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Length of the class 11-20 is..

bution.

Sum of observations
No.of observations

x1, x2, ---- xn be observations with

respective frequencies f1, f2, ---fn then the mean of the data
x=

i.

th

th

Median of grouped data

= L+

n
cf
2
f

The class whose cumulative

f1 x1 + f 2 x2 + ..... + f n xn f i xi
=
f1 + f 2 + ..... + f n
fi

Mean of Grouped Data

Direct Method
mean x =

IMPORTANT

f i xi
fi

fi = frequency of ith class interval

xi = class mark of ith class interval
fi = sum of frequencies
ii. Assumed Mean Method
mean x = a +

fidi
fi

In this method choose one among

the xi's as the assumed mean, and
denote it by 'a'.
deviation di = xi a
fi = sum of frequencies
iii. Step - Deviation Method
mean x = a + f i u i h
fi

where 'a' is the assumed mean

and h is the class size.
x a
ui = i
, fi =
h

sum of frequencies.

MODE
A mode is that value among the
observations which occurs frequently
Ex: The mode of 4, 9, 5, 6, 5, 8,
6, 5, 5, is 5
In a grouped frequency distri-

n
n
and + 1 observations.
2

2


PROBLEMS
1. In a test, Sagar got 20, 11, 23,
14, 21, 25 marks in different
subjects. Find the mean.
A) Mean =

Sum of observations
No.of observations

20 + 11 + 23 + 14 + 21 + 25 114
=
= 19
6
6

2. The mean of 9 observations is

45. By an error, one observation
is registered as 42 instead of 24.
Find the correct mean
A) The mean of 9 observations = 45
Sum of 9 observations = 459 =
405
By an error, one observation is
registered as 42 instead of 24.
The correct sum of a
observations
= 40542+24 = 387
The corrected mean
=

387
= 43
9

measure of central tendency as it

takes into account all the observations. However, it is affected
by the extreme values.
Median is a more appropriate
measure of central tendency
where individual observations
are not important and we wish to
find out a 'typical' observation.
Mode is the best measure of
central tendency in those situations where we require to identify
the most frequent value of most
popular item.

Upper limits

More than cumulative frequency curve (or) ogive curve.

We plot the lower limits of the
class intervals on the x-axis and
their corresponding cumulative
frequencies on the y-axis. Then
we plot the points on a graph
paper and join them by a free
hand smooth curve. The curve
we get is called a cumulative
frequency curve of an ogive (of
the more than type)
Y

Lower limits

3. The following table gives the literacy rate (in percentage) of 35 cities.
Find the mean literacy rate.
Literacy rate in%
Number of cities
Literacy Numbers
rate in% of cities
(C.I.)
fi
45-55
55-65
65-75
75-85
85-95

3
10
11
8
3

45-55
3

55-65
10

class
mark
xi

di=
xi70

50
60
70 (a)
80
90

20
10
0
10
20

65-75
11
ui=

f x

2430

i i
Mean x = f = 35 = 69.428
i

ii) Assumed mean method

Assumed mean a = 70
Mean (x )
=
= 70 +

a+

f i di
f

85-95
3

2
1
0
1
2

fidi fiui

150
60 6
600
100 10
770
0
0
640
80 8
270
60 6
x
f
f
i i
idi fiui
= 2430 =20 = 2

iii) Step - Deviation method

Class size (h) = 10
Mean (x )= a +
= 70 +

f u
f
i

(2 ) 10 = 700.57

=69.43

35

(20 ) = 70 0.57
35

75-85
8
fixi

xi a
h

fi = 35
i) Direct Method

= 69.43

cumulative frequency

n
2

median

Limits

ii) Draw the both ogives i.e. of the

less than type and of the more
than type on the same axis. The
two ogives will intersect each
other at a point. From this point,
if we draw a perpendicular on the
x-axis, the point at which it cuts
the x-axis gives us the median.

Y
cumulative frequency

ii) If 'n' is even, then the median

will be the average of the

Mean of ungrouped data

=

Maths

th

Important points / Formulae

Class mark

n +1
=
observation.
2

Upper Limit + Lower Limit

=
2

Tenth class

The median of a data is the value

of the middle - most observation.
For finding the median of ungrouped data, we first arrange the
data values of the observations in
the ascending of descending order. Then
i) If 'n' is odd, then median

i) Locate 2 on the y-axis from this

point, draw a line parallel to the
x-axis cutting the ogive (of the
less than type or of the more than
type) at a point. From this point,
draw a perpendicular to the x-axis. The point of intersection of
this perpendicular with the x-axis
determines the median of the
data.

To find median from ogives

MEDIAN

STATISTICS

The class with the maximum

frequency is called the 'model class'.
The 'mode' lies in this class.
L = lower limit of the modal class
h = Size of the modal class
interval
f1 = frequency of the modal class
f0 = frequency of the class
preceding the modal class.
f2 = frequency of the class
succeeding the model class.

time. This is called the median class.

L = lower boundary of median class.
h = class size
cf = cumulative frequency of class.
preceding the median class.
f = frequency of median class.
n = number of observations.

Mean is the most frequently used

Less than cumulative frequency curve (or) ogive curve.

We plot the upper limits of the
class intervals on the x-axis and
their corresponding cumulative frequencies on the y-axis. Then we
plot the points on a graph paper and join them by a free hand smooth
curve. The curve we get is called a
cumulative frequency curve or an
ogive (of the less than type)

In 10th class maths the problems

from statistics chapter are asked in the
second paper (Group-B). 1 mark
(one), 2 marks(one), 4 marks (one)
questions and four bits will be given
from this chapter in 10th public exams. So totally the students get 9 marks from this chapter only. More over
if the students are thorough with the
formulae and explinations of words
related to mean, median and mode of
grouped data the students can answer
1 mark, 2 mark questions and bits.
The construction of ogive curve
and obtaining median from ogive
curve and obtaining median from ogive curve is also an important question
for 4 marks. So every student gets 9
marks from this chapter very easily.

n
for the first
2

Frequency

Mode

STATISTICS

frequency exceeds

f1 f o
= L+
h
2 f1 f o f2

Subject Expert

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Less than

Y. Vanamraju

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more than cumulative frequency

18

Note: In public exams use any

one method to find mean.

Median Limits

PREVIOUS QUESTIONS
1. Find the mean of 5, 6, 9, 10, 6,
12, 3, 6, 11 and 10
(Ans: 7.8)
2. If the mean of 8, 6, 4, x, 3, 6, 0
is 4 then the value ok x is
(Ans: 1)
3. Extreme values in the data
affect the
(Ans: mean)
4. Write the formula of mean for a
grouped data. Explain the symbols in words.
5. Which of the following is not a
measure of central tendency?
a) Range
b) Mean
c) Mode
d) Median
(Ans: a)
6. Length of the class 11-20 is
(Ans: 10)
7. Arithmetic mean of a2, a, a+2
is
(Ans: a)