentspeedcontrol.
2. LossofmagnetismisnotanissueinSHWDCmotorssotheyaregenerally
morerobustthanPMDCmotors.
3. Speedcanbecontrolledbyeitherinsertingaresistanceinserieswiththe
armature(decreasingspeed)orbyinsertingresistanceinthefieldcurrent
(increasingspeed).
Disadvantages:
1. ShuntwoundBrushedDC(SHWDC)motorshavedrawbacksinreversing
applications,however,becausewindingdirectionrelativetotheshunt
windingmustbereversedwhenarmaturevoltageisreversed.Here,reversing
contactorsmustbeused.
CSeriesWound
SeriesWoundMotor
SerieswoundBrushedDC(SWDC)motorshavethefieldcoilinserieswiththe
armature.Thesemotorsareideallysuitedforhightorqueapplicationssuchas
tractionvehicles(cranesandhoists,electrictrains,conveyors,elevators,electric
cars)becausethecurrentinboththestatorandarmatureincreasesunderload.
Advantages:
1. ThetorqueisproportionaltoI2soitgivesthehighesttorquepercurrent
ratiooverallotherdcmotors.
Page36of127
Disadvantages:
1. AdrawbacktoSWDCmotorsisthattheydonothaveprecisespeedcontrol
likePMDCandSHWDCmotorshave.
2. Speedisrestrictedto5000RPM.
3. Itmustbeavoidedtorunaseriesmotorwithnoloadbecausethemotorwill
accelerateuncontrollably.
DCompoundWound
CompoundWoundMotor
CompoundWound(CWDC)motorsareacombinationofshuntwoundandseries
woundmotors.
CWDCmotorsemploybothaseriesandashuntfield.TheperformanceofaCWDC
motorisacombinationofSWDCandSHWDCmotors.CWDCmotorshavehigher
torquethanaSHWDCmotorwhileofferingbetterspeedcontrolthanSWDCmotor.
ItisusedinApplicationssuchasRollingmills,suddentemporaryloads,heavy
machinetools,punches,etc.
Advantages:
1. Thismotorhasagoodstartingtorqueandastablespeed.
Disadvantages:
1. Thenoloadspeediscontrollableunlikeinseriesmotors.
Page37of127
ESeparatelyexcitedDCmotor
SeparatelyexcitedDCmotor
InaseparatelyexcitedDCmotorthefieldcoilsaresuppliedfromanindependent
source,suchasamotorgeneratorandthefieldcurrentisunaffectedbychangesin
thearmaturecurrent.TheseparatelyexcitedDCmotorwassometimesusedinDC
tractionmotorstofacilitatecontrolofwheelslip.
Page38of127
FUniversalMotor
UniversalMotor
TheuniversalmotorisarotatingelectricalmachinesimilartoDCseriesmotor,
designedtooperateeitherfromADorDCsource.Thestator&rotorwindingsofthe
motorareconnectedinseriesthroughtherotorcommutator.Theseriesmotoris
designedtomovelargeloadswithhightorqueinapplicationssuchascranemotoror
lifthoist.
Page39of127
GServoMotors
ServoMotors
ServoMotorsaremechanicaldevicesthatcanbeinstructedtomovetheoutput
shaftattachedtoaservowheelorarmtoaspecifiedposition.ServoMotorsare
designedforapplicationsinvolvingpositioncontrol,velocitycontrolandtorque
control.
ServoMotorsComponents
Page40of127
AservomotormainlyconsistsofaDCmotor,gearsystem,apositionsensorwhichis
mostlyapotentiometer,andcontrolelectronics.
ServoMotorsApplications
2BrushlessDCmotors
BrushlessDCmotors
InbrushesDCmotors,themechanicalcommutatorandassociatedbrushesare
problematicalforanumberofreasonsasfollows:
1. Brushwearoccurs,anditincreasesdramaticallyinlowpressure
environment.
2. Sparksfromthebrushesmaycauseexplosioniftheenvironmentcontains
explosivematerials.
3. RFnoisefromthebrushesmayinterferewithnearbyTVsets,orelectronic
devices,etc.
Page41of127
BrushlessDirectCurrent(BLDC)motorsareoneofthemotortypesrapidlygaining
popularity.BLDCmotorsareusedinindustriessuchasAppliances,Automotive,
Aerospace,Consumer,Medical,IndustrialAutomationEquipmentand
Instrumentation.
Asthenameimplies,BLDCmotorsdonotusebrushesforcommutation;instead,
theyareelectronicallycommutated.
BLDCmotorshavemanyadvantagesoverbrushedDCmotorsandinductionmotors,
afewoftheseare:
1. Betterspeedversustorquecharacteristics.
2. Highdynamicresponse.
3. Highefficiency.
4. Longoperatinglife.
5. Noiselessoperation.
6. Higherspeedranges.
Inaddition,theratiooftorquedeliveredtothesizeofthemotorishigher,makingit
usefulinapplicationswherespaceandweightarecriticalfactors.
Construction
BLDCmotorsareatypeofsynchronousmotor.Thismeansthemagneticfield
generatedbythestatorandthemagneticfieldgeneratedbytherotorrotatesatthe
samefrequency.
BLDCmotorscomeinsinglephase,2phaseand3phaseconfigurations.
Correspondingtoitstype,thestatorhasthesamenumberofwindings.Outofthese,
3phasemotorsarethemostpopularandwidelyused.
1Stator
StatorofaBLDCMotor
Page42of127
ThestatorofaBLDCmotorconsistsofstackedsteellaminationswithwindings
placedintheslotsthatareaxiallycutalongtheinnerperiphery.
MostBLDCmotorshavethreestatorwindingsconnectedinstarfashion.Eachof
thesewindingsisconstructedwithnumerouscoilsinterconnectedtoformawinding.
Oneormorecoilsareplacedintheslotsandtheyareinterconnectedtomakea
winding.Eachofthesewindingsisdistributedoverthestatorperipherytoforman
evennumbersofpoles.
Dependinguponthecontrolpowersupplycapability,themotorwiththecorrect
voltageratingofthestatorcanbechosen.Fortyeightvolts,orlessvoltagerated
motorsareusedinautomotive,robotics,smallarmmovementsandsoon.Motors
with100volts,orhigherratings,areusedinappliances,automationandinindustrial
applications.
2Rotor
RotorofaBLDCMotor
Therotorismadeofpermanentmagnetandcanvaryfromtwotoeightpolepairs
withalternateNorth(N)andSouth(S)poles.
Page43of127
BLDCRotorMagnetPositions
Basedontherequiredmagneticfielddensityintherotor,thepropermagnetic
materialischosentomaketherotor.Ferritemagnetsaretraditionallyusedtomake
permanentmagnets.
3HallSensors
BLDCHallSensors
UnlikeabrushedDCmotor,thecommutationofaBLDCmotoriscontrolled
electronically.TorotatetheBLDCmotor,thestatorwindingsshouldbe
energizedinasequence.Itisimportanttoknowtherotorpositioninorderto
understandwhichwindingwillbeenergizedfollowingtheenergizing
sequence.RotorpositionissensedusingHallEffectsensorsembeddedinto
thestator.
MostBLDCmotorshavethreeHallsensorsembeddedintothestatoronthe
nondrivingendofthemotor.
Page44of127
WhenevertherotormagneticpolespassneartheHallsensors,theygivea
highorlowsignal,indicatingtheNorSpoleispassingnearthesensors.
BasedonthecombinationofthesethreeHallsensorsignals,theexact
sequenceofcommutationcanbedetermined.
BasedonthephysicalpositionoftheHallsensors,therearetwoversionsof
output.TheHallsensorsmaybeat60or120phaseshifttoeachother.
Basedonthis,themotormanufacturerdefinesthecommutationsequence,
whichshouldbefollowedwhencontrollingthemotor.
Note:TheHallsensorsrequireapowersupply.Thevoltagemayrangefrom4
voltsto24volts.Requiredcurrentcanrangefrom5to15mAmps.
TheoryofOperation
Eachcommutationsequencehasoneofthewindingsenergizedtopositive
power(currententersintothewinding),thesecondwindingisnegative
(currentexitsthewinding)andthethirdisinanonenergizedcondition.
Torqueisproducedbecauseoftheinteractionbetweenthemagneticfield
generatedbythestatorcoilsandthepermanentmagnetsoftherotor.
Inordertokeepthemotorrunning,themagneticfieldproducedbythe
windingsshouldshiftposition,astherotormovestocatchupwiththestator
field.WhatisknownasSixStepCommutationdefinesthesequenceof
energizingthewindings.
Insixstepcommutation,onlytwooutofthethreeBrushlessDCMotor
windingsareusedatatime.Stepsareequivalentto60electricaldegrees,so
sixstepsmakeafull,360degreerotation.Onefull360degreeloopisableto
controlthecurrent,duetothefactthatthereisonlyonecurrentpath.Six
stepcommutationistypicallyusefulinapplicationsrequiringhighspeedand
commutationfrequencies.AsixstepBrushlessDCMotorusuallyhaslower
torqueefficiencythanasinewavecommutatedmotor.
TypicalBLDCMotorApplications
WecancategorizethetypeofBLDCmotorcontrolintothreemajortypes:
1. Constantload.
2. Varyingloads.
3. Positioningapplications.
1ApplicationswithConstantLoads:
Thesearethetypesofapplicationswhereavariablespeedismoreimportantthan
keepingtheaccuracyofthespeedatasetspeed.Inaddition,theaccelerationand
Page45of127
decelerationratesarenotdynamicallychanging.Inthesetypesofapplications,the
loadisdirectlycoupledtothemotorshaft.
Forexample,fans,pumpsandblowerscomeunderthesetypesofapplications.
Theseapplicationsdemandlowcostcontrollers,mostlyoperatinginopenloop.
2ApplicationswithVaryingLoads:
Thesearethetypesofapplicationswheretheloadonthemotorvariesoveraspeed
range.Theseapplicationsmaydemandhighspeedcontrolaccuracyandgood
dynamicresponses.
Forexample,
Inhomeappliances:washers,dryersandcompressors.
Inautomotive,fuelpumpcontrol,electronicsteeringcontrol,enginecontrol
andelectricvehiclecontrol.
Inaerospace,thereareanumberofapplications,likecentrifuges,pumps,
roboticarmcontrols,gyroscopecontrolsandsoon.
Theseapplicationsmayusespeedfeedbackdevicesandmayruninsemi
closedlooporintotalclosedloop.
3PositioningApplications:
Mostoftheindustrialandautomationtypesofapplicationcomeunderthiscategory.
Theapplicationsinthiscategoryhavesomekindofpowertransmission,whichcould
bemechanicalgearsortimerbelts,orasimplebeltdrivensystem.Inthese
applications,thedynamicresponseofspeedandtorqueareimportant.Also,these
applicationsmayhavefrequentreversalofrotationdirection.
Thesesystemsmostlyoperateinclosedloop.
Page46of127
Finally,acomparisonbetweenBrushedDCmotor(BDC)andBrushlessDCmotor
(BLDC)isasshowninthebelowimage.
Page47of127
Second:ACMotors
Alternatingcurrent(AC)motorsuseanelectricalcurrent,whichreversesitsdirection
atregularintervals.
ThemainadvantageofDCmotorsoverACmotorsisthatspeedismoredifficultto
controlforACmotors.Tocompensateforthis,ACmotorscanbeequippedwith
variablefrequencydrivesbuttheimprovedspeedcontrolcomestogetherwitha
reducedpowerquality.
TypesofACMotors:
ACmotorsincommonusetodaymaybedividedintotwobroadcategories:
1. Induction(asynchronous)motors.
2. Synchronousmotors.
3. LinearMotors.
Thesetwotypesofmotorsdifferinhowtherotorfieldexcitationissuppliedas
follows:
Forinductionmotors,thereisnoexternallyappliedrotorexcitation,andcurrentis
insteadinducedintotherotorwindingsduetotherotatingstatormagneticfield.
Forsynchronousmotors,afieldexcitationisappliedtotherotorwindings.This
differenceinfieldexcitationleadstodifferencesinmotorcharacteristics,which
leadsinturntodifferentprotectionandcontrolrequirementsforeachmotortype.
1Inductionmotor
Inductionmotorsarethemostcommonmotorsusedforvariousequipmentsin
industry.
Page48of127
InductionMotor:Socalledbecausevoltageisinducedintherotor(thusnoneedfor
brushes),butforthistohappen,therotatethanrotormustatalowerspeedthe
magneticfieldtoallowfortheexistenceofaninducedvoltage.
Thereforeanewtermisneededtodescribetheinductionmotorwhichistheslip.
Theslip:
Adrivingtorquecanonlyexistifthereisaninducedcurrentintheshadingring.Itis
determinedbythecurrentintheringandcanonlyexistifthereisafluxvariationin
thering.Therefore,theremustbeadifferenceinspeedintheshadingringandthe
rotatingfield.Thisiswhyanelectricmotoroperatingtotheprincipledescribed
aboveiscalledanasynchronousmotor.
Thedifferencebetweenthesynchronousspeed(Ns)andtheshadingringspeed(N)
iscalledslip(s)andisexpressedasapercentageofthesynchronousspeed.
S=(NsynNm)/Nsyn
Wheresistheslip.Slipisoneofthemostimportantvariablesinthecontroland
operationofinductionmachines.
s=0:iftherotorrunsatsynchronousspeed.
s=1:iftherotorisstationary.
sisve:iftherotorrunsataspeedabovethesynchronousspeed.
sis+ve:iftherotorrunsataspeedbelowthesynchronousspeed.
Advantages:
1. Simpledesign,rugged,lowprice,easymaintenance.
2. Widerangeofpowerratings:fractionalhorsepowerto10MW.
3. Runessentiallyasconstantspeedfromnoloadtofullload.
4. Itsspeeddependsonthefrequencyofthepowersource.
5. Mostpopularmotortodayinthelowandmediumhorsepowerrange.
6. Veryrobustinconstruction.
7. HavereplacedDCMotorsinareaswheretraditionalDCMotorscannotbe
usedsuchasminingorexplosiveenvironmentsOftwotypesdependingon
motorconstruction;SquirrelCageorSlipRing.
Page49of127
Disadvantages:
1. Noteasytohavevariablespeedcontrol.
2. Requiresavariablefrequencypowerelectronicdriveforoptimalspeed
control.
3. Mostofthemrunwithalaggingpowerfactor.
Principleofoperation:
Thestatorisusuallyconnectedtothegridand,thus,thestatoris
magnetized.
Statormagneticfieldcutstherotorwindingsandproducesaninduced
voltageintherotorwindings.
Duetothefactthattherotorwindingsareshortcircuited,forbothsquirrel
cageandwoundrotor,andinducedcurrentflowsintherotorwindings.
Therotorcurrentproducesanothermagneticfield.
Atorqueisproducedasaresultoftheinteractionofthosetwomagnetic
fields.
Construction:
Aninductionmotorhastwomainparts
1Stator
InductionMotorStator
Page50of127
Thisistheimmobilepartofthemotor.Abodyincastironoralightalloyhousesa
ringofthinsiliconsteelplates(around0.5mmthick).Theplatesareinsulatedfrom
eachotherbyoxidationoraninsulatingvarnish.Thelaminationofthemagnetic
circuitreduceslossesbyhysteresisandeddycurrents.
Theplateshavenotchesforthestatorwindingsthatwillproducetherotatingfieldto
fitinto(threewindingsfora3phasemotor).Eachwindingismadeupofseveral
coils.Thewaythecoilsarejoinedtogetherdeterminesthenumberofpairsofpoles
onthemotorandhencethespeedofrotation.
2Rotor
Thisisthemobilepartofthemotor.Likethemagneticcircuitofthestator,itconsists
ofstackedplatesinsulatedfromeachotherandformingacylinderkeyedtothe
motorshaft.
TypesofInductionMotors
TypesofInductionMotors
Page51of127
InductionmotorsareclassifiedaccordingtotheRotorTypeasfollows:
ASquirrelCageRotor:
SquirrelCageRotor
Page52of127
Itconsistsofthickconductingbarsembeddedinparallelslots.Thesebarsareshort
circuitedatbothendsbymeansofshortcircuitingrings.
BWoundRotor:
WoundRotor
Page53of127
Ithasathreephase,doublelayer,distributedwinding.Itiswoundforasmanypoles
asthestator.Thethreephasesarewiredinternallyandtheotherendsare
connectedtoslipringsmountedonashaftwithbrushesrestingonthem.
EachofthetwotypesofInductionmotorsabovecanbeclassifiedintotwomain
groupsasfollows:
ISinglephaseinductionmotors:
Theseonlyhaveonestatorwinding,operatewithasinglephasepowersupply,have
asquirrelcagerotor,andrequireadevicetogetthemotorstarted.Thisisbyfarthe
mostcommontypeofmotorusedinhouseholdappliances,suchasfans,washing
machinesandclothesdryers,andforapplicationsforupto3to4horsepower.
Singlephaseinductionmotorscomealsowithwoundrotorwhichhasexcellent
startingandacceleratingcharacteristics,andtheyareidealforValueOperators,
FarmMotorApplications,Hoists,FloorMaintenanceMachines,AirCompressors,
LaundryEquipmentandMiningEquipment.
IIThreephaseinductionmotors:
Therotatingmagneticfieldisproducedbythebalancedthreephasesupply.These
motorshavehighpowercapabilities,canhavesquirrelcageorwoundrotors
(although90%haveasquirrelcagerotor),andareselfstarting.Itisestimatedthat
about70%ofmotorsinindustryareofthistype,areusedin,forexample,pumps,
compressors,conveyorbelts,heavydutyelectricalnetworks,andgrinders.Theyare
availablein1/3tohundredsofhorsepowerratings.
Now,letusseethefirstclassificationofinductionmotorsbasedontheabove
types:
Page54of127
1SinglePhase,SquirrelCage,InductionMotor:
Thiscategoryhavemanytypesasshowninthebelowimage.
AShadedPoleInductionMotors
Constructionandoperationprinciple:
ShadedPoleInductionMotors
Page55of127
Shadedpolemotorshaveonlyonemainwindingandnostartwinding.Startingisby
meansofadesignthatringsacontinuouscopperlooparoundasmallportionof
eachofthemotorpoles.Thisshadesthatportionofthepole,causingthemagnetic
fieldintheshadedareatolagbehindthefieldintheunshadedarea.Thereactionof
thetwofieldsgetstheshaftrotating.
Advantages:
1. Becausetheshadedpolemotorlacksastartwinding,startingswitchor
capacitor,itiselectricallysimpleandinexpensive.
2. Thespeedcanbecontrolledmerelybyvaryingvoltage,orthroughamulti
tapwinding.
3. Mechanically,theshadedpolemotorconstructionallowshighvolume
production.
4. Theseareusuallyconsideredasdisposablemotors,meaningtheyaremuch
cheapertoreplacethantorepair.
Disadvantages:
1. Itslowstartingtorqueistypically25%to75%oftheratedtorque.
2. Itisahighslipmotorwitharunningspeed7%to10%belowthesynchronous
speed.
3. Generally,efficiencyofthismotortypeisverylow(below20%).
Applications:
Thelowinitialcostsuitstheshadedpolemotorstolowhorsepowerorlightduty
applications.Perhapstheirlargestuseisinmultispeedfansforhouseholduse.But
thelowtorque,lowefficiencyandlesssturdymechanicalfeaturesmakeshadedpole
motorsimpracticalformostindustrialorcommercialuse,wherehighercyclerates
orcontinuousdutyarethenorm.
BSplitPhaseACInductionMotor
Thesplitphasemotorisalsoknownasaninductionstart/inductionrunmotor.Ithas
twowindings:astartandamainwinding.Thestartwindingismadewithsmaller
gaugewireandfewerturns,relativetothemainwindingtocreatemoreresistance,
thusputtingthestartwindingsfieldatadifferentanglethanthatofthemain
windingwhichcausesthemotortostartrotating.Themainwinding,whichisofa
heavierwire,keepsthemotorrunningtherestofthetime.
Page56of127
Advantagesanddisadvantages:
1. Thestartingtorqueislow,typically100%to175%oftheratedtorque.
2. Themotordrawshighstartingcurrent,approximately700%to1,000%ofthe
ratedcurrent.
3. Themaximumgeneratedtorquerangesfrom250%to350%oftherated
torque.
Applications:
Goodapplicationsforsplitphasemotorsincludesmallgrinders,smallfansand
blowersandotherlowstartingtorqueapplicationswithpowerneedsfrom1/20to
1/3hp.Avoidusingthistypeofmotorinanyapplicationsrequiringhighon/offcycle
ratesorhightorque.
Types:
Splitphasemotorsaredesignedtouseinductance,capacitance,orresistanceto
developastartingtorqueandso,theyhavemanytypesasfollows:
1. CapacitorStart.
2. PermanentSplitCapacitor(CapacitorRun)ACInductionMotor.
3. CapacitorStart/CapacitorRunACInductionMotor.
4. ResistanceStart.
Page57of127
1CapacitorStart
CapacitorStartSplitPhaseACInductionMotor
Thestatorconsistsofthemainwindingandastartingwinding(auxiliary).The
startingwindingisconnectedinparallelwiththemainwindingandisplaced
physicallyatrightanglestoit.A90degreeelectricalphasedifferencebetweenthe
twowindingsisobtainedbyconnectingtheauxiliarywindinginserieswitha
capacitorandstartingswitch.
(becauseXCaboutequalsR).Themainwindinghasenoughresistanceinductance
(referredtoasinductivereactanceandexpressedasXL)tocauset Whenthemotor
isfirstenergized,thestartingswitchisclosed.Thisplacesthecapacitorinserieswith
theauxiliarywinding.Thecapacitorisofsuchvaluethattheauxiliarycircuitis
effectivelyaresistivecapacitivecircuit(referredtoascapacitivereactanceand
expressedasXC).Inthiscircuitthecurrentleadsthelinevoltagebyabout45outof
phasesoarethemagneticfieldsthataregenerated.Theeffectisthatthetwo
windingsactlikeatwophasestatorandproducetherotatingfieldrequiredtostart
themotor. (becauseXLaboutequalsR).Thecurrentsineachwindingaretherefore
90 hecurrenttolagthelinevoltagebyabout45
Whennearlyfullspeedisobtained(75%ofRatedspeed),acentrifugaldevice(the
startingswitch)cutsoutthestartingwinding.Themotorthenrunsasaplainsingle
phaseinductionmotor.Sincetheauxiliarywindingisonlyalightwinding,themotor
doesnotdevelopsufficienttorquetostartheavyloads.Splitphasemotors,
therefore,comeonlyinsmallsizes.
Page58of127
Advantagesanddisadvantages:
1. Sincethecapacitorisinserieswiththestartcircuit,itcreatesmorestarting
torque,typically200%to400%oftheratedtorque.
2. Thestartingcurrent,usually450%to575%oftheratedcurrent,ismuch
lowerthanthesplitphaseduetothelargerwireinthestartcircuit.
3. Sizesrangefromfractionalto10hpat900to3600rpm.
2PermanentSplitCapacitor(CapacitorRun)ACInductionMotor
PermanentSplitCapacitor(CapacitorRun)ACInductionMotor
Apermanentsplitcapacitor(PSC)motorhasaruntypecapacitorpermanently
connectedinserieswiththestartwinding.Thismakesthestartwindinganauxiliary
windingoncethemotorreachestherunningspeed.
Sincetheruncapacitormustbedesignedforcontinuoususe,itcannotprovidethe
startingboostofastartingcapacitor.
ThetypicalstartingtorqueofthePSCmotorislow,from30%to150%oftherated
torque.
PSCmotorshavelowstartingcurrent,usuallylessthan200%oftheratedcurrent,
makingthemexcellentforapplicationswithhighon/offcyclerates.
Page59of127
Advantages:
1. Themotordesigncaneasilybealteredforusewithspeedcontrollers.
2. TheycanalsobedesignedforoptimumefficiencyandHighPowerFactor(PF)
attheratedload.
3. Theyreconsideredtobethemostreliableofthesinglephasemotors,mainly
becausenocentrifugalstartingswitchisrequired.
Applications:
Permanentsplitcapacitormotorshaveawidevarietyofapplicationsdependingon
thedesign.Theseincludefans,blowerswithlowstartingtorqueneedsand
intermittentcyclinguses,suchasadjustingmechanisms,gateoperatorsandgarage
dooropeners.
3CapacitorStart/CapacitorRunACInductionMotor
CapacitorStart/CapacitorRunSplitPhaseACInductionMotor
Thismotorhasastarttypecapacitorinserieswiththeauxiliarywindinglikethe
capacitorstartmotorforhighstartingtorque.LikeaPSCmotor,italsohasaruntype
capacitorthatisinserieswiththeauxiliarywindingafterthestartcapacitoris
switchedoutofthecircuit.Thisallowshighoverloadtorque.
Page60of127
Advantages
1. Thistypeofmotorcanbedesignedforlowerfullloadcurrentsandhigher
efficiency
Disadvantages
1. Thismotoriscostlyduetostartandruncapacitorsandcentrifugalswitch.
Applications
Itisabletohandleapplicationstoodemandingforanyotherkindofsinglephase
motor.Theseincludewoodworkingmachinery,aircompressors,highpressurewater
pumps,vacuumpumpsandotherhightorqueapplicationsrequiring1to10hp.
4ResistanceStart
ResistanceStartSplitPhaseACInductionMotor
Amodifiedversionofthecapacitorstartmotoristheresistancestartmotor.Inthis
motortype,thestartingcapacitorisreplacedbyaresistor.Thismotoralsohasa
startingwindinginadditiontothemainwinding.Itisswitchedinandoutofthe
circuitjustasitwasinthecapacitorstartmotor.Thestartingwindingispositioned
atrightanglestothemainwinding.Theelectricalphaseshiftbetweenthecurrents
inthetwowindingsisobtainedbymakingtheimpedanceofthewindingsunequal.
Themainwindinghasahighinductanceandalowresistance.Thecurrent,therefore,
lagsthevoltagebyalargeangle.Thestartingwindingisdesignedtohaveafairlylow
Page61of127
inductanceandahighresistance.Herethecurrentlagsthevoltagebyasmaller
angle.
Formaximumstartingtorque,the30degreephasedifferencestillgeneratesa
rotatingfield.Thissuppliesenoughtorquetostartthemotor.Whenthemotor
comesuptospeed,aspeedcontrolledswitchdisconnectsthestartingwindingfrom
theline,andthemotorcontinuestorunasaninductionmotor.Thestartingtorque
isnotasgreatasitisinthecapacitorstart. Forexample,supposethecurrentinthe
mainwindinglagsthevoltageby70.Thecurrentintheauxiliarywindinglagsthe
voltageby40.Thecurrentsare,therefore,outofphaseby30.Themagneticfields
areoutofphasebythesameamount.Althoughtheidealangularphasedifferenceis
90
Applications,Advantagesanddisadvantages:
Theresistancestartmotorisusedinapplicationswherethestartingtorque
requirementislessthanthatprovidedbythecapacitorstartmotor.Apartfromthe
cost,thismotordoesnotofferanymajoradvantageoverthecapacitorstartmotor.
Acomparisonforthepopulartypesofasplitphasemotorsisshowninthebelow
image.
Page62of127
CUniversalmotor:
Universalmotor
UniversalmotorsaremostlyoperatedonACpower,buttheycanoperateoneither
ACorDC.Toolsandappliancesareamongthemostfrequentapplications.
PleasereviewtheprevioustopicClassificationofElectricMotorsPartOnefor
moreinformationaboutUniversalmotor.
Page63of127
2ThreePhase,SquirrelCage,InductionMotor:
Almost90%ofthethreephaseACInductionmotorsareofSquirrelCagetype.Here,
therotorisofthesquirrelcagetypeanditworksasexplainedearlier.Thepower
ratingsrangefromonethirdtoseveralhundredhorsepowerinthethreephase
motors.Motorsofthistyperatedonehorsepowerorlarger,costlessandcanstart
heavierloadsthantheirsinglephasecounterparts.
ThreephaseSquirrelcageInductionmotorsareclassifiedbyapplicationwitha
designletterwhichgivesanindicationofkeyperformancecharacteristicsofthe
motor,theseclassificationaremadebyNEMAandIEC.ThemainClassificationsof
ThreephaseSquirrelcageInductionmotorsareshowninthebelowimage.
ThreePhase,SquirrelCage,InductionMotor
Page64of127
3SinglePhase,WoundRotor,InductionMotor
Thiscategoryhavemanytypesasshowninthebelowimage.
ARepulsionmotor
Construction:
Repulsionmotor
Page65of127
Themotorhasastatorandarotorbutthereisnoelectricalconnectionbetweenthe
twoandtherotorcurrentisgeneratedbyinduction.Therotorwindingisconnected
toacommutatorwhichisincontactwithapairofshortcircuitedbrusheswhichcan
bemovedtochangetheirangularpositionrelativetoanimaginarylinedrawn
throughtheaxisofthestator.Themotorcanbestarted,stoppedandreversed,and
thespeedcanbevaried,simplybychangingtheangularpositionofthebrushes.
TheprincipledifferencebetweenanACseriesmotorandrepulsionmotorsisthe
wayinwhichpowerissuppliedtoarmature.InAcseriesmotorthearmature
receivesvoltagebyconductionthroughthepowersupply.ButInrepulsionmotors
thearmatureissuppliedbyinductionfromthestatorwindings.
Page66of127
DisadvantagesofRepulsionMotor:
1. Occurrenceofsparksatbrushes.
2. Commutatorandbrusheswearoutquickly.Thisisprimarilyduetoarcingand
heatgeneratedatbrushassembly.
3. Thepowerfactorispooratlowspeeds.
4. Noloadspeedisveryhighanddangerous.
ApplicationofRepulsionmotors:
Becauseofexcellentstartingandacceleratingcharacteristics,repulsioninduction
motorsareidealfor:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
ValueOperators.
FarmMotorApplications.
Hoists.
FloorMaintenanceMachines.
AirCompressors.
LaundryEquipment.
MiningEquipment.
Types:
Thevarioustypesofmotorswhichworksundertherepulsionprincipleare:
1. RepulsionstartInductionrunmotor.
2. RepulsionInductionmotor.
Page67of127
ARepulsionstartinductionrun
Arepulsionstartinductionmotorisasinglephasemotorhavingthesamewindings
asarepulsionmotor,Whenaninductionmotordrivesahardstartingloadlikea
compressor,thehighstartingtorqueoftherepulsionmotormaybeputtouse.The
inductionmotorrotorwindingsarebroughtouttocommutatorsegmentsfor
startingbyapairofshortedbrushes.Atnearrunningspeed,acentrifugalswitch
shortsoutallcommutatorsegments,givingtheeffectofasquirrelcagerotor,the
brushesmayalsobeliftedtoprolongbushlife.Thismeansthattheystartedas
repulsionmotorsbutrunningasinductionmotorStartingtorqueis300%to600%of
thefullspeedvalueascomparedtounder200%forapureinductionmotor.
BRepulsionInductionMotor
Arepulsioninductionmotorisaformofrepulsionmotorwhichhasasquirrelcage
windingintherotorinadditiontotherepulsionmotorwinding.Amotorofthistype
mayhaveeitheraconstantspeedorvaryingspeedcharacteristic.
Page68of127
4ThreePhase,WoundRotor,InductionMotor
ThreePhase,WoundRotor,InductionMotor
Thistypeof3phaseinductionmotorhashighstartingtorque,whichmakesit
idealforapplicationswherestandardNEMAdesignmotorsfallshort.The
woundrotormotorisparticularlyeffectiveinapplicationswhereusinga
squirrelcagemotormayresultinastartingcurrentthat'stoohighforthe
capacityofthepowersystem.
Inaddition,thewoundrotormotorisappropriateforhighinertialoads
havingalongaccelerationtime.
Theslipringmotororwoundrotormotorisavariationofthesquirrelcage
inductionmotor.Whilethestatoristhesameasthatofthesquirrelcage
motor,ithasasetofwindingsontherotorwhicharenotshortcircuited,but
areterminatedtoasetofsliprings.Thesearehelpfulinaddingexternal
resistorsandcontactors.
Page69of127
WoundRotor
Theslipnecessarytogeneratethemaximumtorque(pullouttorque)is
directlyproportionaltotherotorresistance.Intheslipringmotor,the
effectiverotorresistanceisincreasedbyaddingexternalresistancethrough
thesliprings.Thus,itispossibletogethigherslipandhence,thepullout
torqueatalowerspeed.
Aparticularlyhighresistancecanresultinthepullouttorqueoccurringat
almostzerospeed,providingaveryhighpullouttorqueatalowstarting
current.Asthemotoraccelerates,thevalueoftheresistancecanbereduced,
alteringthemotorcharacteristictosuittheloadrequirement.Oncethe
motorreachesthebasespeed,externalresistorsareremovedfromtherotor.
Thismeansthatnowthemotorisworkingasthestandardinductionmotor.
Thismotortypeisidealforveryhighinertialoads,whereitisrequiredto
generatethepullouttorqueatalmostzerospeedandacceleratetofull
speedintheminimumtimewithminimumcurrentdraw.
Applications:
Theyaregenerallyusedtodrivehighinertialoads(e.g.,largepumps,cranes,
grinders).
Page70of127
Second:Synchronousmotor
SynchronousMotor:Socalledbecauserotortriestolineupwiththerotating
magneticfieldinthestator.Ithasthestatorofaninductionmotor,andtherotorof
adcmotor.
AsynchronousmotorisanACmotor,whichrunsatconstantspeedfixedby
frequencyofthesystem.Itrequiresdirectcurrent(DC)forexcitationandhaslow
startingtorque,andthereforesuitedforapplicationsthatstartwithalowload,such
asaircompressors,frequencychangesandmotorgenerators.Synchronousmotors
areabletoimprovethepowerfactorofasystem,whichiswhytheyareoftenused
insystemsthatusealotofelectricity.
DifferencesbetweenSynchronousandInductionmotors:
1. Synchronousmotorsarenotaswidelyusedasinductionmachinesbecause
theirrotorsaremorecomplexandtheyrequireexciters.
2. Synchronousmotorsareusedinlargeindustrialapplicationsinsituations
wheretheirabilitytoprovideleadingpowerfactorhelpstosupportor
stabilizevoltageandtoimproveoverallpowerfactor.
3. Inratingshigherthanseveralhundredhorsepower,synchronousmachines
areoftenmoreefficientthaninductionmachinesandsoverylarge
synchronousmachinesaresometimeschosenoverinductionmotors.
4. Unlikeaninductionmotor,thesynchronousmotorisexcitedbyanexternal
DCsourceand,therefore,requiresslipringsandbrushestoprovidecurrent
totherotor.
5. Inthesynchronousmotor,therotorlocksintostepwiththerotating
magneticfieldandrotatesatsynchronousspeed.Ifthesynchronousmotoris
loadedtothepointwheretherotorispulledoutofstepwiththerotating
magneticfield,notorqueisdeveloped,andthemotorwillstop.
6. Asynchronousmotorisnotaselfstartingmotorbecausetorqueisonly
developedwhenrunningatsynchronousspeed;therefore,themotorneeds
sometypeofdevicetobringtherotortoSynchronousspeed.
Construction:
Liketheasynchronous(Induction)motor,thesynchronousmotorconsistsofastator
andarotorseparatedbytheairgap.Itdiffersfromtheasynchronousmotorinthat
thefluxintheairgapisnotduetoacomponentofthestatorcurrent:itiscreatedby
magnetsorbythefieldcoilcurrentprovidedbyanexternalDCsourceenergizinga
windingplacedintherotor.
Page71of127
Themaincomponentsofasynchronousmotorareasfollows:
1Stator:
Stator
Thestatorconsistsofahousingandamagneticcircuitgenerallycomprisingsilicon
steellaminationsanda3phasecoilsimilartothatofanasynchronousmotor
suppliedwith3phaseACtoproducearotatingfield.
Thestatorproducesarotatingmagneticfieldthatisproportionaltothefrequency
supplied.Thismotorrotatesatasynchronousspeed,whichisgivenbythefollowing
equation:
Ns=120f/P
Where:
f=frequencyofthesupplyfrequency
P=numberofpoles
Page72of127
2Rotor
Rotor
Synchronousrotorsaredesignedprimarilyforapplicationsrequiringhighlyefficient
motors.EachpoleassemblyismadefromhighstrengthsteellaminationswithaDC
fieldwindingencirclingthepolebody.Thefieldwindingconsistsofarectangular
sectionofinsulatedcopperwirewounddirectlyonaninsulatedpolebodyand
bondedbyahightemperature,highstrengthinsulatingepoxyresinwhich,when
cured,resultsinacoilimpervioustodirt,moistureandothercontaminants.
Therotorcarriesfieldmagnetsorcoilsthroughwhichadirectcurrentflowsand
whichcreateinterposedNorthandSouthpoles.Unlikeasynchronous(Induction)
machines,therotorrotateswithnoslipatthespeedoftherotatingfield.
Therearetwotypesofrotorstructuresasfollows:
1. Salientpolerotor.
2. Roundorcylindricalrotor(Nonsalientpolerotor).
Page73of127
aSalientPoleRotor
SalientPoleRotor
Salientpolestructureisusedforlowspeedapplications,suchas
hydroelectricgenerators.
Salientpolerotor:fourandmorepoles.
bRoundorCylindricalRotor(NonsalientPoleRotor)
RoundorCylindricalRotor(NonsalientPoleRotor)
Page74of127
Roundrotorstructureisusedforhighspeedsynchronousmachines,suchas
steamturbinegenerators.
Nonsalientpolerotor:usuallytwoandfourpolerotors.
3Amortisseur(startingwinding)
SynchronousmotorsareprovidedwithanAmortisseur,orstartingwinding,
consistingofcopperalloybarslocatedinthepoleface,paralleltotheshaft,and
brazedattheendstocopperalloyrings.TheAmortisseurwindingistailoredforthe
applicationtoprovidetherequiredstartingperformance.
4StatorFrame
Thestatorframecontainsandsupportstheotherpartsandmayincludebearing
housings.
5OtherParts
Largemachinesincludeadditionalpartsforcoolingthemachine,supportingthe
rotor,lubricatingandcoolingthebearings,andvariousprotectionandmeasurement
devices.
Operation:
OperationofaSynchronousMotor
Page75of127
Theoperationofasynchronousmotorissimpletoimagine.The'Stator'winding,
whenexcitedbyapolyphase(usually3phase)supply,createsarotatingmagnetic
fieldinsidethemotor.Therotorwinding,whichactsasapermanentmagnet,
suppliedwithaDCcurrentandcreatingafieldwhichsimplylocksinwiththe
rotatingmagneticfieldandrotatesalongwithit?Duringoperation,astherotorfield
locksinwiththerotatingmagneticfield,themotorissaidtobeinsynchronization
andatorqueisdeveloped.
Oncethemotorisinoperation,thespeedofthemotorisdependentonlyonthe
supplyfrequency.Whenthemotorloadisincreasedbeyondthebreakdownload,
themotorfallsoutofsynchronizationi.e.,theappliedloadislargeenoughtopull
outthefieldwindingfromfollowingtherotatingmagneticfield.Themotor
immediatelystallsafteritfallsoutofsynchronization.
Applications:
1. Synchronousmotorsfindapplicationsinallindustrialapplicationswhere
constantspeedisnecessary.
2. Improvingthepowerfactorassynchronouscondensers.
3. Lowpowerapplicationsincludepositioningmachines,wherehighprecisionis
required,androbotactuators.
4. Mainssynchronousmotorsareusedforelectricclocks.
5. Recordplayerturntables.
6. Largeplantcompressors.
7. Fans,pumps,andlargeindustrialgrinders.
8. Millsinthesteelindustry.
9. Largerhighspeedmotorsarepopularinthenaturalgaspipelinesystem.
Advantages:
Synchronousmotorshavethefollowingadvantagesovernonsynchronousmotors:
1. Speedisindependentoftheload,providedanadequatefieldcurrentis
applied.
2. Accuratecontrolinspeedandpositionusingopenloopcontrols,e.g.stepper
motors.
3. TheywillholdtheirpositionwhenaDCcurrentisappliedtoboththestator
andtherotorwindings.
4. Theirpowerfactorcanbeadjustedtounitybyusingaproperfieldcurrent
relativetotheload.Also,a"capacitive"powerfactor,(currentphaseleads
voltagephase),canbeobtainedbyincreasingthiscurrentslightly,whichcan
helpachieveabetterpowerfactorcorrectionforthewholeinstallation.
Page76of127
5. Theirconstructionallowsforincreasedelectricalefficiencywhenalowspeed
isrequired(asinballmillsandsimilarapparatus).
6. Theyruneitheratthesynchronousspeedortheydonotrunatall.
Types:
Therearetwomajortypesofsynchronousmotorsasfollows:
1. Nonexcitedmotors.
2. DCexcitedmotors.
1Nonexcitedmotors
Thesemotorsemployaselfstartingcircuitandrequirenoexternalexcitation
supply.
Innonexcitedmotors,therotorismadeofsolidsteel.Atsynchronousspeedit
rotatesinstepwiththerotatingmagneticfieldofthestator,soithasanalmost
constantmagneticfieldthroughit.Theexternalstatorfieldmagnetizestherotor,
inducingthemagneticpolesneededtoturnit.Therotorismadeofahigh
retentivelysteelsuchascobaltsteel.Thesearemanufacturedinthreetypesas
follows:
Reluctancemotors.
Hysteresismotors.
Permanentmagnetmotors.
AReluctancemotors
ReluctancemotorisAsynchronousinductionmotor.Therotorhassalientpolesand
acagesothatitstartslikeaninductionmotor,andrunslikeasynchronousmotor.
Principleofoperation:
ReluctanceRotor
Page77of127
Aclassicsquirrelcagerotorwithnotches(orflats)intherotorperiphery.The
numberofnotcheswillcorrespondtothenumberofpolesinthestator
winding.Thesectionsoftherotorperipherybetweenthehighreluctance
areasareknownassalientpoles.Sincethesepolescreatealowreluctance
pathforthestatorflux,theyareattractedtothepolesofthestatorfield.
Thereluctancesynchronousrotorstartsandaccelerateslikearegularsquirrel
cagerotor,butasitapproachestherotationalspeedofthefield,acritical
pointisreachedwherethereisanincreasedaccelerationandtherotor
snapsintosynchronismwiththestatorfield.
Iftheload(particularlyinertial)istoogreat,themotorwillnotattain
synchronousspeed.Motorpullintorqueisdefinedasthemaximumload
thatthemotorcanaccelerateandpullintosynchronismatratedvoltageand
frequency.
Anappliedloadgreaterthantheratedpullintorquewillpreventthe
motorfrompullingtheloadintosynchronismandwillresultinrough,non
uniformoperation.
Reluctancesynchronousmotorsmaybedesignedforpolyphaseoperation,aswell
assinglephaseversionsinsplitphase,CSandPSCconfigurations.
Reluctancesynchronousmotorsratingsrangefromsubfractionaltoabout30hp.
Subfractionalhorsepowermotorshavelowtorque,andaregenerallyusedfor
instrumentationapplications.Moderatetorque,integralhorsepowermotorsuse
squirrelcageconstructionwithtoothedrotors.
SwitchedReluctanceMotors
Page78of127
SwitchedReluctanceMotors
Theswitchedreluctancemotor(SRM)isanelectricmotorinwhichtorqueis
producedbythetendencyofitsmoveableparttomovetoapositionwhere
theinductanceoftheexcitedwindingismaximized.
SRMisatypeofsynchronousmachine.IthaswoundfieldcoilsofaDCmotor
foritsstatorwindingsandhasnocoilsormagnetsonitsrotor.
Itcanbeseenthatboththestatorandrotorhavesalientpoles;hence,the
machineisadoublysalient,singlyexcitedmachine.
Statorwindingsondiametricallyoppositepolesareconnectedinseriesor
paralleltoformonephaseofthemotor.
Severalcombinationsofstatorandrotorpolesarepossible,suchas6/4(6
statorpolesand4rotorpoles),8/4,10/6etc.
Theconfigurationswithhighernumberofstator/rotorpolecombinations
havelesstorqueripple.
Applications:
1. Flameproofdrivesystemsforpotentiallyexplosiveatmospheres.
2. Washingmachine.
3. Environmentallyfriendlyairconditioningsystemforpassengertrains.
4. Servosystemsforadvancedtechnologyweavingmachine.
Page79of127
BHysteresismotors:
Hysteresismotors
Althoughthestatorinahysteresissynchronousdesigniswoundmuchlikethatof
theconventionalsquirrelcagemotor,itsrotorismadeofaheattreatedcast
permanentmagnetalloycylinder(withanonmagneticsupport)securelymountedto
theshaftlike"hard"cobaltsteel.Thismaterialhasawidehysteresisloop(high
retentively),meaningonceitismagnetizedinagivendirection,itrequiresalarge
reversemagneticfieldtoreversethemagnetization.
StatorofaHysteresisMotor
Page80of127
Themotorsspecialperformancecharacteristicsareassociatedwithitsrotordesign.
Therotorstartsonthehysteresisprincipleandacceleratesatafairlyconstantrate
untilitreachesthesynchronousspeedoftherotatingfield.
CobaltHysteresisRingRotor
Instead of the permanently fixed poles found in the rotor of the reluctance
synchronous design, hysteresis rotor poles are induced by the rotating
magneticfield.Duringtheaccelerationperiod,thestatorfieldwillrotateata
speedfasterthantherotor,andthepoleswhichitinducesintherotorwill
shiftarounditsperiphery.Whentherotorspeedreachesthatoftherotating
statorfield,therotorpoleswilltakeupafixedposition.
If the load is increased beyond the capacity of the motor, the poles on the
peripheryoftherotorcorewillshift.
Iftheloadisthenreducedtothepullincapacityofthemotor,thepoleswill
take up fixed positions until the motor is again overloaded or stopped and
restarted.
The hysteresis rotor will lockin at any position, in contrast to the
reluctance rotor which has only the lockin points corresponding to the
salientpolesontherotor.
Applications:
Hysteresismotorsaremanufacturedinsubfractionalhorsepowerratings,primarily
asservomotorsandtimingmotors.Moreexpensivethanthereluctancetype,
hysteresismotorsareusedwherepreciseconstantspeedisrequired.
Page81of127
CPermanentMagnetSynchronousMotors
PermanentMagnetSynchronousMotors
ThestatorportionofPermanentMagnetSynchronousMotorshasanuneven
distributionofmagneticPolesandthesolidsteelrotorhaspermanentmagnets
embeddedinit,thepurposeofthisistogivetherotorapreferredstartingpoint
whileprovidinganapparentshiftinfieldduringstartingduetotheuneven
reluctanceofthestator.
PermanentMagnetclockMotorandRotor
Theyarenotselfstarting.Becauseoftheconstantmagneticfieldintherotorthese
cannotuseinductionwindingsforstarting,andmusthaveelectronicallycontrolled
variablefrequencystatordrive.
Someofthesemotorshaveaspringreturnmechanismtoreversetherotationjustin
caseitstartsturningthewrongway.
Page82of127
Applications:
Industrialdrives,e.g.,pumps,fans,blowers,mills,hoists,handlingsystems,elevators
andescalators,peoplemovers,lightrailwaysandstreetcars(trams),electricroad
vehicles,aircraftflightcontrolsurfaceactuation.
Advantages:
Theuseofpermanentmagnets(PMs)inconstructionofelectricalmachinesbrings
thefollowingbenefits:
1. Noelectricalenergyisabsorbedbythefieldexcitationsystemandthusthere
arenoexcitationlosseswhichmeansubstantialincreaseintheefficiency.
2. Highertorqueand/oroutputpowerpervolumethanwhenusing
electromagneticexcitation.
3. Betterdynamicperformancethanmotorswithelectromagneticexcitation
(highermagneticfluxdensityintheairgap).
4. Simplificationofconstructionandmaintenance.
5. Reductionofpricesforsometypesofmachines.
Disadvantages:
1. Highcostofpermanentmagnets.
2. Magnetcorrosionandpossibledemagnetization.
3. LargeairgapinsurfacemountPMmachines.
2DCexcitedmotors
Theyaremadeinsizeslargerthan1hp,thesemotorsrequiredirectcurrentfor
excitationwhichcanbesuppliedfromaseparatesourceorfromadcgenerator
directlyconnectedtothemotorshaft.
Thesemotorsarecommonlyusedinanalogelectricclocks,timersandotherdevices
wherecorrecttimeisrequired.
TwocommonapproachesareusedtosupplyaDCcurrenttothefieldcircuitsonthe
rotatingrotor:
1. SupplytheDCpowerfromanexternalDCsourcetotherotorbymeansofslip
ringsandbrushesBrushtypeSynchronousmotors.
2. SupplytheDCpowerfromaspecialDCpowersourcemounteddirectlyon
theshaftofthemachinebrushlesstypeSynchronousmotors.
Page83of127
ABrushtypeSynchronousmotors:
BrushtypeSynchronousmotors
ThefieldexciterforabrushtypemotoristypicallyaDCgeneratorwithitsrotor
mountedonthemotorshaft.TheoutputoftheDCgeneratorisfedviabrushesand
slipringstothemotorfieldwindings.
Abrushstyleexciteristypicallynotusedinahighspeedapplicationduetoignition
problemscausedbythebrushesphysicalcontactwiththeslipring.Properand
regularmaintenance,thoughdifficulttoperform,canreducetheoccurrenceof
ignitionproblemsinbrushtypeexciters
BBrushlesstypeSynchronousmotors:
Arotoroflargesynchronousmachinewithabrushlessexcitermountedonthe
sameshaft.
Page84of127
ThefieldexciterforabrushlesssynchronousmotortypicallyconsistsofanAC
generatorwiththefieldwindingsonitsstator,armaturewindingsonitsrotor,and
withitsrotormountedonthemotorshaft.Theoutputofthegeneratorisrectified
bysolidstaterectifierelementsalsomountedontherotorshaftandfeddirectlyto
themotorfieldwindingswithouttheneedforbrushesorsliprings.Becauseofthe
proliferationofsolidstatepowerelectronictechnology,andbecausethebrushless
typemotorsrequirelessmaintenancealmostallnewsynchronousmotorsare
brushlesstype.
SolidStateRectifierforBrushlessMotor
Itispossibletoadjustthefieldcurrentonthemainmachinebycontrollingthesmall
DCfieldcurrentoftheexcitergenerator(locatedonthestator).
Note:Ineitherdesign;brushandbrushless,thefieldexcitationtotheexcitermaybe
variedtovarythepowerfactoroperationofthemotor,andinfactpowerfactor
correctionisonecommonuseofsynchronousmotorssincetheycanbemadeto
operateatleadingpowerfactors.
Page85of127
3Steppermotor:
Steppermotorisaspecialtypeofsynchronousmotorwhichisdesignedtorotatea
specificnumberofdegreesforeveryelectricpulsereceivedbyitscontrolunit.
Typicalstepsare7.5or15degreeperpulse.
Itisamotorthatcanrotateinbothdirections,moveinpreciseangularincrements,
sustainaholdingtorqueatzerospeed,andbecontrolledwithdigitalcircuits.It
movesinaccurateangularincrementsknownassteps,inresponsetotheapplication
ofdigitalpulsestotheelectricdrivecircuit.
Generally,suchmotorsaremanufacturedwithstepsperrevolution.Dependingon
itselectricalpowersupply,itmaybe:
AUnipolar:ifitscoilsarealwayssuppliedinthesamedirectionbyasinglevoltage,
itrequiringonlyonepowersource,hencethenameunipolar.
BBipolar:whenitscoilsaresuppliedsometimesinonedirectionandsometimesin
theother,itrequiringtwopowersources.TheysometimescreateaNorthPole,and
sometimesaSouthpole,hencethenamebipolar.
Steppermotors,unlikeordinaryDCmotors,arebrushlessandcandivideafull360
intoalargenumberofsteps,forexample200.
Operatingprinciples:
Page86of127
SteppermotorsoperatedifferentlyfromnormalDCmotors,whichrotatewhen
voltageisappliedtotheirterminals.Steppermotors,ontheotherhand,effectively
havemultiple"toothed"electromagnetsarrangedaroundacentralgearshaped
pieceofiron.Theelectromagnetsareenergizedbyanexternalcontrolcircuit,such
asamicrocontroller.
Tomakethemotorshaftturn,firstoneelectromagnetisgivenpower,whichmakes
thegear'steethmagneticallyattractedtotheelectromagnet'steeth.Whenthe
gear'steetharethusalignedtothefirstelectromagnet,theyareslightlyoffsetfrom
thenextelectromagnet.Sowhenthenextelectromagnetisturnedonandthefirstis
turnedoff,thegearrotatesslightlytoalignwiththenextone,andfromtherethe
processisrepeated.Eachofthoseslightrotationsiscalleda"step,"withaninteger
numberofstepsmakingafullrotation.Inthatway,themotorcanbeturnedbya
preciseangle.
Advantages:
1. Lowcost.
2. Canworkinanopenloop(nofeedbackrequired).
3. Excellentholdingtorque(eliminatedbrakes/clutches).
4. Excellenttorqueatlowspeeds.
5. Lowmaintenance(brushless).
6. Veryruggedanyenvironment.
7. Excellentforprecisepositioningcontrol.
8. Notuningrequired.
Disadvantages:
Someofthedisadvantagesofsteppermotorsincomparisonwithservomotorsare
asfollows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Roughperformanceatlowspeedsunlessyouusemicrostepping.
Consumecurrentregardlessofload.
Limitedsizesavailable.
Noisy.
Torquedecreaseswithspeed(youneedanoversizedmotorforhighertorque
athigherspeeds).
6. Steppermotorscanstallorlosepositionrunningwithoutacontrolloop.
ApplicationsofSteppermotor:
1. Cruisecontrol.
2. Autoairvents.
3. Lightleveling.
Page87of127
4. Printers.
5. Industrialmachines.
6. Automotivegauges.
7. Officeequipment.
8. Computerdrives.
9. Medicalscanners.
10. ScientificInstrumentation.
TypesofStepperMotors:
1VariableReluctanceStepMotors
VariableReluctanceStepMotors
Theconstructionofvariablereluctance(VR)motorsisgenerallyasshowninabove
image,thereisastatorassemblyconsistingofaninsulatedlaminationstackwith
coppercoilswoundaroundtheteeth.Thestatorassemblyispositionedwithina
housingormainframesuchthatitslocationissecured.Therotorassemblyconsists
ofasteelmagneticcore,asteeloutputshaft,andbearings.Therotorassemblyis
centrallylocatedinsidethestatorassemblybyendframesorbearingsupports.
Page88of127
2PermanentMagnetRotorStepMotors
PermanentMagnetRotorStepMotors
ThePMstepmotorisillustratedinaboveimage.Itconsistsoftwosetsofstamped
steelcupswithdiagonalteethfacingtherotor.Eachsetofcupscircumscribesacoil
ofwire.Thetwosetsarepositionedwithrespecttoeachothersuchthatthey
circumscribetherotorbuttheyareoffsetfromeachotherbyonehalfofatooth
pitch.
Thepermanentmagnetrotorstepmotoriscommonlyreferredtoasthestamped
constructionorsheetmetalstepmotor.ItissometimescalledsimplyaPMstep
motorbutshouldnotbeconfusedwiththehybridpermanentmagnetstepmotor.
Therotorinastampedconstructionmotorisasmoothcylindricalpermanent
magnetradiallymagnetizedwithalternatingNandSpoles.
Thestatorhastwocupshapedhalveswithformedstatorteeth.Eachhalfcontainsa
circular,bobbinwoundcoil.Becauseofthissimpledesign,thepriceislow,butstep
accuracyandspeedmaynotequaltheperformanceofotherstepmotortypes.
Page89of127
3HybridPermanentMagnetStepMotors
HybridPermanentMagnetStepMotors
Thehybridstepmotorisgenerallyconstructedasshowninaboveimage.Ithasa
statorassemblysimilartothatoftheVRmotor,buttherotorconsistsofthree
sections.
TwopiecesaresimilartotheVRstepmotorrotor,butamagnetisplacedbetween
them,andtheyareoffsetcircumferentiallyfromeachotherbyonehalftoothpitch.
Thismotoristermedahybridbecauseituseselementsofbothvariablereluctance
andpermanentmagnetrotorstepmotors.Thecommonlyknownversionisthe1.8
stepanglemotor.Itwasoriginallydesignedasanactwophasesynchronous
inductormotorforlowspeedapplications.
Itsstatorconstructionissimilartothatofavariablereluctancestepmotorwith
salientpoles(multipleteethperpole).Thephasewindingsmaybeeithermonofilar
orbifilarcoils,asdiscussedforthestampedconstructionmotor.Therotorcontainsa
cylindricalpermanentmagnetaxiallymagnetizedandenclosedoneachendbya
softironcupwithuniformlyspacedteeth.Asforthevariablereluctancemotor,the
numberofstatorphasesanddifferingnumberofstatorandrotorteethdetermine
thestepangle.
Page90of127
Third:Linearmotors
Linearmotorsshouldbethoughtofasrotaryelectricmotorsthathavebeencut
alongaradialplaneandunrolled.Theresultantmotorisalinearelectricmotorthat
canproducelinearmotionwithouttheneedofpneumaticorhydrauliccylindersor
translationofrotarymotionwiththeuseofbelts,pulleys,orscrews.Thisisdesirable
becausetheextramachinepartsmakethemachinemorecomplicated,andthereare
morepartsthatwillwearout,andneedreplacement.
However,becauselinearmotorsdonothavetheluxuryof360degreecontained
rotation,theymusteitherincreasethelengthoftheprimary,coilassembly,and
keepashortmovingsecondary,magnetassembly,orincreasethelengthofthe
secondary,andkeepashortmovingprimary.Thereisadiagramthatcanbefound
belowillustratingthedifferencesbetweenthesetwooptions.
So,alinearmotorisanelectricmotorthathashaditsstatorandrotor"unrolled"so
thatinsteadofproducingatorque(rotation)itproducesalinearforcealongits
length.Linearelectricmotorscandrivealinearmotionloadwithoutintermediate
gears,screws,orcrankshafts.
Applications:
1. Slidingdoorsandvarioussimilaractuators.
2. Acceleratingcarsforcrashtests.
3. Transportation(Trains).
Page91of127
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Robotics&MaterialHandling.
Elevators.
Compressors&Pumps.
CatapultsandLaunchers.
Curtainpullers.
Types:
TherearetwomaintypesofLinearMotorsasfollows:
1. Linearinductionmotor(LIM).
2. Linearsynchronousmotor(LSM).
1Linearinductionmotor(LIM)
Linearinductionmotor(LIM)
Alinearinductionmotor(LIM)isanACasynchronouslinearmotorthatworksbythe
samegeneralprinciplesasotherinductionmotorsbutisverytypicallydesignedto
directlyproducemotioninastraightline.Characteristically,linearinductionmotors
haveafinitelengthprimary,whichgeneratesendeffects,whereaswitha
conventionalinductionmotortheprimaryisarrangedinanendlessloop.
Linearmotorsfrequentlyrunona3phasepowersupply.
Despitetheirname,notalllinearinductionmotorsproducelinearmotion,some
Page92of127
linearinductionmotorsareemployedforgeneratingrotationsoflargediameters
wheretheuseofacontinuousprimarywouldbeveryexpensive.
Construction:
TraditionalLinearMotors
Alinearelectricmotor'sprimarytypicallyconsistsofaflatmagneticcore(generally
laminated)withtransverseslotswhichareoftenstraightcutwithcoilslaidintothe
slots.
Thesecondaryisfrequentlyasheetofaluminum,oftenwithanironbackingplate.
SomeLIMsaredoublesided,withoneprimaryeithersideofthesecondary,andin
thiscasenoironbackingisneeded.
Twosortsoflinearmotorexist,shortprimary,wherethecoilsaretruncatedshorter
thanthesecondary,andashortsecondarywheretheconductiveplateissmaller.
ShortsecondaryLIMsareoftenwoundasparallelconnectionsbetweencoilsofthe
samephase,whereasshortprimariesareusuallywoundinseries.
TheprimariesoftransversefluxLIMshaveaseriesoftwinpoleslyingtransversely
sidebyside,withoppositewindingdirections.
Principlesofoperation
Page93of127
aMovingmagneticfield
Inthisdesignofelectricmotor,theforceisproducedbyamovinglinearmagnetic
fieldactingonconductorsinthefield.Anyconductor,beitaloop,acoilorsimplya
pieceofplatemetal,thatisplacedinthisfieldwillhaveeddycurrentsinducedinit
thuscreatinganopposingmagneticfield,inaccordancewithLenz'slaw.Thetwo
opposingfieldswillrepeleachother,thuscreatingmotionasthemagneticfield
sweepsthroughthemetal.
bEndeffect
Unlikeacircularinductionmotor,alinearinductionmotorshowsendeffects.
Withashortsecondary,thebehaviorisalmostidenticaltoarotarymachine,
provideditisatleasttwopoleslong,butwithashortprimaryreductioninthrust
occursatlowslip(belowabout0.3)untilitiseightpolesorlonger.
However,becauseofendeffect,linearmotorscannot'runlight'normalinduction
motorsareabletorunthemotorwithanearsynchronousfieldunderlowload
conditions.Duetoendeffectthiscreatesmuchmoresignificantlosseswithlinear
motors.
cLevitation
Inaddition,unlikearotarymotor,anelectrodynamicslevitationforceisshown,this
iszeroatzeroslip,andtendstoaconstantpositiveliftforceasslipincreasesin
eitherdirection.
Page94of127
2Linearsynchronousmotor(LSM)
Linearsynchronousmotor(LSM)
Alinearsynchronousmotor(LSM)isalinearmotorinwhichthemechanicalmotion
isinsynchronismwiththemagneticfield,i.e.,themechanicalspeedisthesameas
thespeedofthetravelingmagneticfield.Thethrust(propulsionforce)canbe
generatedasanactionofthefollowingtwofields:
1.
travelingmagneticfieldproducedbyapolyphasewindingandan
arrayofmagneticpolesN,S,...,N,Soravariablereluctanceferromagneticrail
(LSMswitha.c.armaturewindings);
2.
Magneticfieldproducedbyelectronicallyswitchedd.c.windingsand
anarrayofmagneticpolesN,S,...,N,Sorvariablereluctanceferromagnetic
rail(linearsteppingorswitchedreluctancemotors).
Thepartproducingthetravelingmagneticfieldiscalledthearmatureorforcer.The
partthatprovidesthed.c.magneticfluxorvariablereluctanceiscalledthefield
excitationsystem(iftheexcitationsystemexists)orsalientpolerail,reactionrail,or
variablereluctanceplaten.
Page95of127
MotorSelectionProcedures
First:ACMotorsSelectionProcedures
Thetypeofmotorchosenforanapplicationdependsonthecharacteristicsneeded
inthatapplicationwhichinclude:
1. Thepowersupply,
2. Systemrequirements,
3. Motorclass,
4. Motorinsulationtype,
5. MotorDutyCycle,
6. Bearingtype,
7. Methodofmountingthemotor,
8. Thecostandsizeofthemotor,
9. Methodofspeedcontrol,
10. Environmentalconditions.
1ThePowerSupply
Thepowersupplyisdistinguishedbyitsnumberofphases,ratedvoltageand
frequencyasfollows:
1.1Numberofphases
1. Apowersystemcanbeeithersinglephaseorpolyphase.
2. Singlephasepowerismostcommonlyfoundinhomes,ruralareasandin
smallcommercialestablishments.
3. Apolyphasepowersystemconsistsof2ormorealternatingcurrentsof
equalfrequencyandamplitudebutoffsetfromeachotherbyaphaseangle.
4. Formotors,anadvantageofthreephasepowerissimplerconstructionwhich
requireslessmaintenance.Also,amorepowerfulmachinecanbebuiltintoa
smallerframeandwillgenerallyoperateatahigherefficiencythansingle
phasemotorsofthesamerating.
1.2Voltage:
1.2.AMotorNameplateVoltage
Themotornameplatevoltageisdeterminedbytheavailablepowersupplywhich
Page96of127
mustbeknowninordertoproperlyselectamotorforagivenapplication.The
nameplatevoltagewillnormallybelessthanthenominaldistributionsystemvoltage
toallowforavoltagedropinthesystembetweenthepowersourceandthemotor
leads.
Thebellowimagelistsmotornameplatevoltagesandprovidesthebestmatchto
distributionsystemvoltagesandmeetscurrentmotordesignpractices.
Page97of127
1.2.BDualVoltageMotors
Polyphaseandsinglephasemotorsmaybefurnishedasdualvoltageratingsunder
thefollowingconditions:
Bothvoltagesarestandardfortheparticularratingaslistedintheabove
image.
Thetwovoltagesareinaratioofeither1:2or1:3(e.g.230/460,60Hz;
2300/4000,60Hz;or220/380,50Hz).
Singlephasevoltageratiosare1:2only.
1.2.CVoltageUnbalance
Unbalancedlinevoltagesappliedtoapolyphasemotorresultinunbalanced
currentsinthestatorwindings.Evenasmallpercentageofvoltageunbalancewill
resultinalargerpercentageofcurrentunbalance,thusincreasingtemperaturerise
andpossiblyresultinnuisancetripping.
Percentvoltageunbalanceiscalculatedasfollows:
PercentUnbalance=(100xMaximumVoltageDeviationfromAverageVoltage)/
AverageVoltage
Note:Motoroperationabove5%voltageunbalanceisnotrecommended.
Unbalancedvoltageswillproducethefollowingeffectsonperformance
characteristics:
Torques:Unbalancedvoltageresultsinreducedlockedrotorandbreakdown
torquesfortheapplication.
FullLoadSpeed:Unbalancedvoltageresultsinaslightreductionoffullload
speed.
Current:Lockedrotorcurrentwillbeunbalancedtothesamedegreethat
voltagesareunbalancedbutlockedrotorKVAwillincreaseonlyslightly.Full
loadcurrentatunbalancedvoltagewillbeunbalancedintheorderofsixto
tentimesthevoltageunbalance.
TemperatureRise:A3.5%voltageunbalancewillcauseanapproximate25%
increaseintemperaturerise.
1.3Frequency
1.3.AStandardFrequency
ThepredominantfrequencyintheUnitedStatesis60hertz.However,50hertz
systemsarecommoninothercountries.Othersystems,suchas40and25hertzare
isolatedandrelativelyfewinnumber.
Page98of127
1.3.B50HzOperationof60HzMotors
GeneralElectricstandardmotorsratedat60Hzmaybesuccessfullyoperatedat50
Hzatreducedvoltageandhorsepowerasshowninthefollowingtable:
RatedHpat50Hz=NameplateHpxDerateFactor.
AllowablevoltagevariationatderatedHp=5%.
Selectmotoroverloadprotectionfor60HzAmpsand1.0ServiceFactor.
Motorspeed=5/6nameplateratedspeed.
ServiceFactor=1.0
Sixtyhertzmotorsintendedforuseasshownaboveshouldbeorderedas60
Hzmotorswithnoreferenceto50Hzoperation.
1.3.CDualFrequency
Motorsthatrequire50and60HzoperationofthesamemotorarenonNEMA
definedmotorsandwillbenameplatedassuch.Whenthisisamotorrequirement,it
mustbespecifiedwiththeorder.
1.4VoltageandFrequencyVariation
Allmotorsaredesignedtooperatesuccessfullywithlimitedvoltageandfrequency
variations.However,voltagevariationwithratedfrequencymustbelimitedto10%
andfrequencyvariationswithratedvoltagemustbelimitedto5%.Thecombined
variationofvoltageandfrequencymustbelimitedtothearithmeticsumof10%.
Variationsareexpressedasdeviationfrommotornameplatevalues,notnecessarily
systemnominalvalues.Theallowable10%voltagevariationisbaseduponthe
assumptionthathorsepowerwillnotexceednameplateratingandthatmotor
temperaturemayincrease.
Page99of127
Thefollowingconditionsarelikelytooccurwithvariationsinvoltage:
Anincreaseordecreaseinvoltagemayresultinincreasedheatingatrated
horsepowerload.Underextendedoperationthismayaccelerateinsulation
deteriorationandshortenmotorinsulationlife.
Anincreaseinvoltagewillusuallyresultinanoticeabledecreaseinpower
factor.Conversely,adecreaseinvoltagewillresultinanincreaseinpower
factor.
Lockedrotorandbreakdowntorquewillbeproportionaltothesquareofthe
voltage.Therefore,adecreaseinvoltagewillresultinadecreaseinavailable
torque.
Anincreaseof10%involtagewillresultinareductionofslipof
approximately17%.Avoltagereductionof10%wouldincreaseslipbyabout
21%.
Thefollowingconditionsarelikelytooccurwithvariationsinfrequency:
Frequencygreaterthanratedfrequencynormallyimprovespowerfactorbut
decreaseslockedrotorandmaximumtorque.Thisconditionalsoincreases
speed,andtherefore,frictionandwindinglosses.
Conversely,adecreaseinfrequencywillusuallylowerpowerfactorand
speedwhileincreasinglockedrotormaximumtorqueandlockedrotor
current.
1.5VariableFrequencyOperation
Motorsareavailableforuseonvariablefrequencyinverters.Generallyspeaking,
therearethreedifferenttypesofinverters:
VVIisasquarewaveinverterinwhichvoltageandfrequencyvaryin
proportion(constantvoltsperhertz).
PWIisapulsewidthmodulatedinverterandthesameastheVVItypeexcept
pulsesarevariedintimetosimulateasinewave.
CCIisaconstantcurrentinverter,whichutilizesasquarewavecurrentsupply
asopposedtovoltage.
Page100of127
2Systemrequirements:
Thiswillinclude:
RatedSpeed(Speedmeasuredinshaftrevolutionsperminute(RPM)).
Torque.
Horsepower.
TorqueSpeedperformanceofamotor.
Torque,SpeedandCurrentRelationofamotor.
2.1Ratedspeed
Thespeedatwhichaninductionmotoroperatesisdependentupontheinputpower
frequencyandthenumberofelectricalmagneticpolesforwhichthemotoris
wound.
Thehigherthefrequency,thefasterthemotorruns.Themorepolesthemotorhas,
thesloweritruns.
Thespeedoftherotatingmagneticfieldinthestatoriscalledsynchronousspeed.To
determinethesynchronousspeedofaninductionmotor,thefollowingequationis
used:
SynchronousSpeed(rpm)=(60x2xFrequency)/Numberofpoles
Actualfullloadspeed(thespeedatwhichaninductionmotorwilloperateat
nameplateratedload)willbelessthansynchronousspeed.
Thedifferencebetweensynchronousspeedandfullloadspeediscalledslip.Percent
slipisdefinedasfollows:
PercentSlip=(SynchronousSpeedFullLoadSpeed)X100/SynchronousSpeed
Inductionmotorsarebuilthavingratedsliprangingfromlessthan5%toasmuchas
20%.Amotorwithaslipoflessthan5%iscalledanormalslipmotor.Motorswitha
slipof5%ormoreareusedforapplicationsrequiringhighstartingtorque(conveyor)
and/orhigherthannormalslip(punchpress)where,asthemotorslowsdown,
increasedtorqueallowsforflywheelenergyrelease.
2.2Torque
Torqueisonekeymotorcharacteristic(inadditiontohorsepower)thatdetermine
thesizeofmotorforanapplication.Torqueismerelyaturningeffortorforceacting
Page101of127
througharadius.
2.3Horsepower
Horsepowertakeintoaccounthowfastthemotorshaftisturned.Turningtheshaft
rapidlyrequiresmorehorsepowerthanturningitslowly.Thus,horsepowerisa
measureoftherateatwhichworkisdone.Bydefinition,therelationshipbetween
torqueandhorsepowerisasfollows:
Fullloadtorqueinlbft=(Hpx5252)/FullLoadrpm
2.4TorqueSpeedperformanceofamotor
ThefollowinggraphillustratesatypicalspeedtorquecurveforaNEMAdesignB
inductionmotor.Anunderstandingofseveralpointsonthiscurvewillaidinproperly
applyingmotors.
Page102of127
2.4.ALockedRotorTorque
Lockedrotortorqueisthetorquewhichthemotorwilldevelopatrest(forall
angularpositionsoftherotor)withratedvoltageatratedfrequencyapplied.Itis
alsosometimesknownasstartingtorqueandisusuallyexpressedasapercentage
offullloadtorque.
2.4.BPullUpTorque
Pulluptorqueistheminimumtorquedevelopedduringtheperiodofacceleration
fromlockedrotortothespeedatwhichbreakdowntorqueoccurs.Formotorswhich
donothaveadefinitebreakdowntorque(suchasNEMAdesignD)pulluptorqueis
theminimumtorquedevelopeduptoratedfullloadspeed.Itisusuallyexpressedas
apercentageoffullloadtorque.
2.4.CBreakdownTorque
Breakdowntorqueisthemaximumtorquethemotorwilldevelopwithratedvoltage
appliedatratedfrequencywithoutanabruptdropinspeed.Breakdowntorqueis
usuallyexpressedasapercentageoffullloadtorque.
2.4.DFullLoadTorque
Fullloadtorqueisthetorquenecessarytoproduceratedhorsepoweratfullload
speed.Inpoundfeet,itisequaltotheratedhorsepowertimes5252dividedbythe
fullloadspeedinrpm.
Fullloadtorqueinlbft=(Hpx5252)/FullLoadrpm
2.5Torque,SpeedandCurrentRelationofamotor
Inadditiontotherelationshipbetweenspeedandtorque,therelationshipofmotor
currenttothesetwovaluesisanimportantapplicationconsideration.The
speed/torquecurveisrepeatedbelowwiththecurrentcurveaddedtodemonstrate
atypicalrelationship.
Page103of127
Twoimportantpointsonthiscurrentcurveneedtobeexamined:
2.5.AFullLoadCurrent
Thefullloadcurrentofaninductionmotoristhesteadystatecurrenttakenfrom
thepowerlinewhenthemotorisoperatingatfullloadtorquewithratedvoltage
andratedfrequencyapplied.
2.5.BLockedRotorCurrent
Lockedrotorcurrentisthesteadystatecurrentofamotorwiththerotorlockedand
withratedvoltageappliedatratedfrequency.NEMAhasdesignatedasetofcode
letterstodefinelockedrotorKVA/HP.Thiscodeletterappearsonthenameplateof
allACsquirrelcageinductionmotors.KVAperhorsepoweriscalculatedasfollows:
Forthreephasemotors:
KVA/HP=3xcurrent(inamperes)xvolts/(1000xHp)
Forsinglephasemotors:
KVA/Hp=current(inamperes)xvolts/(1000xHp)
Page104of127
Thelockedrotorkilovoltampereperhorsepowerrangeincludesthelowerfigureup
to,butnotincluding,thehigherfigure.Forexample,3.14isletterAand3.15is
letterB.
BymanipulatingtheprecedingequationforKVA/Hpforthreephasemotorsthe
followingequationcanbederivedforcalculatinglockedrotorcurrent:
LRA=(1000xHpxLockedRotorKVA/Hp)/(3xVolts)
Thisequationcanthenbeusedtodetermineapproximatestartingcurrentofany
particularmotor.Forinstance,theapproximatestartingcurrentfora71/2Hp,230
voltmotorwithalockedrotorKVAcodeletterGwouldbe:
LRA=(1000x7.5x6.0)/(3x230)=113Amps
Page105of127
3Motorclass
3.1PolyphaseMotors,1200HP
NEMAhasdesignatedseveralspecifictypesofmotors(seeFig.1),eachtypehaving
uniquespeed/torquerelationships(seeFig.2)andthesedesignsaredescribedbelow
alongwithsometypicalapplicationsforeach.
Fig(1):NEMAMotorClass
Fig(2):NEMAMotorSpeed/torqueCurves
Page106of127
Table(1):LockedRotorTorque
ThepulluptorqueforNEMAdesignAandBmotorslistedintheaboveLockedRotor
TorqueTablewithratedvoltageandfrequencyappliedwillnotbelessthanthe
following:
Table(2):PullupTorque
Note:ThepulluptorqueofDesignCmotors,withratedfrequencyandvoltage
appliedwillnotbelessthan70percentofthelockedrotortorqueintheabove
LockedRotorTorqueTable.
Page107of127
Table(3):BreakdownTorque
3.2PolyphaseMotorsLargerThan500HP
RatingslargerthanthoselistedinTables1,2and3arenotcoveredbyNEMAdesign
letters,buthaveminimumtorquesestablishedbyNEMAMG1asfollows:
Lockedrotorcurrentofthesedesignswillnormallynotexceed650%offullload
current,andwillnormallybewithinNEMAlockedrotorKVAlimitsforacodeGorH
motor.
Page108of127
3.3SinglePhaseMotorsNEMADesignL
NEMAdesignLmotorisasinglephaseintegralhorsepowermotordesignedto
withstandfullvoltagestarting.Startingperformanceofthesemotorsisdependent
uponastartwindingcontrolledbyacentrifugalmechanismandswitch.
Uponenergizationofthemotor,boththestartwindingandtherunwindingof
themotorareconnectedtotheline.Asthemotorcomesuptospeed,the
centrifugalmechanismwillactuateandopentheswitch,removingthestart
provisionsfromtheline.Therpmatwhichthisoccursisknownasswitchspeed.
Themotorwillthenoperateatfullloadwithonlytherunwindingsconnected.
MaximumlockedrotorcurrentsforDesignL,60Hzmotorsareshowninthe
followingtable:
3.4ServiceFactor
Servicefactorisdefinedasthepermissibleamountofoverloadamotorwillhandle
withindefinedtemperaturelimits.
Page109of127
Whenvoltageandfrequencyaremaintainedatnameplateratedvalues,themotor
maybeoverloadeduptothehorsepowerobtainedbymultiplyingtherated
horsepowerbytheservicefactorshownonthenameplate.However,lockedrotor
torque,lockedrotorcurrentandbreakdowntorqueareunchanged.
NEMAhasdefinedservicefactorvaluesforstandardpolyphasedripproof,60Hz
motorsasshowninthefollowingtable:
4MotorInsulationType
NEMAhasclassifiedinsulationsystemsbytheirabilitytoprovidesuitablethermal
endurance.Thetotaltemperatureisthesumofambienttemperatureplusthe
motorstemperaturerise.
Thefollowingimageillustratethetemperatureriselimitsestablishedforvarious
insulationclassesperNEMAMG1,Part12.
Page110of127
Note:Anadditional10degreesCmeasuredtemperatureriseispermittedwhen
temperaturesaremeasuredbydetectorsembeddedinthewinding.
4.1MotorTemperature
Amajorconsiderationinbothmotordesignandapplicationisheat.Excessiveheat
willcausethefollowingeffectsonmotors:
1. Acceleratemotorinsulationdeteriorationandcauseprematureinsulation
failure.
2. Causeabreakdownofbearinggrease,thusdamagingthebearingsystemofa
motor.
and,Thetotaltemperatureamotormustwithstandistheresultoftwofactors:
1. Externalorambienttemperature.
2. Internalormotortemperaturerise.
Mostmotorsaredesignedtooperateinamaximumambienttemperatureof40C.If
theambienttemperatureexceeds40C,themotormayneedtobemodifiedto
compensatefortheincreaseintotaltemperature.
Thetemperatureriseistheresultofheatgeneratedbymotorlossesduring
operationasfollows:
Atnoload,frictioninthebearings,corelosses(eddycurrentandhysteresis
losses),andstatorI2Rlossescontributetotemperaturerise.
Atfullload,additionallosseswhichcauseheatingarerotorI2Rlossesand
strayloadlosses.(NOTE:I=currentinampsandR=resistanceofthestator
orrotorinohms).
Sincecurrentincreaseswithanincreaseinmotorloadandunderlockedrotor,
temperaturerisewillbesignificantlyhigherundertheseconditions.Therefore,
applicationsrequiringfrequentstartingand/orfrequentoverloadsmayrequire
specialmotorstocompensatefortheincreaseintotaltemperature.
4.2MotorCooling
Sincethetotaltemperatureofamotorisgreaterthanthesurroundingenvironment,
heatgeneratedduringmotoroperationwillbetransferredtotheambientair.The
rateofheattransferaffectsthemaximumloadand/orthedutycycleofaspecific
motordesign.Factorsaffectingthisrateoftransferare:
a.Motorenclosure
Differentenclosuresresultindifferentairflowpatternswhichaltertheamountof
ambientairincontactwiththemotor.
Page111of127
b.Framesurfacearea
Increasingtheareaofamotorenclosureincontactwiththeambientairwillincrease
therateofheattransfer.GeneralElectricmotorenclosuresoftenarecastwithmany
ribstoincreasetheirsurfaceareaforcooleroperation.
c.Airflowovermotor
Thevelocityofairmovingovertheenclosureaffectstherateofheattransfer.Fans
areprovidedonmosttotallyenclosedandsomeopenmotorstoincreasethe
velocityofairovertheexternalparts.
d.Ambientairdensity
Areductionintheambientairdensitywillresultinareductionoftherateofheat
transferfromthemotor.Therefore,totaloperatingtemperatureincreaseswith
altitude.Standardmotorsaresuitableforoperationupto3300feet;motorswith
servicefactormaybeusedataltitudesupto9900feetat1.0servicefactor.
5MotorDutyCycleApplications
Thedutycycleofamotordescribestheenergization/deenergization,andload
variations,withrespecttotimeforanygivenapplication.
Dutycycleapplicationsmaybedividedintothreebasicclassifications:
1.Continuousduty
Itisarequirementofservicethatdemandsoperationatanessentiallyconstantload
foranindefinitelylongtime.Thisisthemostcommondutyclassificationand
accountsforapproximately90%ofmotorapplications.Tosizeamotorforaspecific
applicationwiththisdutycycleclassification,selectproperhorsepowerbasedupon
continuousload.
2.Intermittentduty
Itisarequirementofservicethatdemandsoperationforalternateintervalsofload
andnoload;orloadandrest;orload,noloadandrest;eachintervalofwhichis
definitelyspecified.
Page112of127
Intermittentduty
Selectamotorfortheseapplicationstomatchthehorsepowerrequirementsunder
theloadedcondition.Insomeinstances,suchasahoistorelevatorapplication,
savingsinthepurchasepriceofamotormaybepossiblebydesigningforthe
intermittentdutycycle.30or60minutemotorsarenormallyspecified.Frequent
starts,however,canincreasemotorheating.
3.Varyingduty
Itisarequirementofservicethatdemandsoperationatloadsandforintervalsof
time,whichmaybesubjecttowidevariation.Forthisclassificationofdutycycle,a
horsepowerversustimecurvewillpermitdeterminationofthepeakhorsepower
requiredandacalculationoftherootmeansquare(RMS)horsepowerwillindicate
thepropermotorratingfromaheatingstandpoint.
Thefollowingexampledemonstratesthemethodforselectingamotorforavarying
dutycyclebaseduponpeakhorsepowerandRMShorsepowerrequirements
assumingconstantfrequency.
ExampleforaVaryingdutyMotor
Page113of127
6BearingTypes
Bearings,mountedontheshaft,supporttherotorandallowittoturn.Notall
bearingsaresuitableforeveryapplication;auniversal,allpurposebearingdoesnot
exist.Thechoiceofbearingarrangementisbasedonthefollowingqualities:
Loadcarryingcapacityintheaxialandradialdirection.
Overspeedandduration.
Rotatingspeed.
Bearinglife.
Thesizeofthebearingtobeusedisinitiallyselectedonthebasisofitsloadcarrying
capacity,inrelationtotheloadtobecarried,andtherequirementsregardingitslife
andreliability.
Otherfactorsmustalsobetakenintoconsideration,suchasoperatingtemperature,
dirtyanddustyenvironmentalconditions,andvibrationandshocksaffecting
bearingsinrunningandrestingconditions.
Page114of127
Therearemanytypesofbearingsonthemarket,eachwithdifferentcharacteristics
anddifferentuses,thesetypeswerelistedbeforeintopicElectricalMotorsBasic
Componentsandyoucanreviewthemthere.
7Methodofmountingthemotor
7.1MotorMountingConfigurations
Motorsmaybefurnishedforanyoftwelvemountingconfigurationsclassifiedunder
3mainmountingpositions:
FloorMountingPositions,
CeilingMountingPositions,
WallMountingPositions.
AFloorMountingPositions
Thetypicalfloormountingpositionsareillustratedinfig(1),andarereferredtoasF
1andF2mountings.
Page115of127
Fig.1
Theconduitboxcanbelocatedoneithersideoftheframetomatchthemounting
arrangementandposition.Thestandardlocationoftheconduitboxisontheleft
handsideofthemotorwhenviewedfromtheshaftend.ThisisreferredtoastheF
1mounting.Theconduitopeningcanbeplacedonanyofthefoursidesofthebox
byrotatingtheboxin90steps.
BCeilingMountingPositions
Withmodification,afootmountedmotorcanbemountedonaceiling.Typical
ceilingmountsareshowninfig(2).CeilingmountedpositionshavetheprefixC.
Fig.2
CWallMountingPositions,
Withmodification,afootmountedmotorcanbemountedonawall.Wallmounting
positionshavetheprefixW.Wallmountingpositionscanbedividedtotwotypes
accordingtotheshaftdirectionasfollows:
Page116of127
C.1ShaftHorizontal
Typicalwallmounts,ShaftHorizontalareshowninthefig(3).
Fig.3
C.2ShaftVertical
Typicalwallmounts,ShaftVerticalareshowninthefig(4).
fig.4
Note:Motorswhicharetobemountedverticallymustbespecifiedshaftupordown
toobtainasuitablebearingandlubricationsystem.
Page117of127
7.2MotorMountingFaces
Fig.5
Itissometimesnecessarytoconnectthemotordirectlytotheequipmentitdrivesas
infig(5)whereamotorisconnecteddirectlytoagearbox.Themotorbeconnected
totheequipmentbyoneofthefollowingtwomethods:
(1)Cface
Theface,ortheend,ofaCfacemotorhasthreadedboltholes.Boltstomountthe
motorpassthroughmatingholesintheequipmentandintothefaceofthemotor.
(2)Dflange
TheboltsgothroughtheholesintheflangeofaDflangemotorandintothreaded
matingholesoftheequipment.
Page118of127
8Thecostandsizeofthemotor
ThispointwillbeexplainedlaterinourMotoradvancedcoursethatwillbeissued
shortly.
9MethodofMotorspeedcontrol
Therearefourmajormotorcontroltopicsorcategoriestoconsider.Eachofthese
hasseveralsubcategoriesandsometimesthesubcategoriesoverlaptosomeextent.
Thesefourcategoriesare:
MotorStarting,
MotorProtection,
MotorStopping,
MotorOperationalControl.
ThemotorspeedcontrolisclassifiedundertheforthcategoryMotorOperational
ControlwhichandothercategorieswillbeexplainedindetailinourMotor
advancedcoursethatwillbeissuedshortly.
However,Motorspeedcontrolscanbedividedintotwobasiccategories:
Passivedevicespeedcontrols,
Solidstatecontrols.
APassivedevicespeedcontrols:
Passivedevicecontrolsconsistoffixedorvariableresistors,orvariabletransformers
thatareusedtoadjustthemagneticfieldstrength,voltagelevelsorothermotor
characteristics(dependingonthemotortype),inordertocontrolmotorspeed.
Page119of127
Passivedevicespeedcontrols
Passivedevicessuchasresistorsincreasethemotorcircuitresistance,causing
increasedpowerdissipationintheformofheat.Thisadditionalheatproducesno
usefulworkanddecreasestheoverallefficiencyofthesystem.
BSolidstatespeedcontrols:
Solidstatecontrolsutilizemorecomplexcircuitsconsistingofactivedeviceslike
diodes,thyristors,transistors,integratedcircuitsandinsomecases,microprocessors
tocontrolmotorvoltage,powersupplyfrequency,ortoprovideelectronic
commutationandtherebycontrolmotorspeed.
Solidstatespeedcontrols
Page120of127
Withthedevelopmentofsemiconductors,itbecamepossibletovarymotorspeed
throughvoltageswitchingratherthanbyaddingresistancetothedrivecircuit.
Insteadofvaryingthelevelofresistance,switchingamplifiersvarythetimeduring
whichfulllinevoltageisappliedtothearmature.Theneteffectisanaveragevoltage
whichisroughlyequivalenttoavoltagelevelobtainedbythevariableresistance
typecontrol.
ExamplesforSolidstatecontrolsare:
HalfWaveSCRControls.
FullWaveSCRControls.
PulseWidthModulationControl.
10Environmentalconditions
10.1Motorenclosures
Page121of127
Thetypeofenclosurerequiredisdependentuponthesurroundingatmospherein
whichthemotorisinstalledandtheamountofmechanicalprotectionandcorrosion
resistancerequired.Thetwogeneralclassesofmotorenclosureare:
1Openenclosure
Anopenmachineisonehavingventilatingopeningswhichpermitpassageof
externalairoverandaroundthewindingofthemotor.
2totallyenclosedenclosure
Atotallyenclosedmachineisconstructedtopreventthefreeexchangeofair
betweentheinsideandoutsideofthemotor,butnotsufficientlyenclosedtobe
termedairtight.
IexplainedthetypesofmotorenclosuresintopicElectricalMotorsBasic
Componentsandyoucanreviewthemthere.
10.2Altitude
Theratingofstandardmotorsassumesoperationatsealevelina40Cambient.For
purposesofstandardizationitisconsideredthatthereisnodifferenceinmotor
operatingtemperaturebetweensealeveland3300feetaltitude.
Thecoolingeffectofventilatingairisafunctionofitsdensity.Theatmospheric
pressureanddensityathigheraltitudesisreducedandtheaircannotremoveas
muchmotorheat,causingthemotortorunhotter.Asageneralguide,motor
temperatureriseincreases1%forevery330feetabove3300feet.Tokeepmotor
heatingwithinsafelimitsataltitudesabove3300feet,therearethefollowing
alternatives:
A.Supplyamotordesignedforstandardsealeveloperationwhichcaneitherbe:
(1)Operatedatlessload(amotorwithservicefactorratingof1.15orhighercanbe
operatedataltitudesupto9000feetwitha1.0servicefactor),or
(2)Operatedinalowerambienttemperatureperthefollowingtable:
Page122of127
Notes:
Itshouldberememberedthat,althoughtheoutdoorambienttemperatureat
higheraltitudesislow,motorsprobablywillbeinstalledindoorsinhigher
ambienttemperatures.
MotorsappliedperA(1)orA(2)above,willhavenospecialaltitudeor
temperaturedataonthenameplate.
10.3AmbientTemperatures
Standardmotorsaredesignedsothatthetemperatureriseproducedwithinthe
motor,addedtothestandard40Cambienttemperature,willnotexceedthe
windinginsulationtemperaturelimit.
Themotormayworkintwoupnormalambienttemperatureasfollows:
1HighAmbient(Iftheambienttemperatureexceeds40C)
A.inthiscase,Thetemperatureriseproducedinthemotormustbeoffsetby:
Reducingtheloadandconsequentmotorlosses.Amotorratedfora40C
ambienttemperatureandoperatingina50Cambient,will,ifrated1.15
servicefactor,carryratedHpwithnooverload(1.0SF)and,ifrated1.0
servicefactor,carry90%ofratedHp.
Applyingaspecialmotordesign.
B.Thetemperaturelimitmayberaisedbythesubstitutionofahighertemperature
insulationsystem,specialgreaseandbearings.
Notes:
MotorsappliedperA(1)abovewillnothavespecialambienttemperatureor
servicefactordataonthenameplate.
ThechoicebetweenA(2)andBrestswiththemotordesignerwhoalsomay
havetouseaframesizelargerthanisstandardfortherating.Explosion
Page123of127
proofmotorsmayrequireframesizesdifferentfromthecorresponding
totallyenclosedmotors.
Warning:
Themaximumallowableambienttemperatureforexplosionproofmachines
is60c.
2LowAmbient(Iftheambienttemperatureislessthanminus40C)
Inthiscase,aSpeciallowtemperaturegreaseandspecialsteelshaftsmaybe
required.
Page124of127
DCMotorsSelectionProcedures
Choosingadcmotortypeandassociatedequipmentforagivenapplicationrequires
considerationofseveralfactorswhichare:
1Speedrange
Theminimumandmaximumspeedsforanapplicationdeterminethemotorbase
speed.
2Allowablespeedvariation
Applicationsrequiringconstantspeedatalltorquevaluesshoulduseashuntwound
motor.Ifspeedchangeswithloadandspeedvariationmustbeminimizedtoless
than2%,aregulatoremployingtachometerfeedbackmustbeused.
3Torquerequirements
Thetorquerequirementsatvariousoperatingspeedsshouldbedetermined.
Manyapplicationsareessentiallyconstanttorque,suchasconveyors.
Others,suchascentrifugalblowers,requiretorquetovaryasthesquareof
thespeed.Incontrast,machinetoolsandcenterwindersareconstanthorsepower,
withtorquedecreasingasspeedincreases.Thus,thespeedtorquerelationship
determinesthemosteconomicalmotor.
Page125of127
4Reversing
Thisoperationaffectsthepowersupplyandcontrol.
Whenthemotorcannotbestoppedforswitchingseriesfieldsbeforereverse
operation,compoundandstabilizingwindingsshouldnotbeusediffullload
torqueisneededinbothdirections.
Bidirectionaloperationmayalsoaffectbrushadjustments.
5Dutyrating
DCmotorscarryoneofthreeratings:
Continuousdutyisappliedtomotorsthatwillcontinuouslydissipateallthe
heatgeneratedbyinternalmotorlosseswithoutexceedingrated
temperaturerise.
Definitetime,intermittentdutymotorswillcarryratedloadforspecified
timewithoutexceedingratedtemperaturerise.Thesemotorsmustbe
allowedtocooltoambientbeforeloadisrepeated.
Indefinitetime,intermittentdutyisusuallyassociatedwithsomeRMSload
ofadutycycleoperation.
6Peaktorque
Thepeaktorquethatadcmotordeliversislimitedbythatloadatwhich
damagingcommutationbegins.Brushandcommutatordamagedependson
sparkingseverityandduration.Therefore,peaktorquedependsonthe
durationandfrequencyofoccurrenceoftheoverload.
Peaktorqueisoftenlimitedbythemaximumcurrentthatthepowersupply
candeliver.
Motorscancommutategreaterloadsatlowspeedwithoutdamage.
NEMAstandardsspecifythatdcmachinesmustdeliveratleast150%rated
currentforoneminuteatanyspeedwithinratedrange,butmostmotors
exceedthisrequirement.
7Heating
Thetemperatureofadcmotorisafunctionofventilationandlossesinthe
machine.Somelossesincore,shuntfield,andbrushfrictionareindependent
ofload,andvarywithspeedandexcitation.
Severalmethodscanpredictoperatingtemperature.Thebestmethodisto
usethermalcapabilitycurvesavailablefromthemanufacturer.
Page126of127
Thisistheendofourcourse"IntroductiontoMotorsBasics.So,pleasekeep
followingournewcourseformotorsMotorsAdvancedCourse".
Page127of127

Coursemotor 1 Anintroductiontoelectricalmotorsbasics 130112001554 Phpapp02

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Coursemotor 1 Anintroductiontoelectricalmotorsbasics 130112001554 Phpapp02

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

2012

Course Motor-1: An Introduction to Electrical Motors Basics

S-ar putea să vă placă și