PSYCHOLOGY comes from the word PSYCHE

meaning mind or soul and LOGUS meaning

study
- Mental processes and behaviour
- Thoughts, feelings, memory, biological
activities
GOALS IN PSYCHOLOGY
1. Describe
It aims to understand the
behaviour of others and gather information
about the way the brain works in order to
better serve humanity. By observing
different human behaviours, psychologists
determine what is normal and healthy and
what is unhealthy.
2. Explain In order to explain behaviour,
psychologists must conduct experiments
to ensure that the behaviour is not an
anomaly. If theres only one person (or
animal) exhibiting this behaviour, it
certainly isnt a cultural norm.
3. Predict psychologist aims to predict how
that behaviour will appear again in the
future and if other people will exhibit the
same behavior.
4. Control It meant that teachers could take
control of their classroom easier, parents
could teach their children to exhibit good
behavior, and manipulative older siblings
could control the behaviors of their
younger siblings.
SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY
1. STRUCTURALISM works in a way that
breaks
down
the human consciousness into a few
categories,
such
as
thoughts,
feelings, sights, sounds, feelings, and other
various sensations.
- William Wundt Father of Psychology
2. FUNCTIONALISM
He
focused
on
adaptability in the human consciousness,
believing that it can function to adapt to its
environment, and would make sense as to
why different people living in different
environments
take
on
different
personalities and behaviours.
- William James
3. PSYCHOANALYSIS worked firstly by
hypnotising subjects and then studying

their emotion and getting their own feelings

and thoughts from them afterwards.
Psychoanalysis focused on this, and the
unconscious conflicts that occur.
- Sigmund Freud
4. BEHAVIORISM is that we behave certain
ways based on punishment and reward. It
is believed that we repeat endeavours that
we personally find rewarding.
- John Watson
5. GESTALT tries to understand the laws of
our ability to acquire and maintain
meaningful perceptions in an apparently
chaotic world.
- Max Wertheimer
6. HUMANISTIC Carl Rogers
AREAS OF PSYCHOLOGY
Clinical Psychology: Clinical psychology is the
branch of psychology concerned with the
assessment and treatment of mental illness,
abnormal behavior, and psychiatric problems.
Cognitive Psychology: This area of psychology is
centered on the science of how people think, learn,
and remember. Psychologists who work in this
field often study things such as perception,
language, learning, memory, attention, decisionmaking, and problem-solving.
Comparative Psychology: This field of psychology
is centered on the study of animal behavior.
Counseling Psychology: This field is one of the
largest individual areas within psychology. It is
centered on treating clients experiencing mental
distress and a wide variety of psychological
symptoms. The Society of Counseling Psychology
describes the field as an area that can improve
interpersonal functioning throughout life by
improving social and emotional health as well as
addressing concerns about health, work, family,
marriage, and more.
Developmental Psychology: Psychologists who
study development are interested in how people
change and grow throughout the entire lifespan.
They often study things such as physical growth,
intellectual development, emotional changes,
social growth, and perceptual changes that occur
through life.
Educational Psychology: Psychologists who work
in this field are focused on understanding how
people learn. They might study how different

variables influence individual student outcomes.

They also study topics such as learning
disabilities, giftedness, the instructional process,
and individual differences.
Industrial Psychology: This field of psychology
often referred to as I/O psychology, works to
improve productivity and efficiency in the
workplace while also maximizing the well-being of
employees. I-O psychologists study topics such as
worker
attitudes,
employee
behaviors,
organizational processes, and leadership.
Personality Psychology: This field is focused on
the study of the thought patterns, feelings, and
behaviors that make each individual unique.
Personality psychologists might study how
different factors such as genetics, parenting, and
social experiences influence how personality
develops and changes.
School Psychology: To help kids deal with
academic, emotional, and social issues. School
psychologists also collaborate with teachers,
students, and parents to help create a healthy
learning environment.
Psychometrics: Is the field of study concerned
with the theory and technique of psychological
measurement, which includes the measurement of
knowledge, abilities, attitudes, and personality
traits. The field is primarily concerned with the
study of differences between individuals.
Physiological psychology: Is a subdivision of
behavioral neuroscience (biological psychology)
that studies the neural mechanisms of perception
and behavior through direct manipulation of the
brains of nonhuman animal subjects in controlled
experiments.
RESEARCH METHODS USED IN PSYCHOLOGY
Observation also done in classroom and hospital
Survey choose that will represent the pop
Questionnaire questions with choices
Interview face to face interaction
Clinical reconstructing life of an individual
DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
Nature: physical features
Nurture: influence of relatives
BEHAVIORAL GENETICS study of effects of
heredity to the environment

EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGIST identifies

the behaviour / result of genetic inheritance
CHROMOSOMES part of cell that contains the
genes
XX Mother
XY Father
IDENTICAL TWINS accounting for about 1 in
250 and the egg splits into halves
FRATERNAL TWINS to separate eggs released
at one and the sperm
HALF IDENTICAL only one egg, fertilized by
two sperm
SIAMESE TWINS half identical with one egg
coming from one egg and was halved and two
sperm.
Example two heads with one body
PARENTERAL PERIOD 9 months to 280 days
the mother will carry the baby
OVUM fertilization two weeks (Zygote)
EMBRYO 2 weeks to 2 months, after fertilization
goes to the uterus
Mesoderm skeletal system (skull, bones,
muscles)
Endoderm thyroid and parathyroid gland,
respiratory tract
Ectoderm central nervous system
FETUS later stage of development before it is
born/fatal activity, kicking
Placenta source of nourishment coming
from the mother
Pre Mature did not reach 9 months
GENETIC INFLUENCES
PKU mental retardation
Sickle cell anemia abnormality of red blood cells
Swollen stomach, yellowish eye or poor in
appetite
TAY SACHS DISEASE cannot breakdown fats
(up to 4 years old)
DOWN SYNDRROME extra chromosomes
GERMAN MEASLES deaf or dumb
AIDS/HIV
INVOLUNTARY REFLEXES
BABINSKI pressing the middle of the hand
GRASPING Sucking of the thumb
MORO arms at the center
ROOTING touching the face the baby and the
baby follows

PUPILLARY closing and opening of the eyes

SIDE NOTES:
- AMNIOTIC SAC = bahay bata
- UMBILICAL CORD = connects the body
and placenta
- THAISOMIDE = drug used by pregnant
BABYHOOD the time were the baby determined
people around him
PHYSICALLY the size of the bones become
longer
MUSCLE FIBER bigger and thick, memory
develops
LANGUAGE
1. Crying
2. Cooing sound that is produce by the
vocal chords but actually there is no
meaning
3. Modelling imitating
4. Babbling combination of sound and
consists of vowel and consonants

5. Sensorimotor something to do with your

cognitive development (birth to 2 years old)
6. Preoperational 2- 7 years old
start of you language, you can understood,
thinking base on
7. Concrete Operational 8- 11 years
8. Formal Operation 11 years to maturity
PARENTING STYLES
1. Authoritarism strict standards
2. Permissive warm or relax parents
3. Authoritative firm and setting limits
4. Uninvolved - feeling hatred or unloved
ADULTHOOD
1. Young Adult 18 30 years old ego
identity, gender crisis
2. Prime of Life 30 42 years old settle
down, establishment of career or
profession
3. Middle Age 42- 60 years old financially
and professionally stable
4. Old Age beyond 60 numerical stage