Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers/3.11.14
Keywordschirality,
earthquake, soliton.
waves,
San
Ramon
Fault,
I.
INTRODUCTION
Paleoseismic studies of a prominent fault scarp at the west
flank of the Andes in Santiago, Chile (The San Ramn Fault)
were published recently. The San Ramn Fault (SRF) has
been recently identified like a geologically active fault which
can produce large magnitude crustal earthquakes, in the
range of
MW
6.9 7.4
7.25 and M W
7.5 ,
respectively.
Using 5 m
Fig.1: The San Ramn fault scarp, Chile (WATwest Andean thrust). The geomorphologic map (Armijo et al., 2010) is
draped over a 9 m digital elevation model. The San Ramn fault forms a continuous scarp that limits to the west the uplifted
piedmont covered with Quaternary alluvium and incised by streams (early-middle Pleistocene in yellow tones, late
PleistoceneHolocene in white).
www.ijaers.com
Page | 82
(
(
The pseudoscalar
has units of length. The validity of equations (1) and (2) has
been demonstrated in studies of chiral electrodynamics [11]
and from an electromagnetic point of view, chiral soliton
www.ijaers.com
Tc
the
chiral
rotational
seismic
coefficient.
The
HS =
+ ES + Tc ES =
+ ES + Tc
t
t
t
t
(5)
r
r
r
HS
r
BS
H S
(6)
ES =
= (1/ S )
(1/ S )Tc
t
t
t
Taking the rotational of the equation (6) and considering the
following approximations
r
r
r
DS 0 = n ES + Tc ES ; ES 0 n 0
r
BS = 0 H S = 0
We obtain the following wave equation
r
2
r
r
2 ES
2
2
2
ES + (1/ S ) Tc
ES = (1/ S ) n
t 2
t 2
r
r
ES
2 ES
+(1/ S )
+ ( (1/ S ) nTc + (1/ S ) ) Tc 2 (7)
t
t
r
ES
+(1/ S ) Tc
t
Here we assume that the chiral seismic medium is of a Kerr
nonlinearity type, described by a refractive index such that
the seismic permittivity is
r 2
(8)
n = S + 2 ES
Page | 83
2 2
(1 Tc k0 ) 2 jk0 z k02
r
r
2 2 j0
02 =
(11)
v
t
r
r
2 k03 + j0 (1 Tc k0 )
r 2
r
02 (1 Tc k0 )
(9)
t 0
2
operators and .
After several algebraic manipulations the result is as follows
2
r
ES represents a localized waveform, which
Assuming that
= (1/ S ) 2 , j =
k 0 v = 0 ;
= (1 / S ) ;
2
vS = S 1 ;
where
r
2
z 2
j 2k
r
r
,
z t
r 2 r
2
r
j0 ,
t 2
j0
r 2 r
t
r 2 r
j0
have
t
correspondence with the lower signal of slow frequency) [14,
18]. In our analysis we assume that a possible earthquake in
San Ramon Fault waveforms can be similar but of lower
amplitude to those shown in Figure 2
of
high
frequency>
10
radians/seg
and
Fig.2: A measurement of high frequency energy radiation of the February 27, 2010 Chile Earthquake, the bottom graph shows
the low frequency signal which is the envelope of the high frequency wave. In the next section this envelope is modeled as a
Gaussian pulse.
www.ijaers.com
Page | 84
and
j
1
= (1 k0Tc )
j +
v t
2k
z
02
( 2k )
2
(1 k0Tc )
(12)
kT
+k T 1 0 c
2
2
0 c
vS2 = S
and through
k = k k 0 ,
q = 2k0 , Z =
1
v
2
Tc k0 = 0
(13)
( ) and
1
vg
vg =
1
k
1
k /
(15)
t*
t0
(17)
k
1
2k
;
= ; k =
vg
2
where
k =
= (1 / S ) 2
(14)
0
z
,
2 2 , k0 =
v
1 k0
2k
2
2
0 C
0 2
1 q
k
j
q
+
q q
2
3
Z
2
t *
2 k0
(2 k0 )
(16)
Finally, is useful normalize the Eq. (16) by introducing
j
02 2
1 1 2
j
+
+
k
+
1
k
T
k
T
(
)
(
)
0 c
0 c
3
z vg t 2 t 2
2 k0
( 2k )
kT
+ 1 0 c
2
vg
We have
k
1 k
1 2k 2
=
j
+ ... = 0
2
2
v t t
0 t
2 0 t
k =
k =
= (1 / S ) ; k0 = v
C = 1 k0Tc
0 ,
z* = Z
Defining
PS
or
Pref
PS t S
ES
Pref t ref
Eref
ES
Eref
=e
0.12( M S M ref )
Page | 85
earthquakes.
Thus we can model the S-wave q through the transformation
C
0 Z
q(Z , ) = e
0.12( M S M ref )
2 k0
U (Z , )
(19)
M ref
is
2
2
0 CZ
0
1 k U
U
0.12 ( M S M ref )
2
k0
j
t0
(2 k 0 )
30km .
U
Z
2
t0
1 k U
(2 k 0 )
U U
U U
(20)
To our knowledge this is the first time that the magnitude
MS
www.ijaers.com
M S = 1 , M ref
w0 , Tc
= 0, C =1
= (1 / S ) 2
= 10
, C = 1 , = 0 , depth = 8km
MS
because
M W > 8.0 .
At
Z 0 = 30km
the
reflection
coefficient
is
www.ijaers.com
Page | 88