Dry extrusion as an aid to mechanical expelling of oil

A new concept is described for mechanical extraction of oil from soybeans, using dry extrusion
as a pretreatment. It was found that coarsely ground whole soybeans at 10 to 14% moisture could
be extrusion cooked so that the extrudate emerges from the die in a semi-fluid state. The dwell
time within the extruder was less than 30 seconds, and the temperature was raised to about 135
C. The semi-fluid extrudate was immediately pressed in a continuous screw press to obtain high
quality oil and press cake. Extrusion prior to expelling greatly increased the throughput of the
expeller over the rated capacity. An oil recovery of 70% was obtained in single pass expelling
using pilot model expellers. Higher recovery rates can be expected with commercial scale
expellers. The high temperature-short time extrusion cooking process eliminates the prolonged
heating and holding of raw material in conventional expelling. Under the experimental
conditions, press cake with 50% protein, 6% residual oil and 90% inactivation of trypsin
inhibitors was obtained. The low fat cake was easily ground in a hammer mill without the usual
problems associated with milling of whole beans. The expelled oil was remarkably stable with an
AOM stability of 15 hr, which is comparable to refined deodorized oil according to NSPA
specifications. The new procedure offers potential for producing natural soybean oil and food to
existing conventional expelling operations in less developed countries or as a commercial or onfarm operation for producing value added products from soybeans within the U.S.

References
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1.
Markley, K. S., and W. H. Gross, in Soybean Chemistry and Technology, Chemical Publishing
Co., Brooklyn, NY, 1944, pp. 147165.Google Scholar

2.

2.
Wolf, W. J., inSoybeans: Chemistry and Technology, Volume 1, edited by Allan K. Smith and
Sidney J. Circle, AVI Publishing Co., Westport, CT, 1978, pp. 9395.Google Scholar

3.

3.
Rittner, H.,J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 61:1200 (1984).Google Scholar

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Sayre, R. N., D. K. Nayyar and R. M. Saunders, Ibid:1040 (1985).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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Aguilera, J. M., and E. W. Lusas. Ibid:239 (1986).Google Scholar

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William Horwitz, 13th edn., AOAC, Washington, D.C., 1980.Google Scholar

Oil extraction section main section:

oil extraction system, desolventizing and toasting system, evaporation system and
condensation system.
Main theory is to use appropriate solvent extract oil from oilseeds embryo, then remove
the solvent in mixed oil.
Our oil extraction process technology to produce mixed oil without any chemical
solvents, and can remove the tail gas directly, benefits environment protection.

Oil extraction machinery of HUATAI Oil machinery advantages:

1.Using negative pressure evaporation, high oil yield, oil cake is good quality
2.Design of extractor has large capacity, is conducive to improving oil yield, increase
efficiency, reduce costs
3.The design of oil extraction system can be free adjusted according to different
oilseeds and the desired output and process effect, simple and reliable
4.Unique tail gas absorption system, environmental protection and high efficiency;
5.Sufficient energy saving design, use many times for heat, saving the use amount of
steam, low energy consumption.

EXTRACTING OF OIL FROM THE

SEED
Extraction is the first step in the refining process. Oils and fats are extracted from their original source (the seeds,
fruits or other oil-bearing raw materials) using a variety of different methods. In some cases, for example virgin olive
oil, the oil is extracted directly from the fruit by means of a simple mechanical press and used without the need for any
further processing. This process is known as cold pressing. For most oils however, the process is more complex.
Modern oil mills extract oil using a combination of pressing, cooking and solvent extraction. This process is often
carried out in the country of origin.

The seed/bean is cleaned and dried and foreign material is removed. Crushing used to be done between mill stones
that later became steel rolls. Seeds with a high oil content like rapeseed and sunflower seed are usually mechanically
pressed in expellers after a preheating step in indirectly heated conditioners. The oil bearing material is fed into one
end of a cylinder where a power-driven worm conveyor forces the material to the other end of the cylinder and out
against resistance. The pressure exerted in the process squeezes out the oil.
Solvent extraction is used to separate oil from seeds/beans. The pre-processed seeds/beans are treated in a
multistage counter current process with solvent until the remaining oil content is reduced to the lowest possible level.
The mixture of oil and solvent is separated by distillation and the solvent is recycled into the extraction process and
the crude oil is stored ready for refining.

Aqueous and enzymatic processes for edible oil extraction

Industrial processes for the extraction of edible oil from oilseeds generally involve a solvent
extraction step which may or may not be preceded by pressing. Hexane is the preferred solvent;
hexane-based processes have been in commercial operation for a long time. For such processes, it
is possible to achieve oil yields in excess of 95% with a solvent recovery of over 95%. In the past,
the main concern of this process has been the safety implications surrounding the use of hexane.
This prompted attempts to develop processes based on the use of aqueous extraction media which
were unsuccessful mainly due to low oil yields.
The scenario at present appears to be changing. Interest in aqueous extraction processes has been
revived by increasing environmental concern. An aqueous process is looked upon as an
environmentally cleaner alternative technology for oil extraction. Organic solvents such as hexane, in
particular, can contribute to the industrial emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The
production of VOCs in the conventional process is particularly worrisome since these can react in
the atmosphere with other pollutants to produce ozone and other photochemical oxidants which can
be hazardous to human health and can cause damage to crops. Besides this, the VOCs are
themselves greenhouse gases; some are carcinogenic and have toxic properties. Other
advantages of the aqueous process compared with solvent-based processes include: (1)

simultaneous production of edible oil and protein isolate or concentration in the same process, (2)
lower protein damage during extraction, and (3) improved process safety due to the lower risk of fire
and explosion. It is also reported that aqueous extraction processes may be more cost effective
since the solvent recovery step is eliminated. The main limitations of this process appear to be: (1)
lower efficiency of oil extraction as evident in earlier studies, (2) demulsification requirements to
recover oil when emulsions are formed, and (3) treatment of the resulting aqueous effluent.
With the objective of improving the yield of aqueous processes, enzymes have been used to
facilitate oil release. Selected enzymes have been tried on different types of oilseeds, resulting in
extraction yields much higher than the original aqueous process (in some cases of over 90%). These
enzymes mainly hydrolyze the structural polysaccharides which form the cell wall of oilseeds or the
proteins which form the cell and lipid body membrane.

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