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Indus Script Decipherment Breakthrough

TowardsarealdeciphermentoftheIndusscript.

Vijayabhaarati

acknowledgements

I am greatly indebted to the works of many scholars and


researchers in this field without whose works this volume
would not have been possible.The sources for this volume
is shown in the reference list. I am gratefully acknowledging
my thankfulness to those authors and their publishers
whose articles I have used in this work either in whole or in
part. Special mention may be made of Dr.Asko Parpola,
Dr.J.M.Kenoyer,Dr. I.Mahadevan,Dr.Brian Wells,
Dr.Kalyanaraman, Dr.Subhash C Kak ,Dr.Nupam
Mahajan,Dr.B.B.Lal,Roger D.Woodard,James Prinsep,Lionel
D.Barnett , Jonathan Slocum and Sara E. Kimball ,Dr. Roy
Davies and Glyn Davies , Dr.Colin Narbeth ,Dr.Marvin
A.Powell,Dr.Jimmy Dunn,Dr.T.S.Subramanyan, etc.in this
context whose articles constitute the main body of this work.
I have tried to contact all the original authors for their
permissions,but due to non availability of addresses some of

them could not be contacted .However I utilize this


opportunity to express my indebtedness to them and thank
them.
The images used in this work are taken from Google,
Wikipedia and Harappa .com.
Vijaya Bhaarati

references

1.Harappa.com
2.Archeologydaily.com
3.Dr.Asko parpola for his works

a) Asko Parpola . 1994. Deciphering the Indus script/DTIS. 1994.


Cambridge University Press; Cambridge
b) Sanskrit has also contributed to Indus civilization Dr.Asko Parpola
http://www.deccanherald.com/content/79062/sanskrit-has-contributedindus-civilisation.html
c) The Indus script and the wild ass
http://beta.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/article481104.ece

4 .B. B. Lal, Director General (Retd.), Archaeological Survey of India


Lecture given at the National Council of Educational Research and
Training (NCERT), New Delhi ).
Why Perpetuate Myths? A Fresh Look at Ancient Indian History .
http://www.cycleoftime.com/articles_view.php?codArtigo=54).
5. Roger D.Woodard
The Ancient languages of Asia minor- H i t t i t e , The Lycian
alphabet;
6. Copyright 2006 The Royal Society

Carob bean seeds

7. James Prinsep

Coins, Weights, and Measures of British India


8. Lionel D. Barnett
Antiquities of India: An Account of the History and
Hindustan

Culture of Ancient

9. Ancient scripts.com
Luwian

10. Jonathan Slocum and Sara E. Kimball


Hittite
http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/hitol-BF-X.html
11.
http://www.hindubooks.org/scriptures/manusmriti/ch8/ch8_191_200.htm
Manusmriti: The Laws of Manu
12. www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-15621229.html
The Oxus river Civilization: the Bronze Age of central Asia.
13. P Gopakumar

In his Hindu article The Viiraraaya FaNam

14. http://www.taxguru.in/accounting/history-of-accounting-andaccounting-standards.html#ixzz0vMIuX0Tp

Accounting existed in Vedic India

15. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/334517.stm
Earliest writing found
16. Roy Davies & Glyn Davies, 1996 & 1999
A Comparative Chronology of Money
17. Colin Narbeth
Colin.Narbeth@btinternet.com

The cowry shell as money


18 Marvin A. Powell
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol. 39, No.
3 (1996)
Money in Ancient Mesopotamia
19. Nupam.Mahajan@moffitt.org
Ancient Indian coins
20.
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/weightsandmeasures.
html
Shekel
21. JewishGates.org

The History of Coins: How We Got From Shekels to Sela'im


22. Jimmy Dunn
The Sed-festival
23. T.S. Subramanian
Bull-baiting of yore
The Bhirrana potsherd
Harappan link
http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/12/stories/2007091255372200.htm

24. Iravatham Mahadevan,


May 6 2006 |
A Note on the Muruku Sign of the Indus Script in light of the
Mayiladuthurai Stone Axe Discovery
25. The Australian coin collecting weblog
Proclamation Coin - Indian Rupee
26.
Subhash C.Kak
The Indus Script-Its Connection With Brahmi
27. J.M. Kenoyer
Hariyupia and the Rg Veda
28 .Akkadian dictionary Association Assyrophile de France
Akkadian

29.
http://www.hindunet.org/hindu_history/sarasvati/html/Corpusmain.htm

Corpus of Indus Inscriptions

30 The Indus script: texts,concordance and tables(ITCT).Iravatham


Mahadevan.1977.ASI,New Delhi.
31.An Introduction to Indus writing (AIIW). Bryan wells. The University
of Calgary . 1998. Canada.
32.Sumer. Wikipedia 15.2.2008(SWP).
33.Ancient Egypt Myth and History (AEMH). Geddes and Grosset Ltd.
1997. New Lanark. Scotland.
34 A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian (ACDME). Raymond O
Faulkner .1991. Griffith Institute. Oxford.
35The Hebrew Greek Key Word Study Bible. 1996. AMG International
Inc. U.S.A.
36.Sanskrit - English Dictionary. Sir Monier Monier Williams. 1999.
Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
37Sanskrit Malayalam Dictionary. Kanippayyuur Sankaran
Naambootirippaatu. 1996.
Pancaangam Pustaka Saala, Kunnamkulam, Kerala.

38 Sabdataaraavali. Sriikantesvaram G. Padmanaabha Pilla .April 2000.


National Book stall , Kottayam, Kerala.
39 Puraanic Encyclopedia (PEP). Vettam Maani. 1991. Current books,
Kottayam. Kerala.
40 The Rigveda (RV). OMC Narayanan Nambotirippatu. 1995. D. C.
Books .Kottayam. Kerala.
41 The Vedic people (VP). Their History and Geography: Rajesh
Kochhar. 2000. Orient Longman. Hyderabad. India.
42 A Phrenologist Amongst The Todas (APATD). William E. Marshall.
1995. Asian Educational Services. New Delhi.
43 Iythareya Brahmanam(IB) .V.Balakrishnan,Dr.R.Leela Devi . 1992
.The Vidyarthi
Mithram Book Depot,Kottayam,Kerala.
44.Life In Ancient India In The Age of The Mantras : P.T.Srinivas Iyengar
.Asian
Educational Services-1991
45.Dawn.com
Rare Indus seal discovered in Cholistan

46.Spoken Sanskrit Dictionary


http://spokensanskrit.de/
47.Hieroglyphs Dictionay
http://hieroglyphs.net/0301/cgi/pager.pl?p=16

introduction

This work is a sequel to my previous works(available on


Scribd.com) on the Indus script including Bharata the
language of the Harappans,A Concise Dictionary of Indus
Harappan Bharata,Petroglyphs on Dolmens and Bharata,Indus
sign find in Kerala and Bharata,A Loud Bharata Horn by the
Harappan Horned Archer,The language of the Indus script from
the bearer symbols,Srii Mahaa Vishnu and the Indus script,The
Decoded Indus Harappan scripts and the Vedic Soma,The
Unicorn, The Ficus Relgiosa and the Egyptian Bata,The
Deciphered Indus Harappan(Indo- Anatolian) Inscriptions,The
Writing in the Indus Script,The Indus script -its origin,readings
and evolution,The Aryan Indus Script,IVC Bhadraasana and the
Vedic Nama,Indus Money Scripts,Indus Valley Civilisation-new
insights into the scripts etc.This work is in the preliminary
stage.Unavoidable circumstances have forced the publication
of this work at this stage.Howevever genuine researchers of the
Indus Script will find this work highly useful for further studies.I
had first introduced the PaNa concept of the Indus script
detailed in this work in Bharata-the language of the Harappans
and developed it further in The Deciphered IndusHarappan(Indo-Anatolian)
Inscriptions.The remarkable achievement in this work is the
identification of the source of the British Tower Troy weight
system with the Harappan Druvaya(Troy) MeTa(Tower)
system,the weight and measure system used by the
Harappans.As already noted this work is in the preliminary
stage.Further research,analysis and deliberations will be

required to identify the nuances of each of the symbols of the


script and the inscriptions ,the way the Harappans were using it
4000 years ago.
Were the Harappans in contact with other contemporary
civilisations of Sumer and Egypt? Does the evidence of the
mummy found in Lothal testify relations with Egypt?
Indications of connection of early Harappan to other
languages can be seen in the names of the sun god
like ra(fire),ravi(sun),svar(sun,sound),savitri(sun),la(Indra),
sa(god,bird,snake),agni(fire,sun,cf.enki),aja(Indra,ram,king),
anna(sun,Tam.amman),ina(sun),srii(sun,Tam,tiifire),raaja(king),iisa(lord),naga(aga-sun),
naaga(snake,elephant,tree,hill),prabhu(lord),yahva(lord) etc. to
enki, el,inanna(ina+anna),Ra(aja-the ram faced sun god;ajaaaza- face,Pharaohs forehead and snake;the naama-raamaraaja sectarian mark of the Brahmanavaraaha mana-Pharaoh mana/naama) etc.Pur is a house. It is
go(sun)-il(house),koil,go-pura,praasaada,meTa,svastika etc.
Pur-va(ruler)/bhuu(born) is Pharaoh or prabhu(lord) or
Kesava(Ksha-pa;ksha-Vishnu,pa-king).
The title of bhadra naaga-king of kings is indicated by
naaga-sarpa-naga-sun on bhadra(head,Pharaoh,prabhu).
Similarly there are similarities in metrological terms.
PaNapiNdahand was known to Sumer ,Egypt and Babylon.

PitrutarpaNa was with pinda(ball of rice).PiNdabindu(,: :)


=bhaara(weight)haara(garland)paNta(phaNaornament)cakra

garta(throne)karsha

paNa.

The Hebrew word shekel is based on the verbal root for


"weighing" (sh.q.l / Akkadian siqlu). Compare this with the
vedic tulaa(scale),tolaka(weight), sulka(tax),nishk(to weigh),
karsha(weight), gurutaa(weight), maasha(weight), miti(weight),
etc.Similarly compare Carat (keras-goats horn cf.ayasgold,aja-ram) with karsha,hiraNya(krinis-horn) etc.What was
the logic for the selection of the weight of the Solidus/(solsuura-sun)/paNa as 24 Carat seeds?Why a day was divided
into 24 horas(hora-suura-sun).Dina-day is jina-sun-24
.PaaNa-hand is paNa-jina-sun.
The Hebrew weights
Talent=21510 grams
Italian Mina=358.5 grams
Roman pound=327.434 grams =24 shekels
Compare this with weight of 10 Indian Palas(320 Rattis= 4
Karsha of 80 Rattis )=3200 Rattis=388 grams.Thus the Italian
Mina is close to ten Palas and the Roman pound is close to 8
Palas.
Hebrew Shekel=13.643 grams.But weight of Shekel given in
the Bible=11.95 grams
Compare this weight with that of of the Indian Tola/Karsha of
96 Rattis or 180 grains=11.64/11.7 grams.
Tartimar=179.25 grams

Shekel of the Sanctuary=14.34 grams


Common Shekel = 7.17 grams
Zuz=3.585 grams
Compare this weight with the Indian weight of SaaNa=32
Rattis=3.88 grams
Gerah=0.5975 gram
Compare this with Indian Maasha weight of 5 Rattis=0.6063
gram.Graaha(Gerah) is the croc.Grasp is with 5 digits.Each
angula is a Ratti.Egyptian msH is the croc.

msH=crocodile=maasha/saaNa

Weight of Tyrian Sela=14.34


grams.Vaara(tail,roof,cup,arrow)bhaara(weight)maaDa
(weight)saaNanaasa(nose,mukhaface)meTa(tower)mukhavaara(paNa vaara-front part of
house)caaN(span of paaNa-hand)
PaNa(mukha,sun,house,money)
paaNa(hand)paana(cup)baaNa(arrow)vaara(bhaara,
maara,naara).The span is a roof or arrow.
Dinar=3.6 grams.
Compare this weight with the Indian saaNa(sasa-Na/ma) of 32
Rattis=3.88 grams.

mSa=army=sena(army,body)=saaNa=
(taamra) ,
man .

Yava(yuga)/saaNa cf.

or

mrt-slaves-marta-

Sena(saaNa) is body.

Ancient measurements used in Harappa .There were


three types of measurements,namely the
Poutavya/Tulaamaana(weights by scale)
Paayya/Anguliimaana(length by digits) and
Druvaya/Prasthamaana(volume by the jar).
Kaalamaana is measure of kaala(time,kala-1/16 of moon)
Sumerian units of length
6 Se/she= 1 shu-si(cf.angu-li=finger)
30 shu-si=1 kush(cf.bhuja/hasta/aratni-cubit)
6 kush=1 gi/qanu(reed)
12 kush=1nindan/gar(rod)
10 nindan=1eshe(rope)
60 nindan=1ush(360 metres)
30 ush=1 beru(10.8 kilometres).
Sumerian units of volume
180 Se=1gin
60 gin=1 sila(1 litre)

10 sila= 1 ban
6 ban=1 bariga
5 bariga= 1 gur
Sumerian units of weight
180 Se=1 gin/shiqlu(Shekel cf.Karsha/Tola)
60 Gin=1 Mana(Mina=500 grams cf.paNa, mana,satamana
etc.)
60 Mana= 1Gu/Biltu(Talent,load-30 kg cf.go-cow)
The Manas(cf.mana=paNa=meTa=house,tower) and the gos
(cows,go-pura=meTa=tower) were the units of weights in
Sumeria and Harappa.
Indian Mana =100 SaaNas=4000 Rattis=485 grams . Italian
Maneh was equal to 341.077 grams.The Sumerian weight is
close to the Indian weight.The kings of Harappa used the
Tola bar as the standard weight whch was used as the
exchange.The issuing authority marked his stamp of words
assuring weight and purity.
The coins were exchanged for cowries.
Biblical mesurements of weight
1 Talent=60 Minas=120 Tartimars=750 Uncia=1,500
Sela=3,000 Shekels= either 4,000 or 3,000 Italian
Issars=6,000 Zuz (also called Dinar) = 12,000 Provincial
Sela=24,000 Perutahs 1Dinar = 4.5 grams
16 PaNas=1 DharaNa,16 DharaNa=1 Nishka;

DharaNa=Greek Drachma=paNam from


Drassestai=fist.

Ancient Weights of Harappa


Bhaara(weight) is bha(light,sun,star ) / pa(egg,leaf,water)/
va(hand,water,tiger)-aara(awl,bar,sira,praise,bore,angle)
,

; maaDa/maana(weight,measure), paada(feet,four)

, vaara(tail,water)

,viira

, haara

etc.

1 grain(yava/annam/kala/kiNa/agna /anga/maNi/sina/Se/ka/eka
=1 cf.Sumerian gin=sina/suuna/sada=body=sena=sha
,annam-grain,
ball-

.Masa-masssma/malla-face

sama-hand

sina-annam-grain.Hence maasha=maa-measure,shasina/body= )=0.065 gram.The wheat grain=.050 gram.


Yava/yama is ya(barley,vagina)-va(bull,Tiger) or
bhaga(YK)

.It is the unicorn bull.

2 yavams=1 Ratti(Mal.Kunni-kaNaa-kiNNa-gaNda-kuNdapiNda-bindu) =0.12125 gram=VaraaTa=1/80 Karsha=1/20


KaakiNi(20 VaraaTa=1 KaakiNi).
4 Yavams=1 ANdikaa(cf.andaka-scrotum)
=antikaa/andikaa(fireplace cf.harmya)

=0.26 gram

The fireplace is the thumb+ first two digits= nullu(pinch) =


nalla(good)=malla(best)=valla(1 -3 Ratti=3-6 grains).
nulluculla(cullii-fireplace)cillii(brow,a cricket-its loud sound
is
paNa)vaara(roof)bhaara(weight)maaDa(weight)meTa(
tower).
The vaara of nayana(na-yamapaNa) is cillii as in

PaNa(penny)Pencepenis(linga)cihna(mudra/aksha)
sinha(tiger/lion/king)panca(five)
count(number) cuuntu(point)cuntu(adhara-lip; ardha-half)
pala(weight)pound(weight) soundhound
(dog-its bark
is paNa)huNda(tiger,ram;its roar/bleat is paNa). PaNa(sound)
is penny.Word is money.PaNa is vila(price).Vaakinu vila
untu(his word has worth) shows word is money.Pence is
fence(sa-vaara-bhaara ) or angula(digit) .Pence is
panca(five) indicated by sinha(tiger/lion).It is the 5 Rattis/8
Rattis paNa(Maasha) of Harappa.
The pence/paNa being 5/king it is shown with lion figures
indicating its association with Harappa.The name Tower money
itself is of Harappan descent.
12 Pence 1Shilling .Shilling is ceiling(vaara-roof,viirahero,bhaara-weight,maaDa-weight,meTa-tower).The roof is the
saaNa(span) of 12 angulas.
Pound is kaNtha(throat),kuNda(pot),gaNda(bead,unicorn,best)
paNta(ornament),Pinda(mass),hunda(hound,tiger) etc.

100 Pence=1Pound cf.Satamaana(weight).


PaNa is vala(ring)/valaya

of phaNa(naka-ornament,snake)

.It is worn in ring/chain form that coils like a phaNa(snake)


from the ear,from the nose,around the neck,around the
wrist,aroung the fingers,around the waist,around the
ankle,around the toes etc.as ornament.
The coil shape made it a coin.Vedic money was ornaments of
metals or pearls or bars of metals.

Another method is
1 grain of Rice=1 Viisa (biija- paada vasaa-vaasamaaTa/meTa cf.anna meTa-malla meTa)
= 0.0076 gram
cf.Millets/Panicum miliaceum Mal.caama/tina(dhaana-saaNanaasa)/sina(grain)/bhadrika(box myrtle or bayberrycf.Maltuuda-suura/jina) etc.

4 grains of Rice=1 Dhaana(grain of Wheat)

=0.0457 gram

64 Dhaanas(Wheat)=45 Yavas(Barley)
4 Dhaanas=1 Ratti=0.12125 gram
Raktaka or Ratti being rathii( a fighter in a chariot) and rati(sex)
symbols of fight and sex indicate weight.The Viira Bhadra
system of Harappa was used as Malla MeTa paNa system in
Kalinga and Viira Raaya paNa system in Kerala embodying the
same principle.

2 Rattis=1 MaNcaati=0.2425 gram=1/20 Kalangu

6 grains=1 paNameTa(paNa=hand,meTa-domebhadra
naaga(karaviira)=thumb,maaDa-weight

) =0.39 gram

(Mal.paNamiTa = 4 Rattis,paNam+ iTa-weight=paNamiTa=1/10


of the saaNa of 40 Rattis . 1Gold FaNam=4 Rattis=
1/10 SaaNa=0.485 gram).
na(gem,pearl,jewel)Na(cow)naka(gem,pearl,
jewel)naga(sun,tree,snake,hill,elephant)nakha(claw)
nakhi/hari/va(lion,tiger)nava(nine,go-cow,arrow )
vana(tree,va-na)paNa(sun,money,price,barter,vaNa)bhavana(meTa-house

)pavan(8 gram gold,pa-

baaNa,pa-vaN,sa-vaara,svarNa
) kanaka(gold)
kaNkaNa(bracelet,crest)-kuNdala(earring)
Sada(grain)

aNdika/ dhaana

maana/maasha/maada shadaka(six)
ashta(eight,ashta naaga)
cakra(circle,karsha,paNabhadra

) dasa(ten/shashty-

sixty)
sata(100)
satamaana(measure of
grain,measure of 100) or saaNa maana or saaNa bhaara or
saaNa paada
Aadyamaasha=5Rattis=15 grains15*0.065=0.975 gram

Dasamaasha=10Rattis(or 10.5
Rattis)=10*0.12125=1.2125gram.
20 grains(10 Rattis) = 1Suukaa(

cf.Mal.tuka-sum=Maasha of

10 Rattis;suuka-arrow cf.kaasuu-spear
money)=Scruple=1.3 grams

-spear

10 PaNameTa,

Mal.meTam=aatu= mesha=ram=10 thumbs)=

1 Drava(Dram

=fish=fist=mushti,usra/bhadra-bull/elephant) =

60 grains(32 Ratti) =3.9 grams(drava=fishtraya3,tridentsrava-ear , dru-tree


)=GadyaaNaka(32
Rattis weight.Cf.GadyaaNaka is 96 grains weight,which is
taken as 48small Rattis or 32 large Rattis.Gada is
thunder.Aanaka is bheri.Hence GadyaaNaka=

etc.)

10 grains(5 Rattis)=1 gold Maasha=0.65 gram


(dasam=dasma=raaja=lord.It is the Kings
weight,Maasharaaja-king).But the gold maasha
as per Manu is 15 grains=0.975 gram.Thus the Ratti weight
often leads to confusion if the type of Ratti used is not known.
The smaller Ratti is of 2 grains and the larger Ratti is of 3
grains weight.
15 grain(8 Rattis)=1 silver Maasha(10 Ratti=20 grains)=
0.975 gram.A

maasa(month,moon) has two

pakshas(wings,phases).A naasa-nose

has twoholes and

two eyes as wings.A


Maasha/SaaNa.

mesha has two small horns to indicate

3 Rattis=1Andika(fireplace)
bull)

=1 Valla( cf.malla-palla-belly-

=0.364 gram

Vallas could be of 1 Rattis,2 Rattis or three Rattis


as seen in

.Valla-nullu(pinch

cf.andika/harmya

) with two digits and the thumb corresponding to


maasha(mesha-weight), maana(measure),
maatra(measure,maada-weight) etc.
8 Rattis= Maasha(ma-aasa,ma-water,aasa-seat;maaroar,measure;sha-king,sa-1kings measuremallas
measure)
=1 Angaanka(digit,stamp) kaNa(drop) kala(count)
gaNa(count)naga(sun,tree,hill,snake)king ,
(maasha=panca=5 Ratti -15 grainsfor gold, 16 Maashas make 80
Rattis =1 Tola or Karsha.For silver 1Maasha=8 Rattis and 12
Maashas =96 Rattis make a Karsha or Satamaana.) = 0.97
gram
Manus Silver Maasha=2 Rattis=6 grains= 0.39 gram
Hence 1 Gold Maasha is 2.5 times the weight of a Silver
Maasha.
24 Rattis(3 Maashas)= 8 Vallas=96 Dhaana= 1DharaNa

=1Tak(tak-to bear)/Siki(sikya-scales-bhaara-maaDa

)/

Sikhi(Peacock)
head of deities.)

=3 Maashas= 1Sikhi(sikha-trident-3.Sikha on
=

2.91 grams

4 Maashas=32 Rattis=SaaNa(naasa-nose
house
,

,aasana-seat or

;baaNa/asanaa/suuka-arrow) paNameTa

=3.88 grams

10 fingers32 digits/phalanges.Hence 32 Rattis saaNa.


42 Rattis=14 Vallas(cf.malla
maada=

)=1 Dhataka(

malla +

malla maaDa= 5.09 gram

Dhataka is TaaTaka killed by Raama(raaja-kills the weights by


spearing-swearing- and stamping it !Similar is the case with
SuurpaNakha.Suurpa=fan.Fan=paNa.Suurp=to
measure.Suurpa=2 DroNa.Nakha=anka=unit/seal)
5 Sikhis=1 Kamsa

=15 Maashas=14.55 grams

3 Dravas(96 Rattis) =12 Maashas=1 Tola=DraNkshaNa

tra(tri-three-3)-naga(naaga,naka,bhaga )-sa -na


=tranksana= draNkshaNa=Tola/Tolaka
(96 Rattis=Suula/Musala maaDa
garja-Karsha) =4 Siki

= 1Bhaari(Sinha-Tiger-

=11.64 grams

10 Bhaari=3.75 Troy Ounce=116.4 grams

40 Tola=1Rattal=466 grams=480 maashas=120saaNas


12.5 PaNameda=1.25 Drava =1 Kalangu(Kala-angu/ansu

, ,
Mal.kalancu , , , , ,
maa-aksha,akshaangu-5) = 40 Rattis(80 grains) =4.9 grams.The tail-vaarabhaara-maaDa
is the Kalangu.It is 1/3 of a Karsha. The kalancikol was a very
common measuring rod .
Kala/tala/dhara/sina
grains)

=1/16 Tola=5Krishnalas(Krishnala=3

=1Maasha=15 grains.
3 Kalangu=1 Karsha (ka-tra,three heads=bha-dra=full,bull,gold)
Karsha or SuvarNa is gold of 16 Maashas or 80 Rattis=
80*3=240 grains=15.6 grams.
A Kalanja=10 Ruupakas=800 Rattis= 97 grams
30 paNameTa=1 Tola=2.5 Kalangu =11.7 Grams=3Dravas
30 Rattis=1 SaaNa /maaDa
=3.6 grams=1/8 Ounce of 480
grains or 240Rattis=29.1 grams(1/12 Pound)
2 SaaNa (1.5 Kalangu)=1 Kola(60 Rettis)=7.3 grams
Tola is higher weight,Kola is lower weight = common weight.
2 Kolas (3 Kalangus)=1 Karsha(1.5 Tola=120 Rattis) =14.55
grams=Shekel=1/24 Pound.
1/12 Pound is the Sukti(Ounce) and 1/24 Pound is the
Shekel(Karsha).

2 Karshas=1 Sukti.4 Karshas=1Pala.


2 Karshas(6 Kalangus)=1Sukti
(2.5 Tola=240 Rattis)=29.1
grams(Ounce=Sukti=shell,cowrie )
2 Suktis(12 Kalangu)=1 Pala(5 Tolas=480 Rattis)=Bilva(bullmalla.cf.Bulls and kings were decorated with this symbol as
bilva is bull.It is
,
pa-tra indicating bharata-bhadra-bullfull-10.The double horned bulls indicate this.The priest kings
dress was decorated with trefoils.)

=58.2 grams

24 Karshas=12 Suktis=1Pound(PiNda-mass,kaNTha-throat
=adhara=lip=palacuntusound/count=349.2 grams.Roman
Pound/Italian Mina were from the common Kola and not
Tola.Thus 12 Kola Palas=2880 Rattis=349.2 grams.This was
the traders measure to give lower quantity and get higher
price.)
2

Palas(10 Tolas)= 1

Prasruta(960 Rattis)=116.4 grams

2 Prasrutas(20 Tolas=4Palas=1920 Rattis) =1KuDava=232.8


grams.The ISI weight is less than this.
In Samhita 4 Palas is considered as 1 Kudava, but the Pala is
given as 1 Bilva pala (both weight and volume).
2 KuDavas=40 Tola=1 Rattal=8 Palas=3840 Rattis)=
1 Saraava =465.6 grams
arrow,watergira-hill,word)

(kara-handsara-

(poundsound;srava=ear,drava=nayana=mina-eye)

1 Ser = 2 Adher(3840Rattis) = 4 Pav(1920 Rattis) = 16


Chattank(480 Rattis) = 80 Tola(96 Rattis) =7680 Rattis=
933.1 grams.
1Raattal weight = 40 Rupees=40*11.6=464 grams.

100 Palas= 1 Tulaa(48000 Rattis)=12.5 Rattals=5.82 kilograms


Tulaa is normally taken as 32 pounds=14.528 kg.
2 DroNas= Suurpa;suura(tiger,viira,suula)-pa
4 DroNas= GoNii cf.Mal.koNi-ladder

,go-nii

The Asma/PaashaaNa/ Stone


is a unit of measure equal
to14 pounds avoirdupois, or6.35kilograms.This is near to
the Tulaa of 100 Palas.The amza(shoulder)patra(leaf,bhaaraweight) on the shoulder of the unicorns,bulls etc.might indicate
this weight
When we check the old weight systems there are many
contradictions which are difficult to reconcile.
200 Palas= 2 Tulaas(96000)=25 Rattals=11.64 kilograms
192 Palas=24 Rattals(92160 Rattis)=11.17 kilograms
20 Tulaas=2000 Palas=1 Bhaara(960000 Rattis)=116.4
kilograms.A SakaTa(shatka,cakra
SakaTa is Bhaara.

) is 2000 Palas.Thus

The largest weight found at the site of Mohenjo-daro weighs


10,865 grams ( approximately 24 pounds or 1120 Tolas of 9.7
grams), which is almost 90,000 times the weight of the 'gunja'
seed or11143.6 Maashas or 27858.97 PaNameTas.
KaaNi=asiiti bhaaga=1/80 part
kaNa(drop)/kala(dot,count)/kal-anka(stain)/kiNa(grain) 1/80
of a SaaNa is 1 grain.1/80 of a Karsha is 1 Ratti.
MaakaaNi=shoDasabhaaga=1/16 part,1/16 part of Karsha is
Maasha.
Turiiya=caraNa
=Tuuryaamsa = caturthaamsa=paada=4th
partpada- veda rava(sound,sun)suurya(sun)durya(house,door)

dhurya(best,bull)

::

cf.Sumer.sag-head,has-thigh,kas-trader
Mal.gaja-elephant,kaccavatam-trade,kata-shop.
Pancaamsa=5th part
shashtha=6th part
tRtiiya=trilava=3rd part
turiiyaardha =8th pat
dasama=10th part
jina=24
sina/kiNa-grain caturvimsa=24
catvaarimsat=40
24 Rattis is Tak/DharaNa,40 Rattis is SaaNa/aasana/naasa.
1Tola
, = 12 Maashas or 11.664 grams=
1Shekel/1Karsha/Rupee.

Tola is a traditional Indian measure for the weight of gold and is


used even today. Many international gold manufacturers supply
tola bars of 999.96 purity.
The Hindi word Rupee( rupaya ) is derived from Sanskrit
word ruupya(shapely,stamped), indicating wrought silver or a
coin of silver. It is derived from the noun ruupa(shape, likeness,
image),rava(paNa-sound ,sun) and daraNa(breaking cf.GaNdakhaNda-Tanka-saaNa).PaNa/aanana/aana(mouth,face)
mudra/mukha/gaNda/Anna.Masta(measured,head) is
matsa/maana/mina/Mena.

is

Arthasaastra of Caanakya (circa 340-290 BCE), mentions gold


coins as Suvararuupa, silver coins as ruupyaruupa, copper
coins as Taamraruupa and lead coins as Siisaruupa.
1 Maasha = 8Rattis= 0.97 gram
1 Tanka = 4 Mashas or 3.88 grams
Ten Tola = 117 grams
Tola/Karsha (ardha ,dara cf.praaza,aasawish,bow,buttocks) = 6.332grams Beqa
1 Ratti =0.12125 gram=1 Ratti = 0.91 Carat
1 Gram =5 Carats
1 Carat = 200 milligrams=100 Cents(Pence)
1Standard Ratti=182 Milligram(=3 grains as indicated by Manu
and is cloe to the Carat.)
1Cent(Penny) or Pointer

=2 Milligrams

1 Karsha =16 Maashas = 15.52 grams =1/4 Pala=1/400 Tulaa.


1 Pala =62.08 grams
1 Tulaa=100 Palas=6.208 kgs.

1DharaNa=640 black Maasha beans=320 Gunja berries or


14080 white Mustard seeds.38.8grams
dhaaraNa(female
breasts)

netra(eyes)dharaNa(rice corn)

KrisNala is krishNamaNi(pupil) of aksha(eye) . Gandas(globes/


globules/ beads/bindus)of paNa/paNtas(weight,loha-phaNaornament,gold, silver, copper etc. used as ornaments) were
used to make weights of ornaments. PaNa was in the form of
globules of metals in kosas/ grandhis(purse,sachets), bars,
rings,chains etc.Rajata(silver,rajas-dust),hiraNya retas(rajasdust) etc.indicate dust or gaNdas of precious metals.This
gaNda is the symbol of weight used the world over even today
and can be seen in the Viiraraaya faNam coin also.Ganda is
also malla-the cheeks and the black bindu marked on the
cheeks.GaNda is paNta/ panca/ saNka/sankha/sinha/
sandha/bandha etc.The seed with a black bindu mark is Gunja
or Krishnala or Raktika.
The Manjaati(cf.satamana) is taken as four grains.
A Maasha is a traditional Indian unit of mass, now standardized
as 0.97 grams (0.034 oz).Maasha(maa-Se) is
is (masa-mass,sma-mouth,face,naasa-nose,maableat,roar;aja-ram;it is bleat of ram ) while Karsha is garjaroar of tiger,bull,elephant,croc etc. denoting weight of the larger
size.16 Maashas is one Karsha.16 is Shodasa- King
Sudas.The four bases/ directions of the
palm/go/bhuu/sky/earth split into /multiplied by four

angulas/digits make 16.16 divided by 4 is 64 and by 8 is 128


and by 16 itself is 256 and so on.Thus all these units are based
on the paNa/palm-finger/gaNa-count multiples.The palm square
/cone
with 5 digits is the number 5
5 .Five
fingers and five gunja/sankha/sankhya
grasp/group/sandha/bandha/bond weight is maasha paNa
weight-mesha paNa weight or small paNa weight.)
Sulka/tulaa

/tola /suula

bhaara /viira bar ,

bar varavaarakara
One Tael = 40 grams=4 Karshas=Pala.
Tael / Tahil (tail;vaarabhaaraweight,loma-loha-metal) can
refer to the Chinese weight and currency also.It is
equivalent to 10mace(

cf.maasha) (Chinese: ; pinyin: qin

cf.Penny) or 116 catty(cf.Mal. catty-bowl/plate


60) . Chinese wen=paNa.

,shashty-

The English word Tael comes through Portugese from


the Malay word Tahil, meaning "weight". In Chinese, tael is
written (or ) cf.
and has the Mandarin Chinese
pronunciation in pinyin: ling(paNa).
1Maasha=5Rattis or 8 Rattis 0.97 gm(0.034 oz)
1PaNa(copper)=20 Maashas=19.4 grams cf .Dam=20 grams
PaNa=4 Kaakinis=20 Maashas=19.4 grams
Kaakini= 5 Maashas=4.85 grams
1gram=15.432 grains.

1Tanka = 4 Maashas=24 Rattis=72 grains=4.68 grams


1 Tola=12 Maashas=180 grains=96 Rattis=11.66 grams.
1Karsha=16 Maashas=15.52 grams
1 Dam= 5 Tankas=20 grams (
1 Seer=80 Tolas=932.8 grams
1Tulaa=100 Palas=6.24 kilograms
1Bhaara=20 Tulas=124.8 kilograms
1DharaNa/Pala=320 Gunjas=62.4 grams
1Maund/Mun=40 Seers=100 Troy Pounds=1200 Dams

A Maund(mun-paNa) weight.Note the paNa-hole


and the phaNa(hood) shape.
The Mun of Akbar was 34 Pounds/15.75 kilograms or
47 Pounds/21.3 kilograms.
1KoNi

=4 Muns.cf. KoNa=angle,corner,number four,a

staff,club.

kan(eye-paNa)-kon(koNa)

Dhaara
,
-vishnu,debt =taara star
;bandha(barter)panca(five)vasna(price)Vishnu(paNa).

Dhaanya=corn,grain,measure of 4 sesamum seeds cf.


Vaara/paada shows bhaara cf.

padma,bhasma,panca,punja
karsha paada,saaNa paada etc.caraNa-daraNa-split.
Panca(five)pucca(tail).
DharaNa

=sun

,bearing,

,rice corn,scales
,

taraNa(boat,sun)

,
,

,earth,female breast

.Dhara(tra,sara)-Na
Naa(cow)Anna(Tola).

Picchaa=collection of 16 pearls weighing a


DharaNa.Pearlspear

dara/radavaaraviirabhaara.

Pikkaa=collection of 13 pearls weighing a DharaNa.


DharaNa=10 Palas=pada(4 Karshas) =16 silver Maashakas=
1 silver PuraaNa=1/10 Satamaana=19 Nishpaavas=2/5
Karsha=1/10 Pala=24 Raktika=
DharaNa=2.91 grams .cf.
Zuz-3.5 grams,daraNa(split)1/10 Pala(lava-cut,rava-ruupa)
lava-cut

Dasaka(consisting of ten)dakshahasta,dasa-ka(head,ten
headscf.RaavaNa with ten heads) .
Tanka(gold)kanakasankha(cowry)
Sunsumtama sama tulaadola
suura(svar-sun,tiger)
GaNdaka- A coin of the value of four cowries.
Pratika-A KarshapaNa or 16 PaNas of cowries

suula

KarNacaamara-elephants ear ornament made of cowries.


KaakiNii- a small coin equal to twenty Kapardas.
The origin of the Tower troy.
The troy is dravya and druvaya the weighing system used by
the Harappan Tower system for weighing dravya-metals and
medicines.
Troy weight system is used to determine the mass of
precious metals and gems.There are twelve Troy Ounces per
Troy Pound(373.24 grams)instead of the sixteen Ounces per
Pound (453.59 grams) in the Avoirdupois system. The Troy
Ounce is 480 grains, instead of the Avoirdupois Ounce of
437 12grains. Both systems use the same grain of
0.06479891 gram .The Troy weight refers to weighing of
small precious goods such as bullion and medicines.
The origin of the troy weight system is unknown.The word Troy
is said to be derived from
troni(markets) or troi(balance).The earliest reference to the
Troy weight Tower system
is in 1414.
DharaNa(scales)-DroNa-sroNa-mudra-rukma(Mohr)-paNa.
Troy-druvaya-mudra-druma-paNa-market.
Druvayadru(tree,gold)-yava(barley)
paNa,goldpaNameta(6 barleys)druvaya(cf.survey with
chains,links etc.) dravya(gold,medicine) etc.

Troy
dru(gold,tree)/vana(tree)/paNa(money,weight)
/phaNa(ornament),yava(baley)-japa(prayer)sava(sacrifice,corpse)-arka(worshipper).

Safe in the temple.


Wealth in the form of gold brings one disadvantage. Unless well
hidden or protected, it is easily stolen.
In early civilizations a temple was considered as the sanctuary
for wealth; it is a solid building, constantly attended, with a
sacred character which itself may deter thieves. In Egypt and
Mesopotamia gold was deposited in temples for safe-keeping.
But it lies idle there, while the trading community or the
government was in need of it. InBabylon at the time of
Hammurabi, in the 18th century BC, there are records of loans
made by the priests of the temple showing the concept of
banking.
The earliest known coins in the western world come from the
city of Ephesus in Ionia (in western Turkey) in about 650 BC.
The metal used is electrum, a natural alloy of gold and silver
found locally. The coins are bean shaped and are struck on one
side with a distinguishing mark, such as the image of a lion.
The underlying purpose is to ensure a stable value in this
variable metal of exchange, previously traded by weight alone.
The state mint adds silver to the alloy to guarantee a mix of
55% gold to 45% silver.

Fluid weights
60 bindus=1 SaaNa(maaDa)=1teaspoon=3.55 ml=
8 SaaNa=1 Sukti

(pearl,cowrie,shell)=1 Ounce=28.4 ml

2 Suktis=8 Drams=1 Pala=2 Ounces=56.8 ml(=56.8 grams;


480 Rattis=58.2 grams)
2 Palas=1 Prasruta= 4 Ounces= 1 Uri=113.6 ml
2 Prasrutas=1 KuDava= 8 Ounces=1 Nazhi=227.2 ml
(cf.kurava) 2 KuDavas=1 Saraava=16 Ounces=1 Rattal=454.4
ml

=1Pound= 8 Palas

2 Saraavas=1 Prastha

=32 Ounces=1Itangazhi=908.8 ml

8 Saraavas=4 Prasthas=128 Ounces=1AaDaka=3635.2 ml


4 AaDakas=1Kalasa(jar)=1DroNa(archer)
Ounces=14540.8 ml

=512

2 DroNas=1 Suurpa(winnowing fan)=1024 Ounces=29081.6ml


10 Prasthas=1 Bhadra kumbha(PuurNa kalasa)
=1PaRa(bhadrapuurNafulldasa=10) =9088 ml
The Indian Standard Institution has approved the Kudava as
192grams and the Prasta as 768grams..
Manjaati
Bright red seeds of Adenananthera pavonina(acacia/coral)
used as beads in necklaces.It was used as a standard weight.
Its other names are rakta candana, jumbie,gunja,saga etc.

Weight of each seed = 4 grains=2 kunnis/Rattis=0.2425 gram

Malla
Malla is nalla(good),nullu(pinch,punch mark is pinch mark as
pinch is paNa) ,milli(little) and bull(valla,malla,viira,king).
Bull is bulla,purusha vyaaghra,purusha sinha etc.also.
Corn(yava-barley) has a horn.It is vaalgotambu or godhuuma
with a vaala-tail like the vaarapatra(leaf with a tail-Fig leaf).This
made it the favourite choice as the
viirabhadra/bhaarabhadra/mallamaaDa/kingsweightf or the
Bharadvaajas/viirabhadras who sport a tail on their
head(vaarabhadra) right from the ancient Anatolian
period.Hence it is the bull indicating weight.The world follows
their choice even today.
Yavajapa(prayer)sava(sacrifice)
sha/sa/Se/sina+ va

The horns of the annam(corn) make it a malla(bull-annam-corn


or grain) shown as the unicorn/bull/elephant/ram/deer etc. to
indicate the weight of grain.The tail(calyx-pod-vaara) makes it
Viira bhadra (bulls tail),or bhadra bhaara(kings weight).Weight
of 15grains were taken as 5 Ratti weights which gave the
Maasha.Maasha-anga is maatanga(elephant-unicorn). Three
headed bulls indicate Ratties weighing three corns as in
Manusmriti.Bhadra(bull,king) is bhaara(weight,tax).
According to the Anguttara Nikaya the Mahajanapadas of
ancient India were Anga(body,agna-fire), Magadha(mahirasun;mahisha-buffalo,nagara-town), Kaasi(fist,sun), Kosala(goarrow,sky;kosa-gold,testis), Vajji(vasi-king), Malla(bull

cf.Meluha), Vatsa(cow,varsha-vrita-dominion), Cedi(desa,srii),


Kuru(Guru,Puru), Pancaala(sinhatala), Matsya(fish),
Surasena(man+tigers), Asvaka(elephant), Avanti, Gandhar and
Kamboja. Some of the Indus scripts resemble these names
also.According to PaNini the metallic pieces were stamped
(ahata/aksha/akshara) with symbols (ruupa). These were in
circulation along with the unstamped metallic money referred
to as nishka, satamana/satamaana , pada, saaNa and
karshapaNa.
Cowrie
Cowries were widely used by the Indus valley people for
making ornaments,various implements and for standardising
their weights and developing the monetary system.Cowries
were classified according to their clour as pitta-yellow,rakta-red,
sveta-white ,dusra-grey.Dusra was of the lowest value.Dos is
the hand,dasa is ten and dasra is the ass.Ass/kara/khara/hara
is ash or grey.
cf.
.Its Persian names( kajak;khar-mohara;Gosh Mahi) can
be derived from words found in the Indus script like
mukha,kaasi,raasi,khara,ghar,graaha-makara-sankha mukha
etc.PaNa-sound is produced from mukha(mouth,soundgarjagartamakara,nakra,graaha-mouth-sankha-cowrie with the
mouth slit like a paana-cup-vagina/anus-vasna-bond cf.paNcoitus X vaara- cup,face;mouth ,nose, anus,hands and feet
are sound producing centres of the body and indicate
paNa.Large open animal mouths of croc, ass, tiger,
elephant(the elephants trunk is shown raised in the unicorn to
indicate garja-roar) open,cattle,snake etc.and trees like the
palm,Fig etc. are also sources of sound or paNa.PaNa(the sun)
is born from Makara-Capricorn-at the winter

solstice.Cypraea(cowrie) and Capris(goat,alligator


cf.makaramatsya-alligator fish
) indicate
paNa(sun,money,sound).PaNa(fish)-gira(croc) is
palagarai(Tamil-cowrie.Croc is sankhamukha as it keeps its
mouth wide open for long intervals like the open cowrie).

Cowries resemble the serpent hood or the human female


genitals with a cleft in the centre,toothed on both sides like the
mouth that makes paNa(sound) as in
,
,
etc.as
paNa/saaNa.Since the half Tola is saaNa ,the cowry is the
saaNa paNa.
PhaNa is ornament. Strings of shells were used as nishka.
Good shells are yellow in colour with circular lines on the dorsal
side.Cowry( suurya-sun) is paNa(sun).In Kerala cowry(kaviti)
shells are used for divination .
In Africa at the beginning of the nineteenth century, 10 money
cowries could buy a chicken and 30 money cowries could buy a
bride. After fifty years a chicken required 300 cowries and a
bride 3500. By the beginning of the twentieth century cowrie
shells lost the money value and was no longer used as
currency .

Along with cowry caamara and carma(hide of animals ) served


as money .
The metallic sound(paNa) of cowries and their shine(paNa)
made them good paNa choice.The quality of copper also was
determined by the quality of sound it produced when struck with
the hand.
1 Cowry = 48 Rattis = Tola= SaaNa=6 Maashas=6 grams.
Usually 48 Rattis is taken as varaaha/gadyaana.SaaNa is then
taken as 4 Maashas.
-6 Maashas/SaaNa.

6 Maasha/ SaaNa

=6 Maasha/SaaNa paNa(semicircle=ma=paNa

The following are words for cowry.


,

kaparda,

,kapardaka,kapardi,kapardik,kapardika,

chara, charya, charachara,

dyuutabiija,

paNaasthika,
varti, varaata,varaatika,varya,
kriidana,baala kriidanaka.

paNaasthi,
baala

kapardin-Rudra/Pushan wearing braided and knotted hair like


the cowrie shell cf.the buns and horns of the deities in the seals
denote cowrie and paNa(the sun,money,gaming).kaparda is
ka(sun,king,wealth,sound,head,hair of head,water,light)pard(tiger cf.varaata-rope,vartirope,bandage,wick),bhadra(bull,bun,elephant,king,knot)

Kaja(waterborncf.lotus,cowrie,fish) is gaja(elephant) and


kesa(hair).
Cowry is suurya(sun).Cowry is Gauly(lizard).Hence it is used
for divination by the Kerala astrologers.It is phaNa/paNa by its
sound.
lizard
aNjana,aNdaja,kakkinda,katakagriha,kiilaalin,kulaahaka,krakac
apad,kRkalaasa,kRkavaaku,daarumatsyaahvaya,drumaasraya,
vedaara,vrikshasa,saraNta,saya,sayaana,sayaanaka,sarata,he
mala,bimba,musali,musalikaa,godhikaa,duNDbhi,pallii,graahiNii
,maaNikyaa,muulii,pingala,koka
,
,

=seat on treedruvaya dravyadrumaasraya


DroNaacaarya/Arjuna(ara/kata-

sroNa,suuna/sina-grain)
druvaya-measure)

DroNaasrayaa(Kutapaadi-

sroNaasraya(sinhaasana yavabarley)avaraNa(covering)
aabharana(ornament)phaNa(ornament)bhuushana
(ornament) bhojana(food)
aahaara(food)haara(garland,chain)
bhaara(weight)vaara(tail) viira/malla/musali(hero).

Terms for metal

Dhaatu,loha(metal,red metal),siisa(lead),kamsa(metal,bell
metal),kamsaka(bell metal),kamsiiya(bell metal),kupya(base

metal),Sripaati(base metal),ghosha(bell
metal),ayas,taijasa,lauha,svarNaja(tin),riiti(bell
metal),riitikaa(bell metal),lohottama(best
metal),ghoraghushya(bell metal),taamraardha(bell metal),
Dravya(bell metal),piitakaavera(bell metal),pittala(bell
metal),prakaasa(bell metal),prakaasaka(bell metal),ravaNa(bell
metal),lohaja(bell metal),retya(bell metal)vidyutpriya(bell
metal)saasthitaamraardha(bell metal)sauraashtra(bell
metal),suurmi(metal image),anyaloha(brass
metal),anyahaka(brass metal),ropaka(weight of a metal or coin)
Ashtadhaatu(eightmetals),paviira(weapon with ametallic point)),
Akshara(indelible mark incised on metal or stone),pattra(any
thin leaf of metal or gold),sandhaana(foundry),baka(apparatus
for subliming metals),Ghana(metallic instrument which is
struck(cymbal,bell,gong etc.cf. kaNa on vaara paatra

mouth and nakha-on tigers

, open

The Kalinga MaaDa


The Kalinga MaaDa(maaDa-weight,measure;cf.meTa-a storied
house,paNa-house

=4 Maasha MeTa paNa,mi-to

measure,Ta-4 maasha;MaaD-to weigh,measure;Mal.maatubos-buffalo=malla-boss) =40 Rattis=


SaaNa(paaNa,paana,paNa).
Different types of MaaDas were mentioned as Malla(Annagrain,bull,king)-maaDa(weight,measure),Malla(

)-Nandi(

)-MaaDa,Surabhi(Kaamadhenu-cow-go-sun;suravi=paNa),MaaDa,GaNda(cheek-malla-mukha-kuNda-kuNdikunta
(

)-MaaDa,Kulottunga( )-MaaDa;GandhavaaraNa

Maatanga)-MaaDa,Caamara(Yak,taamra-copper,Ratti)-

MaaDa,Gandhahasti(

)-MaaDa,Padmanidhi( ) -GaNda-

MaaDa,Padmanidhi-Malla(
)-MaaDa etc.Padmanidhi is a
sacred deposit in the temple Treasury(cf.the Harappan deities
in the padmaasana or bhadraasana indicate kshetra/temple
GaNda/AnnaMaaDa is called
paNa).
KaarshapaNa,Nishka,and GaNda-Nishka also.
Some scholars believe that the MaaDa was a piece of gold of
weight of 40 Rattis and not a stamped coin.
,
SaaNa(maapaNa-maanava-maana)-paada( of
SaaNa cf.Mina,Miinai-Siinai)=one fourth of the SaaNa
is the Suuka or Maasha.

Coins of the Rashtrakutas

The Rashtrakutas who ruled Malwa during the sixth to the tenth

centuries A.D.issued Karsha Suvarnas

Drammas in silver and gold weighing 65 grains, Kalangu


weighing 48 grains, Gadyaanaka(
96 grains, Kaasu (

) weighing

mace-maasha

) weighing

15 grains(cf.Maasha of 5 Rattis or 15 grains and


of Harappa) , Manjaati(Adenanthera pavonina
2.5 grains and Akkam(aksha ,

symbols
) with

) of 1.25 grain.

The following observations on coins of ancient India are


based on Cunningham.
Rigveda Rishi Kakshivat received a present of 100
Nishkas with 100 horses and 100 bulls from
Raja Bhaavayavya.In another ten purses of gold(dasa
kosayii) is given to sage Garga.
Thus the gold was in pieces viira bhadra- unstamped
ingot.
English troy pound=exactly 10 Palas=5760 grains.
Indian satrapy paid tribute to Darius in gold dust.
Gold ingot=Gold panda =Pound=10 Pala.
This was known to Hebrews as (Isaiaih-13.10) golden
wedge or tongue of Ophir.An earleir mention of the gold
ingot of 50 shekels weight is found in the story of
Achan.50 Shekels of gold=20 Palas or Nishkas or
Satamanas .This shows that Ophir was part of India.
Malayalm-Kalutti,Ceylon Karanda =Kalanju of South india.
Kalanju =50 / 52 grains of gold .

hun(paNa,pon=suvarNa)
Original gold Karsha=57.6 grains.
Gold fanams=tenths of Karsha= average 5.75 grains.
Gold coins of ancient india
1/10 hun or fanam=5.28 grains=

hun or maaDa=13.2 grains


hun or prataapa=26.4 grains

1 hun or Varaaha

or Pagoda=52.8 grains

1 Karsha=57.6 grains
Suvarna=72 grains

1 Suvarna=144 grains
1 Nishka or Pala or Satamana=576 grains.
Square Silver karsha=Purana(old.)The palm is square.
Round Greek Drachms=New money.
spear, staff,
ass,camel,the quill of a
Sala= dart,
porcupine,a measure of length.
Salaaka(shatka,salka,sulka,kalasa) is name of coins.
cf.Hebrew Sela/Selaim.

Salaaka

a stick,

spear,

arrow, pin, knife,bone,

rib,
bar of a cage or window, a piece of bamboo
borne by mendicants and marked with their name ,
porcupine,

any pointed instrument,

shoot or bud,die,towel,

,Cycas

pana is paNa/maasha/saaNa
paNa) and

a sprout or

Saarikaa bird(birds cage or

case is cash/paNa/SaaNa),
brush,a finger,toe,

a tooth pick or tooth


or Date palm etc.
.

Taala or

Sala(ass,garja-

jaala/jaalaka(mesh-maasha/masa-weight)

are associated with Salaaka


(money).Salaakaa(Mal.calaaka) was a coin and gold
bar.Malyalam
callam indicate a boat,oar,cashbox etc
.and callata is a sieve indicating jaalaka and
Salaaka(money) cf.M218

.Salaaka shows

slaagha(praise-price-paNa).
Saa/salaaka/taala/kharjura(silver,Date palm,Arjuna

Na/jina/sina/paNa maaDa is Malla/Valla(Mal.vallamboat) paNa silver paNa meTa.


Viira raaya fanam

The money coins issued by the Kerala kings were called Viira
raaya faNam.

Viira is malla.Raaya is king.Viira raaya is king of kings as is


shown Viira raaya is viira bhadra of Harappa and not the king of
Vijayanagara
as some think.In other words it is Malla maada itself.

dot(ra=kha=sha=Ta
dot(ra=kha=sha=

, ,

, ,

) + c+

)=

raaja/ naaga/malla/viira/srii .The ganda(dots

) with the

kunDa(jar;kunda-9-go-cow) make it a malla maaDa/viira


raaya coin.The bead(kaNa/kina/paNa) +jar is maana /
maapa/maasha/mesha/me or maa-sa/naasa(nose money)

Dru(srii)-scorpion-gold,bhadraasana=dots,sinha(king) or
sinhaasana (throne) is shown by the claws.4 dots indicate ayagain,good luck(Ya-Srii-Lakshmi);number 4(4 kunni-Rattisweight of the coin).
Raaya has aya/Ya with him.
The weight of the gold fanam = 4 Kunni(Ratti) =1/10
SaaNa=0.485 gram.
Maur (Mohr) a seal, was a gold coin of value 15 or 16 rupees.
The English Tower weights.

The British weight system prior to 1527 was known as the


Tower weight system.
The Tower is the MaaTa/meTa indicating maada(weight) which
evolved from Harappa.
Its unit was the wheat grain defined as 45/64 of atroy grain.
The Man with six locks of hair holding back two tigers

M308

suurpa=sarpamukha/naagamukha

kha/va

paNa/Tola

Na

bhadraasana panca-pramaaNa

musali/malla/saa/dara
maaDa/maasha

Na/paNa

malla/valla//naga/8

PraveNi(hair bun)pramaaNi(malla)pramaaNa(parimaaNameasure)praNiivi-fund.
saa
Pala

Na(cf.sena

maatra.8 SaaNas make a Pala.

samraaja paNa/maaDa
sa-na-kha=sankha/sinha medha
panca saana
suurpa-nakha-pramaana ganta meta
suurpanakha/suurpa-nava - panameta

naaga-8

Suurpa

=2 DroNas .Interetingly DroNa is archer

2 DroNas is two archers

.Suura(tiger) is

svar(garja/maa/go/sarpa).Svar(go,naaga/naga) is
srii/sara/adhara/caapa/vaaca(go)/baaNa/vaaNi/dhanu/naada/
maaDa etc.Two tigers+man=two bows/ +man =svarNa(gold)hari-Na(gold).
nakha=nava
The contest(malla medha/yuddha) motifs indicate Malla meTa
paNa. Bhaara was associated with hair ,

and yashti

as bhaara(viira-hero) is baala(hair),vaara(tail,tail hair)


bar(rod)

and

The harsha(bristlingor horripilation) shown on humans,


elephants etc.indicate garja(maa,karsha).
Kuntala=the hair of the head ,lock of hair,a drinking cup,a
plough,a barley .Thus the cup/hair lock/earring
is
barley(annam=malla)Seme(barter)maa(measure)
weight =1,2,3 etc. of barley.
BunfanphaNapaNabhaaramaaDasama.
Six locks of hair-kuntala- is six barleycornskaparda(cowry,hairlock)praVeNi(pramaaNi-malla,pramaaNaparimaaNa-measure)
Six barleycorns is the weight of paNameta

Two tigers + man=maaDa/saaNa/malla/gaNda.


Vana(leaf)=paNa.Pa(leaf)+Na/maa(man)=paNa/maapa.

Vana+da(body)=panda(ball of food as offering,mass, the body)


Pa(leaf)+ saaNa/sena(body)=paashaaNa(weighing stone)
Nara(man)+ pa(leaf)=nripa(king).
sha(man)+parNa(leaf)=svarNa/suvarNa/karsha.
Thus the paNameTa(0.39 grams) was a basic weight unit of the
Harappans,multiples of which gave the other weights like the
maasha,saaNa,Karsha,Pala etc.Manu adopted this unit of
2 Ratties=6 grains/barley corns as the Silver Maasha.
For the Gold Maasha 5 Ratties=Silver Maasha*2.5=15 grains
was used.

The cow as the unit of money in the veda.

How did the cow become the unit of money in the veda?
PaNa (money,barter,market,gaming,price,praise,prize) is
rava(sound,sun).
Rava(sound,sun) given ruupa(form) is mudra(citra-picture).
Thus
va/pa+ va/pa+
sa=
vaasa-housepaada-foot,
bhaara(weight)maaDa(weight)meTa(storied house)
vaasa+
ma/na
vaasana(house,box),
vesma(house) bhaajana(vessel)paashaaNa(weighing
stone) smasaana(paNa-bali-pitRitarpaNa)asma(stone)
masa(mass)maada(weight).
.

The weight of saaNa is indicated as smasaana

.PitRibali

involves bathing(in the Great Bath) and offering food


piNda(ball/morsel) to Sa(god)-vitri(pitRi-father-the sun,patri-bird
) by clapping the hands to make paNa(sound,sun,praise) to
invite crows(kaaka-crow,khaga-bird,sun) to eat the food balls
as the soul(sol) of the deceased.
ma+
ma +

da/sha
aa+

maada(weight),maasha(weight)

da/sha

maada(weight),maasha(weight)

naamamaanamaamu(three)aum3srii(sun,fire)
rati(sex)
mudra(seal,identity)surata(sex)suurya(sun)
maada/arka(worshipper,copper,12,sun) +
vana(tree)

vana(leaf,tree)/

paNa maaDa/meTa(weight of a PaNa)

(paNa-house,vana-tree)

baaNa/vaara(arrow,paNa-

bhaara-maaDa-meTa)
vanameTa(paNameTa,each
cakra-circle is a paNa/karsha)
Like the maa(go) or me(got),mans sound is Sa/A(the open
mouth) indicated as

.Aa(go-cow,buffalo)

is aama(yes,aum),

maa(measure,go),me(barter,aja-ram),aasa(wish,face,seat) and
saama(raama-raaja-king).
Change asva hRadaya to aksha hRdaya.
AkshahRdaya-asvahRdaya vana- paNa mantra story is in
vana(paNa) parva of Mahabharata.It is high time serious
students of the Indus script properly understood the concept of
aksha(mudra)hRdaya leaving behind the hypothesis of the
asva(horse)hRadaya.HRadaya is mind and kriida(paNa-game
of dies,game of akshas /mudras/scripts).AkshahRdaya enables
one to understand the number of leaves on an aksha/ paadapa/
vana/ (vriksha-tree,paNa-chess) without actually counting it.
Nala-king of Nishadha- learned the secret of akshahRdaya
from RtuparNa whereby he was able to defeat Kali in
akshdyuuta(paNa) and regain his lost kingdom.
Akshahridaya is the technique of reading of the akshas or
mudras or rupas in relation to lunisolar phenomena and
making stories out of them.Many beautiful stories of Hindu
mythology were created thus.
Aksha(mudra,eye,snake,grain,Karsha,gaja,uksha,aakaasa,saa
ka,saakha,sikha,aga-sha/sa,vriksha)
being pada(word,4,wood,foot,food,god)

,
,

::

Gotama(go-ghoshaNa) was called


akshapaada(paadapa,Vaasava-Indra,Vishnu)

etc.
Akshata(virgin,barley,rice;aksha-ta/sa;aksha-snake,ukshabull,gaja-elephant,ta-tail is sa-snake,shadka-six,sataka-

hundreds;Note the bulls,elephant bulls and their luuna-snake


tails indicating loha and their weight in grains of yava or
dharaNa or godhuuma)

,
,
,
,
are units of weight and grain
kept for sacrifice.Akshaja(is knowledge or
Vishnu).Akshara(uksha-ra;aleph-bet;asva-pada;akshapaadaGotama) is alphabet.Yava(akshata) is
naaga(uraga,araNa,nakra,palli,maNda,hari,phaNa,gaja
,

etc);nabha ,nava

,9; vana

etc.

Reason for failure of Indus script decipherments.


There are two basic reasons.The first is the wrong identification
of the underlying language .Instead of understanding the
language as Bharata(veda/deva/Sanskrit) ,other languages
were chosen.As in the story of the fox and the sour grapes,
some scholars even postulated the script has no language
and the Harappans did not know the art of writing at all!
The second cause of failure lies in the methodology adopted for
the deciphering of the script.Scholars who rightly understood
the language chose to use traditional methods like using the
first letters of known words to create words and make whole
sentences with grammatical accuracy.This method does not
work as the seals use its own word groups and the writing
style of the seals is not unidirectional prose writing.The concept
of a round seal may be envisaged by writing from left and right
to the centre.The seals often contain repeat word units which
are synonyms or explanations of a word indicated by one

unit.This means making of a continuos sentence is not possible


in most of the cases.
Hence for a complete decipherment of the Indus script
we have to adopt Bharata as the language and learn
akshahRdaya(understanding of each mudra by itself)
leaving aside asvahRdaya and vaakyahRdaya(making
sentences) concepts!
In this work we are trying to understand some of the actual
words that make the body of the Indus script.Working in this
line of study, we will be able to make a full decipherment
of the texts sooner than later.
The mudras(aksha

-asva-uksha-ukha-

mukha-vaac,vaak-vaaha-akshahRdayaasvahRdaya

etc.are words/paNa / paNya/maanya/maNi/ ruupa/


ruupya/ haara/hariNa/hiraNya) form the Harappan script.Coins
bearing these mudras(ruupas) were called Ruupya(paNamoney).
,

Graaha/nakra is griha/meTa.Akshagraaha is the eylids,


paNameTa ,viirabhadra,akshaglaaha(paNa-playing
,
gambler,gamblingdice,gambling),akshadyuu(
paNa cf. Aksha or aakaasa is vaana- nabha-phaNa-naagasnake. ajashakhadyusvarhahari
svarNahariNa) etc.

Akshaglaaha

is paNyaajiiva(trader,gambler)

Rava was given ruupa to make it ruupya like that of fish


etc.1 Pala(bull)pa-bull+la/ra/Na(ru-rava-ruupa)
ashtaapada/astavasu/ashtanaaga(gold)ka/pada/ta
+ naga/bhaga/ya//nri/svar kanaka(gold)Tanka(gold,4
Maashas)
Naga is

anga .

Sara is sira(head)=ka/sa=

sva/vasu.
Hence kanaka svarNabhagayaagayava(ya-va/bhabull)bhadra(gold,bull,king)drava(fish,dram)dru(tree,gol
d)srii(gold)haaTaka(gold)haataka(maarakiller,sinha,nakragold etc.)
Maa is paNa(garja-roar) of pasu(cattle and animals) or
vasu(sun,gold).MaapaNa is scale and maanava(man

etc.Weights are taken on the head(mastameasured,matsa-fish,mana and satamaana),shoulder(amsa,

ounce),hands,hips(hip=ma,ta

to cross,pada-weight) ,legs and

feet as indicated by the symbols


tail,bhaari-tiger,Tola),

(jangha-Tanka)

(cf vaara-

(pada-

weight.Chess-paNa bord lines are also called pada

).

Me is bleat of the ram.But maa is measure denoted by pasu(the


cow and animals) and vasu(gold-its shine or jingle is paNa).
cf.Egyptian

Mh=cubit=maa-measure.

Me(maa) is barter denoted by the ram.PaNa is barter


or X-change.X denotes the change of hands.
Maa-the cow is go(cattle,bull,cow) .But go is also speech,
eye,arrow,earth,sky,star ,water ,nine,mother,
Sarasvati,sun,sinew,hair of the body,bow-string,ray of light
etc.PaNa(sound) is the sun(sum,rava-sun,sound,king).PaNa is
maana(measure)/bhaara(weight)/vaara(tail)/viira(king).Bhaara
is decided by maapana(measure,scale) or maa(go-roar)paNa.Maapana is maa(roar,bleat) of go and paNa(rava-arkasun,sound,count,pound) is sama/tama/tulaa/tola.PaNa is
karsha/garja/garta(kuNda-kalasa).The sound of
cattle/elephant/tiger/snake/croc being maa(roar) maapaNa(sound) is
paNa(money,sun,sound,gambling,price,barter,market,trade).
The paNa (sound) of go is maa(maata,garja).
Most of the symbols in the Indus script denote
bhaara(weight)/vaara(measure)/viira(hero)/bhadra(king)/viira
bhadra(king of kings)/bhadra vaara(kings measure)/bhadra
bhaara(kings weight) / paNa(money,price,praise,trade,bet)/
go(king,cow)/maa(measure)/maana(measure)/maapana
(measure)/karsha(weight) etc.using the Malla MeTa/Tower
weight system.
viira

bhadra

as

is viira bhadra

itself(vaarapaanapaaNakara)+cakra/bhadra/patra

(viira bhadra paNa)

vaara-

border bhadra-knot
vaara=cap=phrigian cap)

(king itself,bhadra-head
,

(side lines are karavaaraviira,centrebhadra)


,

(drubhadrapatradravafish,bird,bull,leaf)

paNaravakaraarkarava bhadra go-ravamaa


raviviiravaaracirclebhadra viira bhadraviira
viiraviira suurasamraajaking of kings

bhadradvaara vaara vara ,bindudvaarasvar bhadra

dotbaala/vaara/water/vara

dvi-vaara-nasuvarNa.

::

Daanastuti-examples of donations described in the


Rigveda.
Daana is Donation.Daana is
naada(sound,pound,paNa),dhaana(grain,weight),
SaaNa(weights) etc.Daana stuti is praise ofdaana/SaaNa.But
praise is paNa.Hence these stutis indicate paNas of the veda.

Cedi putra Kasu gave me 100 ushtra (buffaloes,


ushtravastra-cloth cf.Mal.Pattum valayum-shawl and a
bangle given as presentdraviNa-gold)
and 10000 gos(cows) RV.6.5.37

Kasu(cf.Suka) son of Cedi(cf.desa-nation,disa-direction) gave


100 ushtra) and 10000 cows RV.8.5.37
Son of Aditi, you restrained 10000 robbers for me. They gave
me wealth.100 asses,100 sheep,100 dasas,noble nishka.
RV.8.56.3 cf.Dasas(slaves) is dasas(tens).

300 Horses(arvatavrishabha/bhadra/artaba weight),10000


Cows(go),Tirindira gave to Pajra(cf.parshastabakakosabhaanda-a pot,vessel,package,purse).He
gave 4 bhaara gold (

= vaaha

64 prasthas,horse,hand,bull

(catu: yuja:ushtraan
) and Yadus and thereby spread his
glory in the heavens.RV.8.6.46-48.
catur yuja ushtra-300 daasa bhaara or caturyuga ushtra-200
daasa(headless)-100 bhaara=malla-angula/bhaara-16-maasha8tola
Caturyuja ushtraan might be four maasha making a SaaNa or
four karsha making a Pala.Caturyuga =4*2=8 is
ashtanaaga/ashtavasu and Ushtra is go(eye, word).
These gifts were too heavy a load to be carried by a person if
we take them literally.Hence these might be contributions by a
king to another king. Or the 100 asses,100 sheep,100 dasasslaves were synonyms by way of the exchange values of the
Nishka.Several seals of IVC use the same technique as we
shall see later.
SaaNa(9*40*.12125=43.65 grams)
daana(gift)dhaana(grain) naada(paNa).
This could the Kings gift of Cows to the sages.
Measures of grain or weight of metals were denoted
names of animals as indicators of paNa(sound,count).
The cow(go) itself is the bull and asva(asma-metal).

All synonyms for metals and mass(asma-sma-masa) are


asva(asma).

M896

Tola(80 Rattis)

(sama-

hand,zama-equal,sum;aa-cow,buffalo,aama-maa-go)1
SaaNa(40 Rattis;sena-body) (aama-cow,yama-2,maameasure) 2 bhadra(king,metal,stone)/kala
(stop/king/stone/metal/pari )
paashaaNa(stone
weight,mahisha=maada=maaTa=lords
house,maatambi,maadrii/maadra,madhura,madiraa=liquor)/
maada/meTa/maada-ra=maatra /maatira(elephant,maatanbilord)parimaaNa/pramaaNa (measure,standard,mahisha=mahisha). Kudava(4 tuTas) is a Pagoda.
Tolaa(weight)-Taamra(copper,Ratti)-maana(malla,measure)
The unicorn is su(good)-kara(trunk,tax,hand) indicating
suuka/maasha(10 Rattis-scruple).Four suukas or maashas
make a saaNa(naasa-nose,aasana-seat;sa-aana-gods
nose;se-anna-grain)

and 2 saaNas make a Tola

kosa-kalasa-kuNda-garta-pit-pot-seat). The bars

indicate

bhaara(paaNa-vaahu-maana-bahumaana/vaara/haara/kaara
-paNa-praise,price;vaha-bull,hand= va= go=aa) yashtiweighing rod or metallic bar or stone of the indicated
weight.Bhaara is often linked to hair(vaara,baala,kaca,kesa) as
it is of the low weight(milli-malla-annam) and kaca/kesa(hair) is
kaaca(scale) and gaja(elephant,suuka or maasha).
ukha(pot;u-siva,kha-ravi-sun)hu(sacrifice,ha=khasky,sun) homa(sacrifice)yaaga(sacrifice,agasun)bali(sacrifice,Mal.vila-price)paNa(vila-price,arkasun,argha-price,arca-sacrifice)maha(mahishabuffalo)makha(sacrifice)mukha(vadana-face,vasanahouse,price;vacana-word;sma-face;sava-corpse;sivaauspicious,god; sana-elephants ears,food;samaequal,hand;paNa-price;sina-grain,body,morsel;sila-stone;fallen
rice grains;tila-sesame;sam-happiness)moha(wish)
cf.mohavila(wished price) and mukhavila(face value).Wish is
praise.Praise is prize.Prize is price for the wish.
deha(Da)/anga(body/agna-fire,number 1)
/maa(measure)/maana(measure) +
ukha(va/ma)mukha/malla

mukhavaara(front of the

house)mallamaaDa Tanka(cf.
=nagasvarTa)kanaka(naka;Mal.Tanka-gold,
ashtaapada-gold, ashta pruuTa-weight,puruda-gold,purushaman,hence
pala/gold/TankadurgafortmaaDameTa-villa-malla)gnaa/kanaa(woman
cf.bhadra

-gold,woman,bull,cipher-10.Bhadra is made

pattara-10.5 in Malayalam. A touchstone bearing gold streaks


was found in Banawali, which was probably used for testing the
purity of gold)
kanya(woman)saNka( bull) sulka(tax,price,cf.kanyaa

sulka,kanya is sulka/Durga
,
) suNga(vata
tree,awn of corn,calyx);saNgha(fight cf.fight with lions or heroes
as in M-308, K-65 etc.) sankha(cowry)sangha(group

etc.) sinha(lion)jaghana (loin)sankhya(number)


naga/naaga/raaja/tama/uttama is ashta(eight-ashta
naaga.Naaga-elephant is maatira-hill or maatanga
indicating maatra/maada-anga/maa-Tanka/maashaanga).Anga is naga and eka(1).

(anga-eka-

1,aa,ma,maa)+
/

panca(5)/shat(6)/ashta(eight)/dasa(ten)/shodasa(16)/sat
a/sataruupa(many forms)/satamaana(measure).
kala(a,ra,sa) sa(a,ma,angu) ta(tail)
taala(kara-angu,kala-palm,hala-plough;rhythm with hand
clap) Ta/Da(sound)dakka(Mal-idakka-drum,tak-

sound)damaru(drum)

dam-rava(sound)ta tarikata

tom paNa(rava-sound)kala-angu(measure) , ,
6+2=8.8+8=16.Shatanga(Mal,catangu-ritual) is veda.Like
the thumb which is taken as two,the head is taken as two
limbs to make shat(six)

maanava is maa-nava(go-nine,homa-sacrifice) and


maana-va(tiger,king,water) miina-va(fish
like)maapana(scales.Fish has scales-salka-shataka-sulkatulaa-scales.Fish is six.Bhuja is 6)

kalaa maa/caamara/taamra/samara/dasa/dasra/
rajata

maa(measure,maashamaa-Se/sha

Harappan weights and their uniformity.


Se, the barleycorn was the standard of mass in ancient Sumeria.
The ratios 3 barley corns = 4 grains of wheat, 4 grains of wheat = 1
carob seed (siliqua) were used by them.The Indus weight system
was based on Sha(man,king,se-suuna-grain,suurasun,viira,tiger,sa-bird,word,god,snake) as the standard.Thus weight
is maa-sha and the scale is maa-nava(man,maapaNascale).Libra(scale) is nripa(king) and we have the kings measure in
the Bible also.

The Indus Valley money system was based on the exchange of


paNa(words,hands,weight) and exchange of metal bars with
definite weights of the unit weights of annam(mallacorn),gunja(Ratti), maasha(bean) and sankha(cowrie).The bars
were certified by the priest kings stamp of seal regarding its
purity and weight.Exchange of words is echange of goods. X
change(Mal.kaimaattam/vinimaya=paaNi or vaaNi, yama two,

indicate change of hands or words denoted by the


crossed arms. This is barter or trade .Their money was the cow
(paNa-karsha-word). F.W.Thomas had pointed out that money
of the Aramaic settlement in Egypt was reckoned in Karsha.
This shows that karsha was present as money in Egypt in 6th
century B.C.A mummy of an Egyptian was located in Lothal ,
indicating trade and exchange of knowledge.
,

The Babylonian Shekel is the Karsha.The Persians were using


a ten Shekel Karsha.The cow(bhadra-cow,go-word) and
asva(uksha-bull,vac-speech) of the Vedic Harappans is
bhadraasva/bhadranaaga/ Bharadvaaja/bharatavaaca/patra
vaaca/deva bhaasha/Deva naagara etc.indicating written
auspicious speech or praise or paNa or money.
Bharata(vedic language)veda pada(word)
patra(bird,writ)bhadra(bull,bulla,king)rava(sound,sun)
vaarta(word) svara(sound,sun)word
Were the Harappans illiterate and theVedas oral as claimed
by some scholars? This myth is based on word manipulations
intended to make the priestly compositions divine.
Rishi/Kriti(work,composition) is sruti(hearing,what was heardthe vedas) .Srishti(composition) is drishti(eye,sight).Hence the
mantra(hymn)/vandana(praise)/ paNa(hymn-praise) were
seen(mantra drashtaa-hymn seer) and heard(sruti) by the
sages but not read.Seeing is not reading as you can see but
not read or understand until you know how to read!
The Indus script belongs to the Bharata(patra-pada-svar-ravadeva-veda-writ,word,sound;bhadra-lord-bull-bulla-pater-Peter)vaaca(written word,vaasa-house,pada-foot,word) used by the

Bharadvaaja(those who use patra-vaaca or written word-the


clan of scribes-Veda Vyaasa-veda
bhaashya/vaacya/pratipaadana-deva bhaasha-Sanskrit).There
is probably more metrology and little mytholgy in the
mudras(word symbols cf.mudraNa-printing) of the script.
The units of measurement were related to the human body,
its parts like the hand ,digits,foot,eyes etc.and the human pace
like that of Mesopotamia and Egypt.But who started this
system first? Probably it was first developed in Ancient Anatolia
from where the vedic community reached Mehrgar, Harappa,
Mohenjodaro and other settlements of IVC.Or it was first
produced in the IVC settlements and the trading community
spread it into Mesopotamia and Egypt.If we examine the words
for measurement maa(maana-measureman

),maapaNa

(
,
,
scale,maanava-man) and money(the cows and
bulls and the weight systems used by the IVC ,
Mesopotamia (which included the
Sumerian,Akkadian,Babylonian,and Assyrian empires) and
Egypt ,it points to such a conclusion.
There is remarkable coincidence between the names of the
weight units which may be due to the latter two civilisations
adopting the standards of the IVC traders for buying goods
imported from them.The fundamental tool for counting and
weighing was the open palm(carpata,capeta,samhatala is two
open palms joined together)
(mushTi,

and the closed fist

upon which the systems were based.

Egyptian djeba 1 finger = 1/4 palm;da-to cut,bhuja-hand

Angula(digit)angu(hand)-luu(to cut) .These look alike


and point to a Harappan origin.

dbn
Egyptians measured their weights in terms of the deben
( dhvana/svana/svar-sound,pinda-mass;naada-sound;poundcount-sound). This unit was equivalent to 13.6 grams in theOld
Kindom and Middle Kingdom indicating its relation to the Indus
weighing system.It is the same as the shekel and the common
Harappan karsha weight. During the New Kindom this was
revised to 91 grams in line with the Persian style. For smaller
amounts the qd.t (kite -1/10 of a deben,karsha) and the shts(
shematy -1/12 of a deben,mushti-fist,maasha-weight) were
used.
The Harappan cities were administered by the Vedic Samitis
and Sabhas which led to the uniformity of Harappan artefacts
as evident in the pottery, seals, weights and bricks. Standard
weights were used throughout the region.
Harappans used weights and measures for commercial as well
as building purposes. They used standardised metal foils and
stones. Weights and measures were graded to a very high
degree of accuracy. Numerous articles used as weights have
been discovered. The weights proceeded in a series, first
doubling from 1, 2, 4, 8 to 64 and then in decimal multiples of
16(cf.shodasaSudaasasu-raajadasa - ten) to indicate
royal approval.. Several sticks graduated with measuring
marks have been discovered. The Harappans were inventors of
the linear system of measurement with a unit equal to one
angula (inch).Some of the weights are so tiny that they could
have been used by jewellers to measure precious metals.

The smallest weight is 0.8525 gm which agrees with the weight


of 7 Rattis(0.8375 gms) and the highest is 12.8 kg
And the most commonly found weight is 13.64 gm.which is the
weight of 128 (ie.8*16 Rattis=13.4 grams)

http://harappa.com/indus/21.html

Weights, Harappa.
www.Harappa.com
Cubical weights in graduated sizes. These weights
conform to the standard Harappan binary weight system
that was used in all of the settlements. The smallest
weight in this series is 0.856 (7 retti=1
maasha)grams(maashamaanamaatra-measure)
and the most common weight is approximately 13.7
grams(karsha/tola), which is in the 16th
ratio(cf.karsha=16 maasha from the garta and
bhadraasana/bhadra-asma).The 12
maasha(10.272grams) karsha is the shekel of the Bible.
In the large weights the system shows a decimal
increase (dasa-ten,raaja-king) where the largest weight
is 100 times (satamaana) the weight of the 16th ratio in
the binary system. These weights were used for

controlling trade and for collecting taxes and donations.


The Rigvedic names of kings(bhadra,Bharata,Bhaarata
paartha cf.varsha-place,varta-barter,vrisha-bull) like
Sasa(dasa=ten), Divodaasa(dvaadasa=12,dvi-dasa=20)
, Sudaasa(shodasa=16) , indicate varta(barter) counts
also.cf.
Exodus 30:13, "shekel by the sanctuary weight [hakodesh]"; and in II Samuel 14:26, "shekels by the king's
stone [b'even ha-melech]," that is, shekels stamped by
the royal treasury as proof that they are perfect.
The weights and measures later used by Manu and
Kautilya(4th century BCE) were the same as those used
in IVC and it continued into the modern day till the
Goverment of India adopted the metric system for the
weights and measures.
The hand was taken as 6 digits by taking the thumb as two
to fill the gap between the index and the thumb(which has two
phalanges taken as two digits by the large size as in
1/5/10(dasa),

2/10/20/100(sata),

3/15/30/1000(sahasra),
5/25/50/100000(laksha),
shaTka-hexa-6,

4/20/40/10000(ayuta),
6/30/60/1000000(prayuta) ,

aksha(Karsha,3 Kalangu
)-cakra (cakarahand;shaTka-6;Karsha) maNdala(circle) etc.

ma-shad(six)masta(head,measured)
matsa(fishmaanamana-60paNa-housemanahouse)mushti(fist,

kaasi,paNa)sashty(sixty)samata(equality,balance)

samaja(assembly of animals)

,
sa(1)

srii(suura/svar -sun)

3 .Hence

can have

value of 3 also.Srii is kha(sun,cipher).Mukha is


kha+
khanakra(nose,croc;Kundala;Menakamaanavamaapana
me/maa- shanaasamedhameTamaaDa
bhaara vaarapaanabaaNasaaNapaashaaNaweight,spear

karNa(srava-ear)

mudra(mukha

mudra,kings face
srava-ear,druvaya-measure)
=6.Aaru(six) is aatu(aja-mesharam).Aarumukha(Subramanya)
aatumukha(ajamukha,maatumukha-Molekh-Muruka)
sa+sa=sasa/sata/dasa/shad(6)sama = sana/sina
sinajina(sun,24)sila(stone)tila(sesame)

Aarumukha(six faced) is Subramanya.


Six barleycorns make a paNa(sun)meTa(maala-haarabhhaara).Mukha ( aanana) gaNda(kanna-face,kaNa,
-aabharaNadrop,kina-grain)kanaa( )naaga(naka
rasana-ratna) phaNa/phaNii(ornament)pallii(drumaasraya,
drumamatsyaahvaya-lizard,musalilizard,crocmalla).Godhika(lizard) is
kausika(sheathed,cup,silk,owl,having paws
etc.).Kausika(lion,owl,lizard,cup) denote kausika(treasurer)
and go(cow,king,sun)-sikha(horn,pigtail) indicating the treasurer
or the king- the lord of the treasures and treasuries.Like the
cowries,the lizard etc.the owl

is also noted for its sound and

it is a bird of omen or paNa.The kosa(sheath)

is the kuuja(kukuu-howl) of the owl.


AabharaNa

/aavaraNa

is

phaNa/paNa/nakra/mukula(bud),makuTa(crest)

.Nakra(ciinkaNNi,mutala,musaliharaNa-hand,hariNarukma-loham-gold) is famous for its tear


balls(gaNda,kaNa,kala,kiNa,gala,sina cf.metal beads or balls)
and its mouth(gara,gira,hira).
Druma
matsya

6 (tree,DroNaDroNaacaarya-drumaasraya)+
drumamatsyaahvaya-16

16.

ANda(egg) kaNtha(throat)kuNda(pot,bottom)
khaNda(cut,part,drop)gaNda(cheek,drop)gandha(smaell,
bindu-kalabha/kalaapa-little)ghaNda(bell)
paNta(ornament)piNda(mass)maarttaaNda(sun)
bandha(bond)sandha(market,agreement)paNa(market,agr
eement)panca(five)sinha(tiger)
camari(tail) is luu(cut)-Ta(tail)luuta(spider,ant) ,
luu-na(tail)lo-ma(ro-ma)lo-ha(metal)tala(palm

leaf)hala(plough)
+ +
aNda/gaNda/musala/matsa/ratna/rasana/saaNa etc.
The metal is cut to make coins(coils-phaNa) and
ornaments(phaNa).The tail
is cut to make fan(paNa). The gauli cuts its tail to escape from
enemies.The cut tail dances like a phaNa-snake.Thus the lizard
by its tail,by its nakra/uraga/ugra/arka form and by its
paNa(sound) is paNa/phaNa/aabharaNa ruupa/ruupya itself.
is money itself.
maa(no,) is na(no), maana or maapaNa(maa-not,paNacoitus is maapaNa).Ma/ta is the seat of sin(hence maa-do not
sin).Lion(sinha) on ma is linga in ma , which is
ghaNda/kuNda indicating gaNda/Tanka/saaNa which is
mada(coitus) and maaDa or maasha.The musala-club in the
pot is the penis in the act of coitus which is counting or
sounding or weighing.

: :maa/aaya is

kaa/ke/kha/a/ya/aya/yaa.Kha or khamaNi/khacara/khecara is
the sun and kesara(gold)/kaasara(buffalao).Ya+sa+na
yajana(sacrifice) is asana(food)/asma(stone) /
aksha(karsha,die,snake).
(paada-vaaha-bull)
triNa(pala-bull)
na(aNda/khaNda/gaNda cf aNda kataka/ghatakaaNda
kataaha-the universepaatra-jarmaatramaasha)tra/meTa/gandha(sectarian mark of
trident)/gaNda/kaNa(bubble,drop;bhitta-part is vitawealth)netra/maatra/mudra/Indra sa-netra(candrasamudra-sugandha) saha-trasahasra(three ciphers) .With
mukha(100) it is sahasra mukha(1000 faced), sata makha(100
sacrifices) etc. all names of Indra.Satamakha is satamana
or

100

100=ayuta-10000 idicated by aayudha/musala

as in
.Weight of 10000 barley grains is 650 grams and
10000 wheat grains is 500 grams(mina) and 10000 Ratties is
1212.5 grams.Musali(paLLii/nakra/spear/mace/penis) is the
barleycorn(unicorn).Kataka is a chain for the wrist or loin.
Kataka

is shatka

also.

In fact
-bhaara-maaDa-maasha is 4 fingers or four legs(two
each of male and female) making maa/maana.Bond of sex is
bond of paNa
and indicate panda(mass).

Maashamaa

+sa(a)/sha(Se)/na maa(roar,measure)

go(cow,animal,sun,eye) paada(foot,4th )
maara
aara)

maana/mana

(hinsa-sinha-nakra ,naaga etc.)bhaara(bhabaala

vaara(tail,cup,roof,water)

Corn is annam or kiNa or kadara indicating horn and


sasa(corn,hare) indicating saasa(the king).Six barley corns
) for
equal three Rattis which form the trident buffalo horn(3,
the deities.The two low curved horns of the buffalo is like the
two pans of a scale,making the buffalo the indicator of
weighing.Maatu(mahisha-buffalo) is maad(to weigh).
PaNa(trade,house,pura-house) involved placing the
handfuls(paNa-palm) of paNa(saadhana-article,grain etc) into a
pan(fan-paana-cup,baaNa-arrow) against a standard
weight(bhaara-weight,neck or collar,lion,loin,drum,shank,tail)
placed in the other pan and making a sama(paNa-equal) to
decide paNa(argha-price,pura-storied house,since two pans for
the scale and two lobes for the cowrie paNa) decided by the
paNa(arka-sun,king,copper) or cowrie(go-cow) or
chowrie(caamara/taamra/sankha) or kavari(plaits or buns of
hair) as the argha(price-arka-copper,sun,king Mal.araca-king.In
the vedic tradition the price was decided by the king after
reviewing the market demands).40 /48 Ratties made a
cowrie(approx 5-6 grams) weight which is the paNa weight of
the saaNa(Sankhasinhasa-anga/anka(limb,anka-nakhamukha-claw,face ,
,
,)sa-aanagods face,kings
face,raaja-king,naasa-nose,naatha-lord,naagaelephant,sky,arrow,best cf.

whence come meTa or

paNameTa

etc.PuraaNa/VaraNa,VaraaNa-

elephant,Indra;Varaaha,Pala etc. , Na or naaga is


eight.Pura+pura +Na=PuraaNa,eight PuraaNa=1 Pala) denoted
by go-svar-sky-sun or cow.Cowrie-Mal.kavati- being suuryathe sun-the king, it is used by the Kerala astrologers to locate
the lagna-ascendant,sankha-lagna-cihna-sinha-lion-loin) to tell
the fortunes of their clients.Go-il(house,koil-temple,coil)
is coin and paNa(house,money) or aasana(seat,bow,amzashoulder) or naasa(nose-the high seat,bhruu-brow.House of the
sun/ king is go(sun,king)-pura(house) or meTa

or dva-asta-

storied house,dava-asta-fire place


,
,
naasa ispuraaana,bhruu(pura)-aana(nose),dva-ashta=16.Hence saaNa is
the svastika , , sena (deha-body,mrda,prida etc.indicate
marta,purusha etc indicated by sena-body-coil coin is temple
cf.Jesus sending out the coin traders from the koil and asking
them to destroy the koil-his body is gods body- the coin.PaNa
is praise.Praise is to the god and the godking.The fish on the
body with bent limbs to indicate nama /paNa indicate the
same.DharaNa(rice corn,sun,weight) is netra-the king-Indra.
Aksha saala is a mint.
Kavati=1/20 kaakiNii(1/4 paNa=1/4 karsha=20 Rattis=2.43
grams) =0.12125 gram
KaakiNii= a coin or weight equal to 20 kapardas or cowries=1/4
paNa=1/4 Karsha;Abrus seed,Cypraea Moneta shell.
From this it is clear that one shell was the equivalent of 1 Ratti
though the weight is more.

PaNa(face,hand,sound,count,weight) is the mouth


palm

and the

(the thumb at top and the fingers below ) and the ball

formed by it is a mushTi(fist) .If we join the tip of the thumb to


the index along with the tips of the other fingers it resembles a
snake hood (phaNa,bhaNa,bhujanga

bhuja is the hand

and the coil of the snake,bhuja-anka is shatka-sarpa-snake)


and hence it is called mushTi(mu-joined,sti-seat,fingers joined
as the fist,mustu,mucuTi,aratni,kaasi,khaTu,baddhappi
etc.Kaasi is paNa-the sun.The sun(arka) with the rays,the palm
tree-kala with the leaves,the head-masta with the hair,the
snake-naaga with the hood,the fish-matsa with the fins,the birdpatra with the wings,the tiger-hari with the paw exhibiting
spread claws all indicate the kara with kiraNa/karNa/ karaja/
nakra-fingers ).
The hand
, ,
was called by different terms like
angu,ansu,kara,kari,kala,gala,kaNa,tala(TH),hara,hala(TH)
,paaNi,pala,
baahu,vaahu,sama,saya,hasta etc.Angu is sanku
(pillar,stake,peg-baahu-vaahu-hand) and
sankha(cowrie,shell).Angula(figer) is langula-tail and langulisnake. The measure was called maa or maana and the weight
was called dhara,bhaara,haara (dhri,bhri,hri).
Hasta is given different values as (5,6,8) panca(55 digits
cf. aadyamaasha-first maasha-5 gunja),shatka(6,counting
thumb as two with four digits),ashta (8 4*2- four digits
multiplied by two phalanges of thumb) on same palm.

The thumb-angushtha(angu-hand,stha-seat the thumb,angulanahusha-nakula-Siva,Siva cut the head of Brahma with the
fourth finger)-is the head or hood of the snake.It is denoted by
the naaga(best,excellent,the high,the sky) symbol(cf.the inch
symbol) in the scripts to indicate its two phalanges or it being
considered as two fingers because of its large size and there
is a one finger gap between the thumb- angushtha,anguli,
vRidhaanguli,karaviira etc. and the index and its elevated
position in the palm close to the wrist or because all other
fingers work like its servants or attendants.
In the fist the four fingers form the four coils(bhuja) of the
thumb snake as (each dot being a circle
of the finger with
the thumb.Sarpa-snake is bhadra-king,bull,circle.The thumb
being bhadra naaga-king cobra/ Sesha naaga- is bhadraasanathe throne and the thumb impression denote the king.It being
the king of circles is king of kings(go-tamaGautama) and king
of bulls(go-tamabhadraasvaBharadvaaja).
The thumb is the inch(angula/angushtha- the breadth of the
thumb- inch;breadth of 8 barley corns or length of 3 barley
corns is also considered as inch.)The derivation of the inch(
) from the Latin uncia as 1/12 part of the feet (
aksha or prime) may be a later development though Latin is
the direct sister or daughter of Bharata and Latin terms will be
of great use to bring in a fuller comprehension of the Indus
script. The Egyptian measurement of the inch is also from the
thumb. cf.kala/aksha/ra circle,axle,eye,die,snake,karsha,number five(4 sides + vertical
one) - is paada-foot can be seen from
paada,Loma paada,bhadra paada etc.
Aksha(wheel,snake,eye)arka(the

Aksha

sun)bhadra(wheel,king,bull)loma(tail-that which is
cut)roma(hair-that which is cut or shorn)luuma-luuna-that
which is cut off,a tail-a part a piece that is cut off from the
metal block to make the bar or coin of standard weight.The bar
is phaNa-vaara-tail-snake .The coin is its coil .Hence coins
were provided with central holes to make the coils that
facilitate collection as strings or chains(haara-garland,karihand,hari-snake,lion,tiger,the
sun,bull,pearl,man,yellow,green,brown,Indra,Vishnu,Siva;
carrying,bearing,wearing).
Angu being being ambu-(ma-water,four,number) and
la/sa(angu-la,ankusa-hook) 3*8

maamaatramaana maatradroNa( a measure)litra;


aadara(paNa-praise)aavaraNa(vaara-cover)
aabharaNa(ornament)bhaara(bhri) haara(garland)
hariNa(gold,deer),hiira(gold),parihaara(remedy,atonement),
niihaara-mist ,excrement etc.)

langula-tail;langala-

plough,penis;
langali-snake,whence the angula thumb is
portrayed as the erect tail and snake.The Yak often runs with
its tail erect making it the bhadra naaga- bull snake or bull
elephant.
MushTi(fist,paNa) is matsa(fish ), masta(head) , dasma(lord)
a dasam(ten cf.Ten kings,Ten
commandments),stoma(sacrifice) , stoma(96 inches cf.96
Rattis of the Tola) etc.MushTi is mu/mi/ma/na(bind)ashta(hasta-eight).But ma/na is dasa(ten,doshand)/sara(5,arrow,water).

,
In this eight dasa-tens make asiiti-eighty.Thus the
mushti itself is the karsha-garta-bhadraasanabhadranaaga.Alternatively these may show A bar of 4
angushtha-4 inch;dara and cara is cowry.Hence a 4 inch bar of
8 gunja=1 maasha may be indicated.Drishti is aksha-nayananetra-the eye. Netra is Indra-Dinar which is paNa itself.Sara
paNa is SaravaNa/suvarNa).Interestingly a Dinar is a half
shekel or zuz.Bhadra(Mal. Pattu-ten) is full ( bull,puurNa) or ten
indicating the ten digits.Bhadra is the cipher.It is the cipher that
makes the tens.This cipher is seen in the body of the fish
with four fins. 10*4=40.40 Ratties make a half karsha(4.85
grams) or cakra from the split bow/paw/single palm.Two
bows make a circle or karsha.
Two bows are two paws or pavs or divisions.
cakra(karsha) (sara-ardha-half-5)+ (sara-ardhahalf-5)bhadra(full;sarpa-circle,coil;sarva-full;va-two,ardhahalf,adhara-lip/hip;bhaj-divide,racircle)tenbhaara(weight)maaDa(weight).Netra(king,eye,s
acrifice) is Indra,maatra. DharaNa(Drachma) or Dinar.DharaNa
being identical to Greek
Drachma(from drssesthai to grasp making it a handful
which is the same as paNa-mushti-fist-handful).The Dinar or
Denarius ( Lat.denii-containing ten from its value of ten asses)
is the ten and the symbol of ten is
dasa(dospaNaravaraajasa) which is vaara(cup)-paatra(cup)bhadra(bull,full,ten)-paana(cup)-paNa(price,praise,trade).

NaaNya(money) is nayana(eye,king).Hence it was the custom


to touch the eyes(the king) with the money received to praise
the king(paNa-king,praise to the king).
cakrashatka(six,hence six Ritus or seasons were allotted
for the year)bhadra(10)-shatka(six)shashty(sixty,shashtikabought with sixty,shashTa-consisting of sixty.)
Hence six and sixty were used for the cakra(circular ) measure
the half circle being the single palm.The 12 signs are the 12
digits of the two palms or the 12 phalanges of the four digits of
the single palm.
If we look at the hasta

further it is ha( water,sky,cipher,hair)-

sta(seat) , ka(ma-head,water,light)-sta(seatkaca-kesahair,six fingers correspond to six hair buns in some


seals),asta(house,end), ashta(eight),kaashtha(excreta cf.the
dung of goat,cattle, bull, elephant-aana piNTam- excreta of
elephant resemble a ball of rice formed by the hand which
goes into the mouth as a morsel),koshtha( a cabin),shatka(six)
(six spokes from six digits taking the thumb as two
digits),sashta,sishta etc.
,

Kaashthadik( 8 directions from hasta- 8, place , border;


sreshta-noble, kala-1/16 division of the moon,block of wood or
metal( for division into 8),path,laksha- a mark or sign,
aama/maa/ma/na+ go/haashta,amsa(division),amza(shoulder),homa(sacrifice),
mushti,maanava(as naaga is nabha and nava)
ashtaadasa(18)asiiti(80). This is the basis of the 80 gunja

16 maasha-karsha paNa count .Kashta(loss) is


nashta(loss).Sa-ashta is sasta(cut
down),saasita(governed,ruled,controlled).
Pala is padaka(Mal.tanka patakkam-gold necklace)
or nishka.Ashtaapada is gold.Patak is the loins(cf.the junction
or constriction).Patak is also a measure of grains=2 kuRuNis
.cf.

=2.

1KuRuNi= Marakkaal=10naazhi(10 KuDava)


naazhi= aaDaka= KuDava.
Patanga(bird)=bhujanga(snake)=sa(god,bird,snake) !
Kaashtha is an instrument for measuring length .
Kaashta is hasta(18 inches from astaadasa-18) as ashta
ma-u/va-ashtamushtistoma(bent,crooked,measure of 10
dhanvantaras or 96 inches8* 10+ 1696.Hence hasta
ashta-8).Alternatively there are 4 thumbs and 4
hands in this indicating 4 hasta(bhuja-18 inch4* 18=72
inches+ 4*2=8 inch)=80 inch(If we take the thumbs as
measurement indicators only without units then the total is72
inches six feetheight of a
manmaanavamaapaNa(scale) measure of paNamushTimeasure of hand , sound, pound and count).
Angu (hand0 is anga(body).Kari(hand) is hari(man).

Ga

-bha -ashta *4 is gabhasti/gavishtha the

sun,rays,hand ,

indicating paNa.PaNasvaahasvasti

namaha(paNa-praise).Mushti is gabhasti(kaasi/paNa).
Ravi(the sun)
arka(sun,copper)argha(price)kara(hand,tax)khara(haraass) paNa(money,the sun,bet) makara(croc)mahira(the
sun)go

(gira,cattle,eye,sun,star,water,star etc)

ashtaapada(gold)saashtaanga(bending the body with


crossed hands)nama(praise,pasture ground)paNa
arka(sun,copper,red)mukha(face)paNa(face,money,fist).
All synonyms of rava-the sun indicate paNa.Rava-svar is
sound.PaNa is sound.
Use of synonyms probably indicated the count of the money
by sound.
Kaastiira is tin.Pada +tama is
sampat/sampatti(wealth,meeting together,encounter,
agreement,accord) and dampati(couples,lord of damhouse).Dama of loins or lion+loin is coupling or bonding or
paNa(bond,sex,Xchange).
Paavanadhvani-sound of conch=paNadhvani
Paavana=agni,Vishnu,,water,cowdung=kaashta

Kaashta=rod,measuring rod
tribhuja=three hasta/paada.

three hasta=3*8=24

Big mouths indicate big morsels and bigger measures.Hence


bigger balls were made to feed and measure.The mouths
of the Khara(ass,gara/gira/Mal.kara-cry,big mouth) and
graaha(makara-khara- big mouth;ka,ca,Ta,ta,pa sounds, the
number 22etc.).
There was probably 14 gunja measurement corresponding to
14 phalanges and 5 fingers.The 28 day lunar
month(corresponding to phalanges of both hands) and the
standard weight of 1.7 grams indicate this.Its double using
both hands and feet gave the number 56(14*4) and a weight
of 6.8 grams(1/2 karsha).
There was 16 gunja measurement corresponding to 16
phalanges and 6 fingers(thumb=2 fingers) and its double
of 32 or quadruple of 64 (from both hands and feet) was
also in use.This corresponds to a weight of 7.76 grams.
The Raktika or raaja(being red)-maa(paNa)-being two circles
like the eye or serpent coil was the weight standard by the
uniform weights of the seeds ,the royal colour and form
indicating measurement !The mahisha(bos-bhuja-hand,boss)
with red(rakta-raaja) eyes indicated the king(mahiearth,iisa/sha-lord) and his weight(maa-sha,maa-go,measure).
The boss grunniens with the grunt was the king of
kings/bhadraasva/bhadranaaga used for this purpose

as the bull elephant.


Each hand and foot was a kaasi (paNa-karsha-harta-sunHeres-Samas) unit,the base of the palm or foot being the sun
and the digits being the rays.
The earliest currency used for trade in Egypt and Mesopotamia
by the third millennium BC was in the form of gold bars which
had to be weighed to determine their value each time they were
exchanged. Later they were supplemented by gold rings for
smaller sums. Extensive trade of this kind based on gold and
silver could be found at Ebla in Syria about 2500 BC . This
could be the case with IVC too.Gold and silver ornaments,
which can be worn is like portable currency. Many women in
India even today do the same, even when working in the fields
or going places.Gold , silver and copper beads, ornaments,
foils,plaits or bars; pearls,hides etc. formed the Harappan
currency.

Measurements were of three kinds-Pautava(scales


), Paayya(rods ,

) and Druvaya(jars

Maanava(man ) is maana(measure
scales,measure).

,
,

).

) and maapaNa(

Standard weights located at Harappa(Meadow and Kenoyer 2005) were found with indications of administrative controlsbutton seals , a clay sealing and a seal depicting the elephantindicating temple control.One of the weights weighed 1.7
grams(14 gunjas).

The pala(bar,kala-part,count,gala-neck) was a very common


measurement and it was 4 karsha corresponding to the two
palms and two feet.Pala is pada(4-four Karshas,foot,part;goeye,word,sun), paNa(the sun,sound), rava(the sun,sound) etc.
If we take the karsha of 80 Gunjas,there are 80*4=320 Gunjas
in a Pala equalling a weight of 38.8 grams.
Pala is straw,4 Karshas,1/100 tulaa,a fluid measure, a measure
of time-1/60 ghatii,meat etc.Paala-king.Palya = a sack for corn
of a certain mesure;phala-fruit,product,point of arrow ,dot or
spot on a die,donation,blade,booty,gain or loss,profit,gaming
board,ploughshare

,phaala-hoe or shovel etc.Hence

the kala(ka,kha,ma,na,ra,Ta) , could be used as Pala ,


especially when on the neck as nishka(Pala).
The Ounce comes from Lat.uncia one twelfth (112) of
the Pound Libra or Libra Pondo,-a pound by weight.
For trading flesh weighing the amsa-part,bhadra-part was
used(the body of the animal was cut into amsa- parts or shares
and weighed).Maamsa is amza(shoulder) and amsa(partounce).Thus the amza( shoulder ) indicate amsa- the ounce !
The amza is called tol(cumal-cumatu-weight) in Malayalam.
The neck is the weight bearer for the beasts of burden.Neck
was adorned with a haara(string of pearls or copper ,silver or
gold coins) which make a bhaara (weight) called nishka(neck)
or Pala(4 Karsha/Tola =320 Ratties=38.8 grams or for the 96
Ratties Tola or Satamana of later origin it is weight of 384
Ratties=46.56 grams=Satamana Pala.The Pound Libra is ten

times of this,though the Roman pound was of lower weight.The


pala is often considered as the Ounce. )
Lip(pala) is oshtha(adhara) or ushthra(bull,buffalo),or
oshadha(vana-tree-paNa-pala-phala-fruit.cf.Man on tree seals)
In the IVC seals ,the neck of the animals is often marked with
bars/garland/necklace as marks of weight.
Patra(leaf-vaara-bhaara) on anza of the unicorn is ansa(share)patra(deed) or pa(leaf)-nca(amza,five) which
is lion on the aasana(pRishtha-buttocks,pRstha-measure)
indicating bhaara(weight,lion) on the jaghana(dvi-paada,joint of
the two legs like the shoulder =ma;ma+sinha=matangaelephant).The masa-mass,weight;sama-hand,rest)-sma
(aasa,aasya-face,mouth;naasa-nose,aasa,aasana-seat; paNaweight,Pinda-mass,asma-stone,SaaNa-stone,stone to test
purity-the touch stone cf.Pound Libra,mukhaface,copper,makha-sacrifice,maada-weight) and suula
symbols with the amza bhaara indicate division of the paNa
weight to get the mass.The pound(kuNda-pot,pond;kuNdi-pot
like bottom indicate ass or aasa-seat ) is called Raattal(Dasraass,maatra-weight,raajan-king,gaatra-body,kaasarabuffalo,kaashtha-scale;dasa-10 ,flesh;disa-dik-direction) in
Malayalam.The ass

is the ayas-aes-as of 454 grams shown

by the
also in the IVC seals to show aja(the
king).PRitha(vrisha-bull) is the flat or palm of the hand(the
unicorn is the pRitha with the thumb/index up).It is a measure
of 13 angulis also.
From the Arthasaastra of Kautilya we can see that

balance
was called a Samavritta
,
.For weighing
upto 100 palas a metal rod of weight of 35 palas and length 72
angulas(inch) were used and marks were made using 1
karsha and 5 pala weights.The marks of the fives were
indicated by the Nandi-swastika mark. For weights above
hundred palas a rod of weight 70 palas and lenth of 96 angulas
were to be used.
Thus swastika

is mark of 5 unit weights

as in H182a
indicating one
garja(maa-go,karsha) bhaara maapana(measure,scale) and

H182b

indicating panca Pala maapaNa(measure,scale) .


Pancapalii is weight of 5 Palas.Padma(panca)cakra is
sriicakra(kavaca-amulet,vaacaka-srii-word,aksharaalphabet,raksha-kavaca)
Aja(me-bleat,barter,maaweight,garja=garta=Karsha,gaNda=mukha=copper,malla) is
eka(one), dasa(dasra-ten) and raaja(king). aa(cow,buffalo) is
aama(cow, maa,yama-2) or baala(tail-pala) . Karsha is two
SaaNas or 16 Maashas(4 Maashas=SaaNa=naasa=nose).
10 Rattis( 8 Rattis) are taken
as1maSa=sama(sum)=paNa(bhuja).

ajagajaaksha ratti(abrus)vrisha(bull)
Pala(weight) PaNa(bhaaraweight)phaNa(ornament).Ornaments/coins were of fixed
weight of metals or pearls.
SaaNa paNa(praise,price) or the three as maa+pa+Na
make maapana(measure) of Karsha/Pala. Pala is
dasa(ten,meat). Two bhujas

make a ten or Aja or

bhadra(bull,king) or
bhadra(10 sides=10).Pala-anga or
scale is called kaLaNji kol
in Malayam.Kol is the rod and Tola/Karsha.The jhasa(fish)
symbol
is maa-mas-mass-Maasha-saaNa(stone) and a
three dimensional ball of piNda(mass).Thus scales were to be
calibrated using the Karsha saaNa(stone) and the Pala
saaNa(stone).
The eye is a mouth or cowrie or araNi..The two eye lids form
the two lips of the mouth /lids/lobes of the cowrie/araNI.The
food ball(morsel) in the mouth is the eye ball inthe eye.
10 dharaNas(saaNa)=1Pala,100 Palas=1 Tulaa and
20 Tulas=1 Bhaara(lion,drum;vaara-tail).By this time the
weight of the DharaNa was reduced to 1/10 Pala
instead of the earlier 1/8 Pala.
Sakata(shatka,cakra

) is 2000 Palas.

1Seer = 0.93310 kg (2.057131 lb). Seer Sihrsikhara


sekhara-face,heap(cf.cihna-sinha-linga-naama-maana-

bhaara-vaara-viira is sectarian forehead mark to this


day)933.1 gram=33 Ounces
1 Mun(Maund) = 40 Seers = 1200 Dams=100 Pounds
Mun(maana/mana)mukha(na=kha)
Seers=37.3242 kilograms
Pala is maamsa(

=40

meat cf.leg piece,dasa-ten,meat,asthi-

bone,ashta-eight,ashta-dasaasiiti=80=Tola of 80 Ratties. Hand is karsha/Tola=80 Ratties=maa(go).Pala is bala.Thigh is


stronger than the kara and karsha and the symbol of paNapledge.).Meat was often weighed in the pala units.But maamsa
(meat,miti-weight) is maa(measure,weight)amza(shoulder,sama-equal,amsa-part-bhadra-patra-varttrade,asma-stone,saaNa-stone,mas-weight,sma-face)
as is seen in the symbols like
,
,
using
maa(mas,sma,tul,suul,tol,cumal,shoul-der;measure-paNasama-sun-sum)-amza(shoulder,amsa-part). Why the balance is
placed on the amza(shoulder) instead of holding by the hand in
the ususal way?Amza is in fact dvi(two)dos(hands)/dvaadsa(12,by 6+6)/Divodaasa/shodasa(16,by
8+8)/Sudaasa. Look at the symbol of division (100).It has a
head on the upside and a body below or it is the neck or
shoulder. In fact Pala is also defined as the 1/100 part of a
Tulaa.Thus the Tulaa(scales-libra) on amza(shoulder) can
indicate the Pala which is the ounce(Lat.uncia-part,1/12 or 1/16
of a Pound Libra) considered as 28 grams. The symbol of the
ounce (paNa-sama-sma-amza-amsa) rightly denote the face
and the shoulder!

Maamsa(pala-paala-baala-paNa-rava-vara-vaala-vaara) being
maa(measure)-amza(shoulder)

can indicate the

Pala or Sukti or Ounce.


The weights and measures were authenticated by the
signet(sinha tiger mark) ring or the thumb impression(bhadra
naaga thumb of fistking of kings) as done even today
which is the unicorn bull elephant , the bull,or the bull elephant
etc.Hasta of the king(bull,elephant,tiger) is hasta of the
elephant(bhadra-king,bull,elephant,maiden,hero),tail of the bull
or claws of the tiger.Camara(tail of the asva-it is money cf
caamara was a royal insignia indicating viira bhadra.Martaman is camara(Yak), taamara(lotus),taamra(copper,Ratti) and
samara(fight),Dharma(god of death and scales).Maanava is
maa-great,measure; paNa-money,weight,copper) , carma(hide
of the Tiger,it is garta- and attached to jaghana-two thighs meet
to make the
L of the loin as Tanka money4
maashasaaNa-aasana-seat cf.Sinha-lion-Tiger attached to
loins-coins-sankha-Tiger cowrie-Cypraea Moneta.SaaNa was 4
Maasha or
4-maasha-Tanka or 40 Ratties and Pala is 8
saaNas or 320 Ratties. ) and taamra(copper) were money.
Tiger skin,croc skin,bull skin,Tiger cowries ,the tail of the Yak
and metal pieces were exchanged as money.
For measuring length the angula(digit,inch) and the hasta(arm
lenth-kaakiNii,aratni-cubit) and jangha(shank lenth,shankhand;1/12 inch of this is longer than the 1/12 inch of the hasta)
lengths were used as distances were covered by the pace.
The Asva and the Soma

Asva is avasa(vaca-word,the sun;abda-year;aja-ram,vatiger.Tiger is svar-the sun,sound,king).Soma is


madhu(moon,drinks,maasa-month).Medha(sacrifice) is
maatha-killing, mesha-Aries-the return of asva to Aries,
maasa-month ,maada(measure,kings measure) etc.The
old abda is killed and the new abda is begun with a new
coin.Asva medha is the spring New Year ( Vishu for
Kerala and Citrai kaNi for Tamilnadu).
The Yak the asva of the veda

m324b
White tail of the Yak was a royal insignia. From Wikipedia

The Yak (Bos grunniens and Bos mutus) found in the


Himalayan region is a long-haired bovid making loud
grunts(paNa) whence the domesticated species gets its
name Bos grunniens.
Kesa/kaca(hair) is gaja(elephant) and karsha.Yak
=naaka(sky)=naaga(bull,elephant)=yaaga(sacrifice).Tibetan

gyag=yaaga=gaja.Bos is boss(Mal.pottu-buffaloe).Its female is


called dri or nak.
The tail is long and horselike unlike the tufted tails of cattle
or bison. Wild yaks typically have black or dark brown hair but
the Wild Golden Yak is golden-brown in colour. Because of its
copper brown colour and long hair it is called bhadraasva/
bhadra naaga/ camra(Chimara,Gr.Chimaira)/taamra .Gaja like
bull with kesa is bull-gaja or bull naaga. Wild calves are initially
brown in colour.The Yak is represented in the seals as the
bull elephant to indicate asvamedha(asva-meat) and the
copper paNa.
Gaur is gaura-red and saura(the sun).

The sun at the four cardinal points of the year linked to his day
positions were used to create feasts.Thus the Winter Solstice is
against Noon when the sun(son) is in the south and the
heavenly father desceds into the earth as the tail(the Sed,sutason) .The sun then slowly rises to the north denoted as the
Pongal(rise-the festival of the winter solstice in Tamilnadu).The
Spring Equinox is against the setting sun,where the king is
sacrificed(sunset) and he resurrects as the rising Sun(son).He
has made a visva(universe)- vijaya(victory) having successfully
completed a cycle-daksha-cakra of the year around the
universe!The asva(avasa-sun,bull) at Mesha(Aries) is asva
mesha or asva medha.The king issued a new coin at this time
to indicate the asva maaDa (kings weight).
The Summer Solstice is against the midnight sun of the north
where the moon gods ( chadra vansa )are born.The Autumn

Equinox is against the rising sun of the east where the female
gods are worshipped as the annual sun begins to wane and the
days go short.The rising sun being the remover of night is the
remover of sins ,evils and ignorance.
The Feasts of various world religions coincide with this cycle
followed by the IVC.
Asva medha was celebrated in Egypt in the form of the Sed at
which the old king was said to be killed and eaten.The old king
who was slain and eaten was Daksha the year(varsha)vrisha(bhadra-asva-bull,king).Daksha was slain by
Rudra(Bhadra-Siva,bull,kaala-time,bull,varsha-vrisha.) .The
Mitra(Rudra) is portrayed as the bullslayer and Mitra
worshippers used to sacrifice the bull and eat its flesh as in the
vedic asva(king,bull,sun) medha. Killing the king and eating him
will remove sins as the sun removes night and the night slowly
recedes in duration from the Winter Solstice to the Summer
Solstice..
Capricorn is the lamb eaten at the first Passover from
Sagittarius to Capricorn giving the Winter Solstice.
For the noon sun the solstice is his tail.This is the soma
sacrifice as soma(luuna-tail) the moon rules tama-the night.
In the second Passover the sun is at Aries-mesha-usha-ajaPrabhaata-prapada-vrishabha-asva.
Aja(sa-iisa-lord) is mesha and the king.Vrishabha is the bull.
The asva is avasa(sun,king).Bhadra(bull,king,Siva) as asva is
bhadraasva(bull/king of kings).The asva(bull)
is sacrificed and eaten to denote the death of the old year
and the birth of the new year.It is the symbolical killing of

the old king and not the physical killing.


In the sacrificial plane the asva is apas(the hand).
Dakshas head is replaced by the rams head as the new year
begins in Aries(the ram,usha-aja-dawn).
The sacrifice of a bull(asva)+ ram(mesha) is also asvamedha
as was the practice in the Bible.
Mesha or medha is meat.The king of bulls is the Yak(yaagasacrifice). The yaaga-asva(sacrificial bull) is Yak asva.
It is the king of kings and bull of bulls.It is samraaja(viira
bhadra- emperor)- camara(tail ) aja(king
)
- indicating
the king of kings and bull of bulls.It is camara maada weight
also as seen in M-18.
The sun is covered with kaca/kesa(hair) which is kaasa(shine)
or karaja(fingers,karsha,garta-throne) and make him kaasi(the
sun).Camara(Yak,Yaks tail or hair) is svar(the
sun).Chowrie(Yak) is suurya- sahara-the sun.The Yaks hairy
body,its high speed(java;caraNa-foot;Camara-Yak) and
grunt(vac-sabda-svar-sound,sun) made it the choice as
asva(the king,the sun) .
To represent the red sun king (arka- aruNa-rakta-red)
they chose the Yak-aga-arka-srii-suurya-drii-naaga-Yak and
sun.
Camara-Yak is Sa(god)-mara(death),carama-death.Hence it is
the vehicle of Dharma-god of death and lord of the
scales(dharaNa) and Sarama-the dog of death.

Camara is samaequal,ra(giving,taking,speed,splendour,fire,going);caraNafeet,dharaNa(scales,the sun,a weight),daraNa(breaking);martaman,Sa(god),Ja(bull,speed,light,splendour,victory,VishNu,Siva)


-nri(king,man) etc.Hence it was used as a Royal insignia
(mudra).
Camara is samara(fight).Hence many a war was made in the
form of Asva Medha Yaaga ie. Yak-asva-medha hunting the
Yak.Stamping the mudra/seal was spearing the bull.Spearing is
swearing (paNa) whence comes spear money.
Yak is is the bull elephant .
The clour of copper is red brown.Loha is metal or copper.
Loharuhrudh-to be red ,copper coloured. Red
metalcopper,gold,metal,weapon, a pot, a red goat.
The young Yak is reddish brown.
Ruh roha-risingloha .Loha money is tail since it is the
tail or piece cut off a metal block.The Yaks tail being cut off to
make the caamara fan is taamra paNa(serpent hood or
winnowing fan cf.SuurpaNakha).The upright tail of the elephant
bull in the seals indicate camara naaga or taamra loha.
It is the asva-horse of Harappa.It has a bushy tail like a horse.
Scholars mistook this animal for the horse.
The seals potray the Yak as bull+ elephant(bhadra naaga,
dri naak,srii naaga/Saaranga-having red colour,having horn).
It was their bhadra naaga- elephant bull -king of kings.

It is asva(big,Fig,gaja-elephant) or kaasi-the sun because of its


size, its kaca/kesa hairs and bull by its having horns and by its
grunt .Because of its size(asva)
and its kesa(garja-gaja-kaca) it is portrayed as the bull-elephant
to denote copper(gaura-reddish,pale red,yellow,gold,camaracaamara-Yak,bushy tail of the Yak resembling the hood-phaNa
of a snake being used as a fan and royal insignia,chowriecaamara-taamra-arka-copper).
Asva(avasa,asma,abda,vac,aksha,gaja,sa,dava,rava)go(wor
d,eye,sun)paNa
(sun,sound,money,copper,bet,trade)arka(sun,copper)
taamra(sama/tama+sama/tama+ra/ma/mu/na/mi)mukha(mukha-sun,malla-gaNda-cheek) rava(sun,sound,paNa)
ruupa(form,word were given forms like the fish,man,tiger etc.
making it ruupya)mudra(symbol,druma-tree,money treepaNa vriksha-maaDa druma)aksha(eye,axis)maa(moo/me
-roar,measure,barter)garja(roar)ghosha(sound)kuujana
(sound of birds)ghoshaNa(proclamation) etc.
Each mudra is a paNa.Each paNa is a word.PaNa is
phaNa(snake hood),paana(pot), paaNa(hand),
pada(word,foot),anus,nose etc. the rava(sound) producing
centres.PhaNa has a mouth.The stomach and the bowels
appearing like a phaNa is also paNa as seen in

and its

karda(rumbling of the bowels) is garta(throne,mouth) and


garja(maa-roar,karsha).A paana has a circular mouth with a
garta

(pit-pot).Awell has a mouth and a garta.This garta is

the garta of bhadra(head,king,bull,water).Garta is karsha,


kaasi-rava-sun or raasi-sign.
Lava-luu-to cutreaping corn,mowing,plucking,shorn
fleece,wool,hair,piece,bit,1/60th of a twinkle
Lava is rava(the sun,sound).Lava is Pala and PaNa.
Loma Paada (soma paada-moons quater) and Aksha Paada
(arka paada-days quarter) were there.Loma(that which is cut
into kalas or parts like the soma(moon-Luna) is loha(metal).
Paada -4(digits) cut into 12(phalanges).
5 digits cut into 14
8 digits cut into 24
10 digits cut into 28(28 kala of soma/maasa/luuna-it is being
cut).
Vedic counts were thus based on the dos-dasa-10,
angula-digit,kara- kala and pada(foot).Kala is kaNa-drop, naga
sun,gaNa-group,count,naaga-snake,ma-water.Maapana is
maa(measure) of vana(water drops,vaara-water) as shown on
the viira bhadra paana or vaara paatra or jalamaapini or
mallaka samputa as in

Harappa.com
pala/malla/maasha-3-parimaaNa-drankshaa/drakshaNa(tola)
patra/vart(barter,worth) Sina dronapaNa-3karsha-maana/maasha- draunika/dranksana

Copper is arka-rava because of of its rakta-red colour and


because of the metallic rava(sound) it produce when struck
by something or when fall down.
Indus valley metal workers used metals such as copper, lead,
gold, silver and bronze. Gold and silver necklaces ,
chains,bangles and pendants were made by them. Various
forms of gold and silver ornaments found are quite similar to
what we use even today. Silver and gold was hammered into
thin sheets also .Credit for development of alloys such as
bronze by smelting copper with tin goes to them. Bronze was
used in making sculptures like that of the Dancing girl.
Extensive use of copper, lead and bronze indicates a well
established metallurgy system for making sculptures,weapons
and vessels.
Their money was the word.Probably there was no physical
money except the cowrie shells and metal bars of standard
weights.Giving word was giving money.Exchange of word was
exchange of money.Cow-ries denoted the cows or
words(go).They were exchanged for goods.Go(cow) is the word
of the king.The word was registered on seals of stone or clay
tablets,copper plates, bhurja bark,palm leaves etc.
Ancient Indian gold and silver money called
Satamaana/Pala/Nishka was 320 Rattis in weight, (100
MaNjaatis each weighing 31/5 Rattis agrees with the
Satamaana(gold object having the weight of 100 Raktikas) 32
phalanges*10 digits=320).
From Manusmriti 8.131
8 Trasarenus(renu= floating dust particle visible in light beams)
=1Liksha(egg of a louse)

3 Likshas=1grain of Black Mustard(Raajasarshapa,Sinapis


Ramosa)=0.0036 gram
3 Black Mustards=1 White mustard(Gaura Sarshapa)=0.0108
gram
6 White Mustards=1 Yava(middle sized Barley corn)
=0.065 gram
3 Barley corns=1 Krishnala(Raktikas,Gunjas)
(annam=malla=gaNda=mukha=face)

=0.195 gram

Here the weight of the Ratti is 3*0.065=0.195 gram


which is the Large Ratti or Manjaati.In normal weight
1 Ratti=2 grains and 2 Rattis=1 Mancaati(1/20
Kalangu=1/20*4.9=0.245 gram.
5 Rattis=1 Maasha(15 grains=0.975 gram = 1 gram )
(maameasure,sa-together;maa-measure,Se-grain;maaroar/cow,sha-king;maaDa-weight;ma-water,aasa-seat,mawater,sta-seat,masta-head,measured 15grains)
This is the AadyaMaashaka which in fact is
reckoned as 5 Rattis=36 Viisas/2.25
PaNams/0.60625gram/0.975 gram=1 gram(Ratti=3 grains)
1 rice grain= 1 Viisa
16 Viisas= 1 PaNa
7.2 Viisas=1 Ratti
Maad is to weigh.Aadya is the first(cf.PuraaNa),but is also
Aadya(grain,from ad = eat=sina=Se .Hence maada
weight=maa-ad=Aadyamaasha
.In fact
=sha=sina(body)/jina(sun)/tila(Sesamumsisna-

penis/naasa-nose from the shape of its flower.


Tila
dhenu was a gift to Brahmins.
Tilanosemaa/mecowgopaNapaanapaNa
tala/taala

-Ta-tailtaila-oilSe.

kiNa(corn)/anna(corn)=Se sa+
ma/pa/ca+

ka/a+Na
na/eSe.

na/e

maa/me/Se/sina/jina/nama/paNa

ma/ca+

sha=

ka/sa/da/pa=
=
Se/saa/saada(rice)/panca/phaNa(serpent hood,expanded
side of the nose, a stick shaped like a serpent
hood,having the fingers shaped like a serpents
hood)/phaNi(snake)/phaaNi(sugar)/maashaka/nishka
(Pala=4 Karsha. Nishkam vaagha krinavate RV.8.47.15)/
kshaNa (moment,30 kalas)/saaNa(40 Rattis=4
dasa=4*10)
Maada(weight) is mukha(face,kha=sha=ha=na),
naama(aahva,aahvaya name),mana(paNa-house),
mesha(ram;memaa-roar,measure),makha(medha-samaapasacrifice), mahaa(mahisha-buffalo=maa/me),hema(gold),
meTa(maalika-storied building) ,
sammaa RV.3.1.15;5.4.2
to measure/ mete out,distribute,bestow etc.
GaNda(face,best,malla) is
kuNda(pot),garta(throne),guda(bottom),dahana(agnafire,one;ayas-gold,copper born by smelting) etc.
In fact

sha/ad/ud/svar/Se=naaga=kha=

8 Maashas =1 SaaNa(maana-sena-naasa)

Thakhad(to eat)
,

(40 Rattis/80 grains,paaNa-palm,meTaaasanasaala-

svastikadva-asta- storied house,dome).


PhaNii
mukha is the face of the serpent or a spade of this shape used
by house breakers.SaaNo
maasha
catushtaye(4) is the
dictum.Maasa-naasa-saaNa-tama-dama(house,maNca-raised
platform,throne,stuupa) . Sa-sinha+sa-sinha+Naman/maidtwo tiger
+humansaaNanaasamaaDamedhameshaajaas
s;Mal.Maatu=buffalo).

2 SaaNas =1SuvarNa
Tola / 1Tolaka

(80 Rattis/160 grains=10.4 grams)/1

/Tolaa/1 Karsha

/1Aksha

,
/DraNkshNa/draksha ,
/Badara
,
or
zizyphus-jujube because of the red seeds like the red Rattis/
(Badarabhadra Thus SaaNa=40 Rattis)=Tolaa.
Aksha is snake.Cakra is sarpa and karsha.
HiraNyaaksha is one with a golden eye or simply
aksha(karsha) of hiraNya(gold)=SuvarNa itself.
Maatira(elephant,madira-liquor)maatra(measure)maatanga
(maa-Tanka;maasha-anka;Tanka is four Maashas.)
4 SuvarNas=
,
1Pala(320 Ratties)=Nishka(320
Rattis).Alternatively 4 maashas make a saaNa.
10 Palas=1 DharaNa(3200 Ratties)

For Silver
2Rattis=1 Maashaka(ka=small).Hence 1gold=2.5 silver.
16 Maashakas=1 DharaNa/PuraaNa(=40 Rattis)
10 dharaNa=1 Satamaana(400 Rattis)

For copper

1Karsha paNa(80 Rattis)=1 PaNa.

The 8 Rattis Maasha or even 7 Rattis Maasha was introduced


later and in this system 4 Maashakas or 32 or 28 Rattis make a
saaNa(Nishka=Tanka) and 6 maashakas(48 Rattis) make a
Gadyaana(SaaNa-malla,gadin is a club fighter).10
Maashakas(80 Rattis)=1 Karsha;4 Karshas=1 Pala.Here
instead of original 2 SaaNas=1 Karsha, 2 SaaNa=1
Karsha(Tolaa).But the Pala remained the same 320 Rattis so
that instead of the 8 SaaNas 10 SaaNas made1Pala.
32 Rattis SaaNa=weight of the silver coin called
PuraaNa(god,sun,old and reduced from the forty Rattis
standard;it was valued at 16 paNa-80 cowries,puurNa-full-32
being the full set of phalanges)/ DharaNa(the
sun)/Tanka/Nishka.
Though Karsha and Tola was identical initially,later
Karsha was given higher weights of 96 Rattis or 100 Rattis or
120 Rattis or even as 2 Tolakas.

Liilaavati mentions the Gadyaana of 48 Rattis.This Gadyaana


was equal to 1 DharaNas of 32 Rattis and was of the 96
Rattis Tolaa.
From Carakasamhita
6 Dhvamsis=1 Mariici
6 Mariicis(particle of light,dust)=1 Sarsapa(mustard
seed)=0.002gram
8 Red Sarsapas=1Tandula(rice grain)=0.01625 gram
2 Tandulas=1 Dhaanyamaasha(16 mustard seed)=0.0325 ram
2 Dhaanyamaashas=1 Yava( barley-corn)=0.065 gram
4 Yavas=1 Andika(egg of a lice)=0.26 gram
4 Andikas=1 Maashaka(a bean seed-PhaseolusRadiatushaving black and grey spots cf.
rays)=1.04 gram

note the spots and radiating

3 Maashakas=1 SaaNa=3.12 grams


2 SaaNas=1 DraNksana/Kola/Badara/Vataka(cf.elephant on
Vata)=6.24 grams
2 Dranksanas=1 Karsha
/SuvarNa /Aksha
(80
Rattis)=12.48 gramscf.MaNi/naka/nakha/naga/bhaga etc.
2 Suvarnas=1 Palaardha(1/2 Pala)=24.96 grams
2 Palaardhas=1 Pala(320 Ratties). 4 SuvarNas
=49.92 grams.

=1 Pala

Satamaana or Silver Pala=10 KarshapaNa=124.8 grams

Silver (rajata)reckoning was in the decimal(dasra-dasa-10)


scale.
(naaga
Gold SuvarNa contained 25 Silver Karshas cf.
=8,8*3+1=25 Silver Karsha =suvarNa=draNkshaNa),
Gold Pala or Nishka=4 SuvarNas=100 Silver Karsha
PaNa=Satamana

Satamaana has been mentioned by Manu and Kaatyaayana.


Mohur (cf harina-gold,nakra-makara-capricorn or alligator)
was a gold coin,Rupiya-asilver coin and Dam(tam-ra) a small
copper coin introduced by Sher Shah during his rule of India
between 1540 and 1545.
) is
The word 'Mohur'(cf.rukma-gold,makara,nakra cf.
derived from the word 'Mudra(mukha-face,sankhamukha/musali
is alligator.makara-mutala-musala-mudra and the fish eating
alligatorrukma paNa)' which means 'symbol', 'seal', as also
'ring' (as finger ornament cf.Malayalam-motiram-ring;alligatormutala). Ancient rulers used to seal their documents with their
ring dipped in wax or ink. Also, when paying someone, a
golden 'mudra' used to be granted. Centuries later, the word
remained in use for currency in spite of the form changing from
ring to coins.SvarNa svar(sarpa-naaga-naga-naka-aga-agnaphaNi-snake)-na(gem)hema(gold)ka(head,mukha)naga(snake)phaNiimukha(gold,elephantAgni,Ganesa,unicorn) is the unicorn indicating rukma-gold.
Rukma(hariNa-gold) ru-rava(sun,paNa/phaNa)-kma(kiNagrain,hema-gold)barley,gold.Interestingly barley is
bar(bhaara-war-bar)-ley(leya-lion-tiger cf.contest motifs of

tigers+man;tiger-svar-hari-gold;man-Na/nri svarNa /hariNa


confirmed by the six barley weight also.)
By the time of the Mughal empire
1Silver Rupee(1 Tola/Karsha/12 grams) = 16 Anna=
64 Paisa=128 Dhela=192 Pie=256 Damri.
1 Damri =10 cowries.Damritaamra(copper)
Hence 1 Rupee=2560 cowries.
The Rupee of Akbar, which was based upon that of Sher Shah,
weighed 11.5 Mashas or 172.5 grains.
Note the change in value of the cowrie from the earlier 1/20
to1/128 during this period.
The values of the subdivisions of the Rupee during British rule
1 Rupee
= 16 Annas

(Tola/satamana cf-100,anga-body-sa-1 )
(Yava/maasha) ( 100 paise)

1 ArdhaRupee/ Athanni (dheli cf.dhaana,dhanu)= rupee =


8 Annas, or Rupee ( 50 paise).Saraardha- of
circle.
1 Pavala / Chawanni
1 Beda/ Dawanni
1 Anna / Ekanni

= 4 Annas, or Rupee ( 25 paise)


= 2 Annas, or 1/8 Rupee ( 12.5 paise)

= 1/16 Rupee ( 6.25 paise)

1 Paraka/ Taka/Adhanni
Rupee

= Anna ( 3.13 paise)= 1/32

1 KaNi (cf.kaNika-drop,kiNa-grain)
(paisa-pesa/pesasgold,ruupa,ornament,pasu-yava) = Anna ( 1.56 paise)= 1/64
Rupee.
1 Dhela

= 1/128 Rupee ( paisa)

cf.dhiira(hero)-dhela-viira-suura-siira(plough)-taala(palm)

1 Pie

= 1/12 Anna=1/192 Rupee

1 Damari
,
= 1/12 Anna (0.52 paise) =1/256 Rupee
=8or12 cowries.
1 Paisa(pice)
Rupee

= 3 Pies =1/4 Anna=2 Dhela(half paisa)=1/192

12 Pies=4 Pices=1Anna
mukha(aanana,karNa)

=Ganda=

1Paisa=4 Damari= 1/256 rupee


16 Annas=1 Rupee

15 Rupees= 1 Mohur(gold)

1 Rupee=64 Pice

=192 Pies=2400 cowries in 1833 A.D.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohor
At present the Goverment of India controls the weights and
measures adopting the metric system according to which
1 Tola=11.66375 grams

1 Ser (80 Tola) = 933.10 grams


1 Maund(40 Ser) = 37.324 kilograms.
The Pound is 10 Palas,the Ser is 20 Palas and the Maund is
800 Palas in comparison.The Tola is also called a Bhaari(cf.

bhaara-weight,

Tiger;vaara-tail

water,cup

drum,

.)

Tola weight was used for the paisa.Trisuli


denote the cow or go of the Harappans.

paisa

The lowest amercement = 250 paNa


The highest amercement =1000 paNa
Abrus-Cyprea-Capri what is common to them? All have a
vaara(pr =bhaara) in them.Interestingly cyper is cipher(bhadra)
and copper also.What is copper in Abrus.It is
Taamra/Raktika/Arka.
Red colour indicate the king.
Copper is the kings money and kings paper(taamrapatra;taamra-copper;daamra-lord,patra-paper,writ,mudramukha-copper).Capri is the tenth sign corresponding
to the winter solstice and noon of day-the kings
( head/cap/sky/naaga-top) position.

Copper being Rakta(red,raksha-protection,salvation) was used


to write magic formulas for wearing as
rakshas/kavacas(amulets).Rakta is raksha.
It being arka gives raksha(ahas,ghasra-day,udaya-sunrise is
taya-salvation from sins and evils,nisa-naasa-sin,nisa-nyxnight).The rakta of aja(mesha-ram,Aries) is the raksha at
usha(udaya-dawn.At rise AruNa-the sun is blood red as
Gaayatri,Savitri,Tvastri ,Rudra etc. all solar deities of
protection).
The rakta of aja(king,usha,Aries) is also the laksha(lac)/mudra
of the king which is the sign of protection by the authority of the
king,affixed to documents or other articles.
For the red rising sun half the rays are not visible(being below
the horizon).Hence AruNa is Anuuru and the unicorn bull is
bhadra naaga/naaga mukha/agnesa/Ganesa the sun of the
east.He is hasta.The sun then turns yellow.He is hiraNya
paNa/panda(bindu).He is tul/sur/sol/svarLibra/sikhara/visaakha/cypra.Then the sun becomes sukra(suhara/khara)/subhra/white.He is rajata-dasra(ass,darsaeye,sight indicate the north east at the red dawn-tan-tawnycopper brown).He is Taurus(svar-sky,the sun) the double
horned bull as the rays become visible above the horizon.
The ass has no horns.The sun in Pisces,the asterism of
Dasra/Asvina.Miina (Pisces) is nayana(eyes) and mi/mu/nii(to
lead)-ina(the sun) and niNa(blood).In the Bible it is
(dasra).The
Egypt,Sinai,Nineveh etc. (Miina-darsa)
goat has small horns.Aja (Aries,usha).Aja is aga(sun) and
eka(one).Aja-ker is eka-ker. The elephant has one
ker(trunk).The Taur ha two horns.Dvi-kara is su-kra ;eka-kara is

arka/cupra.Pra is kara.Arka is a(not) kara(ker) which is as or


ass.PaNa(handful) is pinda,bandha or bindu cf. assipondius ,
asi-ahi(snake,sun,lead.Is it lead mass/dead mass
cf.pitri pinda morsel for the manes)-ishu-ish-wish-5-panca,

pinda

pond cf.dupondius(two ass;

du-two,pond-weight,hand-paNa,bindu-drop cf. drops around the


vaara paatra to make it viira bhadra pinda,pond or
pound,panda-ball,bun,lump,morsel-handful is mouthful,calf of
the leg

cf.libra pondo- a pound by weight)

Maatra is maa(measure)-sara(water,water drop,drapsadraviNa)

Camara bushy tail of Yak from which caamara(a royal


insignia

)is made

Camara carma(skin,shield)tamara-tin ,lead taamracopper


(kha=sama,sama+sama+ra=taamra=mukha=arkasun,copper) caraNa-footcarama(death) Dharma(Yamagod of death) Sarama( dog of death) srama(rest)
mrita(dead) samara(fight-malla).Hence paNa(bali) is
smasaana(oblation).
Camuu(army,2 or more receptacles of soma ;Muusa-Moses)
Camasa-

chalice or ladle for drinking soma

matsa(fish,soma,soNa,suuna)masta(head)
kalasa(pot)

kamsa(pot,jar;paana-bhaama-sun-paNa)

(ca-masamass,sma-face,cf . C in chair and cot,gaja is


both c/s and g/k.PaNa-sound,face-mukha-mudra-face,signet is
garja-go-maa-harsha etc.Garja is garta.Garta is throne-the high
seat/house of Mitra and VaruNa,a chariot etc.The high seat is
shown by seat on Tiger,tree,pot,bhadraasana-padmaasna-lotus
pose,siirshaasana-standing on head etc.or the symbols
etc.Garta is a hole,cave,grave etc.also.The

garja-maa is

produced from the paNa-face- garta called kanthamouth,throat-garja-sankha-sinha-kaasi-kosa-go-pasu etc.Thus


paNa has a cave , cape or hole as in

etc.

kamja(hair,lotus) kanaka(gold) sankha(pearl)


gunjakarshasanga(sex)
sandha(agreement=paNa
cf.Mal.canta-marketplace) simha(lion,tiger)
hamsa(swan,the sun) harsha(bristling,sexual excitement or
erection,palpitation)
Kara(hand,tax)

kari(hand)krii(buy)giri(hill)

khara(hara-ass) nara(man,horse)

paNa(barter)

vana(tree,house,water) sama(hand,zama=equal)
sara (arrow,water,five)hara(fire,ass cf.nakra is a hara of fish
or paNa) hari(sinha-lion,tiger,horse) nari(naari-lady)
khara/hara-ass=krii=giri=krii

Saya(sex,hand) paNa(hand,money)
Cf.Karsha( garta-throne, cakra-wheel ,garddabha-ass) paNa :
Karsha raksha(traaNa-protection) raaja-kingbalisacrificepaaNi-handpaNa(praise,price)
Karsha (
bhadra-aksha ) =16 Maasha(
,
kanaa-naaga-paana-baaNa-paNa)=80 Rettis=
1/4 Pala(hala,phala,vana,pada

bhadra-

, bhadra-suula-

suura-baaNa-paNa-Pala)=1/400 of a Tulaa
grains troy.

=about 176

In common use 8 Rattis are given to the Maasha


,

and then the Karsha is 128 Rattis or about 240 grains

which is half of the Troy ounce of 480 grains. Maasha is


mesha(ram
),naasa(nose cf.nose money of the
Chinese),paada(foot,1/4 of saaNa),
maasa(moon),maata(mother),maatanga(elephant),
maada(measure,weight),maatha(maaca-road
palace

),maaDi(a

),maadhi(the fibre or germ of a leaf cf.hira/sira

), a

double tooth,
the border of a garment,
maatra(measure),naada(sound),raaja(king),vaaja(food,arrow,sa
crifice) etc.Ashtapada(gold

) is 8 Rattis of gold.

The paNa (rava-ruupa-mudra) count is given by the number of


marks(anka-mark, naaga-elephant,agna-eka-1,ganagroup,gala-neck,kala-mark,count,laksha-mark,nishkamoney,sankha-cowrie,sankhya-number) by the homophones

of the words themselves or by the numbers indicated


separately in the seals.

A few words of Bharata


Pa-5 th note of music,guarding

Na- a singer

;leaf

, ruling

,wind,egg

(with va of Tiger

,head, drinking

,water

forms paNa,nava

etc),an ox(go is bow and paNa,sara-arrow,head,water,tra-three,3


is trident for paNa shown on head of deities,coins-lions-loins),a
cow(go-paNa) ,jingling sound(metal coin,cowrie),Sukra(venus)
Va air,wind,the arm, Varuna,water,ocean,reverence,
conciliation,auspiciousness,a dwelling
a tiger,cloth,an arrow

,weaving,a weaver

strong,powerful,like,as,going,hurting

na-no,not
bond,union

;thin , ,vacant,unbroken,a band,fetter ,


,jewel,pearl

,a musical instrument

,war

,gift,welfare,the navel

(cf.paNava-tabor-svar;paNavi-

Siva,bhuvana-Durga,bhavana-paNahouse,money,trade,bet);knowledge
Pa(ka-head) of Na(ox,cow) is paNa(money,KaaNa-coin,kaaNi-

aramaardha -1/80 karsha=1 Ratti weight) .


Va of na is vana(tree,leaf,water),nava(new,nine,praise) and
paNa.Conjoined(na) heads(pa/ka) show paNa and naga(the sun).
Ta-sound,a dwarf,a quarter

fourth,karaNka(skull,head,coconut shell cup),the earth,an oath


confiming an assertion by ordeal(dhaTa-balance,Mal-tuTa-thighPaaNa-hands of servant placed under masters tuTa to make
paNa-pledge,promise.) MeTa is me(bleat)
+Ta(sound)mesha(ram)me(barter)/maa (measure)
+sha(king,Se-grain,kha-sun,sky)
maaDa(measure)mukha(face)

R-D-T-L change is seen here.Ra(sound)-Ta(sound)rava(sound,sun)-paNa(sound)-pada(word)-bhaTa(fighter,sound


maker)-pala(weight)-ta(tail)-lava(kala-a piece,particle
Tank-seal up,cover

(cf.Tanka/Satamaana/Mancaati).

Tanka/Tankaka- a spade

hoe

bull,cow,money),hatchet,stone cutters chisel


declivity of a hill

(hoe-go-

,a peak

,a sword,a stamped coin(especially of

silver),the fruit of Feronia elephantum(ma-tanga is elephant),


a leg

,weight of 4 Maashas.Four Maashas is saaNa.

SaaNa is me(bleat of goat,barter,maa-measure)Ta(sound,pledge) indicated by meTa( a storied building as in


paNameTa-paNamiTa-weight of a paNa or weight of saaNa).
Tamkaara-howl,sound
TaTTarii- a musical instrument
tukkarii-a kind of drum

tuntuka-small,minute
Tha-a loud noise as of a golden pitcher rolling down steps
a disk

,moons disk, a tail like the disk

,a cipher

Words for buffalo


mahisha,kaaliitanaya,anuupa,asvaripu,ushTra,kaksha,
kalusha,kaalavaahana,kaasara,ghoTkaai,jaranta,gamsabhiiru,d
amsabhiiruka,turangaari,dolita,dhiiraskandha,
naalika,pRishthasRingin,balin,maha,matkuNa,rajasvala,
raktaaksha,laalika,laavika,lulaapa,lulaaya,vaahadvishat,vaahari
pu,vaaladhipriya,viiraskandha,vishajvara,sarasvat,hamsakallita
naya,hayadvishat,sairibha,skandhasRinga,krodhin,gadgadasva
ra,nyaksha,piNga,matta,heramba,
gavala=buffalo horn(jvaala-flame.Hence the fire gods
have buffalo horns).

mukha(face)makha(sacrifice)maha(buffalo)paNa(money,
praise)malla(bull)horn of buffalo.
Mahisha=great,powerful,great priest,sunmalla.
They even fight and kill the lions.Bosbhujaboss
Malla=boxer,excellent(Mal.nalla-bhadra-srestha,mallaawoman,malla-cheek and temples,vessel,boiler

bhadra

naagamallaa-woman with tigermallama+la-lion,+lalionlava-tail,laabha-gain)


saaNa(dhaana,dhaanya-grain,corn=10+4+2=16= )
meTaMesha

meTha=ram

MeThimedhi=pillar

malla meTa itselfrising sunviira

bhadracf.pattaamudayam(Aries 10 degree)
meTa=pillared or storied
buildingvallabhanripasvarNasa-parNa
naaga(hema) sinha bhadra naagabhadra +sinha(sanaga,naaga,nakha)
sreshthanaaganaaga(naagan=Naayar of Kerala)
=viirameTa(vaaraarrow)pramaada(great)praveta(barley,yava)
=prameta,praveNi(hair bun)praviiNa(malla)
junction,belly (malla Mal.palla-belly-bull cf.karda)
=maa-sha,

malla maasha,

Prabala(malla)- praviira =pariMaaNa(measure)


pravaaNi(weaving shaft)pravaaha=business

praviiNa(baaNa=vaara=veNi)

malla(anna-grain)+

maatha(road;maaDa-weight)

maashaka(silver maasha,kalangu,pushkala)
PravaaraNa
-daana(gift) of tulaapurusha-tulaapurusha
malla(anna) = grain equivalent to ones weight given as gift to a
temple.
Pravaara=veil

-prabhaata(dawn)Viira Bhadra

PramaaNa=measure,document
Prakaasa=bronze,pittalavriksha(tree)

Pragraaha=holding, tulaasuutra=weighing
Pragraha(leader,bridle) is malla.
Praagra=most eminent(malla)

praakaara=fort,fence

=meTasaaNa

praagaara=house,buildingbhavanapaNa

malla meTaAries PaNa


Pravata=wheatasvatthago-suuna(godhuuma)
PravaNa=sloped
,

pramaaNa/parimaaNa(measure)

aasana/naasa/saaNa/maasha/maada(weight).

Malla=remnant of an oblation(tail=sma), fish(kapalin),


kapola,name of a people.Smasaana(sacrifice) is malla meTa.

Malla tuurya=drum beaten during a wrestling match


Malla naaga=Indras elephant

is the unicorn or bull

(malla) elephant.

Mallayuddha-a prize fight


Mallaka- a tooth

malla paNa

,a lamp stand, a lamp,a vessel made of a

coconut shell,any vessel


which anything is wrapped.

a cup or leaf in

Mallakasamputa=a vessel of two halves(a cup and a cover)


The buffalo(mahisha-maatu-maaD-weigh) swings its pan horns
like a dola(swing) forming the unicorn or the lunar disc-it is one
horned buffalo/bos/dos.

Gajagada

musali(croc)malla(great,powerful)

Pushkala pushkarapaNaKalangu
Namas(paNa)
sad (sit,seat).

=5 Maashas

-masana(weighing,measuring)

pada(foot) -

ManumaNiloinlion.Manuja(humans),born of maNi is
Manu-ja(born).

MancameTa,cot

vaadhriinasa

: a rhino. vaadhriinasa vetra (a stick)

nasa (nose), naasaa (nose);srii(the Sun)-bhaasana(light).

A Unicorn

or a Fig leaf

is a vaadhriinasa .

kara/kari(hand)krii(to buy)-srii(king,sun,sound)-customer is
the kinggiri(hill) kira(scattering,a
hog)hari(gold,snake,lion,bull,man)
yava(barley)-krii,sadyah(same day)-krii etc.
kiraNa

=dust(gold dust),horn,rein,ray,thread

traya(tra-three),sraya(traaKraya(purchase)
protectioncf.the mark of three-naama- on the forehead)
krayaNa(buying)srayaNa(refuge)
krayaNiiya(to be bought),krayaanaka(ware,purchaseable
object),krayika(trader,buyer,buying),kriita(bought),
kretri(buyer).

kreNi(buying)sreNi(vedic guild of
traders,number,bucket,line,ladder)

kiNa(corn)kiraNa(horn)kaNa(vaara-drop) kaca(hair)
nakha(claw,na-kha-0)
Varaaha(boar,bull,ram) -3(srii)

3rd avatar of Vishnu

maamana(measure)nama(praise,pasture ground,paNa).
Saardula(tiger,panther,lion,best) tulaadhara(trader),
garta(throne)garja(roar-maa,me,aa;gaja-elephant,paNasound)karsha-paNa.
tiger(mahaaaviira/suura/huNda/maruvaka/ narasinha/
=

purushavyaaghra/ma/va/sa)+man(da/sha)+tiger(la/ma)
maada/maasha,the tiger is the pan of the scale.
Dhara/bhadra(hill,dhata-scales

)+

vana(pa-leaf,va-

hand) DharaNa
,
10
palapound(sound,mount)paNaviirabhadra
Athari(finger) is adri(hill).PaNa(paaNi,paN,vaN,kaN,vaaNi ) is
count and sound. Capeta(the open hand/slap4+26 ) is
sabda(sound,sapta-7).Interestingly capeta is also the 6th lunar
day of the bright half in the month of

Bhadrapada(

bhadra-bull,pada-foot

patara-ray,

pata-

cloth,

patala-roof,

pada-foot whence hasta pata,hasta patala etc) .

parimaaNa(measure)
=harinaama(Vishnu-paNa, tiger)
praNaama(paNapraise,money,trade,price)/pramaaNa(measure)/parimaaNa(me
asure)

maaca/maatha-road

Maasha(weight),maaDa(weight)

maashiiNa-maashya(place where Maasha is grown).

kuNda=bowl shaped vessel,bowl,pitcher,pot,agni-kundavessel for coals kunta-spear/musala-mace


Tila(Sesame-blossom similar to nose,taila-oiltail)
Tila dhenu /dhenuka (gift to Brahmans)
kaNtha(throat)gaNda(face,chief,mark,spot,unicorn,rhino,
herotunda(face,trunk of elephant)huNda(tiger
cf.purushavaaghra/narasinha) kunda(number 9)
,
,
, ,
,
,

malla cf.Mal.guNda-a rowdy)


paNta(ornaments) piNda(mass) bindu(dot,drop)
sindhu(ocean)

Face-Mukha-Mesha - Mace have Maasha/maada(weight) in


them.
kunta karNa=pot eared.
tilaka = Manjaati(weight of two rattis)=0.2425 gram
taala karatalapalmpatapala.Hari(tiger)+
taala=haritaala(orpiment)/karatala(palm).

talataalajalasara(5,water)kala(palm,count)
taala=karatala,span of thumb and third finger,Durgas throne, a
bell,elephants ear clap,handclap,the world,plate(sthaala),lock
=
ca/ma/ha/pa(water) - sa(god,se-grain)ta(cross,hip)/da(hill) masta(measured,head) mushti(fistpaNa) matsa(fish)dasma(lord)dasam(ten)
Anna(grain,sun)malla(face)gaNda(face)-

aanana/sma/mukha/vadana(face)-

kuNda(pot)

kuntala(pot,hair)

kuNda(pot) huNda
-paana(pot)-

(Va- tiger)

baaNa(arrow)-

dhaana(grain)-

dhaama(seat)

naasa(nose)

mesha(ram)

maaTa(bungalow cf.Mal.maaTambi-lord)

meTa(bungalow)saaNa(measure)kuNdala(ear
ring)/paNa/phaNa/Na

; kunda(pot)- saa = me(barter)-

kuNdala(ear ring) smasaana(oblation)masa(mass) saaNa(weight).


kuntala=
fetter,

drinking cup,ring,
coil of a rope

ear-ring,

bracelet,

three barley corns make an

inch.GaNda is joint and bubble.Bubbles move up one on


another making joints and meTa or Tower.Weights are
added one on another to fom the meTa(tower) of
maaDa(weights).

Gunja-kunda(
,
bowl-bull,basin
,
pitcher,pot,pit,hole cf.agni kunda-sriivedi ,Siva,Durga;mukhaukha-pot,paNa-paaNa-paana-cup-bhuja-baahu-vaahu-vaahabull,uksha-bull,u/va-bull,gaja/naaga-elephant,vanaaga-snehasakha-sikha-horn of agni-brahmins-bhuudeva/bhuusurabrahmins.The Brahmins call themselves Agni-BharataBhaarata etc. and they worship and protect agni in their
homes.Agnesa is Ganesa/naaga mukha/unicorn ) kundala
(

ring,earring,

bracelet,

fetter,

tie,coil of snake or

rope), kunta( spear,lance, a small animal,insect,a graincoix barbata),kunda( one of kuberas nine
treasures,Vishnu,number nine

go-nine+

vaarakubera-seal of paNa
,
,
go-dhanacowwealthpasupicuvasupaNa),kuntala(hair of head,lock of
hair,a head-dress,a drinking cup,a plough,barley cf.six locks of
hair may indicate weight of six barley grains also).
Potfootfoodgod.

Garta(throne) garut(wing)

Garuda(devourer,Daaruka)

graaha(croc)
aapaNa/maaDa/maasha maasa
praja/vrisha/varsha
kalaa= a part
1/16 part of the moon or karsha=maasha,time of 30
kaashtha,1/60 of a sign,interest,art
kali=die marked with one dot= = ,

,terminalia bellerica

whose nuts used as dice(Mal.taanni)


kali=arrow

Krosa=cry,yell,shout,shriek
Indian league=Kos=1000 dandas(yard=36 inch/72 inch)=
4000 hastas=1/4 yojana=for others=2000 dandas=8000
hastas=1/2 gavyuuti.
krosa yuga=2 krosas=4000 yards
1000*36*2.54=91440 cms=9.144 kms=/1.6094=5.76 miles
Mana(house,aramana-palace)=paNa(house,meTa)

me(barter,paNa,my,for me,to me)/vayam(we) /ma


aasa(paNa/malla meTa) /smasaaNa(ball=paNa/bali=morsel for
pitris)

vaara/bhaara/ mushti( bali=paNa) /gunca/Ratti

kha/ka/na

na/ka

Mukhanakhanaka(najewel,gem,teeth)nabhaa(kuNdagaNda)
nanakana-khanaga(jewel,snake)
naaga(jewel)

maNimakhamukhamallakaNakiNa(grain)
nakha(part,portion)kanaka(gold)kankana(bracelet,ring,ribb
on on wrist,a crest)
kaancana(gold)

Naga=Clitoria termatea
=ma/Sha/ta

=bhaga (pearl/gem)

Naka(Ornaments) are weights.The Gold Pavan is 8 grams=123


grains=66 Rattis.Haara is bhaara.
Naga is tree,snake,elephant,hill,sun etc.Picures of these
indicate ornaments.
Elephant/tree/snake/hill + maada/saaNa =weight of the
ornament.
Suurpa is sarpa/srava.Suurpanakha is srava-nakha
kuNdala(ear-ring or ear ornament).

,
KarNa patra ear lobe,suurpanaKha and Kundala.
Mukha/malla/maaDa/masta/bhadra/paatra/paana is a bird with
srava as patra or feet(Mal. kaatu-ear,kaalu-feet.The Egyptian
Ma is a bird.kha is khaga-sun,bird.
PaNa(sun,weight) is maartaanda(sun)

=marta(man),mrita(dead) +aNda(egg) = + =
maaDa/meTa(matsa=masta=measured; Maanaweight=maaDa-weight)

paNa

The fist goes into the mouth,smaller weight into the bigger
weight to make the MeTa/Tower as the Gerah goes into the
Shekel, Shekel into the Maneh and Maneh into the Talent.
DraNkshaNa,

bhaara/maaDa,

kalaapaka( a type of

loan),kalaada(goldsmith),taamra(copper,Ratti),

mana,

paNaangustha(thumb)/(karaviira-thumb)/ paNa meTa,


masana/maaDa,

saaNa/maapana /taamra/maasha/

bhaara/ maanava/paashaaNa ,
GaNda maaDa /kala-ma-naetc.

SaaNa,

DhaaNa,

Palm is prtha-bhadra and thumb is naaga indicated by the


bhadra naaga-king cobra and the bhadraasva

bhadra naaga-note the rings and the hood to


indicate paNa.In the fist the four fingers form the rings and the
thumb the hood.Bhadra(gold)-naaga(hema-gold,loha metal)
is the king of kings/king of metals.
Sarpa(snake) is suurpa(measure) and srava(ear).

Bhadraasva is hari or haridasva. Note the tail as


the snake,the stripes,the claws and the open mouth to indicate
paNa.

Uksha/aksha ,
is u-gaja(elephantasva).Bhadra(bull-malla-king-maaTu-maaDa-mada) is gold and
bhaara/vaaara/viira.

Gaja-kesa-temple,ka(head,light,sa-god,snake) is
god head (temple) and snake head (naaga mukha-nagesamahesa-agnesa-Ganesa etc.).
Mallanaaga/Airaavata is Indras elephant.
Maatangavataanga(elephant+ vata-Fig
varaanga(head,loin,lion)

karanga(goblet with one snout/horn;Mal.kintikunti-bottom and


hornphallus)saaranga(elephant,deer,peacock)saarNga(bow of
Vishnu
unicorn)
saarNgi(VishnupaNa)maaDa/maasha(measure)meTa(tower).
Thus the unicorn is a karanga or kara-anga(hand) with the
thumb forming the one horn.

keta-house,wish,desire,wealth,mark,sign,
Ketaveda-knowing the wealth of another.
Ketana=sign of a deity,abode,summons,invitation
ensign of a warrior,flag,banner,business,indispensable.
Vijayanagara coins
Gold coins
Dodda Varaaha-Dodda Gadyaana-2Varaahas cf.

Ghatti Varaaha 7 units=5 Varaahas cf.several seals of

1Varaaha=1 Gadyaana=1 Pon=1 Hon=1 Pagoda=52


grains=3.38 grams
=MeTa

(unicorn),

Pagoda=mada=maaDa=

This is equal to weight of a Kalanju or Molucca bean.


1 Varaaha(arka-sun)/Varaana(Indra)/paNa(Vishnu,Sun)=2
Prataapas/Beles(vrishabhas;Thus Varaaha-unicorn is double
the beles/bulls/Palas)=52 grains.

1Prataapa=2 Katis
kuta-open mouth
1 Kati

,
,

(cf.nakra-karka-khara-hara-hari)=26 grains= Varaaha.

=2 Cinna=13 grains = Varaaha

1Cinna(small;linga cf.Sinha/Pence)=2 Haga=6.5 grains =1/8


Varaaha
1 Fanam/paNam=4 Haga=5.2 grains.
1 Haga=2 Bele(Vel/valla)=1.5 grains
1Fanam= 1 Manjaati=1/10 Varaaha=5.2 grains.
Thus 1 gold Varaaha = 2 Prataapas/Bele = 4 Katis/Hagas = 8
Chinnas = 4 Haga = 2 Bele.1 Pana or Varana equalled 16 Tara
silver coin, with 1 Tara = 3 copper Jital. The copper
DuggaNi was equal to 2 copper KaNis

or Kaakins, 5

Kaasus
and 10 Ara Kaasus. There were also other units of
silver and copper based on their relationship with the Pagoda.
Copper coins(paNa).Arka=paNa=copper;kaasu=
kaasi=sun,mushti/fist-paNa.
1 DuggaNi=2 KaNis/Kaakinis=250 grains
1 KaNi=125 grains=2 Ara Kanis
1Jital= 1/3 Tara(Silver coin)
1 Kaasu=30 grains=10Rattis=1 Maasha
1 Ara Kaasu=15 grains.
Travancore weights and measures

For weighing Gold


3 Nellita(paddy grain) = 1 Kunni(Ratti KaakaNii
Kunnis : :)
4 Kunnis = 1 PaNamiTa (=Maasha=Fanam)

21 PaNamiTas = 1 Pawan ( equivalent to 8 grams of gold)

KaakiNi
Na )

gagana(sky)svar(sky,sun,sound)

svarNa(two

hariNa(two haris-tigers)rukmanakra

Gold Maasha/Copper Maasha =4 Rattis


Silver Maasha=10 Rattis
1Fanam 4 kaakaNii1 maasha
1 Fanam2 Manjaatis1/10 Kalansu.
10 Fanams make a Kalansu(weight).
4 KaakaNii=1 Maasha;4 Maashas=1SaaNa;20Fanams=
2 SaaNas=1 Karsha.
suvarNa=weight of gold equal to 80 or 64 Rattis.
For measuring Rice
2 Ozhukku = 1 Uri
2 Uris = 1 Naazhi(KuDava

4 Naazhis = 1 ITangazhi (Aadhakas )


10 ITangazhis = 1PaRa (PaRabhadradasmadasam10)

mushka-scrotum
nishka-tra
nisheka

moksha(svar) Nishka

nishkarsha(tax,stern command)

- ni-seka (sprinkling)Nishka

vrisha(sprinkler)purusha(with mushka)

trivedisriivedidruubhedin tree pluckers

malla(viira)bhaaramaaDavedi(godha-arena) meTa
saaNapaaNa
baaNa
praveta,pravata(grain)

paana

Mana
Mana

is maa

maana(measure) and maapana(paNa).

Mana is sada(grain) and sata(100).Hence Satamana weight.


Mana as measure descended from Harappa is
Magadha mana ,Kalinga mana etc.Manas are of three types
Poutava, Druvaya and Payya indicating the weight, volume
and length wise measurements respectively. Tulaadi are
Poutava Mana, Kutavadi are Druvaya Mana and Hastadhi are
Paayya Mana.
Mana =a particular ornament R.V.8.78.2

3 dravas=1 Tola(tola,suula)

=11.664 gram

1 drava= bhadra/na/vetra/aa-buffalo,cow
manadrava3 tola bhaara
kuta/kumbha/kalasa/ghata/nipa =
a house,

a hammer,ax,

a water pot,pitcher,a fort ,


a tree,

a mountain

Kuta is ma.Ma-kuta is a crest.Kuta is kata(mat,hip and loins,


Mal.shop,krii-to buy). Kala(ka-light,water,small;la)
tala(ta-tail,la)--Kutaka is a hala(plough,kara) without a
pole.Kutaka is kataka(bracelet of gold

,a ring

mat,crab,maanapaana paaNa-hand).Kutaka
are placed in kuta as its ghataka(part)
tree and druvaya

,a
and kataka
.Dru/kuta is

is measure.

kuta(pot,tree) is guda(aasana-anus-bottom-pot).Hence a kutatree is grown upon the guda(kuta) of the man on siirshaasana
(bhadraasana-throne) to indicate Kudava,
kutapa(sun),kulapa(leader of a clan),makuta(ma-loin-lion) .
Similarly garja(tiger) is paNa/ma/maa and indicate measure.
Ta is sound.Maa is sound.paNa is rava(sound,sun).MaaDa is
naada(sound) and naasa(nose) .

Sound is svar(dvaar,dur,suur,Sa-Se) .
Svar(sun,sound,sky,tiger) is
hari(tiger,bull,snake,man)/bhaga(slit,sun).Svar-Na is
hariNa(gold)/harita(gold).

Ma or ta is jaghana(nitamba-buttocks). k50ac
ma/ta is sinha on buttocks indicating
hariNa/harita(gold)/maasha by jaghanabhaara(high
buttocks).Bhaari(tiger) is Tola also.

Hari on

The horned head further confim this as hariNa is both gold and
deer.Gold is called sringi(sringa-horn

cf.trisuuli paisa) also.

Na is ma(buttocks)/ta.Nama is maa.Ma is the fourth svar.Hence


M=4=

maa+ sa=Maasha/bhaara/maaDa.Hence 4

Maasha weight ornament is indicated.PaNa is phaNa/phaNiornament.It can be a chainworn round the


waist(Mal.araNjaaNam-girdle-garjana-tiger
cf.mekhala,kaaNci,saptaki,rasana,saarasana-the 5 girdles or
lions on loins.).
N=3.Now three
is srii(sun).Ma(four) is turiiya(fourth)
.Turiiya is tulya(sama-paNa-tama ) and suurya(sun).
Svar is naga or naaga(tama-best) sa(bird,god,snake)/Ta.Sa is
sha(man)/Da.Tanka(Ta-anka,sankha-cowrie,sanka-tree,sunkavata,sinha-tiger,tunga-high-tama) is four maasha of
gold.Tanka(kanaka) is gold.4 Tankas=16
maashas=karsha=garja=sinha=jaghana.Ma/na is

(loin/lion)

and with 4 Tankas it is

the karsha(garja-tiger) or Pala(va-

tiger,water;la-Indra,ra-possessing,lava-cutting,vala-ring

).

Another interesting measure is four kutavas (kataka


cf.katiloin,elephant,Mal.kata-shop,maatakkata-shop) making a
Prastha-pRshtha being the buttocks.But naga is 8(ashta
naaga).4*8=32.
kuDavas.

Mana (measure

is Pala.32 Palas make a Prastha of 4

) of kuta(pot,tree) is

kutapa/kudava/kutavamana
or Druvaya.
Thus handfuls or mushti or paNa=

Kudava(naazhi) = prastha,volume of a vessel of width four


fingers,depth four fingers and containing 12 prakritis or
handfuls of water.

patta-a slab(cf.patra-writ) taamra patta for writing royal


grants/orders.
Pata-garment,veil,screen vas cf.
padma,vasna,maana,
baana,paana,paaNa,bhaama ,saaNa etc.
panca /patra/bhaara/vaasa/vaaca/paada/
meTa/medha/vedi /maapa,maa,mudra,mitra

or

or
or

or
or

or

or

or

or

or

etc.

PaTara-a ray of sunlight


paTiira=belly ,a sieve

cf.kata

patera=Aadhaka
paTa=woven cloth,gament,veil
patara-ray,patala-roof,thatch,veil,cover,pada
aaya: :=income,gain,profit,tax,(cf.sulkacunkam,vari)gold,die
for gambling,number 4
PaNaaya=PaNya=market,profit,praise,fame,chess,bet,pawn,
pledge,mortgage,stake

etc.

vimaa =measure,parimaaNamvimaana(aeroplane
cf.pushpaka vimaanabhuja-bhaga vimaana)
vimsa=1/20
laabha gain,
udaya-profit
bhakta=ration,sharebhaagabhaga

1/8,2/8,3/8 etc. fractions can indicate weight on drying or


realisation after removal of husk.

stokastokaaropanena

unnoticeable increases

utkara- heap
saakha-hand

cf.visaakha(vishu,mesha,Subramanya)

sukta-fermenting-sakata-shadka
paNa-five fingers
stobha- praise,grain,sacrifice,yaaga,hook,head
sthuura-bull,man
sthuuna-grinding stonecf.Stone,stuuna-group
sthuula-hill,tent,heap

cf.suula

svetataara-sveta-cowry,silver
tiikshNa=gold

visikhaa

= a street of merchants

sreshthaanam =among the best


dvikuula

Senaa

=cloth with two borders

Senaa=

a missile,dart,spear,the body

saaNa/Tanka

saaNa/Tanka

aana/Naa(Ana/go/1/16 Tola)/nasaaNa

paNaTankana(sealed coin,bull,elephant)

(cf.

Body being senaa,weapons were attached to the body

(saaNa/maaDa).

mukha(face)naasa(nose)saaNa nishaaNa=Dhakka-a
kind of musical instrument.Hence it is seen with naasa and
saaNacf.H-182.
Kha(sun,cipher,sky) is sha

or naaga(best,sky).It is the

second quarter ,the first or puraaNa being the east.


East is IndranetradharaNapuraaNa.
mushka-scrotum

SaaNa is anas(roof

nishka/saaNa.

,cart,pulley

)-

asma(stone,metal) , sma(face,body), and masa(mass).


Asma/masa saaNa smasaana(medha) sma-masa-aa-Na
aa= =cow.Na=cow.Tri-Na(grass)-Pala(bull)/Karsha (Ka-tra)

Na=Anna=1/16 Rupee=cow=80/16=5 Rattis=15 grains=0.975


gram=1 Maashamahishagoaa .
Smasaanasamaadhaana(peace ,peace be with you,rest in
peace,R.I.P).PaNa is peace and a piece or tail of a metal sheet.
Hence paNa is tail.
Pitri medha was smasaana.
NishaNNaka=
seat,nishada-seat,nishadyani-sadplace
where merchants display their goods to trade=aapaNa
ashtaa-prush/pruut- gold coin marked by a sign similar to
eight drops(cf.pratha-palm-paNa)
hu-sacrificeukhamukhamakhausha(dawn)
amatra-soma vessel
aya-throw:

ajina-goat skin.Skin was used as money.


ajakaava=scorpion
aksha-axle,nut,dice
akshu-net
agaara-house

aNu-millet

ajasringii-goatss horn
aaraa-awl
iishaa-pole iisa-raaja-srii
kaparda-braid

, ,

kata-mat
kasypa-tortoise

hariNa,hiraNya,harita-gold

kola-jujube fruit
kosa-sheath

gavishti-battle,gavyaa-battle cf.fighting tigers


go-cow,a number

godhaa-bowstring
Jina-sun,2424 Maashas1.5 Karsha
trivrit-an amuletanjali

dur=door

phaNa=ornament=naka

manaa-ornament
maasara-beverage
mrda-a weightmaaDa ,

loha-copper mukha
laksha-prize liksha
vasna-pricevishnupaNa-sunpanca(5)sinha(tiger)
vaaya-weaver

paayya-measure/vaayya?

vitta-wealth
vip-rod
vaala-hair sieve
visaaNaa-horn
viiNa-lute
viira-man

saaNa

vrka-wolf,plough
sipraa-cheek
sulka-pricesalka

suurya

suunya(cipher)

sthuuNa-svaru-post ,
Rishti-spear(+da/ma/vadrishti-eye,mRshti-food,vRshtishower cf.

pravarta-ear ornament,karNa-sobhana
srmara-unknown animal at horse sacrificecamara-chawrie
mekhalaa(girdle for women,zone worn by the upper caste
men,=

mekhala(loins,hips)=mekala( a sage, a people,a

me- kala or khala )maNdala (a


mountain cf.
disk,ball,wheel,achain,a multitude,a division,an
oblation)mangala( happiness,auspicious ornament or
amulet,agni,Mars,turmeric,jasmine)pingala
lizard,a snake,a treasure,a year in the 60 year

(gold,fire,a

cycle,Siva,Lakshmi,a Naaga,an owl,brass,go-rocana)


nakra(nose,nose ornament,ear ornament
,a drum , a
croc)makara(croc-that keeps the mouth open is the symbol of
the ear-karNa which has an open mouth and is chosen to wear
ornaments.

KarNa is srava.Srava is drava

,sarpa

cakra/bhadra
/patra
,
etc.whence
,
,
,
etc.Makara is mahira(sun).Sun is ravanavanabhaphaNa.
Makara is one of the nava(rava)nidhis(treasures) of
Kubera(copper).Nakra/naaga/makara is na/ma(no,great)kara(hand)/gara(mouth)leg-Tanka
nakra/makara

Tanka

.Thus

ma+khara/hara

GaNda/khaNda/maNda/

camara/hari/aabharaNa/vaara/haara
kundala
(nakra/makara is the kundala of Vishnu).Makara(matsya
cf.drumamatsyaahvaya) is the dhvaja(flag/vehicle) of
Kaama(naaga)deva and VaruNa(nakra/makara).Vaara
of camara is royal insignia.Vaara/luuna of lizard and frog are
cut off,like the gaNda/gandha/khanda cut off metal blocks.

Words of kala,khala,gala,dala are denoted by tala

ma/na.

1/16 of Kharika-1 Drona,1/4 of Drona-adhaka,1/4 adhakaprastha


prastha-Kudava.

annamallamukha
paNa

2(16)

meta/16

paNa/maasha/jhasha.PaNa=phaNa(ornament-

KuNdala)mitramudramushkanishkapala(phaNa).

Vedic money were in the form of ornaments like


ring),

kataka/kankana(bracelet),

kundala(ear

vasana(zone) etc.

16 maasha paNa /2saaNam=80 Rattis=1Karsha.


=
+

miina(

=10+

=2=12;Pisces=12,dvaadasa-Divodasa)

(4)=16(shodasa,Sudas)

maaDameTa

bhadra-king,bull

Maundmuntamuntol(shoulder,suula

),hand muscle

anna munta,malla munta,musala munta etc.

Maund was called batman.


Batman is padma or bat/fatman(maana-measure).Bat maana is big/Fig maana as
seen in several Fig tree seals cf.M-294,M-1186 etc.
Mun is basket or bowl for begging.Manda is the skull.
The

skull (kamsa-camasa-masta;begging bowl) and the

damaru
were symbols of religious
mendicants(amaNa/sramaNa) of ancient India.Damaru is
taamra(copper),caamara(Yaks tail),carma(hide) etc.

maapaNa

satamaana/sammaanabhadra(gold)

paNa etc. Muntaka is a rice corn with a spike

maasha

.The awl of

Barley is the unicorn.

Deva (veda,Brahmin) parokshapriya(using rebus)is the dictum.


kiraNa(horn) hiraNa (gold)KarNa(ear,ear of corn cf.awl of
Barley)nakra(nose,croc) srava(ear) drava(fish)
dru(tree,gold)puruda(gold,purusha,abrusRatti)draviNa(gold,money)droNa(archer,measure)

motira(ring) /mushti (fist)

musala

,musali

=paNa
monta=mukha(face),monta(cup). Montaayam is a ridge
beam.Montaayam valanjaal(bend) 64 valayum(bend).PaNa is
vending.To bend is to vend(to sell cf.bent arms and legs) as in

etc.Also refer Fig.14.17 on

page 250 of Dr.Parpolas Deciphering The Indus Script ,where


a deity with hoofed legs(bhadraasana,go-paNa,maapana)with
dots on either side of the head(ganDa) is seen with arms and
legs bent like phaNa(bend-cakra-sarpa-suurpameasure,ornament of fixed weight was the money) to indicate

paNa(vend).The Tepe Yahya potsherd is of the period 22001800 BCE.Evidence indicate that the Viirabhadra/Viira
raaya/MallameTa money system was present in the Ravi phase
itself or earler.
Mandara is a pearl chain of 8 or 16 strings.Manthara was the
humpbacked maid of Kaikeyi,wife of King Dasaratha.Mandara is
maNdala(circle,sphere) and mantra(hymns).Mantras were
made into circular mudras and were read bothways to make
a mandala of mantra.Veda is pada(word) and paada(four).Rig
veda has ten(bhadra-circle) mandalas(circles-cakras-sargas)
also.
Manda

is a jar cf.

.Damana

is paNa(Vishnu).

, musala/mushala=a wooden pestle used for cleaning


rice,a mace,club cf. macesma-masa-maasha.
MusalamushtipaNacrocmaaDasaaNa(40/42 Rattis)
mushka= mouse,scrotum, an arm,a crowd,heap,multitude=
,

etc.Mushka dvaya =two testiclessha /jha/jhasha

ma-tramaatra,mitra,mudra,dharma etc.Mushkavat is
Indra

netra/DharaNa/Dinar.

Mudra-citraravaruupaaksha-ra(sound)
Kedaara-

a field,meadow

Ketu -bright appearance,light particle,sign,mark


cf.hetu-cause
Mushkamoksha(heaven).This is smasaana(grave,R.I.P).
MaNipenis/vagina
dhaanyamaNi(grain)Wheat/Barley/Raktika/Ratti/rati-sex
sayana-sexdhaanya(grain)syena(Garuda
suvarNa-karsha)

-suparNa-

musala =a house lizard,an alligator,mace

mada/dama/maaDa etc.

Malla maadamanda(skull,pot) a
pot,vesselkuNdaukhamukha(face)
valaka= a beam,pole ,a procession,
one of the seven sages under Manu Taamasa.
valaya=bracelet,armlet,ring,circle,circumference.

KrisNala=Ratti. It is the seed of Abrus precatorius.The seed

seed

is deep red with a krishNa(black) dot whence the names


KrishNala,Raktika( aksha-eye,rakta-red) etc.It is also called
crabs eye

kala/aksha=1/16
kala

kalaa=maada=meTa(tower).Kala-angu is

vimaana-measured,vaara-tail,bhaara-weight,meTa-tower.
Bhadraasana/Padmaasna (
,seat on trees,seat in jar etc.)
indicate aasana(aasa-seat=ass) of bhadra/Bharata(the priest
god king);asana(anna-food) of bhadra(rice or king cf.dharaNarice/money);amsa(part,portion) of bhadra(the king cf. tax);
bhadra(gold,stone)-asman(precious stone);bhadra(king)aajna(order),bhadra(king,bull,hill,elephant,gold,a virgin)daana(saasana-sana-donation), patra(writ)- ajina(s kin,hide)
etc.The seat of the deities in the leaf(patra)/lotus(padma)
indicate this. DharaNa is a weight.
Bhadra(gold,bull,king) is patra(leaf,bird)
kara/hira/sira+nahiraNa(gold).
HiraNa+aya(4)hiraNya(hiraNa) or hiraNa-yaa(desire).

: :aya(4,good luck,die)=yaa: :

.Hence yaa-cakas(beggars)

often mark this on their begging bowl to indicate yaa.


Hira/hari/kari(hand,tiger,snake,gold)zira(nerve)sira(head)
sara(arrow,5cf.patrapa+sara/tra
hiraNa.

, ,

Anga-body,limbs,snake.
Angana(woman)ankana(digit,stamping the seal).
maa(measure,weight,roar;gocow)me(bleat,barter)/mesha(ram)

masa(mass)

/maana(measure)
kalasa(pot)/sma(mukha)/kshaNa(moment)/karsha/shekel/sulka

maasha
maatra,mitra/mudra/dharma/
kshatra(king),kshetra(temple) etc.Cf. Hebrew words for "to
weigh" (shaqal), "weight" (mishqal) and "consideration"
(shiqqul).
VasishThavas(house)-ishtha(Pharaoh,prabhu)
visishtha(noble)

Visva mudraVisvaamitra

hiranyaksha
,
suurpaNakha karsha/suvarNa
maapana(mesure,scale).
ma/ta/sandhi hips-loins-is nandi
Sandha(Mal.canta) is market.Aasanda

and sandha.
is also sandha.

8 mushTi=kunci(a measure .Mal.kunci-neck.Hip is a


neck/nishka).
maaDa(measure). naka/sha/kha+
ma/tamakha,Tanka,tanka(astaapada) etc.
Tanka and aanaka
Ta-angaTanka=4 maasha

Angaaanaka(drum)Ta(sound)
divisions of the drum
maatanga(elephant)

4maasha from 4

maasha -anga

Tulaabhaara

100 Palas=1Tulaa ,20 Tulaas=1Bhaara.Hence Bhaara=2000


Palas=2000*320 Rattis=640000 Rattis= 77.60 kilograms.This is
weight of a man.Tulaabhaara sacrifice

=gold/fruits/grain etc.

equal to ones weight offered to the temple of the king/god.


AapaNa-market aa(cow,buffalo,go)ma(na,no),to surround
,
paNa-aama aapaNa(market),aamana(friendly
disposition),aasana(seat),yaacana(begging).
srava(ear,svar-sound,tiger)-drava(fish,druu-tree)sara(5)karNa(ear)hariNa(gold).
,

praasatomara(dart,lancecf.taamra-

copper).Praasaada(pra-sad)-meTa

,
,
pareta(dead)pramiia(dead,cow sacrificed in a
yaaga)Pyramid(dead Pharaoh).
aa+

dehaaaDhaka1/4 Drona=

4 Prasthas16Kudavas64Palas256 Karshas4096
maashas7 pounds11 ounces avoirdupois or 2 mans or 164
pounds

maada/maasha-weight,yaacana-begging,medha-yajnasacrifice.1/4 aaDhaka is Prastha.

masa(mass),sva(wealth),siva(auspicious),sma(face),sina(grai
n),jina(sun),sara(arrow),tra(tri),suura(sun),viira(hero),
srii(sun,wealth,gold),sama(equal,
hand),tama(best),naga(sun),naka(ornament)
maana(measure),maasha(weight), masana(measure),
panca(five),vasana(price),raama(king)
saaNa(mesure), naasa(nose),vrisha(bull,Indra),varsha(year,
place),mukha(face)
Kardana=rumbling of the bowels kardama=a kind of
rice,flesh
karpara=

a cup,pot,bowl,skull,shell of tortoise
karpaasa=cotton

tarii(boat)srii(sun,wealth)

kalakiNasina(grain)jina(sun,24)
4 grain=dhaana(measure)upahaara(share,Mal.ohari)
sha/danagasaNka(bull),sinha(lion),sankha(cowrie),Tanka(4
Maashas),dasa(ten),sata(100).

SaaNa=60 drops,3/4 kalangu weight,sword,grinding stone


BaDavashe buffalo,elepant.Vata is bataa(bigFig).Vatapa/vitapa-tree is big-pa(king) or king of kings.
Narasinhaman-tiger/lionNaram-sinnaramjina(sun)mahi(world)-iisa(lord)/sha(king)mahesa(siva)
mahisha(buffalo)bosboss pous pada(foot,word-paNa)
puusha(sun-paNa)bhuja(hand,bush-tail)bushel(measure)
maad(measure)maatu(cattle) .Spearing the bull is
swearing/stamping the bulla/paNa.
Jina(sun) gin(Sumer.grain)kiNa(corn)kaNa
water)kala(count , palm

(drop of

,hala-plough) kalasa(jar,DroNa-

measure)
kuN(paN,vaN-to make
soundmaa,me,dhim,tom etc.)
kuNda(pot)
-kuNta(spear)
-gaNita(calculations)
Ganda( four pice)paNTa(phaNa-ornament)
piNda(mass)sila(stone)sina(grain) etc. all related to
kiNanaga(sun,hill,tree)naaga(snake,elephant)
gaNa(group).
KiraNa=dust,ray of lightkiNa(grain)cornnakrauraga
kriiNa(purchase)paNa(trade).
Kaakinii(ka-agna,ka-anga,ka-head,kha-sun,sha-sun) kacahair/kesa-hair/kaaca-scale)20 kaparda coin,
1/4 paNa,Ratti,cowrie,a cubit, of a Danda.It is
shadanga(veda) too.Kaparda itself is praveNi/praMaaNi(king).

kunda

paNa meTa

Tanka(4 Maashas)taamra(copper;
anga/nri-nara-king,man )

Tatheta-T,

naga

Ta/kaTanka/kanaka(gold)
srii/raaja/netaa(king)maaDa(measure)meTa(tower).

Tanka=leg,4 maashajangha(thigh)
anga(body,shadanga)angu(hand)shadanga
paNamaa/me-nachange of hands(Mal.kaimaattam)
paNa(trade)
sa-1/angu

vinimaya(X-change,the X is the hands)


5 digit(panca/pence/maasha)/kala-angu.

sma(mukha)meshamaashame(barter,maa)-Ta(oath)
2/16

smasaana(oblation)masa(mass)saaNa(weight).

maa(lion)+ drum(Ta)MaaDa(weight)meTa(tower).

sarpa(snake)suurp( to measure,mete out)suurpa(a


measure)suurpa-nakhasarpa-nakhabent
nakha(lion/tiger)sarpa

mukha(elephant,Ganesa)phaNiimukha( a chisel or spade


used by house breakers cf.the stone celt of Mayiladuthurai)

Stone celt of Mylaaduthurai.

PhotographofstoneceltcourtesyTheHindu.

Mylaaduthurai in Tamil Nadu on May 01, 2006

(News in the

Hindu, dated May 01, 2006).


The inscription on the celt reads :

go,bo,bhuu,eye,bow,sun,paNa

netra-king,eye,sacrifice,paala,medha/maatra/mudra

paNa/mukha/aum.

Tanka(axe) itself is the stone celt.

anjana(lizard,elephant of the west,night,black)/


pancama(fifth)/vadana(face)/padma(srii,elephant)/ cakra(wheel)
/nakra(croc,kuNdala,drum)/Sakra(Indra)

go(eye,sky,bhuu-jaga-earth,sun,star)

mukha

netra(eye)

vadana(face)

Repeat synonyms are shown as in several other seals.


Gomukha is cows face/kings face/paNa/skys face/earths
face.

go+

paalaGopaala(Krishna;go-sky,star;paala-

kingsun)bhuupaala(king)Jaganaatha(Vishnu)gomedha
(gavaya).

vadana/panca/padma/phaNi

mukha/paNa/naabha

pancapaNaPencepancamukha(broad face,five
faceslion,king,Siva)padmanaabha(Vishnu cf.

).Gopaala is Padmanaabha.

phaNii

mukha

saaNa

Compare with K-100

sma/paNa/paa.
(

mukha/sira/ka
vadana/panca/padma/anjana/nakra/sarpa/sha/sa
paNa/ca(caksha/netra/go)cashaka(cup,chalice,kavaca/kavas
ha) saasaka(king)bhuupaala
Gopaala(Krishna,sun).Paana(cup)
is pa(va-king,lion)-aana(face) or paala(king).
K-96 aa Da ka
3aaDaka(measure,cf.aaravaara)3arka(copper,argha-price)3 etc.

H312ac

vadana(face)/panca(five)/

anjana(lizard)/sa
mukha/paNa/malla/va/ pa
Na,kala(palm,cf Mal.pana), kharjura(rajatasilver)/panca(5)pancamukha(king)pancamakha-five
sacrifices)5silver paNanakra(kuNdalakuntala-barley.Six
barleycorns is
paNameTa.)savana(sacrifice.cf.pancamahaayaagas.Panca
is savana).

asma/sma/paNa/aum

saaNa/kaaraaumkaara(

smasaanamasa-saaNasaaNa paNa asma(stone)


saaNaasva medha(sacrifice).

Na(cow-go)=ANa=1/16Rupee.
Smasaanasamaadhaana(peace ,peace be with you,rest in
peace R.I.P.PaNa is peace and
piece(gaNda/gandha/khaNda/kuNda).
Pitri medha was smasaana.
NishaNNaka-seat,nishadaseat,nishadyani-sadplace where merchants display their
goods to tradeaapaNa(market) .
nishaaNa(cf.nakra)Dhakka-a kind of musical instrument .

phaNii

mukha

saaNa

sma/paNa/paa

phaNiimukha(celt) -paashaaNa(stone). phaNiimukha (Ganesa)SaaNa-paNa(money,price).Phaniimukhagopaanasii(wooden


frame work to fix face of tiger in a house).Godhikamukha is
godhukamukha or gomukha( kings face,a moneybag etc.).
maaDa

malla

saaNa

MallameTa-smasaana(oblation)

paNa/sma

nakra(na/va-like;hari-snake,gold,frog,bull,tiger;naga-sun,rafire)/mandala/hari/phaNi/sarpa(Sssa-rava,sa-snake,god;ravasun,sound,Sa is A)/srava(karNa-ear)/drava(fish)/dru(tree;hence
it ismatsyadrumaahvaya)suurpa(maaDa)meTa(cf.seat of
Vishnu is sarpa/talpa-bed-meTa).Mukha is
malla.Mukha(face,copper) is paNa
(face,sound,copper,Karsha,trade,price). PaNa is
maa/me/sa(sound,paNa)

.Maa is

srii/go(speech,bow,cow,eye) .Srii/sara/go is
aisvarya(wealth,iisvara-god).Word is god and money.
Go-sta(sit) is go-ashta/koshtha/oshtha/mushTi /
pushTi/gusti/garta/kuNda/guda/goda(giving cattle is giving
word)/godhaa(chord ,
) etc.
,
Go(eye)-sta is
gaNda/malla/mukha.Go(srii-word)-sta is oshtha.Oshtha is
adhara(lip). Ardha is arka(sun,argha-paNa-price.Suurya is
muulya-value).Go is caapa(bow,sa+sa+pa=caapa ) . Caapa
is vaaca/vaak(word).Vaak is bhaaga.Bhaaga is bhaga .Bhaga
is aisvarya(srii).Aisvarya is ashta(8,aja-king,mesha-dha-seat
Dha /pada is four.Aja-pada is ashta aisvarya, ashtavasu,
ashtaapada,ashtanaaga etc.In the weights it is ashtapruud.
PaNa is phaNa.Go-ashta is oshadhi(tree),vasati etc.Adhara is
artha(wealth).Adhara is ardha(half) .Artha, ardha and arka are
bhaga. Bhaga denote the ardha(Mal.ara- of the body).Bhaga
is paNa(sun,Xchange) and phaNa(ornament).Ashtaisvarya is
ashtavasu/ashtaapada/paNa itself.It being svar(sarpa)-Na is
naaga(phaNa/phaNi)-na or nagna(naked) or naaNaka(naa-four
,naaga-arrow

) or naaNya(money) or maNi(phaNi-

makara-nakra-naaga-hari-ratna-rajata
na/ka+

ca/ma/na/u/pa+

rama+na+i) also.

, Suuka-suukara(boar,hogvaraaha-boarvaraaNaIndravaaraNa-elephant)-20 grains(scruple)10 Rattis


unicorn.Suuka-the awn of grain,bristle,spike,the bristle or sharp
hair of insects,the sheath or calyx of a bud.
suukaka- awn of grain,barley or a bearded kind of wheat
resembling barley
SuukaprapaTagodhuuma(wheat,go-suunaking of
grains).

Sikya(balance)sikhii(peacock,number 3).
Singa(a tree)sinha(lion) saNka(bull)sunga(Fig
tree)sulka(Mal.cunka-tax).Singaasana is sinhaasana(throne).
Sinha being singa is shown together.Man holding two sinhas
is same as man sitting on singa with a sinha looking on.It is
saaNa/paNa meTa itself.
Palaasa=leaf,foliagesma-saanaparibhaashaNa
masa-saaNa(weight).
Bhavana-housebha(star)+vana(tree)bhuvana(Durga).

Muzham=a cubit,two spans.Muzhakkol=carpenters rod of 24


angulas

.Muzhankaalshank

Anga=bodynava(9).

va(vaahu-angu)+

na

nava/paNa.
mahisha(buffalo)metimaashamaaDa(weight).
matsa(fish)miina(fish)bhuja(hand)mushTi(paNa)masta
(measured,head)maaTa(weight)aNda(egg)
paNTa(ornament)piNda(mass)bindu(gaNda)
sindu(ocean)maa(measure,go)me(barter)go(eye,cow,
king,sun,sky,water)pasu(cattle,animals)vasu(gold,wealth)
subha(auspicious)siva(auspicious)sva(wealth)svasti(pr
aise,paNa)svastika

paaNa(hand)paana(pot)baaNa(arrow)vaara(tail)viira9h
ero)bhaara(weight)suura(svarsun,tiger,sound)svarNa(gold)paNa(money,price,praise,
chess,nama-praise,pasture ground)nayana(eye)
naaNya(money)naaNaka(money) maaca(gold).

bhuja(hasta-fish)
cakra shatka(six)
sagara(swallowing,makara,nakra)sa-gerah5*.12125=0.60625
grams which agrees with the noted weight of maasha.
Gerah=1/20 Shekel(180 grains/60 carobs)=9 grains/3
carobs=0.585 grams.Thus 5 Ratttis Maasha Match the gerah.

And in fact, a weight of this sort (one-quarter shekel) is


mentioned in I Samuel 9:8. That quarter Shekel weighed 2.63
grams. That would make the Shekel 10.52 grams. cf Taxila
Satamana of 11.3 gms. Another bronze weight from Samaria,
also in the shape of a turtle(kurmarukma;PuraaNa), bears the
inscription "five", and this has been interpreted to mean five
Gerahs.(cf.turtle in Harappa cf.gharchaar4paada1/4;5
svastikas-ghars in H-182). Since there are twenty Gerahs in a
Shekel, that would make that weight one-quarter of a shekel as
well. Its weight is 2.49 grams, making a Shekel 9.56 grams.

Being go(nayana,svar) it is paNa(sound,sun,house),


vana(tree,house,water) etc.
mi- measure,mete out.
mit-pillar,post ,
mita- measured,meted out,equal,known
mith-to unite,pair,couple

,to meet as friends or foes.

kanaa(girl)naaga(snake,elephant)kaaNa
( property,paNa,price) gaanasongkaamahema(gold).
kaaNa= one eyed,pierced,perforated(cf.ottakaasu,like a
cowrie),having only one loop or ring.
10 KaaNa paNas(weight)= 1kala-angubhadra(10,gold).

KuNjara=an elephant,anything preminent,

raaja kunjara=eminent king


a kind of temple
,a kind of step in dancing(cf.stepped
pyramid,mr-nri-marta-narta-dance).

Kupa(the beam of a pair of scales) gopa(bhupaking,go=cow,pa/va-tiger) .Bhupa(king) fighting tigers is gopa


and kupa.

tridasa(deva)sriimad(great)trimsat(30).

Tola (tulaa)dola(swing,scales) nart(dance,martaman)druma(tree).The dancer on the tree is the scales.


The trees dance,the snake with its hood dance
to bring sama-,tama-,dama-paNa-vana(tree).

hari(man)-ubhaya(two)Hariyupia,hariNa(gold)

yuka-liksha laksha(lac-mark,1lakh)raksha(protection)
rakta(red,blood,copper)
yojana-yoking

bhaarayojana is prayojana(use).

SaaNa
Hence

(small horn)=Na(cow)1/16 TolaMaasha

maa(go-cow)/ Naa(cow)maa(measure)- sha(man,king,Se)


Na(Maasha)

Dasa(10)ratha(wheel,chariot),Tadhana(plus,wealth)
Ta + sa(bird,god)dasaraaja(king). Dasaratha was
king of 10 chariots.

Gala(swallower-the throat,necknishkapala
Krishna,griishma(summer),grasana(swallowing),krisaana(gol
d),karsana(tax),dravina(money),sramaNa(bhikshu)
drama(drava-dram) = 1/8 ounce=3.697 millilitres=3.7
grams=32 Rattis system (3.88 grams)=4Maashas
Maashama(water)-aasa(seat)water
volumemaaDa(weight)maapana(scale,ma-water,vanawater).Weights were standardised with fixed water volumes.
is the fish in the pond or morsel in the mouth.
Maasha-galabhuj-galapushkala(many,abundant,loud,a
drum-bheri-bhaara

,a son of Bharata,a people,a military

caste in Kusa dviipa,bowl of a spoon ,a measure=8


kuncis=64 handfuls,a weight of gold,alms to the extent of 4
mouth fuls of food ) pushkara(pushkala-Siva,lotus,the tip of
the elephants trunk,spoon)

Galakala pala. Each laksha

may have a liksha

in it.

Druma(tree)DroNa16 itangazhi(prastha)4
aadhaka16 pushkala128kunci1024 mushti=or 200
pala=1/20 kumbha=or 1/16 khaari=4 aadhaka or 2
aadhaka=1/2 suurpa=64 seras or 32 seras,an altar

,a field

,a crow
,a scorpion ,a son of Bharadvaaja born fom a
bucket(drone-sroNa-loins),a wooden trough,a measure of
capacity=2 suurpas, ,name of a daughter of sinha hanu =tiger +
sroNa(drone).
patra(leaf)vrisha(bull) vrita(dominion)
sarpa(snake)surpa(fan,measure)bhuja(hand,snake).
paa-saa-NapaashaaNa(pa-aasana)-a small stone
used as a weight,a spear paa/maashaaNa/saaNabhaashaNamaapana(weight)bhaajana(ve
ssel).
kala-angu nara+ ta(tail,taala)taamra(copper)
mridha(fight,battle)dharma(right)samara(fight)
marta(man).
mesha(aja-king,ram)me(goat)+sha(man)=exchange of
manmaa(measure)-sha(king)

kings measure or weight.

ashta(eight) SaaNa=Pala,paashaana

sena-saaNa(32 abrus,ashtapruut),8mushTi=kunci,drishti(eye),drashtaa(seer),srashtaa(crea
tor),masta(measured),sraaddha(bali-oblation),
prastha(measure),maasha(measure),sringi(kesara-ashtaapadagold),gaatra(body),kaasara(buffalo).

Saanadvaya(sena

,dvaya-two)=Tola

ma=time,4th note,moon,Brahma,Vishnu,Siva,mother,
meaure,light,knowledge,binding,fettering,death,a womans
waist(lion on loin=ma+pa=scales),happiness,welfare,water.
, , maa (roar,measure,bull-malla
)
me(barter,mesha) maNi(any
ornament,crystal,amulet,globule, glans penis,clitoris, hump of
camel,the pendent on a goats neck
jarpala(nishka).

,the wrist,a large water

manjiira=foot ornament,anklet,
bhaadrapada(month),bhadraasana(throne),raaja(king),
maaDa(weight),naada(sound-pound),aaDhaka(measure).
maa(moo,measure)me(to exchange,barter,to bleat like a
goat)
To say maa(no,stop,mother,Lakshmi) both hands are raised as
in
or by the pointer which stops at the middle
point of
the scales sma-nosemasa-weight.The nose is the pointer
between netra-the eyes like the pointer of dharaNa-scales.

Sma(mukha)mukha(face,copper)taamra(copper,Ratti)
masa(weight).Mukhamaha(buffalo)makha(sacrifice)maa(
roar,measure).

ma/na/ta + sa/ramasa(weight)maasha(weight)
taara(star)teja(light)dasa(ten)sata(100)mana(weight)
shad(six)sad(sit)

vara
varaNa(saaNa)=rampart,moundgopurameTaMal.ko-il(temple) Mal.ambala(temple)
ambara-sky,a camel (cf. gimel),Indra, a town,people.
VaraaNa(Indra) .Indra as prastha is Indra prastha or saaNa.

Kaupiina has a tail.Kaupiinavat is a mendicant.Kaupiina


is gopaala(bhuupaala-king-viirabhadra with a vaaratail),sopaana(stairs

,ladder

), sauparNa(go-paNagold).

sa+ ta+ maana


satamaana(weight of hundred
saaNas)Mana(4000 Rattis=485 grams).Camarais vaara(tail)
or bhaara(weight).Camara-aasa is samraaja.This is same as
+

camara-ajasamraaja.

HornkiraNakerasgarjakarshaaamamaa(go,measu
re,weight)hariNa(gold).

Kapila(co-ppe-r) is a brown cow RV.10.27.16 .It is taamracopper or Camara-Yak or kavati(cowry).

Go(cow) is

co-pper , cow-ry or chow-rie.

Mushti(fist)mudra(dance/aksha/paNa)surata(sex)
suurya(paNa)bhadaasana(throne)bhdranaaga(bull
elephant)ashtanaaga(8 elephants or snakes or
tens)hastanaaga(fist and thumb)80

paNameTa/nishadya(market place)..
Bull+elephant(Yak)viirabhadraGunjacircle in circle
sarvesvaramahesaraajaadhiraaja
bhaaramaanamaaDameTa.Bhadranaaga/
dasanaagaasiiti(80)asthi(bone)ashthi(a die,food,stone )

ishTi(sacrifice cf.ishu -arrow)


smasaana chosen in measures.

.Hence bones and

Taara(star)
masa/maasha/maaDa(weight)maa(weight)bha(paNa)
bhaara(weight,bha-star,aara-awl of wheel)raaja(king)
dhiira(brave)viira(hero) paNavaara(tail,measure)

draviNa(money) darpaNa(eye)
tarpaNa(oblation)dharaNa(weight).

nri/paNa
pa/maatha
aasya/mukha/malla ka+dhara=karshakesara/sva+nri=suvarNa/bha+dhara=bhadra/dasa+
raaja=Dasaraaja-Dasaratha/
maa+dhara=maatra/Sa+garacakra-Sakra-Indra-dharaNamitra-mudra-dharma-maasha-maaDa-meTa
saraava/suurpa/saaNa/maapa/bhaama.
Patra ispa-dhara.Vana is phaNa/paNa/.Dhara hill is maa
making maatra/maapana or meTa.Patra(bird/leaf) is
sarpa/phaNa/sa(snake,bird,god).
ka-giri/gaNasa+nagasankha(cowry)kaakiNi
(1/4 karsha paNa,cowry,Ratti,beam of scales).
The crown is five shillings.

taa+viira/nritaamra(copper/paNa),caamara(Yak
tail),pramaaNa/parimaaNa(measure).The four digit
span(Mal.caaNsaaNa) is prapaaNi(cf.praveNi) or
pRTha(paNa).

maala(necklace)haara(garland)bhaara(weight) on
gala(neck)nishkamaaDa(weight).

=4* 10=40* 8=320 Rattis=8*8=64 Maashas= Pala(bullvaaha-bhaaga-paada-pada


bhadrapada.

.Bhadra(bull-full) pada-

is gaja.Hence Pala is nishka/nahusha/gaja.

caapasaaNa/maasha/dasa
SaaNa=Pala.

(ten).

Ashta

A copper karsha was said to buy 10 dasas(slaves).The dasas


are the dasas-tens.
Suurpa-measure of 2 droNas
GoNi=measure of 4 DroNas
maa/maana/kalaa/caamara/taamra/dasa
aapaNa(market)maapanasaaNa.
Cobra(copper)

ka/go-

viirawarbarvaarabhaarapaada

kanaka/svarNa.

Roma(hair)loha(metal) lava(cutting).Roma is cut,tail is cut.


Lava=reaping,shorn fleece,wool,hair,anything cut off,a
piece,particle,bit,little piece,the space of two kaashthaas,
Lavana-one who cuts,a reaper.LavaNa-salt.

The tail of the yak was cut to make the caamara,its roma was
cut to make wool like the roma of mesha.
The cut roma or tail is paNa.
Perhaps roma was a weight.Baala(hair)/vaara(tail) isbhaara
( weight) .
Pulluvila(worth of grass) is Palavila-value of
Pala!Pullu(grass)bullpala(hay-grass,rice husk)Pala=12
kala-angus=4 karshas .

aa/na/baahu/dos/dasa(ten) maa/maana/bond/pound
,

maaDa/maasha/maapana/maatra/saaNa

bahumaana(honour)/sena(multitude)

viira paNa/malla paNapaNameTa/saaNa.


20 shillings(killing-sinha-hinsa;ceiling-roof-vaara-viira) make
a Pound.Baahulya(plenty) and baahuleya(bull,SubramaNya)
denote Pala(many karas or kalas make a Pala).
Baahucaapa =measure of extended arms,fathom
(Mal.1 maaRu).

karasaakha(fingers)karshakagarta

mushti has 4 circles from the little,ring,third and


index withthe thumb at the top. 4 dots=
4angulas.Tulya(equal,paNa-sama) is turiiya(4th)and
,

suurya(sun-sum).

ma/ta/pada:

ParimaaNa(mesure) maati(measure)

dharaNa/sreNi/saaNa

ashTa is a mark on the karNa(ear) of a cow(go-sky,sun,gold).


Naga/naka is ashta/go itself.
ashaaDha(staff of Palaasa wood)ashta(eight)
ashtaka(worship on the eighth day after full moon)
asthi(bone,stone)

ishti(sacrifice)

ishtika(brick).

Note the ashaaDha in all these symbols.To


ash is to
shine or receive.Ash/yaj(sacrifice) is
aja(king,ram),usha(dawn),aasa(wish),aaZa(mukha-face) etc.
ashtraa is a goad to drive ushtra(cattle).
maashtamushti=masta(head,measured)matsa(fish)
mana(shashti-60)
svasti(paNapraise,house)
tvashta,tvashticarpenter,carpentry.HemakespaNa(house,money).
Tvashtriiscarpenterandsavitriisthesun.

The Sumerian Mana is 60 shekels as Mana is sixty(mushti).


Sixty Karshas is 15 Palas=436.5 grams or 582 grams.
10/40/100/400maasha/saaNa/
sa-paada/sapta(seven)/sabda(sound-pound)/mana/nama from
pa/ca na/maa/paNa/ Nava/naava/
sama(hand)/hema(gold)/kesa/dasa(ten)/sata(100)/satamaana/
srii/raaja
saaNamaa-shamaaDa

(tower of weights)

medha mesha/malla/mukha/go/vasaa/kasaa/gaja/kaasi
6/60/600 shatka(6)-salka(scales-balance,fish scale.Maana
is miina.Maana has scales.Miina has scales)sulka(price,tax)
muulya(price)moola(roots)
argha-price, paNa-sun-saaNa)

,
,

suurya(arka-

jina(sina,sun,kiNa,kaNa)rava(sun,paNa)
ruupa(form,mudra)ruupya(money)rajata(silver)dasra(ass
,asvin,fish-Pisces)nayana(eye)miina(mii/nii-ina/yamasun)maana(measure,weight).

Nishka-graahanishkagriivaornament for the neck

words for face


mukha,mukhya,mikhamandala,vadana,kasaa,aana,vadanendu,
aniika,aanana,vaktra,aasya,ghanavara,cubra,mukaaditva(face),
pratiika
vadana is panca(5) . Panca mukha is sinha(king).Kasaa is
gaja(elephant) and vasaa(cow).Mukha is

ukha-jar and

Aana is paana-jar and maana-mesure.


Aanana
sukha.
is anna(barley,grain,sun.Hence it can indicate count and weight
of barley grains).Aasya shows asya(of ) and adya(food).
Vaktra has a tra in it.
Cubra is
suurpa and
sarpa(sarva-all,cakra-karsha,phaNa-paNa).
na/naka/naga/naaga/gaja/sma/masa/saaNa/sena.
PhaNii is mukha(mu-kha

).Mukha is sata(100).

Aana mukha/yaana mukha/phaNii mukha(uragamukha) is the


unicorn satamaana (satabhaara-weight) or a spade.
mukha(mahaa,dvaadasa)

bhaara(viira) Mahaaviira

sammaa RV.3.1.15;5.4.2 to measure/


mete out,distribute,bestow.

Nishkam vaagha krinavate RV.8.47.15


Nakra(nose,rukma,nishka,haraNa,hariNa) and karNa joined to
rukma(fish).Cf.ornaments on the nose,ear,neck,hands,loins
and foot. Aabharanaaavarana(sheath) cf.

,
,

maaNava/maaNavaka-apearl ornament of 16 strings.

maatanka-a salt marketmaatanga(elephant).


maati-measure
sata,dasa

sata(100),dasa(10),saada(grain,rice)

adya/sadya(feast)satamaana(weight).
paNameTa/saaNameTa bhaara/paada.SaaNa paada
Maasha.

: : 4 cakra4 karsha/karajapRthaPadaPala
pRshtha-buttocks
pra-sthasolid,table land on top of a mountain,
Indra prastha,oshadhiprastha(oshadhi=tree,man on tree),
Prastha-cooking the volume of a prastha-vessel capacitycooking capacity,water holding capacity,grain holding capacity.
Prastha32 Palas/ Aadhaka/4 Kudavas/2 Saraavas1/16
DroNa.

Crus is anga(limb,ankamark)/jankha(thigh)/saNka(bull)/sinha(tiger,Tanka,sankha)
Tanka(4 MaashasSaaNa).
Kharjura(Date palm,silver),Taala(Palmyra
tree)DhelaSalaaka(gold coin)Sela
fan treepana/vana(palm)phaNa(ornament,serpent
hood,snake)paNa.Fans are paNa.Fans made of its
leaves,fan of the camara tail,suurpa-fan of bamboo
etc.indicatepaNa. Taala is also a basin

.Hence

in M-290
the bhaari (tiger,Tola) is with a
kharjura(taalaDate palm,silver;khara-ass,suura-tigerkharjura-silver;janghaTanka or Palajangha-kharjura-kharjuraTanka of
silverTankaka-stamped coin/bar of 1Tola of silver) and in

H -94
with a

Suura(tiger,viira)sena(raaja),the

bhaari(Tola) is

paNa.

Taala is a measure of height.Having golden or silver


taalas(bowls) was a symbol of the rich.
Hari(tiger)+paana(cup)praviiNa/malla/svarNa/puraaNa.

Slapping the hands is taaLa(dhim tarikata tom,tittai taka tai


tom)paNa(music,sound).Flapping of the elephants

ears,clapping cymbal,span of thumb and middle


finger(Mal.caaNspansaaNa

).

Palm(tala)=a lock,bolt,the hilt of a sword,a gold smith,the


throne of Durga K-50

etc.

Taalaketu =Balaraama,Bhiishma.Taalaanka is Siva.


But taalanka is
nuupura/maNjiira/paadapaalikaa/cilambu/cilanka/taLa- a foot
trinket or an anklet or ornament for the ankle.Hence it may be a
taLa weighing a Saakala/maasha/ saaNa/Pence(sinha-panca).
Taalajangha=having legs as long as a palm tree
Taala-jangha tribe,hence this seal might have belonged to the
Taalajangha tribe.Thus seals might have served as tools for
tribal identification. Taala-sankha tribe.
kara(hand)ka(head,light,water)-ra(sun)
rava(sun)hara(fire,ass,siva)khara(ass,sun)
ar-ka(sun),ar-gha(price)para(great) vara(great)
bhara(filling)
Fingers are rays.Kaasi is fist and the sun.Raya is fingers. Kraya
is fingers.kaarya and haarya are fingers.
Ra= acquiring,possessing, giving,fire,heat,love,desire,speed,
gold,amorous play,splendour,brightness
RaNa=joy,delight,battle
Rajata-silver,rajatam hiraNyam -whitish gold=silver
Rajatadasra(ass).

Raja-rajas=dust: :,
Raya=stream of a river,speed,course,

Rayi=sun=ravi=wealth
Pard-Tigerbhadra(bull,king,gold) Bharata(king,Sanskrit)
sinha.Man(Na)+ tiger(va)NarasinhapaNa(Vishnu).

vaari(water jar,water drops shown spilling in some

models)clepsidra
bhaari(Tola)
bhaari(sinha/tigerTola).

Yava(barley)yama(two) ya(bhaga, , ratha

)/yaa(is)

+va(bull
)yuga(two) vaya(weaver
)nagakiNa
vaaja(food)Mal.vaaya(va/pa-mouth,food,drink) .It is called
vaal(tail,sword)-gotambu in Malayalam.It is viirabhadra-the
unicorn bull(khadgi).
Ya(barley)+va(bull+tiger+king)Hence viirabhadra(yava) is
bull+tiger with tail(vaara/bhaara/viira).Conjoined animals
and three headed animals also can point to yava(barley).
The weight dots indicate kaNa of kiNa(corn).Yava is
maya(elephant,horse,mule,camel) also.
Words for Barley

Yava,sataparvikaa,aaruuDha,kuntala,asvapriya,turagapriya,
hayapriya,dhaanyaraaja,praavaTa,praveTa,mahaabusa,
medhya,yavaka,ruuDha,siitasuuka,saktuka,divya,ya,
pavitradhaanya.
uraga(ugra,arka,vakra,varga,gaura,saura)
yava(dhaana)uragayava(barleycorn),
tiryagyavodara(barleycorn)ugradhaana(horned
grain)Ugrasena/Suurasena-A Yaadava(asva,Vaasavapaadapa-Indra,KY,Ya-Ka-who,adava-asva-avasakin,sunbhuusura-Brahmin or ka-head of kings) king of
Madhura,father of Kamsa-uncle of Krishna.
Interestingly Yava has the shape of Kamsa(cup,vessel,a
measure)/sinha(tiger head).
The tigers are drawn with an open mouth to indicate
ya(barley,A)-va(tiger,V).
Tiger is suura.The Tiger seals can indicate the Suurasenas-the
clan of Krishna and Yava.References in several other seals
also point to the IVC as the homeland of the Yaadavas.
YaadavaYa(barley)-asva(horse)/aadya(anna-grain,food).
Their staple food was barley/wheat.
Busa(awn) is bhuja(hand,trunk).Mahaabusa is the elephant
bull-unicorn-barleycorn.

suNgaa is awn of barley.Sungaa is sunga(vata-Fig


tree),saNka(bull),sanga(tree) , sinha(tiger),GuNja(Ratti) and
sankha(cowry)

triyava has weight of three barleys.

Yava being maya(Yak/ass/elephant) it is called by names of


horse as asvapriya,turagapriya,hayapriya etc.
Pavitra
,
,
(sacred,pure,strainer,filter cloth,vessel for
argha, ring of kusa,water,honey,sesame,copper) indicate yava
and copper.
Words for tail
Puccha

,cheppa,kutantrii,jaaghanii,kesa,paksha,naNja,

vaara
,
,vaalagasta,sepa,ta(tail of ajackal),piccha,
laNguula,
lalaama,lalaaman,luuma,luuna,vaaladhaana,sisna,loma,
Dha(dogs tail)

,ghatapuccha(pot- tailed)

gopuccha/golanguula(cow-tailed),suunapuccha(dog tailed)

Pucchahccha-horse-tail,camarapuccha-yaks tail.
puns(penis-sepa) =

maana-maanava- man,male,human

being,servant,attendant

panca(5)vinsa (20 ) puNja

heap,mass,quantity,multitude -bhaara,vaara,viira

Vaala(vaara-tail,baala-tail)-dhaana(dhaanya/dhaatra) indicate

Yava

and

paatra.

Mandara= a pearl chain of 8 or 16


strings,heaven,mirror.Mandaara tree-coral tree.
mandala

mandaaka=praise

bhaNj=break,shatterpanca(five,fivefingers)

=paNa.
palm.

Maana(measure)
maa(roar,go)na(bond,gem,shine,grain)jina(sun)sina(suuna-grain,suurasun) mushti(closed fist)kaasi(sun,fist)
paNa(fist,sound,house,sun)phaNa(serpents
hood,ornament)paaNa(hand,palm)paana(jar)
baaNa(arrow) bhuja(hand) bhuushaNa(ornament)
bhoga(snake,food)bhojana(food) maasha(weight)
maaDa(weight) miina(fish).
Naaga(ram,king,snake,elephant)
naa/maa/me(bleat,barter )-ga(ka-head,go-king,sun,cattle)
aga(sun)agna(sun,fire)eka(one)
yaaga(sacrifice)yava(barley)kaNaa(woman)kiNa(grain)
gaNana(count)naga(tree,hill,snake,sun,8),mukha(face,cop
per) makha(sacrifice)bhaaga(part) paana(jar)
bhaama(sun)vaaja(food,sacrifice)vaaha(hands,bull)
mesha(ram)maasha(weight)maaDa(weight)
bhaara(weight)vaara(jar,weight,tail,arrow)

Annam(grain

kamsa(kinnam-

cup)sinha(simmam-lion/tiger) Gunja(kunni-Ratti)

Indra
Ka imam Indram dasabhir dhenubhir mama kriiNaati?
Who will buy this Indra of me for ten cows R.V.4.24.10
Indra is 10 cows
10 paNa(bahumaana praise) Dhenu is
dhanu(bow,go-bow) or dhaana(go-dhuuma,yava) denoted by
and dhenu bhir(bhaara/vaara) as

.Dasa(ten) is

and

dasabhir is
.Dasa(ten-10- ) is raaja(king).Indra is netraking,eye,sacrifice. vaara is times.10*10*10*10 =10000ayuta(udaya-Indra) itself.
is naaga(king,8).Hence Indra is
dasadhaana/dasaraaja/dasanaaga/10/8010grains/Rattis/80
grains/Rattis=Tola.The Maasha bar and the Tola bar were the
money of ancient India and on receipt of money the people
used to touch their netra-eyes with it to show respect to Indrathe godking.
Indra is dharaNa(netra).DharaNa is 10 Palas(bulls-go/cows)
Indra is Satamakha and Sahasramukha also.Hence
dasasatasahasra(dasa-tra=10*10*10=1000;kha = 0 = sha
=sa

Pala

Pala(baala-tail,bhaara-weight), pal(teeth)

, pul(grass)
, pull(bull),bilva(bull) a measure of time, a
measure of weight of gold or silver, being equal to
four Suvarnas or four to eight Tolas. For the Harappans, Pala
was the unit of mass of 4 Karshas of 320 Rattis = 38.8 grams
or 4 kolas of 240 Rattis=29.1 grams which is the Ounce(28.3
grams). The heavier Pala is a DharaNa Pala containing 10
DharaNas.
PultriNa
3 + Na
vana(tree)paNa(money)pala(weight)kabala(morsel)
Pulaka(ball of meal for the elephant) cf. maa-morsel
maa-sha(man).
Kapola(cheeks) of elephant

Kabuli=hinder part of animal

chawrie

cf.M- 290a

Weights of coins
A
Ratti (cf.katti-weight)is a traditional Indian unit of mass
equal to 0.12125 gram measured by the Ratti( Abrus
precatorius) seed. It is also called Krisnala ( krishNamanipupil) of aksha(eye) .

Ratti-seeds.
matsya/paNa ma/ca/sa+ na,ha/ka/sha+
ta/ra/iisasta(happiness,body),sasti(praise-paNa);
shatka(six),cakra(wheel), sahara(sun), sukra(venus,silver),
Sagara,Sakra,raksha(protection),rakta(blood) etc.The fish signs
,

indicate sasti-svasti-stuti-praise.

Sinha(tiger) is naaga(King cobra,snake) and naga(sun,tree,hill).

Sinhatunga(high)saNka(bull)sanga(tree)suNga(vata,
barley)sankha(cowry),jangha(shank),jaghana(loins) etc.
daama(rope,sandhaana) daaman(giver,donor,gift,share)
santaana(child).Hence the cow can be sold,but not the
rope(child).


sma/asma/satasaa/maa- nasaaNaasmastone weight of 40 Rattis or oblation to the
manessatamaana(Mana-weight of 100 saaNas).
tuula= a tuft of grass or reeds,cotton,a lamp wick

cf.tola,tulaa,dola(swing)

-Angana or angaNa
yard,court,area,woman
gaNana(count)kanaa(woman)naaga(elephant,sun,snake,
metal)bhadra(gold,bull,cipher,elephant).
Anka=a hook,RV.1.162.13,curve esp.of women(anganaa =
naa with anka) where cildren are carried=lap/breast,the
body;anka =a number,cipher, a figure or mark branded on an
animal,any mark,line,stroke,ornament,stigma
Cf.the marks on the neck and shoulder of the animals in the
seals
Aksha= a balance,die,collar bone,snake,axle;104(1+0+4=5)
angula,Karsha
Ansa=part(cf.ounce),share,portion,inheritance,earnest
money,stake in bettingRV.5.86.5 cf.phalangepaNa-ansa
Ansu= thread,

a minute particle,a point,end,

Amsa-shoulder,angle or corner of a quadrangle^


pa+ansa=panca

;ansa+na=anjana

cloth

Aasana(seat)amsa(part,ounce,shoulder)panca(5 cf. : :+
panca-ma,vandana,bandhana,vancana
etc.)paNasabandha(barter) bhanj(bhanga-break,ruin
cf.the palm broken into fingers) manca-cot
(pari-anka cf.

,paryanka

paNya,maanya,yajna,sankhya,ruupya,khamaNi,kosa etc.
cf.

paNa san-kha sankhya( numbers)

Tool currencies
Tool currencies adopted in China
about 1000-500 BC.These were metal models of valuable
implements that had previously been accepted in commercial
exchanges, e.g. spades, hoes, swords,knives etc.
cf.
,
,
,
word is money.

etc.from IVC. Word is paNa.S-

Beka
The beka(cf bhaga-the sun, vulva ;gava,go;bhaaj-to
divide,bhaas-to shine)/bhaaga/vaaha/naaga/naaka ) is
mentioned twice in the Bible (Gen. 24:22; Ex. 38:26) and its
value is one-half of a Shekel. Its name is derived from the root
bq, "to break, to divide," and its basic meaning is "a

part."bhaga(the sunpaNa) svarsvar-Na. It is the


Karshaardha( Karsha itself).

is half of

khaNda-part).Half karsha(cakra

) is

(cf.GaNda and
ardha(adhara-lip).

Words for gold


suvarNa(cf.SuparNa-Garuda

, suvarNaka,svarNa ,

svarNaka,varNa

, varavarNa

,varNi

lohottama,kumbha,bhRingaara

,rukma,

lohavara,paaraj,druu,kanaka,Riktha,riktha,garmut,agni,
aagneya,aagneyii,agnibiija,agniviirya,aapinjara,
agnisikha,agnibha,amrita,ayas

,aruNa,arjuna,ujjvala,aujasa,

kacuura,karbura,kalyaaNa,kaartasvara,kesara

,krisana,

kusumbha,gangeya,gaaruda
, gairika
, gaura,
caamiikara,candra,caarusaara, jaambava, taapana,tejasa,
taamarasa, tiriita,diptaka,diipta,dravya,
naarajiivana,pinjaana,pinjara,piita,purata,puruda

,bhadra

,rudrarodana ,
,
(cf.ashtaapada),rekNas,
lobhana, ratnavara, raktavarNa,
rajata,manohara,mahaarajata,mahaarajana,mahaadhana,
mangalya,bhuuttama,bhuuri,bhasmaka,bhaaskara
bharma,rukmala,vasu,vahnibiija,

satakumbha
sringaara

, satakhaNda, saatakaumbha, silodbhava,


,sriimakuta

, sriimatkumbha, sukra,

suunyahara, harita,harshayitnu,haataka

, hemaka,hiraNa

hiraNyaheman,

saumecaka,saumerava, saumeruka,sauvarNa,
sparsamaNiprabhava, abhra,surabhi, kakanda, piiyu, du(cf.udu
), avashtambha,dalapa,kandala,kaacigha,
tarkshya,tavisha,dhattuura,ashtaapada

,ra

,marut,rii,

rasa,mahaadhaatu,bharu,campeya,nishka,heman,kaancana,
jaataruupa,hiraNya,suraarha,hema
Words for copper
Taamra
kaamsyaka

,taamraka, taamarasa, tapaneshta, kuupya,


, kamala,kaniiyasa,audumbara,udumbara,

taamravarNa,arka

, lohita,aravinda,aravindadalaprabha,

ambaka, yoni,loha
, raktadhaatu, vyashtha, vahniloha,
vahnilohaka,lohitaayas,lohitaayasa,lohaayasa,davishta,
dvyashta,naipaalika,nepaala,nepaalaka, pavitra
brahmavardhana,markataasya,mukha

(mu-kha,

mu-naaga,mu-svar,mu-go,mu-karNa;makha-sacrifice,nakhaclaw.Note the marked claws of the tigers in the seals indicating

paNa.Mukha is vaara-bhaara-haara-hara-sara-gara-sira
,

, ,

etc.

vaara-gira-gara-bhaara-mukha kerhorn,head,uppermost part cf. arka-sun,copper; kara-hand,tax.


Vaara of viira bhadra(10) is his tail(1) itself as the vaara-pony
tail-vaara is on bhadra-the head indicating the
Bharatas/Bhuusuras/head priests head which is the unicorns
horn or the kara-trunk of the gaja-elephant or the head of kesathe temple.The double horned bull may be the monarch ,the
Pala etc.),munipittala, rakta(raksha-amulet.Hence copper was
used with magical words on it to ward off evil forces.Arka-sun
removes
darkness),raviloha,ravipriya,ravisanjaka,saabara(svar),
saabarabhedaakhya,sreshtha,suuryaahva.
Ra/Da(RDP) is sound.Rava is sun and sound.Rava is
paNa and arka(sun,copper,king).Da is 4,quarter.In the seals the
four symbol :

as da (sound,aya,turiiya-tulya,paada-bhaara)

can indicate ayas(aes)-copper or weight.


The drummer symbols indicate damara(drum),daamara(lord)
and tamra(copper)
,
,
.PaNa( rava-sound,sun) is
arka,cakra,naaga and sarpa(snake,svar-sun,sound).PaNa is
mukha(face,naama,aahvaya;mu-kha-dvaar-svar-suncipher,hole cf.

) and

mukha is
nakha(claws,na-kha-dvaar-svar-sun) also.
paNa(money,bali-sacrifice,tax), makha(sacrifice),magha(feast),

dharma(duty,virtue,justice), mudra
faces as in the lakshmana seal

(cf. three heads or three


each cipher is a kha) ,

druma ,
cakra,paNa etc.kalasa=droNa.Cakra drumabhadra naaga-Sakra paadapa-Sakra Vaasava-paNa-Pine(paNa
meTa)Cakra vana-karsha paNamaapaNa(measure,weight,scale). cf.H-182 shows Dharma
raaja-Sinhanaada by drummer+sinha.Mukha is panca-bandhavanda-sambandha etc.Panca mukha is sinha/the king.

karNikaara=Indian laburnum
mal.konna=karna=hariNa=svarNa=laburnum
Dru-tree,druu=gold;bhadranaagamushtithe fist and the
thumbmudra(signature-seal)

Mushti karaNa =clenching the fist.


mukha(mu,mi,sa,na,sam -kha;kha-svar-srii-pa,hence
mukha-mudra-mitra-sakha,nava,go,paNa
etc.),amza,aanana,cakra,nakra,naasa,maasa,maasha,medha,
mesha,sa-kara,sarga,visarga,Sakra, sukra,ukha,paNa, naaga,
mahaa,makha,hema,gaNana,kanaa etc.Mukha is
sangha,sankha,amza, sam and
sma.Samyoga/sambhoga/sammati/sam-bhaavana,sambhara,sam-bhaara

etc.indicate paNa(bond,agreement,gift)

or dambara(lord Mal.tampra-lord,yajamaana-dasma-lord).It
is paNa or vana(dru-tree). Mal.Miisa(moustache) is

naasa(nose) and raaja(king,male) .Baala(hair,tail) is


vaara/viira/vara/muna/mukha.The number four is ta.Hence it is
varaata/Viraata/puraaNa(money).Number six/sex is bond of tritra-rata-tara etc. And indicate
maatra/Mitra/mudra/mukha/sukha/surata/sarata/satra/sakha/Siva. Smasru(miisa) is sma

+dru(tree) as

seen in
sraavana-paNa/dravina
pana/Braahmana/varaaha mukha/varaaha
paNa/varaataka/mukhamudra/Go mukha
maasha/naatha/raaja.This script also shows undoubtedly that
is mukha(me,mesha,MeTa).
Maa(maana,maasha,maatra,maapa,bhaama,paNa), aksha,
arka,argha,arha, asva, go,cakshu, netra,bhuja,paNa,pas,
pash,raaja,ruca,vas,vasu,subha,sina,gunja,panca,vacana,
vasna,Vishnu,sankha,sinha etc.
Bhadra(dot,circle,bull,ball) asva(avasa-sun,king;apas-running
water,hands and fingers,bhuja-hasta-gaja-hand,elephant;javaspeed;japa-vac-prayer,speech) is karapatra-paNa-palm,water
buffalo,fish,eye,cowry etc.
Animals-mriga-mrig-go-maa-garja-gunja-pasu-vasu
svar,naaga,nabha,nava,go,kha,ha,pa,va,bha,na
nava,go,nara,maanava,maapana,purusha,bhadra,manusha,
sha,tha(cf.naatha).Maanava is maa(measure) and nava(nine).

Words for bronze


Kansa,kansya,kaansyam cf.kan-ja(born from ka-the
head);hansa (swan,the sun);sinha(lion)
Words for tin
Naaka

trapu, paatra

, banga, aaniila,

kutila
,kuruupya, aapuusha, aaliinaka,surebha,
hriiku,hliiku,pralamba,baarbariita,puutgandha,paatiira,tiira,
girisaara,sobhana,satha,vakraakhya,yogeshtha(cf.the yogi
figures in the seals),mukhabhuushaNa, paraasa,naaga
, ,
naagaja,naaganaamaka,naagajiivana,gurupattra,gurupattraka,
cakrasanja
,
citraranjaka, jyeshtha, Tamara,tiivra,
trapula,trapus,trapusha,svetaruupya,salavaNa,Sinhala,hemaja,
kastiira,madhuka,ranga,rajasa,hima,Ghana
Words for lead
Naaga

,siisa, plamba, nayati,dhaatuvisha,uraga

Krishna,bahumala

, padma, siisaka,

kuvanga,gaNduupadabhava,ciina

,ciinapatta,

ciinapishta,ciinavanga,ciira,jata , taarakrit
, dhaatumala,
dhaatusodhana, dhaatusambhava,
pakshma,paripishtaka,pishta,bradhna,bhujagaahavya,
mahaabala(cf. man plucking trees), yaamuneshtaka,
yavaneshta,yogeshta, yogiishta(cf.yogi seals), vadhraka,

vardha, vardhra, vayovanga,svetaranjana,


sunduurakaaraNa,siraavritta,
siisapattra,siisapattraka,hemaghna,suvarNaari
Words for silver
Rajata,rajana,raupya,brahmapinga,hamsa,subhiiruka,arjuna,
indulohaka,taara ,
,taptaruupa, candralohaka,
candrahaasa,candrabhuuti,candrabhiiru,kharjura,
kuupyadhauta,kaladhuuta,indulohaka,saadhya,sveta
,
svetaka,sukla(cf.sulka,shekel),subhra,vetana,vasusreshtha,
vangajiivana,ruupya,ruupyadhauta,loharaajaka,yatiiyasa,
traapusha

,durvarNa,dhauta,paanduloba,prajaadaana,bhiiru,

mahaasubhra,raajaranga,sita,sitaprabha,hamsaabhikhya,
himaasvabhikhya,saudha,kumuda.
Ka
who;time,light,wealth,soul,body,sun,peacock,king,fire,hair,air,
head,water,food.

(K,lagna,linga,cihna,sinha,maatra),

(K),

,
,
,
,
,
cf.ga-moving ,go-eye,pa-king,sagod,ra-fire,sun;sikhara(keras-horn,sekhara-face,cakra-wheel);
mu-khaface,mouth;ma-kha-sacrifice;magha-feast.
Ka(kha,ca,pa,ha) is bhadra(svar-sound,dvaar-door-hole)-sirahead.
Bhadra(head,bull,elephant,girl,hill,gold,king,auspiciousness) is
na (kha-ma-ha-cipher-hole) or bha(sun)-sira(srii,raaja-king)or

naga/aga/ha -the sun/gold.Sira is tra(tri-three,dru-tree,dravafish,druu-gold).Hence animals with three heads are shown
indicating ka-tra as karsha(paNa), kaasara(vaara bhadra-water
buffalo), kesara(gold).Ka(king)-sira(head,ca/sa) is
Karsha(paNa), garta(throne),garja
(tiger,elephant,serpent,croc,ass,bull , buffalo
etc.)/gaja(elephant).Hence the kings head
gaja/ukha/paana(Sumerian:paNa-face) was shown on
coins.Kanaka (raaja-Raama-king;maasha-weight;mesharam;srii,svar-Nahema- gold) is ka(head,sun,ha-svar-sun,sky)Na(man,naaga-loha-metal.Svarna is the king of metals.Arkasun,copper is naga-sun,tree;naaga-tin,lead,cobracopper.PaNa-copper,fist,the sun is phaNa- hood of
cobra.Naaga-raaja is bhadra-loha-bull,petra,metal-sarpasnake.Loha is luh-to covet;loc-shine,speech;soNa-red;ruhroma-ha/ka-hair,ray,shine.Viira bhadra is vaara-bar of bhadrametal-gold.Naaga is also hema-gold) . Gaja is the ka(head,hair)
of sa(snake,god,bird).A Suka(parrot) has su(good)-ka(head).
Viira bhadra(10,kings measure)
,
,
has a
vaara(tail,roof-va) with a bhadra(sira-head,cipherna)/raaja(king)/naaga(elephant,snake,sun,tree,arrow)/asva(bull,
elephant,avasa-sun/king,vac-sabda-sound,sapta-7,abda-year)
making gopa(king)/bhuupa(king)/paNa(parNanri-pa
svar-NapaNa).His kuupa(kha-well cf.the kings well) was
shaped like a

vaara patra(leaf with tail-the Fig leaf

) to indicate viira(king) bhadra(king)/ raaja(king)


tama(highest/best) / samraaja(emperor)/ king of kings.
Vaara bhadra(venal woman) were for his bhoga.

Ku-earth cf.go-earth,bhuu-earth .Go(cow)- maa(mother) is bhuu


(bhuumi-earth)-maa(mother).
Kha cipher,hole,well,sun,city,sky,cavity,field,cave,wound
made by arrow.Kha(hole) on ka is
mukha(face,mouth).Sukha(pleasure,happiness) is su(good)ha(heaven,happiness,coitus).
Go-speech(gira-speech,gara-swallow,giri-hill,paNa-sound,srii
word cf.makarama-gara;mago),Sarasvati(srii),nine(nava,vana,paNa,ga-3,third
note),earth(bhuu),sky(nabha),mother(maa,gomaata),king
(gonaatha,bhuunaatha,bhuupaala,gopaalaking),cattle,eye(nayana-maana-miina-naaNya-naaNakamoney),moon(so-mago-ma),sun(paNa),
star(taara,stri,udu,nakshatra),water(ka,pa,va,ha,ma),leather
strap or belt(bar-vaara),sinew(
),hide,bow-string( go-bowbaaNa-vaara-paana-paala),solar rays,hair of the body(baalavaara-ka-paala cf.the bushy tail;hairy body,hairy hands and
even hairy horns indicate go-king/sun and karsha or garta by
harsha-horripilation).PaNa/vaNa(sound) of go(pasucattle,animals) is maa(roar,bellowing) or go(animal,word) is
maa(roar).Maa is garja(roar,gaja-elephant)/karsha(paNaweight,sama-equal,tulaa-equal,balance).Maa(go-roar,word)PaNa(sound) of go(word,cattle,bow,eye) is maapana(scale)
,
or maana(measure) / maapaNa/miina( fish cf.niirawater,vaara-water.Fish has vaara-tail and patra-wing/fin and it
stays in vaara-water to make it go-vaara bhadra/asva water
buffalo - eye king-viira bhadra-vac-word.Nayana-netra-eye is
maana-naaNya-Dinar-Indra-paNa-money).PaNa(rava-svar-

sun,sound) is Vishnu.His bed is a thousand hooded


maa(mahaa-great)-phaNa(snake,aabharaNa-ornament) called
Ananta naaga(nabha-the sky.Its element is sound).
Viira bhadrago(sound)-paNapasupaNacopper(arka,taamra-copper).
paNa(money,promise,agreement,barter,gaming)vana(water,
tree cf.these marks on coins and bank notes)phaNa(sarpasnake,ornament)baaNa(go-arrow

)nabha(go-sky)

(go) nava(go-nine)
viira/vaara(go)-bha(sun,pa-water)dra(tra-three,sira-headsara-arrow,water)/sarpa(phaNa) .The
figure of go(9-the rising sun in the first sign of aja-Aries;ushadawn;kuja-usha-Mars.He is the one up man) has a
bhadra(cipher) with a tail.Figure of 6 is inverted viira bhadra
(head down,setting sun in the sixth sign of kanya-sandhya-virgo
) or bhadra(cipher/petra/fetter ) paada(feet)
bhadra(svarsun)paata(falling down-sunset).Maa(great)-nava(nine) is
maanava(man)/maapaNa(scale).The cipher is na/ma or
kaNa/kala indicating maa(measure)vana(water,tree,house,paNa).
Maa

go/bhadra(purusha-man,vrisha-

bull)/nava maanava
,
maapaNa(scale)/maapana(measuring).
compare with
L-221

M-1397

Ta(Egyptian)

Viira Bhadra is Bhadra Kaali and Mitra.

srii/vaara/girabhabha-dhara(
sarasira

gira)taara

maa(maatra-

mesure,unit)paNasama(equal).
Maatra(a
Brahmin,measure,unit measure;netraeye,sacrifice,king,Indra;mitra-friend,mudra-seal,signet ring;
PaNa-praise welcomes a friend.PaNa-agreement creates a
friend.Mudra seal endorses the paNa.Kara(hand) and
arka(sun) are paNa(agreement.).Hands make the bond
and the mudra is mitra(the sun).Agra of kara ir arka and patra

kara(sa) +bhadra
Kara patrabhadaasva-bhadra
naagabhadra karaKara(hand) itself is giri(mountain). Kara
patra being bhadra kara(auspicious) the palm is used to bless
by drawing a cakra/citra/mudra/cross of patra/sa (+ ) as
savitra(tvashtri-the sun)/subhadra ,
bindu/dot is srii/pinda/panta(jewel).

. Bhuja is subha.The

Thus Mitra/Rudra/mudra (rudhira-rakta-blood-red;raaja-rakshaprotection;laksha-mark,red lac- royal seal ) are protective gods


of treaties and Mitraa-Varuna(nripa mudra-kings seal)
are inseparable gods and invoked together to guard paNa(
mitra=friend,agreement,contract). Bull slaying mitra shows viira
bhadra-king of kings son of sun or stamping the
mudra(signet)/ bhadra(king of)/ vrata(dominion,command)/
patra/ bulla/writ.In the Indus seals spearing(vaara) the

buffaloe/bull(bhadra) indicate viira bhadra itself.Mahishaasura


mardin(slayer of buffaloe demon) is Durga(suurya) as bhadra
(svar,mudra)kaali(heli-sun) or viira bhadra(prabhaata-dawn) /
Mitra(sun) in the female form.
Kaala bull,hala-plough,kaalai-dawn,praata-dawn,pareta
dead,praasa-spear. Pratar (dawn) being bhadra-rock,bull;pitrpater and vrisha-bull ,Mitra(Bhadra,Rudra) was born from a
rock. He slays kaala(time,night).Siva(bhadra,Rudra) is
kaalaari(enemy of Kaala).He slays the old years and old days
and creates new days.
Bhuu samskaara = five methods of preparing and consecrating
the khara at a sacrifice cf.pancakarmasamskaara.

Gharmin =engaged in preparing the gharma offering.


Gharmya =vessel in which the gharma offering is prepared.
Khara =mule,thorny plant ,
kara=

tribute,toll,tax,hand,maker,doer,measure,number 2

Kara is vaara

kuntu=
aaya

donkey,measure of grain

/bhaara

balance,
=varavu(income),

ball,1089 sq.feet
vyaya=cilavu(expence)

4 kakiNi : :is equal to one paNa

;paNa fishjar .

kakiNi=phalangecowryRatty. paN-to exchange,buy,bet.


PaNamRaasippaNam 10 Cakram
Kaliyan PaNam

1/3 Rupee.

=5 Cakram

Kaasu vilkaasu ,smallest copper coin

Pana is horn

.Hence it is vana

The Taram or star

.It is viira bhadra.

was the smallest silver coin .

1 Taram/viz =1 Maasha =
16 Taram =1 PaNam.
16 copper Kaasu =1 silver Taram.
Viira bhadra

bhadra paada

prabhaata(dawn)

Go-maa(kings measure)
homa(sacrifice).MedhamaaDa(weight).
Go-bera maa-navamaa-paNakar-sha
gartagarjapraNavaaum( sound of
arrow=aum)viira bhadraprabhaata bala bhadra
Vanitaa=woman,vanita-asked ,desired for, solicited

Aasanda(seat) aa-sandha
aapaNa(market).
sandha/santaapanasacred to the Maruts,act of burning ,
burning passion.Aasandaaasansa ,with vaara it is prasansa
(praise,paNa).
Ja-ox
Na-no,bend(nam-nama-mana),identical,naught,cipher,musical
instrument,navel,welfare,jewel,pearl,gift,war,fetter,band
Pa-ruling,protecting,drinking;leaf,wind,egg ,number 5 (fifth note)
cf pa-ka-va-sa
Pha-gain cf.Phana/nabha is pha(gain)-na(gift,jewel).
Bha-light,lustre,sun,bee,star

Sala-bha is a bha

like jala-bha(fish),sarabha(deer),sarpa(snake),patra(bird,butterfly) etc.


Ma-ashtamushtishtomaastamana(paNa has
astamana-sunset)mastamatsavaraa-ta-ka-kapardaNaabha/laabha/bhuu/gopa/bhoga.Naaga/svar
is bha and nabha.
Bhuu-happen;pavement,earth,land,spot
Ma-no cf.na ,kha,ha,time,moon,water,happiness
moon,happiness
maapana,yajamaana
naama(mark on forehead of a Vaishnavite)

ma-

nama/paNa/srii

Maa-not(cf.maa-na),fetter ;
mother,measure,think,apportion,pray,bellow,roar,
bleat . Hence garja(roar)-karsha(weight)-go(cattle)pasu(animal)-vasu(gold)-bull,elephant,ram,tiger,croc,snake,ass

etc.used to indicate maa-go-garja-karsha.Maa-mahaa-great


cf.Mahaaviira/bhadra/raaja naaga/viira suura/prusha
vyaaghra/purusha sinha/samraaja etc.Maaga(go)/ha(shine)mahaanaagaraajasrii(word,sun)
go(word,sun,eye,cattle).
Maa(measure)Mu-bond,tie cf.mi bond cf.mudra(paNa)
Mu(bind)-srii(go-sun,wordpaNa-agreement)
mu-kha(mouth,face;kha-sun,sky,cipher,well;
mu/ma/na/maaka-hahead,shine,cipher).
kha/ga/go/vara/rava/tama=mukha,nakha(sinha),gopa,paNa,
paana,baaNa,vaara,viira,rava,Gotama,ghoshana,garjana(maa),
kas,kaasi,raasi,raaja,maasha,naasa,mesha,usha,aja etc.Mukha
is go(bow,eye,sun,king,sound)-vara(kara,cf.kha-svar-rava-sahara-arka),copper, kubera, cobra and suvarNa.Mukha has
karNa as parNa.Mukha is copper.Copper is
go(king,sun,sound)-tama(sama-equal,by red colour and metal
sound).Go(bhadra-king,bull,sun-ra)-tama is viira(go)
bhadra(tama-best,damhouse).PaNa/karsha/karNa/kaas/kaasi/kaasa/kesa/naaga/gaja/
pada/raaja/raasi/go/ka/kha/ha.
is sun,fist,house or temple.PaNa is fist(mushti-fist,mastahead,matsa-fish).PaNa is phaNa(serpent.Naagasnake,elephant,king,go,kha,ka,ha ),vana(tree) and nava(9 =
go= maa).Fist has 12(phalanges).It is kara(hand).Kara(harafire,ass) is arka(sun,copper).
Go tama=go(rava-sun,bhuu)-jana(birth,peoplesunrise)puurva(east,old)surabhi(east,gold,earth)
bhuusura(Brahmin).

Copperviira bhadraarkaGotama12.
This is seen in M-18 .

M018a
Kudava word refers to a small pot. Note
the pot in front of the unicorn.Unicorn is bhadra naaga

Lamma -panca-5,Lamassunamas(salutation,food,gift,bow,namasa-agreement-paNa ,
Mal.vanakam-paNa.Lamassu is 5 footed bhadra paada is
panca paada-five feet.Note the vaara-grill-roof marks on the
beard,body,tail etc. making it viira bhadra/bhadra naaga that
protects as in
.The fifth foot is the trunk of the elephant
which is the horn of the unicorn.Bhadra(sa,ca) naaga(kha-ha)
is sa-naaga or sneha(love) making sakha( mitra-a friend,netraeye,king.The eye is the protector like the eye of
Horus/Ra).Naaga is sarpa.Sarpa is paasa-rope.Sarpa-coils
around like rope-forming a firm bond )
karsha/bhadra/panca/ maapana/savana by the maa

lines

placed across the paNa-house/dam-house/sam- the four


digits of the palm forming a bandha/aksha/sa/paNa(bond) or
the two hands bonded in paNa or namas.Mukha(point of
triangle or spear Mal.muna-point,copper) is the vaara(roof cf.
sira is sara-arrow or sa-ra-the sun.Thus it is namaskaaravandana-paNa praise;panjara-cage,purification of cowsmetal,body,skeleton). Go(sky)/kha(sky)/ha(sky)ka(head)
maapana is kings measure/viirabhadra-vaara bhadra-sankha-

cowrie measure.The vaara-roof/go-sky above it indicate


paNa/dam(cf.dam coin )-a house.Hence it is Gotama/viira
bhadra/kanaka/ghoshaNa/garjana/karsana/kaasi/paNa/mukha
(copper)

12(Dvaadasa/Divodaasa).

Tamra/damrii(ra is bhaara-vishnu,sinha,drum) is copper.Tamra


is damara-drum/daamara(lord).Tampaa is a cow.Go
damamaa-paNa(sound,garja-karsha)kings
sound,count,pound,measure.
Mukha(bhaara,vaara,copper,kaasi-sun-paNa-raasi)-12Tamra/raaja/bhaara
mukha/GaNda
arka(synonyms
of copper) or copper paNa/maasha/vaara/bhaara 12 or simply
Kubera(copper) 12.
Bhuj(fish,food,foot,bhaj-praise,pada-foot,word) is mi(bind)na(man,ina-sun;jina-sun,Siva-sun cf.netra-eye,mudra-mitrarudra-naatra-bhadra-Siva,bhadra-gold,king,bull,elephant,head)
and make them mi(bind)-tra(srii-man,king,word;sarahead,water,5;dara-cowrie). Note this seal s vaara(viira)kaNa(bhadra,drapsa-drop)making vaara bhadra/viira
bhadra.Maa-kaNa maa-paNapaNasama(equal).
Hence it is paNa(bond,agreement,praise,price).Mushti(fist) is
matsa(fish) and masta(head).Matsa is ma(water)-sta(seat)
whence M(4,fourth note)-sta
PaNa being sabda/svar.
Saptasvara(seven notes) is paNa/maa/maasha/maaDa as

m/n/p/r/c + ha,aa/ii/raa/u/n +
ra,sara/dara/rada/gara
Sahara,cakra,aksha,cakshu(ca-ka/sahaishu;darpaNa,draviNa),gocara,locana,Mihira,mitra/rudra/bhadra
/mudra/sukra/maatra/netrasignet ring netra/mitra
parNa/varuNabhuja(hand)-bhuusha(ornament)bhoga(snake,food,sex)-panca(five)-paNita(stake,bet,wager)pasu(animal)-bandha(bond)-vasu(sun,gold,rays)sandha(union)-siva(auspicious)-subha(auspicious)
Bhuja is paada.Pas is eye(Nayana,netra-naaNya-paNa-MinaDinar-mudra-mitra-mohur;the two eyes-the two
friends).Pas/Pash-bind.Bhaj(paNa-praise)is binding.
Bhaaj/bhaag is division. Pasu animal show
pas(bond)/paNa(bond).

: :paNa(praise,vana-water,maa/naa-measure,goking,eye)

(paadamudra-foot impression,paadapa-

tree,Vaasava-Indra;pasu-animal,pas-eye)
mukhamudra(face impression).Tribhuja(tripaada-triangleprabhaata-15) and caturbhuja(caturpaada-rectangle-20) shows
this.Thus bhuja panca -3,5,8,10 and food is foot.Both
are gods.Hence praise by eating food(body of god) and
foot(feet of god) and touching eyes(eye of god).Jina(sun) is
Miina(mi-bind,ina-yama-na-two,sun /mina(Siinai).

PaNa(bhuja

vana(tree)

)phaNa(serpents hood)

.Kusa(tree,silk,vas-cloth,,gaja-naaga-

elephant,naga-sun,tree,vana-paNa-praise,sun,price,bet) is
bhuja(palm).PaNa of avasa(king) is shown by
or asvattha(big vana-Fig tree).

asva(archer)

Mushti-paNa .Dushyantas ring was swallowd by a fish(bhuja).


Paanigraha(paaNi-palm-fish,graaha-

croc,hand)marriagemitra
is
Mitraa(mudra,surata-sex) varuNa(nripa-king,nakra-nose,
karna-ear,karma-action).Netra(bhadra-eye,king) and its
puta/vartman(vaara,viira) shows viira bhadra/Vartamaana
mahaa viira -a term of office used by the Jains.PaNa is
svar(Sun)- Na(nayana) and dvaar(vartman-door).

maatra-a low Brahmin,dharma .


Ya-walk ,prosper ,succeed;chariot,barley: :,light,vagina
cf.aya(going,number four,good fortune: :)
Ra-fire,gold,love,amorous play,splendour;
possess,impart,bestow
2=tra

kara(v)/sara(go) is sa- 1+ra

3,maa-tra is measure-three.Rava(dva-

two,paNa,vara) is kara(v)/ra-va-2=
great) .Sara as go is nava-paNa

vri(cover)/

pra(vara-

-9.

La-Indra,cutting

Va- you,either or not,like,strong; indeed, weaving, arrow, water,


dwelling, air,tiger

,wind,reverence,cloth

dwelling(cf.beth-B,Paada-foot-four)
auspiciousness,weaver,blow
Ba-aNa is va-ara
Sha-

, ,

, arm, conciliation,
,

and pa-tra.Pa-Na is pa+pa.

man,wise,learned,teacher,loss,happiness,heaven,

Sa-1(first note);bestowing;procuring,similar,equal(sama),wind,bird ,snake


,fence ,
, road
,
knowledge,meditation,he,she cf.eka-one;aja-ram,king;ace .
Latin- as(sa) -a unit,one,whole,unity
Greek-eis-one
PIE sem-one,as one
Su-well,good,quickly,easily,right cf.su-bhasivasrii
Bhuja (fish) is subha(bha-light,pa-water,vaauspiciousness,tiger,hand,Varuna)
Suu-bringing forth cf.bhuu-happen( cf.suu-bringing forth;kalight,head,water)

Ha-killing,abandoning,destroying;verily;
sky,knowledge,blood,war,water,moon,cipher,
horripilation,auspiciousness,Vishnu,weapon
agna-fire,sun cf aga-sun,serpent,tree,hill,7cf.eka-one,nagasun,tree,naaga-snake,kanaa-girl,aksha-eye,uksha-bull
Aksha-die,pivot,axle,eye,net,snake,five,karsha cf.ukshabull;bhadra-circle,bull;kaksha-balance cf.

Anka,ankas-digit, mark, spot,stroke, ornament, speck,


hook,number,bend of arm,curve above hip,cipher,1,9
cf.sankha sa-anka(number),naga(sun),nakha(claw).
Strokes denote ornament,number 1&9,cowrie.
KaNa-drop,kala-count,kara-hand
Anga-limb cf. agna-fire,

Aga-mountain,tree,snake,sun,water- jar
cup.

cf.paNa-sun,paana-

Agna-fire,king,eka-1,naga-sun,tree,hill,snake,asva-bull
cf.anga-limbAjagoat,king,Indra Ra-is aja(aga-raaja-naaga-sun-king) .
Ra is, paNa(rava-sun,sound), sa(serpent,god,bird) .Raaja
naaga is viira(cf .vaara of tiger)

bhadra(king,bull,Pharaoh,sarpa-serpent).
cobra is the sun -god king.

King

Aja(king,usha-dawn)-avasa(king,sun)asva(archer,bull,elephant,ass,pasu-animal,vasu-ray,gold)Vasa(a king) -vac(paNa-word.Word is god.Svar-sound,sun is


god.Asva-avasa- tapasa- sun,sabda-sound is sapta-seven7.Sapta-asva is sabda-vac).Ass(aja-king) is
raasa(raaja)bha.Raasa is naada(sound),naasa(nose)
.
Ass(paNa-sound,hara-ass,kara-hand,tax;khara-ass,) money is
nose money.
mesha(vishu/vishuvatequalsamapaNaVishnu)

m290a

karsha(garja-panca-sinha-tiger-viira-suura-

sun-paNa) kharjura(silver,Date palm)/kala/paNa/vana(palm


tree cf.the paNa/vaNa-sound of Palm and Fig leaves -marmaramurmur indicate rava/paNa/maa-go
khara/hara/hari/nakra/bhadraasana (the
aja/ayas/ass/aasana/anus has
naaga/go/maa as
legs,making it bhadraasana, bhadraaajna/yajna/yaacana/vacana; gotama/ghoshaNa;gardabha
garja-tiger + bha-pasu,go;garta-paking);aja(ayascopper,gold;dasra-ass,rajata-kharjura-silver),paNa(gosound,word)
jankha(karsha-Lat.crus,sankha-cowrie,Tanka-4
Maashas), dhara(uuru,jangha,sakthi,sahasraka)/va
.Tankaka(stamped bar) of silver is indicated.Khara(dasra)-

suura(svar)kharjura- rajatam hiraNyam- is vedic silver.For the


Romans the ayas/ass was copper.
All animals being mriga/pasu are nakra/rukma/paNa(sound
makers)/vasu(gold)/hariNa(deer,gold).The roaring(maa)
animals(paNa) make a maapana(measure),maa(weight)paNa(Karsha) also.Dasra(ass-ayas) is rajata(silver) and daatra
,

(gift,axe).Axe(money) is Tanka/SaaNa.Hence it can

indicate Tanka

like the Sinha/Tanka with a wide mouth.In

fact
khara/hara indicate the wide mouth of
sinha/khara/nakra.
Aasana(seat)/aajna(order) is aja(ram)-naada(sound)naaza(nose).Maa(roar,measure)-aaza(seat) is maasha(weight)
or mesha(aja-ram,ass,naaga-elephant,ram) medha(makha-magha-adhvara-sacrifce)-mukha(face,copper).
Aasana is asva(bull,elephant,ass;pada-word,vac-speech).
Viira (suura-tiger,sun,bhaara-weight,bar) bhadra(paada-caraNa-leg;king,gold,metal,stone,tanka-weight
of four maasha)asva(aasana-ass-ayas Lat. aes-as)paNa(palm)-kara(hand,tax)-hara(ass Lat.aes-as)arka(sun,copper)-argha(price)-arha(worth,cost,Indra,worship)
This is the same Viirabhadra(metal bar,coin)/bhadra mukha
shown as tiger- bull below

Tiger(garja/sinha) + bull(bhadra-metal paada-bhaaraweightdeva-godraaja-kingcaraNa-legnetra-king


cf. bhadra paada/parda paada)-asva(ass,naaga-loha-the
sound of metal is sound of ass cf.Roman As-one pound of
coppercobranaaga-serpentgaana-songpaNamoney,soundrava-sound,sunarka-sun,coppertaamracopper )-paNa-money,sun.Mukha

is paNa(copper,money).

PaNapa+pa conjoined pa-circle,rectangle


-

paNa/phaNa/naaga-loha-metal.

Karsha (tiger) pra(leg)-maa(ass-pasu-go)-na(palm;pramaanameasure,scale,authority,standard,capital etc.cf.

).

Sinha is panca(5).Jangha is panca(5).Palm is panca(5).


Paada+ass is similar to patra(leaf) on unicorns ansa(shoulder)
indicating panca.
Panca-vasna(Durga)/Vishnu(paNa)/vacana(wordpaNa)/sandha(agreement)/paNasa(article for
trade)/vaNija(trader)/vanita(desired)/savana(sacrifice)

sinha(panca/sangha/sabha)-vasna(panca)-palm(panca)=five
karsha
Sinhanaada(a name) sankha paNa/dharaNa.
Dhara-mass of gold cf.dhata-tulaa-scales. Mal.tuta-thigh
Karsha(tiger) paNa(leg+ass)-panca(palm).
Ass money of the Vedasasva(go) paNabhadra(king)
vaaca(word) go-paNacopper(cuprum).
Aura(aurum-gold)viira(vara)bhadra(gold)!
Hence tail of bull and tail of goat as bhadra(go) paNa.
Amza - bulls hump,shoulder cf.aasana -seat ,ass;asma-stone
amza patra of the unicorn is asma petra,ansa bhadra also.
Ap-water cf-pa,va;air,work
Abda-year,cloud
Aya-four,revenue,income,die,profit,good fortune cf. Tankaleg,four
Ayas-metal,iron,gold,copper,bronze. cf.ayaas-fire,sayabed,hand,snake.cf.aes signatum- signed(shine cf.paNa)
bronze.
Arka-praise(paNa),one who praises
number (anka-naka-gaNa),sun

, copper(paNa),
,hymn,penis

fire,song,food, 12
(paNa-fist has 12 phalanges forming the
saya-snake,hand;mushti-matsa-12.The 12 signs are the 12
phalanges.Arka is kaasi.Kaasi isthe sun-paNa and the fistpaNa and raasi-sign of the zodiac. cf.kara-hand,tax ,

,hara-

fire,ass,Siva;argha-paNa-price;arc(to shine,to
praise);ardha(half); arha(worth in money,fit,having merit).
Arka-sunjina-sunjana-peoplejala-waterjaalanetpaNa-sun,sound,price,trade,bet)rava-sound,sunsaraarrow,water,5sira-headzira-nerve,networksamaequalsana-gainMal.sala-sum.
Argha-price,value
Avaza-king,sun cf.asva usha-dawn,apas-palm,abda-year
Asma-stone cf.masa-mass,maasha-weight ,mesha-ram,smamukha

Ashta-eight cf.hasta-hand,asta- sta-set,end,house,mushti-fist.


The fist has four fingers and 12 phalanges.The giving fist
exhibits four phalanges and the receiving fist eight phalanges.
The counting fist(with index pointed) has eleven(ekaadasa)
phalanges.Rudra is putra(son) being a division born from the
whole.

bhadra-pater,Finger

Ashtaapada-gold cf.

putra-son-sun-phalange

naaga/svar/nabha/paNa

ashtamika-sukti-weight of four tolas

Asana-food,eating cf.aazana-seat,asma-stone,sma-face
Azana-throwing,blood cf.aazana-seat
Asva-bull,sound,7 .Sapta(7) asva is sabda(sound) asva(vacword) and sabda avasa(sun,king) which is garja/maa/paNa-

roar.Sa(god)-va(bull,bha-sun) is Siva(Bhadra-Rudra-Viira
bhadra-bull

).

Aana-nose,face mouth

cf.p-aana(cup),

p-aaNa(hand,palm),bh-aama(sun),
b-aaNa(arrow),Naa/maa(go-cow)naa-sa(nose).
Pava(vaaha-bull,hand)bha(sun,star).
Aanana-mouth,door,face,living
smasaana.Aanana is
anna(the sun)/paNa/mannava(king)/manana(thought,homagepaNa-praise-price).An old coin of this name simply shows
this.Mukha is paNa(sun,money .Sumerian paNa = face.)
aapaNa-market,commerce,trade cf.paNa-trade,vipaNa-selling
aaya-:

revenue,income,die,gainya(barley).

aasa-food,wish,region cf.aja,iisa-lord,sa-god .Food is


god.Eating food is eating god/king.Bhadra-bull being king it
was slain and eaten as the body of the king ( the year.vrishabull,varsha-year,bhadra-bull,kaaLa-bull,kala-time,year).
aaza-seat,posteriors,bow ,
mouth,face
sta-asta-ashtaeight ,astivaara-base,foundation.Netra(king,money,naatraSiva,maatra-maapana-measure is m-aasha) is drishtieye.Drishti is srishti-creation. cf.sa(snake) or aja(ass) .Gartathrone is garddabha-ass.The mouth of the animals like tiger or
croc indicate aaza of paNa(sound).
Aazapaada(foot),paasa(rope),vaaca(speech)
iisa-lord,king cf.sa-god,snake;srii-fire;raaja-king.

Touching the feet is praising/worshipping the godking

Bhaara is maaDa or meTa.Deha is sena(saaNa).Hence saaNa


meTa is bhadrapaada..

Maa(go)-aaza(seat) is mesha(aja,ass)
aazana-mouth,jaws,seat,dwelling
aazanda-seat,chair

cf.aasansa-greeting.

aasansa-hope,wish
vaasanta black gram(cf.maasha),Indian cuckoo
,
camel.Spring is bha(sun,va/pa-king)-aasanda(seat).Hence it is
paNa(the sun).
uksha-large,sprinkle;ox or bull ,
cf. aksha-axle ;uktaword,speech ;u-gaja(elephant.Conjoined elephant and bull is
bhadraasva or viira bhadra);vaksha(chest),kaksha(armpit)
ukha-vessel,boiler cf.mukha-mouth,face;sukha-happiness
kakshacabin,room,armpit,wall,border,buffalo,grass,equality,balance
kanaka-gold cf.ka(head)-naga(svar-sun) ,hemagold,gagana(nabha-sky)-svar(sky,sun)-svarNa(gold)
kanaa-cummin seed ,minute particle,girl,maid cf.maid with
bhaara-weight of cumin seeds cf.kanaka-kanaa-bhadra(gold).

kaparda- cowry cf.ka-bhadra/vrisha(go)

cf.maa,go

ka(head)-pard(panther/tiger) is sinha/sankha(cowrie Tiger


cowrie).Kaparda is varataka-cowry.

.Tiger

cowry

kara-hand,paw,tax,levy,maker,causer,number two ,trunk of


elephant,claws of a crab(graaha-vaama-bhaama-paaNa-paNa
)cf.hara-ass,arka-sun
karapaNaphaNarava(sound,sun)sa(sarpa)ca(cakra/
aksha)panca(phana-sa/ca).Hence
karsha/cakra/panca/savana
arka(sun,copper)kara(hand)
makara-graaha- mihira(sun))

gara(swallowing,nakra-

.Hence
ca/na gira(go-speech,hill)
hara(ass,fire)
gara cakra(wheel)/sakra(Indra)/sukra(silver,venus)/sankara/
sa-gara/saagara(sea)/ /sahara(sun) .
ghar/kara +

ca/sa

cakra/karsha/harsha/paNa(cf.Mal.cakram-fanam)
viira bhadra/rava/nava(nine= 5+4)/mana

ca-kra /

: : raaja/paada(4,bhaara-weight)/asvaraa-sam/naaasa(maasha-weight/medha-sacrifice/naatha-lord)iisalordvaaca(speech,pada-word;paada-foot,four cf.bhadra
paada-bhadra deva/rava)ya(yava,lakshmi)

maapana(scale,measure)/bhadraasva(gold,emperor)
maapaNa/maa-nava

maa(great)paNa(praise,sound)maanava(man)maana(mana)va(like,pa-herdsman)
Kamsa-cup,bracket,dish,goblet,metal vessel,a
measure,metal,brass(60%copper,40%zinc),bellmetal(85%copper,15%tin)
karaja-Indian beech tree,finger,finger nail
cf.karsha(paNa),harsha-erection,joy
karNa-ear ,diameter(kara-na/cacakra,nri-ka) ,hypotenuse ,
diagonal cf.karaNa-deed,nakra-nose,door,croc,nagaracity,naaga-snake,king,harina-deer,gold
.Two karnas make a mukha

karsha ploughing,boat,weight of gold,copper,silver cf.karaja(of


sinha ),Gunja-Ratti,garja-roar,raksha-protection,harsha-

horripilation,cakra-wheel,gras
hair,gaja-elephantcash

, crus

,kesa-

karshakaaca(
balance,string of scales of
balance)kaas(shine)kaasi(the sun-paNa,fist-paNa,clan of
king Bharata cf.ka-aasakings seat,face;kha-aasasuns
seat,the sky )kesa(hair)gaja-elephant

Kaasi-the fist,the sun and kaaca balance can be seen in

etc.Kaasinaatha(naatha/pa/pati-lord of Kaasi) is
Divodaasa(dvaadasa-12.The raasi-signs of Kaasi-sunpaNa are 12.The raasi/raaji/gaNa-phalange of kaasi-fist paNa
are also 12.Kaasi is raasi(zodiacal sign).
kala-palm tree,time,count,sound,bear,carry cf.kara-hand,gaNagroup,count;hara-ass cf.

kaNa-cry,grain,drop cf.paNa-naga-sun,tree,hill(mole to hill)


Bindu drapsa-is panda(mass) or panta(jewels).
kavaca-shell,shield,kettle drum,covering,charm,amulet
cf.vaacaka-word,raksha(protection) .Words were used as
amulets especially with rakta(copper,gunja,blood).
Kasa-whip cf .vaara-tail Mal.caatta vaar ;gaja-elephant.
Man with whip is viira bhadra(cowherd,mahout).
Kaasara-buffalo cf.kesara-gold,filament.karsha-weight,gaatrabody.
Gaatra

is kaasara and kesara.

Kuupa-well cf.gopa,bhuupa-king,bhoga-snake,food
Kesa-hair,tail,mane cf.harsha,garja,gaja,ka(head)-sa/iisa(god)
Kesava kesa(temple,hair,gaja-elephant)-pa(bhadra-lord,bull
cf.hero with six buns or locks of hair)Vishnu kaasinaatha
bull-elephant(unicorn)Divodaasa/Bharata(bhadra-svar-sunpaNa).

Kraya-purchase
,buying and selling cf.
three,sraya-refuge;ka(water)raya(wealth);arka(sun),argha(price)
Kesara- gold,tail of animal

traya

,hair,mane,filament of flower

cf.vaara/baala/ kesara of kaasara-karsha paNa


gaatra-body

,garja-elephant.The tail is gold and weight.

Gaja-elephant,a measure,measure of length,8; garja(roar)


maa(roar,measure)gogarja(elephant)aksha(wheel)
kaksha (buffalo) kasa-whip,bar;kuja-Mars cf.Rudra-Bhadra
-Mitra-Putra-Buddha(Gautamago-sun,king,bull;janabirth,dama-tamingbull/king tamingking of kings). The Viira
bhadra/Rudra/Bharata/vrisha/Peter/pater may have reached
Rome through the Mitannis and the Persians. The Roman Mitra
symbols of spade, sistrum, lightning bolt, sword, crescent
moon, star, sickle, torch, crown, whip, patera, rod, Phrygian
cap, sickle etc.can be traced to the symbols found in the IVC .

Wikipedia.Mithras and the Bull:


This fresco from the mithraeum at Marino, Italy (third century)
shows the tauroctony and the celestial lining of Mithras' cape.
srii(sun,fire)ravi(sun)rati(sex)viira(hero)rudra(siva)
mudra(seal,dance,sex)mitra(friend,sun,bond)bhadra

(bull,king,elephant,girl,gold,Siva,Durga,head,cipher,auspicious)

Harappa.com .
Gotama- bhadraasana- viirabhadra karsha paNa
Gotama is a vedic sage or priestly tribe like the Gautama (godama) Buddha(Rudra-Mitra-putra).
Viira bhadraja(bull,ca/sa-circle,snake)-ghana(slayer,nakhaclaw)sinhasankha/gunja(both are
circle within circle as
Naava(praise,boat

paaNa(hand)

paNa.PaNa is naava.

)paana(pot-boat)

vaara(tail)

baaNa(arrow)

bhaara

(weight) ,
panana(sale-the seller praises and prices the
product which the buyer agrees to.) cf.panca(five)vanita(desired),vanija(trader),paNasa-article for trade,savanasacrifice.
Viira(king,tail,cover) bhadra(king,bull,cipher) king of kings
samraaja raaja tama go(king,bull,word,earth,sky)tama(greatest;sama,dama-taming) go(king,word) tama (
)AUM

Note the deity in tama(sitting on toe ) patra(leaf formed by the


jangha-thighs-patra-bhadra paada-seat on bhadra-bullking)/Gotama posture.Mitra netrakingIndraMihiravrishavarshakaala+sarpa kaala
cakra-wheel of time.Sarpa/vrisha is sa-god,ravasunsrava(ear),sarva(all)
.Sarva(all)
bhadra(auspicious,king) indicates the sun gods supremacy.
Mitrakanna or Mehregan was celebrated on Mitra day of
Mitra month, and the Tiri (cf.srii-sun,king) festival (Tiragan) was
celebrated on Tiri day.A similar form is Mahishaasuramardini or
bhadra kaali/heli.Mahisha is Mahesa(Siva,great lord;nagaiisasun god),manusha(man), mahima(greatness),
nahusha(serpent cf.St.George and the Dragon etc).
Mehrdad - Given by Mehr/Mitra-the sun of justice is a male
name.

Mahira(sun) da(give, dos-hand)paNa


mudra Mal.mutala(makara)motira(signet ring)karsha
paNamaa/go paNamaana(measure).
Mudra motira cf.raaja mudra royal signet or seal , mudrasignet ring,sinha(leo)signet
Maahumgunja(hum)sankha
makara
,
mihira(sun)
mudra(aksha,akshara,ring)

paNa(sound,word)
maana(measure).

maa/

maapana/

Maa-garamaanava cakra(wheel)

SaKra(Indra)rakta(red)raksha(kavaca-amulet)
rukma(gold cf.mohur)go(eye)-bera(vaara-cover)goputa(eye-lid,seal)go(sky)-pura(tower)kubera-copper.It is
the nava(rava-paNa-arka) nidhi of Kubera.
Makaranakranaaga(snake,nagara)hariNa(gold)uragaugraarka(sun)
Nayana+makara na- ma
paNa(praise,property,bet,stake,price,sun,house,sound,weight).
Bhadra naaga gotamago-dama(crush,crushing the fish is
pressing the hand or hand grasp or closing the
eyenimishanamaspaNa closing the eyes in
praising,removing cappals before entering temples and holy
places etc. ).PaNa/namas is bending the head and binding the
raised the hands over it or holding the ears with crossed
hands and bowing the head(sa-ashta-anga;sasti-praise) as in
,

.Sira is bhadra/sarpa/srava.

Netra nayana(cakshu,akshaeye,king,sacrifice)mudramitra

, ,

Mitra-mi(mu-bind)-tra(sara-srii-word,fire,man)-kara(hand)
,

mitra/bhadra/patra/netra/Indra/maatra/maasha

Varuna(nripa)-Mitra(mudra) Mitraavarunanripa
mudrabhadra naaga(bull/male elephantunicorn)kanaka(gold-king of naaga/loha/bhadra-metals)

viira bhadra king of kings


samraaja(emperor)gotamaghoshaNa(kings proclamations
accompanied by drums,trumpets,bugles
etc.)kuujana(cooing)garjana(maaroar)paNa(praise,price,sound)vaNa(sound)vana

(tree,leaf)

as

srava(ear,salabha-butterfly)- patra-wing-king
naaga

-karna-

-sarpa

-cakshu(eye) srotra(ear)
varuna(va

-mitraa

)netra karNatwo fish on gates indicates

shaking hands-mitra-welcoming-namas-namaskaarapaNatwo pa-two circle/two leaf/two fish(sasti-praise-paNa).

garja-roar,elephant cf.maa,go
gaNa-foot(four),group cf: : cf.kaNa(drop),naga(sun),jana(birth),
jina(sun),sina(grain)
gaNita-maths
gaNana-counting,calculation cf. janana-birth,snaanabathing,naaga-elephant,snake,tree

gopa-king,cowherd,Krishna cf.bhuupa-king,kuupa-well
jana-person,people jani-birth nisa-night cf.sin sila-rock,jina-sunthe sun god is the remover of sins(nisa).

graaha-handle

janana-birth cf.gaNana-count,sensus.cf. The book of


numbers,the census at the birth of Christ etc.
garta-throne,grave,cave,hole,hollow of the loins cf. garja(sinhalions attached to loins-jaghana indicate garta-throne),karsha

garta(garddabha-ass) is aasana(seat,anus).

Bhadra(king,water) kanaa(girl,kaNa-drop)bhadra naaga


/unicorn/

/water drop weight for pound/count for time

bhadra-red,naaga-blackgunjamaa(hum)
gunja-Rosary Pea(Abrus precatorius),drum(

cf.bhaara )

cf.kamsa
,sinha
,sankha
,panca-five
kamsasinha-gunja-panca- bhaara-viira-suura-svar(sun,sound).
jaghana-hip,buttock,vagina
cf.sanga(coitus),sankha(cowry),sinha(tiger) ;ja(bull)ghana(slayer).Loins is lion.Sinha is linga(phallus).Sinha
in jaghana is linga in jaghana.

jangha-crus,thigh,shank,tanka(weight of four maasha) cf. ,


,

sankha,sinha,gunja

cakra-wheel,potters wheel,province,authority
raaja cakradharma cakrasrii cakra
cf. karsha,garta-throne,garja-roar

ca/sa-kara/vaara/bhaara.

tama-point of the foot ,superlative,best,most wanted cf.samaequal;dama-sama-taming


tarpaNa(tara-star,sara-arrow+vana-tree)-food cf.
sar-paNa,sarpa-na,tara(dara-cowrie,rada-teeth)-vana,
saravana(reed),sravaNa(ear),dravina(money,gold)
tul-equal,measure,weigh;sol-sun,suul-spear(spearing the
bull,weighing with stone),suura-lion(lion +bull fightweight of
stone)
tulaa scale,balance ,beam in roof,lamp wick cf.

maa(go)

Tola-weight of 11.67 gms,taula-balance,saura-sun,tiger ;kolaweight of 1-Tola,picu-karsha or weight of two tola;ashtamikaSukti-weight of four Tolas
(cf sa/sugati/gaja).Svaagata(welcome,dva+dva-gaja/aksha-two eyes) is
.
paNa(praise)
PaNa(praise)naava(boat,crow,praise)naaga(elephant,
arrow, snake,tree cf-tree paNa darpaNa-eye
,

)-draviNa(

money-druma-tree,sravaNa-ear;hence

paNa)
svar(sun,sky,sound,gold)nabha(sky)
paNa-mushti(fist, handful; sushti ,ekaanjali,kaasi,pRsrita,
mushtibandha, mushtika,samnakha).
Tri-three,sira-head,dara-cowriedri-sara-arrow,srii-fire,sun
cf.bindi marknaamasrii(dri).Three gods in one god is srii
god.
daksha-diligent,king cf.laksha-mark,raksha-protection,saktastrong
dasa-ten cf raaja-king,desa-region.Dasa raaja,ten
commandments etc.indicate raaja by dasa.
dvaadasa-twelve,cf.king Divodaasa.
deva-deity,cf. rava-sound,the sun,ravi-devi(goddess).
dri-split,tri-three,sri-sun,fire
dara-cowrie cf.

rada-teeth

,sara-arrow,head

Bhadra (bull,girl,elephant,hill) is bha(sun,shine)dara(cowriego-rayasuuryasunpaNa)


dhara-bearing,possessing;mountain,sword , cf.sira-head,saraarrow,tra-three,dara-cowrie,ratha-carriage

dhata-balance

,scale cf.dhara Mal.tuta-thighs

na no(maa) ,bond,fight,gem,pearl cf.mi,mu,maa-bind


netra(eye,king)-maatra(measure)-mudra(seal)

nakra-crocodile,nose cf.arka-sun,makara-croc,mahirasun,mudra-signet,nagara-city,naga-ra(sun), hariNa(gold),


karNa(ear)
na-kara(hand),na-gara(swallowing), hariNa(gold),
karaNa(deed),karna(ear),karma(action cf.the tenth house of
karma is makara.)
naga-mountain,tree,sun,7 cf.aga-sun,gana-group
naaga-snake,cobra,lead,elephant,arrow,tin,naaka-sky cf.lohametal
nahusha-kinsman,snake,copper
nayana-eye,na(gem)-yama(two)

nii-to lead, naaNya(money), naanaka(coin), mana(money),


maana(measure).
naaNaka- coin,cash,bar money(viira bhadra =

).Water

Netra(eye) is
bull/buffaloe is the eye ball or water drop .
maatra(measure)maa(measure)-tra(sara-water,dara-cowrie).
naaNya-coin,money cf.manya-nape of the neck .Bar marks on
the neck indicate naaNya.
Nama-praise,pasture ground
,cf paNapraise,money,mana-thought,maN-sound;maNa-measure of
grain
Nava-new,nine,crow,praise cf.nabha-sky,vana,paNa
Nabha- sky , naaga-sky,snake;svar-sky,sun;phaNasnake;vana-water,tree
Naa nara-man cf.maa-roar,measure

naama-name,gift,pray ;maana-measure,nama(pasture
ground,praise)-paNa(money)
naara-man,calf,water cf.niira-water,vaara-water,tail.
naaraayaNa-vishnu,naara-yama

niira-water cf.miina-fish,maana-measure
Nri-king,man cf.srii-raaja-king,sun
Nripa-king,kind of measure
nripasriiiisaraajaraajaaga(sun,snake,hill)sa
(god,bird,snake,fence,king)parNa(wing,king has wings)

maanava(man) maa(great,measure)-nava(ninegoarrow,nine,cow,king)/paNa(money,praise)/vana(leaf)
maapaNa(scale) maana(miina
-

)-va(hand,bull)

Naasa-ruin,loss
Naaza-snout,nose cf.the unicorns horn
cf.naaza(nose)maasa(moon,month)maasha(weight)
mesha(ram)medha(sacrifice).
Nishkraya=wages,compensation.NishkrayaNa(redemption).
RiNapatra-nishkrayaNa=redemption of bonds or debentures.

Netra-eye,sacrifice,leader,veil

cf.net,cord for churning stick

,river,root of tree

, pipe tube

,2,cloth
,

,beard

cf.Indra,Mitra,mudra-seal, maatra-measure

Pada-step,foot,word,portion,square root,abode,vestige,token,a
measure of length,quarter,wheel cf.pada-go(word)rava(sun,sound;vara/pra/vaara) : :pada-asva-vedadeva(deity)-vada(pada-speaker,speaking)-abda(varsha-year).
PaNa-bet,gaming

,weight of a copper coin,

business,price,rent,commodity for sale,house


agreement,sun

, Pine tree(Pinus Deodora/Sakrapaadapa-

cakra is sarpa/phaNa/paNa cf.


snake

, nostrils

house,nava-nine

,wages ,

,vana-tree

, paana-jar

traffic,hand,praise,trade,stake

cf. phaNa-hood of
,

,water,

paaNa-

; baaNa-arrow

etc.

M296a
Sanga/sunga(tree,vata) is sankha.
Tankaanaka(Tanka-naga;naga-tree,elephant,sun,snake,hill) is

Fig tree.Druma is paNa meTa. Maatanga(elephant) is


vataanga(having body of vata).The Ficus tree and the Palm
tree are great paNa(sound,marmara-murmur) makers which
make them symbols of paNa(rava-the
sun,sound,money).Money is tree is shown in several
seals.The Pine by its cakra-sarpa form is paNa itself.Tree being
patraasana(seat of leaves)
is bhadraasana(throne,bulls tail) and its form is that of the
bulls tail.It being vana(tree) is paNa.It being naga(tree) is
naaga(elephant). Vriksha(tree,preksha-branch of a tree,public
exhibition,sight) is vri(srii,tri,dru)-gaja(garja-karsha) denoted by
the unicorn fist (ka-sa;gar-ja;sa-kara,index to count,thumb to
weigh) /svaagata(dva-two,gaja-elephant;paNa-welcome.cf.dviaksha-two fish-two eyes or two hands on gates as a welcome
paNa(two
sign)
paNa(two eyes) paNa(two hands)
eyes) .PaNitri is one who praises or a trader or seller.
Naaga(unicorn-paNa)+naaga(unicorn-paNa)+ naga(Fig treepaNa)tri-paNapaNitritrader,darpaNa-eye,tarpaNafood;dravina(money,wealth,gold);bhadra(vata-asva-gold,ayascopper)+naagabhadra naaga.
Aanamara(aana-elephant,mara-tree)aalamara(Fig-bigtree).Vaara(baaNa,baala-aerial roots) placed below the
elephant(preksha,pas-eye,gaja-aksha-eye) branches of the
bhadra(vata,bataa-elephant) tree make it netra /viira
is
bhadra(king- vata).Maapana(measure,scales)
maa(great)-vana(tree,Ficus-Fig-big).It being paadapa-tree is
Vaasava(paNa/Indra/Vishnu).It being dru(tree) is druu(sriigold).

viira(bhadra-king,patra-writ,Bharata-king of Kaasi.vaara
door-way;bhaara-weight;trivedi-sriivedi-satyaapana-paNa)
bhadra(panca-5,mudra,Mitra,Bharata,metal,stone)
(darasankha) paNa/DharaNa/suulina(Fig tree,Tola maana-weight of
aTola)/darpaNa(eye,paNitri-trader,sravaNa-ear,fifth
month,draviNa-gold),naaga raaja,mahaaratha,paNitra-trader
Tankaka(stamped coin,Tanka-4 maashas,Fig tree
cf.Gadyaanaka)/maatangaari(siva)/Tangaara(soundpaNa)/sankhadhara(Vishnu)/bhadra asva (unicorn,Fig-king)
aanana(face)/ naaga(naga-Fig tree,naaga-elephant

paNa+

cakra/bhadra/paNa/aksha.Cakra paNa is karsha paNa or


maa-paNa=garja-maa-vana-Fig;nishkarshameasuring,taxation,nakshatra-star,kshetra-temple;maharsharishi,sage) .Note the aasana of the bhadra(bull,king,gold)
gaja(karsha-unicorn) on the patraasana-tree(dru-bhadra-vata).
Bhadra naaga(Bharata raaja cf.kaaca-kaasi-gaja.Kaasi king is
Bharata.Kaasi is fist-paNa)

bhadra loha

ka-nagakanaka(Tanka-gold).Tanka naka/phaNa
dharaNa/Tola bhaara- indicate a gold ornament of the weight of
a dharaNa/Tola.
bhadra/patra/paatra/bhaarata/vedi/bhaara/panca/paa/maa
aasana/satamaana/saaNa/paNa/Magadha

(ma

+gadha

PaashaaNa- a weight,spear.Magadha
bhadra/bhaara(king,weight).

Figtree+

Tankaanaka(Fig tree,mulberryTanka-

naka,cf.Gadyaanaka-48 Rattis weight,Tanka is 32 Rattis


weight) .Note the aasana of the bhadra(bull,king,gold)
gaja(karsha-unicorn) on the patraasana-tree(dru-bhadra-vata).
Vana(tree) is paNa.Druu(tree,gold) is drava(fish,dram,usrabull),druvaya(weight). Vriksha is vri(srii,tri,dru)-gaja(garjakarsha) denoted by the unicorn(ka-sa;gar-ja;sa-kara) .

M298
Bhadra(bull)naaga(unicorn)/
bhadraasva/Gotama-king of kings.
Bhadraasana(throne).Bharadvaaja .Kaasinaatha. Bharata .
Divodaasa- dvaadasa-12-Pisces.Raasi-gaja pon-bhadra paNafish is Kaasi pon-paNa) .Karsha(gaja-unicorn) paNa(fish)/viira
bhadra paNa/bhadra-0/10 naaga-8 80
paNa/bhaara/maana/maaDa/Maasha/miina(fish).
Unicorn on bull(bhadra) is same as unicorn on Vata(Fig-big).
Vata is ta(tail) of Va(bull,tiger).

Bhadra naaga is bhadra hema-gold or bhadra naka or phaNaornament.It is

etc.Bhadraanga is the head.

80 Tolas(fish) make a Seer.


Bhadra(king)naaga(gaNana-count,measure)kings
count,measure, weight.
Bhadra(king, gold,bull,Pala,cipher-na)naaga(loha-metal,gajaelephant)nishka/gold Pala.
Bhadra(metal)-naaga(copper) metal copper
Fish(PaNa-bhuj-bhaj-pas-eye,pash-bind,vasdwell,dress,cap;vasu-gold;Picu-2 Tolas;bhasma-holy
ash;vacana-word;vasana-dress,Durga)vaara(water)
bhadra(patra-bird,writ;bhadra-na-cipher,buffalo,fish)viira(pa)
bhadra(na)paNa.Mushti-fistpaNamatsa(dasma10,lord)masta(measured,head)ka(head,water)
Fishka+naaga(na) bull(ka/ga)ka(king)-naaga(lohametal)svarNa(gold)/panca(five) .
Fish(bhaara/maaDa) +viirabhadra(barley,gold phaNa) indicate
weight of gold ornament in Palas(bulls cf.Balabhadra-pala
bhadra) or grains.Naaga(8)-bhadra(pala,10) is 80 Maashas=5
Karshas.

M300
This shows Nishka/Karsha- formation with bull
and elephant(unicorn) .Bhadra naaga is kanaka(gold)/metal
paNa.

na,bha

sra/dara a

sva/sma

Pala/paNa/Karsha/8
naaga/gaNda/mukha(face,copper,kaaca- string of the scales of
a balace-tulaa,scale being salka of fish-kalasa- , kaaca-kaking,aasa-seat,face;kesa-hair,gaja-elephant.kaasa-kamsacashaka-chalice.Kaasa-kaasi-the sun,the fist,Bharata.It is paNa
of Bharata.Kabala-morsel,kapola-kaashelephants cheeks)

bhadraasva(Nishka)/bhadrapada(unicornauspicious word,king of kings) paNa(sun,money,bond)


mukha(face,copper,yava,bhaara-weight).Ashtanaaga is eight
snakes/elephants or ishta(desired)phaNa(ornament)
bhadra(bull)

naaga(elephant cf. gotama)bhadraasana(throne)bhadraasva(king of


kings,go-tama)

sa(sarpa,phaNa,naaga,go)

naaga(sneha-mitra/sankha/kanaka,tama)
naagakanaka-gold.Mahaa deva,
mahaaraaja,samraaja,mahaaviira,viira bhadra,viira
suura/viira raaja/king of kings,viira naaga/naaga raaja/king
of metals etc.The raised vaara(tail) indicate the
harsha(elation-karsha/mada-joy/tama-best) of the garjapasu(animal-go,pas,vasu,maa).Mada is maaDa(bhaaraweight) indicated by baala(tail,bhaara) .Baala (tail) of
bhadra(bull) is Balabhadra or Pala bhadra(king,stone).
Bhadra(bull,cipher) naaga(asva-gaja-8) unicorn(80)
kanaka,mahaa viira/viira raaja,Viira Sena,viira
sinha,purush vyaaghra etc.
Asva(cf.alef;aja-king,va-bullking of bullsviira bhadra
prabhaata-rising sun.He is aja-usha-dawn.He replaces the
head of Daksha-the year with that of aja-the head of the day )

avasa(the sun,king) abda(year) pada(word,foot)


vac(speech)
The
elephant(naaga) + bhadra
bhadra naaga
viira bhadra (king of kings or king of metals) gold
vaara(bar,bhaara-weight cf.suvarNa/Tola/Nishka).

M502a
Sma-sayana(smasaana) paNa(bali-palli-lizard)
kharjura(silver)/camara(tail).
KhaNda baala/ khaNda paada is gaNda bhaara .One leg is cut
off to make gaNda/khaNda/gandha(piece) and the khanda
paada is shown as the khaNda vaara/baala at the end.
The four units make an animal by itself with the tail at one end
and the mukha at the other end.This animal is a musali
(nakra,pallii, malla) from
croc)

(cf

Nakra/makara is a fish
Jhasha

is fish

ma

sa
)

shaped kundala

la(Mal.mutalafist,barley.
for karNa(ear).

MasasaaNapaNacamara(carma,taamra,caramadeath) or veNcaamara(fan of the white tail of chawrie-royal


insignia).
mukha(copper,paNa) ,sma,naaga,mesha,maasha
naaga(aabharaNa,haara,phaNa,uraga,sarpa,king,lohametal),talpa(bed),sayana(bed,syena-Garuda).Nakra

is

grahaNa(hand),haraNa(hand) and hariNa(gold). PaNa(copper)

is

mukha and phaNa(arka/naaga/rakta/loha).

Taamra paNa is copper Karsha paNa.


Naagasayana is Vishnu(paNa).Garuda/Daaruka is his vehicle.
spasa(gladiator , fighter,hero,sapta-7),
bhadra(metal,king,bull, panca-five,pash),
luuna/loma/vaara(tail;viira-hero;bhaara-weight)/loha(metal,like
the tail of the camara,tail of pallii,tail of frog etc. its tail is always
cut to make pieces or coins).Sarpa(naaga-snake)
mukha/phaNiimukha is the elephant/unicorn/ spade/barleycorn.
Naaga(copper,loha-metal) is paNa(mukha).It shows the unicorn
face of the great fighter king.
Viira spasa is viira raaja.PhaNa is paNa.Mukha is copper.

Gajamukha is Ganesa/Nagesa/Agnesa(sun god,Agni-fire)


indicating copper KarshapaNa.
Naagamukha/Gajamukha
is suurpaNakha
,
.
Raavana(rava-nalaavaNaruupa-ya) her brother is
maapana/raa-paNa.Raama chopped the nose(naasa-maashamasa-mass,reduced the number of maashas) of
suurpanakha(bhadra naaga,suvaNa,SauvarNika-gold,gold
Karsha,gold ornament) and chopped the heads of RaavaNa
(dasa mukha-bahumukha-satamukha-Satamana) and liberated
Siita(teja-shine).By chipping the sides and polishing shine is
liberated.Shine/paNa is the wife/property of the king like the
sun and the sunshine.
Raa(maa) being hiraNya and phaNa being aksha Raavana is
Hiranyaaksha also.

M489a
Pasu(go,maa,vasu,pas,pash,sephagold,bond) shows paNa/Bhadraasana Karsha paNa .
Samaja(assembly of animals) is samata/matsa/maaDa.Mrig is
to beg.Mriga(pasu) is rukma(vasu-gold).

m478a
PaNa(vana-nava-go-cowdruvaya)MeTa Nava maasha/saaNa kharjura(silver)
bheri/bhaari/vedi/bar/ruupya.
Nava(9) is na

+va

.Note na in

(mana,maana,naama),

(sana,sina,jina,dina),
muNta(shoulder),muNda(head,forehead,skull),maNdala(ornam

ent,frog,maNdali-snake,region,circumference),maala(haaragarland,hari-snake is haara of Hara-Siva Harihara) etc.


Va(tiger) is sinha.Sinha is panca (five) and panca mukha.
Panca mukha is sinha
, sankha

,khara(ass)

,nakra(croc)

etc.

nishkuta=hollow of a tree,a door,kala,female apartment


nishthan-roar,thunder,sound(paNa).
nishTana,nishTanaka-roar,thunder(paNa).Maapana(measure)
is maa(great)-paNa(sound)/vana(tree cf.druvaya).
MaapanaNishtana!maa(roar)nishTanagarja
Karshabheribhaari(Tola)
nishtapa=melted,molten thoroughly as gold.
Krisaana is gold.

Bhaara/Vana(tree)

is paNa(phaNa-

sepa-penis,sephacopper,money,trade,stake , ,
penis,Sesha-Thousand hooded snake bed of Vishnu.Teja-light
is naaga/kiraNa.Sarpa-snake is talpa-bed. Sesha naaga-the
serpent Sesha is desa naaga-king of the place,Dasa raaja-ten
Sesha
naaga is praise to the king or
kings. PaNa
money of the king or money bearing the hood of

Sesha naaga-the head of the king .Druma is mudra-signet and


taamra(copper).

Worshipper is arka(copper,argha-

price,arha-worth in money,maaDa-weight).
catura(4)
turiiya(4) is suurya(paNa,copper).Kabandha is the
barrel(cf.barrel drum or barrel organ indicating paNasound)/cask/bushel(cf.the measure of 8 gallons) shown.Drum is
druma(tree) and taamra(copper).This is a seal of copper
mudras.Sapta mudra is sabda mudra or tamra sabda or
dharma cakra or paNa(copper).
kabandha-kavandha-headless
body/cask/belly/water.Namaste(paNa) is na(not)
masta(head) as the head is bent in paNa.Kabandhasabhaanda(vessel,treasure,capital,instrument)
vaNtaka(portion,share)
Ka(head-king)-bandha(bond,pledge) is paNa.Kabandha is
vandaka(praiser,worshipper).Kabandhakaparda(cowrie,80 making one paNa)svarNa(gold,karsha,suvarNa).
The indication is paNa(trade,bet)-argha(value,worth)-foursuvarNa-paNa or bushel (of grain)- price- four- copper.
nava(4+5ninepaNago-cow,king,eye;naagasarpa,king,metal).

ka(go)

va/ba(vaaha/baahu)

na(nara)

dha(sreNi cf.naatha-netra-leader-ladder.Sreni was name of


vedic trader groups.) .
svarNa,vasna paNa etc.

may be taken as

The druma-tree matches the drum-barrel.Arka


kara/kala/taala/camara/kharjura(date palm,silver)

matches
.Nava(go)

matches sva(own cf. ),


svam(wealth),tvam(you),nava(go-cow,king).
M478b
Man on tree=PaNa maaDa
mudra(druma;Vana is nava-go-cow).Viira bhadra KarshapaNa
(jar+cap+tiger) . Karsha(tiger,kaasi-sun,fist,Bharata) .
Sinha(tiger) is sanga(tree),sunga(Vata,barley),sankha(cowry)
etc.
Dru(tree) is druu(gold).Druu bhedin(tree pluckers,gold
miners)srii vedi(pledge) Malla(viira-plucking trees
cf.Bhiima plucking tree). Thus this is Malla meTa Karsha
paNasatyaapana(ratification)paNa(agreement)
mitra(friend)mudra(bond)mukha(face,copper)
sakha(friend)

sukha(well being).

M460b
PaNa(vana) maaDa/meTa mudra(druma).
Druvaya(maapanamaa-measure,pana-paana,vana,nava) is
measurement and dravya is wealth or gold.Dru(tree) is Drava
( -fish,dram-60 grains-3 scruples of 20 grains or 1/8 ounce of
480 grains).Patraasana(tree) is bhadraasana(throne).
cf.M-1186 etc.)
Bhadraasana(patraasana,paatraasana
Druma is droNa(measure of 4 Aadhakas) or soma(red
wine).Dru(daaru)- tree is druu-gold.Vana is paNa.Druma-tree is
Mitra-sun and mudra-seal.Mudra is mukha.Mukha(taamara-

copper-druma-vana-paNa) is paNa.Vriksha(tree) is vri(cover)gaja(elephant) and prakaaasa(light).Cakra naga is bhadra


naagabhadra mukha
naaga

.
SravaNa is mukha or sankha. DraviNa-is money.Money is tree.
Maapana(measure,scale
,
,
) is maa(circlespaNa)+vana(tree,naga) pannaga(serpent;paN-praise,nagathe sun)
(maa-nava)sata(100).This shows a measure
of nine or this seal is used in combination with a weight
indicated by another seal. PaNa six(sex-X-bond,ra ,na cf.
is maa(ra cf.raaja,Raama,Shanmukha) and is
sigma/sinha/cihna/mudra/mitra/druma/dharma/maara

(Kaamadeva-Mahaadevamahaa-ravamaa-paNamaavanagarja-go-maa-roar.Kings roar is the svar-shofar-sankhasinha-bugle or drum or mudra-seal that announces his


proclamations;maara-naara-vaara-bhaara-weight).
6maatra,maasha,masa-measure,maasha-bean,maasa-moon,12.
(

-srii-bhadra

circle+

-srii-bhadra

circle

,
-paNa/phaNagopaNamaavananavago(cow,pas-pasu-vasu-subh-bhuj , smasaana-SaaNabhaj-vas -vis cf.
maana-vasna-vacana-Vishnu-nripa-paNa).

http://www.harappa.com/indus2/135.html
This storage jar has perhaps exciting stories to tell.
sraaNa(baked,cooked) -

three-3

vaara(time).

Harappa.com. 134. Inscribed rim sherd


Three signs are inscribed on this rim sherd of
the Early Harappan Period (Kot Dijian Phase),
dating to around 2800 BC. Two of the signs

appear to be pictographs for a bow and arrow,


but they probably had some other meaning
that was defined by the diagonal slash at the
end of the sequence of symbols. The bow and
arrow sign is quite common in the later Indus
script (see 135).
The sraaNa (baking)/traaNa(to protect ,being
breakable) is further indicated as

sara

sara na sraaNa/traaNa.
Sara(5)+sara(5)=10+ 1=11
go(bow)+
go(bow)+ sa
kosa(treasure,paatra-jar,kuuja-jar).
Maanava(man

) is maapana(measure),

maapaNa(scales
),maa(measure,roar)nava(new,nine-go-cow) and maana(measure
) -va(king,tiger,paw,bow,go-cow).Hence
tigers and bows are attached to him to show
the Kings measure/weight.
droNa (archer,a vessel,a soma vessel, a measure of 4
Aadhakas),maapana(measure),vipaNa(sale),sena(missile,
dart,body-hence gaaTRA-deha-sena-body is attached to
kara caapa/sara-hand bows/arrows).Camasa is a soma
Camuu is soma jar with two parts.
jar.
Arka(sun,copper) is ardha(half) and kara(hand,kharaass,hara-ass,Siva-ardhanaariisvara).

Saraava-earthenware vessel,a measure of two Prasthas.


Dasa(dos-hand) is ten.Hundred is hand-sarasatamanasata(dos,baahu-bahu-many cf.
paNa(hand).
Kara

(hand) is sara (

etc.)-

arrow,water,5), gara(swallow)

and gira(hill,word)
.PaaNa(palm) is
baaNa(arrow), paNa(sound,word), paana(pot,jar) and
vana(water).Dra(sara,tra-tri)viNa(vana,baaNa,paNa,paaNa) is money. Deha(body) is
sena(archer) , aksha(axle,eye) and gaja(gaatra-garja).
SaravaNa(personal name has sara-paaNa)
bhadra
viira is SaravaNa-king of kings.
Sa+ka+sa=saakha=kaaca(scale)=saakshi(witness=mudra,
mitra)sakti(Bhadra/Durga devi) cakshu(eye)
sakthi(the thigh,
,the female organ,the thigh was the
organ of paNa,a servants hands were to be placed under
the masters thighs to take an oath as sakthi is
cakshu,sukhita-pleased,sa-gatigods way,sugati-good
condition,suukta-praise) sukti(ounce) or Tuta/Pala(2
Ounces-56.68 grams).
Viira bhadra dharmaDhahrma putra(Yudhi-sthira
Yudhishthira-the Paandava king). His guru is DroNa.
This pot belongs to his period ?
ThePuruswere a Rigvedic tribe, located at the banks of
theSarasvati River around 3200 BCE(RV 7.96.2). The
Bharatas were one of their factions.In the Battle of the Ten

Kings(RV 7.18, etc.) several Puru clans fought KingSudasof


the Bharatas, but were defeated.
India's famous nameBharator Bharat-Varsha is named after a
descendant of the Puru dynasty KingBharat.There were two
main Vedic cultures in ancient India. The first was a northern
culture centered on the Sarasvati-Drishadvati river region
dominated by the Purus and the Ikshvakus. The second was a
southern culture along the coast of the Arabian Sea and into
the Vindhya Mountains, dominated by the Turvashas and the
Yadus. Puru clan Kuru clan.
Suurastrong,powerful,hero,warrior,lion,tiger,panther,boar,
dog,cock,white rice etc(all these in the seals stand for suura).
Suura was the father of Vasudeva and the grandfather of
KrishNa.
Suurasena denotes Mathuraa,the kingdom of the Yadus and
its ruler. The body itself is sena(deha-body).Hence it is
Suurasena/Viirasena-krishNa(viira-kri,sena-shna)
krisana(gold,pearl,maa-garjana-sinha-sankha) .The two bows
are the two shining(arrow,arka-sun,kara-ray)
halves of a cowry and the body is the slit(kha).Thus it can
indicate cowrie-three-bhaara(weight). Sara(arrow,sira-head) is
vara(great)/pra(pro).Two heads is two lobes.
War is bar (parva,bhadra,para-graph has a bar with it
indicating war or division) and bhaara(weight).
TraaNa(protect) jaa-gra(alert) indicate (breakable) handle
with care.
Ikshvaaku ikshu(sugar cane), kaasi(the sun),gaja(elephant
cf.the unicorn),ishu(arrow)-baahu(hand)

Suura(viira-hero,the sun,tiger) is the soma juice.It is viira


bhadra. When drunk every one feels like a hero!
Suuri is the extractor or presser of Soma(red wine.Draaksha is
sara-raktared water.)
Soma(soNa-red,blood cf.copper) was made of sugarcane
also.Draaksha(grape;
sara+ sara+
IkshudroNa(archer-viira bhadra-

dehadraaksha)

soma)sroNa(throne)soNa(red,blood,fire)suraa
(water,jar, soma-daughter of VaruNa).
Viira-vaara-bhaara,
, ,
,
bhadra(immersed in water-drunken!).

viira

Suraa(soma)tulaa(scales)suula(spear,arrow)tola
(karsha).
Bhata(soldier) paNa(sound)-rava(sound,bhadra-the sun
with his vaara-ray -arrows)-phat(sound at incantation-paNa)phata(hood,tooth)-pada(word, foot)-bhara(bhri/hri-bear)pala(weight)-bala(strength)-vala(strength)-paNa(price,game)
Sarapa/va(water,v=5,sira-head).Hence
paana(jar
cf.baaNa,bhaama)Dasaraaja(ten kings)Dasaratha.
paana 3
Kudava etc.)
Dasaraaja

vaara(measure)jar of 3 volumes(druvaya-

bhadra(stone,metal,king),paatra(pot)

vaara(bhaara-weight,Vaari-jar).

pa/bha/va+

pa/bha/va+ la/napaala(raaja-king)paana(potdroNa)bhaama(sun,the eternal celestial archer.The third

Paandava-Arjuna-Sagittarius-is the sun in the third raasisign- at noon ). Paana is paatra


and vaara(vaari). Viira bhadra
is paana paatra.
And paala(king)being raaja(king,dasa-10) and
desaraaja(king of the place) is Dasaraaja and
Dasaratha(with ten ratha-chariots).
Sara+sara+ purushasaraava-ser-salabha-sulabha etc.
vaari(jar,vaara-tail,water)sara(water,arrow)jar
Jaraayitri-a consumer.

sara-3+

sara-3 +

dasa(dasma)/nava(maa-nava)

ca/sa/sha/na maa/naa (mashadmushtipaNa) shodasa/pancadasa=16/15+


maasha karsha(bulls tail or caamara,taamracopper.Vaala-baala-vaara-baaNa-paana -hair of animals
tail,bristle,hair sieve
sieve.)

Soma was filtered using a

=5*3=15
But dos(hand,bhuj-fish) is dasa(ten).Fish+6=16
Fish man=10*10=100=satamana(10 fish)
Hence
pancadasa=15=maa-nava=maa(3+3=6)pana(10)16 .16 maasha=1 karsha.
Cakra-karsha(6,six seasons,six spokes,six faces of
the sun/paNa,six locks of hair etc)ca/sa
kara/sara/dara/tara/tra-3-trisuula(index,middle,ring fingers
make three,ring is mudra/mu-tra)

3+

karsha.
Prastha=32 Palas/ Aadhaka/16 Palas/4 Kudavas/2
Saraavas/6Palas/ 1/16 DroNa
The capacity of a vessel is its cooking capacity,or holding
capacity of grain or water.

ralaIndra,netra,srii,raaja.
La +

ca/bha

labh-to procure.

Saravarapra-pra+
nava(agna,aksha)praNava(AUM).
Since
svar,naaga,go =
svar,naaga,go ;

Mukha(face,mouth) is sankha,both having a cave making


paNa(sound,count) , sakha(mitra,mudra),makha,mahaa
etc.

Mahaa

bhadra

viira/paNa.

drashtaasrashtaa(maker,mantradrashtaamantrasrashtaa-Rishira-ishu).
Surprisingly Rishi is a seer.And Seer(sihr) is the
Ser(measure,28 lbs,80 Tolas,24 Rupees etc.).
Mudra(signet)mu-saramukha
-ukha(pot)
droNameaure,paNanaselling,buyingmaapana/maana(measure).
maa

sra/tara-lean on,cross ma,na(bhadra,vaara,paada) ,

paatra(jar)

paNa(palm,vaara,viira,vaari-jar).

Argha(price)

15

paNa .

Balavila(price)paNavalalavalabh(to
get,procure)paNaalavaNa

The mudras are the synonyms of pot/jar(cf.the synonyms of


copper in M-18) and they served as akshara rakshas or
kavaca vaacakas or simple words for identification purpose or
tools to indicate price,quality or volume.Probably scripts in the
broken area may be missing also.Each mudra is an aksha or
paNa(word) and hence a Maa/go/cow. Five mudras are 5
cows.Panca mukha is the king and
sankhamukha(gharial,having very large mouth).Hence the
gharial is ofen placed at the centre of a group of pasus .

M155

PaNa-

aksha(Karsha,5,mudra)panca

(five)Aaramaa(coin of 5 Tolas).
Hema/Malla/mukha/GaNda/Tanka/saaNa/Masa /sma /
Me/paNa
maaDa/SaaNa/Tanka/aabharaNa/phaNa/nishka
aksha/khaNda/Tanka/bar/1/5/ 8.
Kuntha is a maid or slave
also whence slaves were treated as money.Sma+saaNa is
smasaana(medhamaaDa).Ass is naada and daasa(slave).
ashta( 8)-

musali(palli-bali-Pala)/aasana/naaga/saaNa-is

Pala/paNa/nishka.

Bhaara/vaara(bar)

panca(five)/

loha(metal)

paNa(money);

panca(5);

Mahaa

Viira

pan

sa/ca

bhadra(Bharata);

bhadra-

aasana(throne)/asva(vac-word,avasa-king,the sun)
paNa ;

viira

raaja/sena 1 etc.are some other readings.

Viira Sena is Suura Sena.


Panca-five,quinque-king,sinha
parNa-patra-leaf,feather,wing cf.nripa-bhadra-king,bull-wing
winged bulls and lions.
Pala-a measure,meat
Pasu-animal ,cattle,see cf.gocara ,animal sacrifice ,
goat,assbhuja,subha,vasu Picu-karsha or weight of two
Tolas Maa of pasu/go is maapana.Hence many pasu seals.
Paana
-cup,canal,drink,beverage,protection, observing,
breathing, vendor of beverages
paaNa -hand,traffic,praise,stake, trade,
,
,
recitation

,baaNa

,vaara,bhaara(bhri) ,paala bhaaNa-

Paala-protector,king,begging bowl
gain,paada-foot
PhaNa,nostril

serpent hood,
, crozier

cf.naava-boat,praise

cf.baala,laabha-

ornament,fingers shaped like this

Praasa-scattering,casting,throwing,barbed missile
foodprice-paNa

,spear

Presha-sending,despatching
Bandha, bond
,bundle, fetter, body, , chain,
ligature, pledge,bondage, cf.panca-five,vand-praise,sandhaagreement,union,shanda-eunuch,saanda-having testicles
Bhadra-fair,fortunate,great,big(cf.vata-Fig,big),auspicious,title
of address(srii,sir),water, wagtail, a sitting posture(deities of the
seals),gold,girl ,bull
,cipher
,elephant
,hill
rock cf.patra,paada,purusha,bhaara,pardus,pardos,viira
bhadrapaarthabardward.

Bharata-priest,dancer,actor,fire,mercenary,potter,weaver
cf.deva,veda,svar,atharva,vrisha,bhadra,Peter,pater,father.
Priests were good actors as gods intermediaries.Dancers
are shown even on trees to indicate the dance of the scales
when weights are added or removed.
Bharatabhadra(king)patra(writ)vrisha(bull)svar(sun,
sound,sky)rava(sun,sound) veda pada(word,foot,four)
deva(god).Bharata is bhuusura/bhuudeva.
Bhaara-weight,load,baara-opening,aperture cf ,
bharabestowing,weight,mass,gain,prize,battle;vaara,baaNa,bera
BaaNa-

arrow

,body(sena);paana-jar, bhaama-sun

Baala-young,boy,young animal ,heat,hair cf.paala,laabha

Bhuja-hand,crank,side of geometrical figure,branch,coil,trunk of


elephant
Bhujanga

serpent,tin,lead bhuja-anga ,bhu-sankha

Bhri-bear bhrii-injure cf.spearing the bull,hribear,wear,haara,bhaara


Mana-mind,thought maNa- a measure of grain
Mantra-spell,incantation cf.vandana-praise
Mah-great,strong,measure
Maha-buffalo,cow,festival of spring,sacrifice,feast
Mahisha-buffalo,sun,priest;manusha-man,mahesa-siva,king of
kings
Maa-

no,not,apportion, ,

roar,

bleat,

border, erect

measure,

bellow,

pray ,
build, : :,

maa(paNa-kaimaattam/vinimaya-Xchange)na(not,do not)

Maana-

measure,

dwelling,
altar, size,height,
honour,
cord(cf.links measure),dimension,weight
cf.miina,niira,vaara,bhaara

devotion,

,measuring

Maanava-man

cf.maa(go) nava(baaNa-nine-go is

nine).Maapana measuring,scales,balance
maa-vana(great
tree cf.Fig tree-big tree .Aalamaram-aanamaram.).Being
vriksha-vri-uksha/gaja asva(vac) tied to it to indicate-maa(roar)paNa(sound,oath) =garja=gaja/uksha or the kings measure
and oath of authority(satyaapana) to the weight and measure.

Maatra- amount

(maatradruvayadravya),measure of

time,measure,moment, money(phaNii)
foot

,wealth,jewel

Maapa-count,measure
sun,paana-cup

cf.paaNa-hand,bhaama-

Maasha-black gram,unit of weight , ,


cf. Naazanose,mesha-ram,medha-sacrifice maadara(sankha)maasha(weight of 5 Gunjas)saaNa(weight)
Maasa-moon,month
Medha-sacrifice,offeringmesha(ram)
meTa(towercf.vedi)
Mitra-friend,sunmudra(seal)
Miina- fish cf.maana-measure,niira/naara-water
Mukha-face cf.makha(sacrifice)sukha-happinessukha-pot

MukhaTaamra-copper,abrus.

Mukha naaga
dram

nakrakarnasrava drava

Taamra paatra= a kind of clepsydra

mallakasamputa

Mudra-joyous,seal,script
Moha-desire,homa-sacrifice
Yantra-amulet,machinemantra(hymn)Ya(barley,lakshmi)maatra(measure)taraNi(boat,sun).Boat shaped amulet
.
Yaaga-sacrifice,offering cf.aga-the sun

Yajna-sacrifice,fire cf.agna-fire
Raksha-protection,amulet cf rakta-cakra-yantra raja- dakshaking
Raya-zeal,course,water
Rayi-wealth,treasure cf.ravi-sun
Rava-sun,sound cf. Deva,svar,paNa
Ravi-sun cf. devi-viira-suura-svar-bhaara

Raaja-king cf .srii-nri-iisa-aja; ra-sa-aja


Rudra-siva rava-sriimudra,mitra
Laksha-mark ,lakh ,lac,sign,pearl
daksha,rakta,raksha,raja, liksha

cf.

Liksha-egg of alouse

Linga- gender,phallus

,emblem cf.cihna-sinha

tejas .Loins

cf.nishka
retas-

and lions are phallic symbols.

VaNa-sound,noise cf.paNa-sound,phaNa-snake

Vana-forest,tree
house,

water,

,wood,grass

ray of light,

cloud,foreign land cf.paNa,phaNa,mana

Vana being house dities are seated in trees.Dru(tree) itself is


sree(fire) and vana is paNa(sun,praise).

Seating the god in vana is praising him.Maanava is maavana(tree) and maapana(measure).


Seating in Fig tree with paana/baaNa makes maapana more
clear as in M-1186, H-178B,H-179B, etc.

m1186

m296a

h178b

h179b

Note the vana/baaNa seat.

The ram face(me/maa/paNa) + vana(tree) shows


maapana(measure) , maasha paNa(weight) and paNameTa.

Asvattha patra( Fig leaf ,vaara patra-viira bhadra)


The naaga(agna-naga-arka-the sun,raaga-king)

.
on the

Pharaohs phaala(forehead) is replaced by the sun


(akshasnake,eye,wheel;gaja-elephant;cakra-bhadra-king,circle
cf.bhadra-bhatta) on the IVC priestkings phaala. King being
netra(king,Indra) is provided with netra(beard) .
Vand-worship,salute,share,divide cf.bandh-bond,panca-five
Vanita-desired,loved,
merchant

woman cf.paNita-bet,wager

vaNija-

Vanija-trader
room,bride-groom,
Vara-best,gift,boon,
cf.tama nara,nri,vaara-tail

circumference

Varaatakacowry, rope,
cowry,kapardaka-coin in barter
Varsha-year,rains,

cord cf.kaparda-

shower cf. vrisha-bull

Vasu-light,water,gold,pearl,riches cf. pasu-go


Vaara-day,
water,

tail,

cover,

roof,count,times,

door,hair,treasure,turn,

kara,

vessel for

multitude cf.viira,suura ,

spirituous liquor,goods,quantity,
,: :paada,bhaara,

arrow,

gira

VipaNa-market place,shop,sale,bet,wager

Viira-hero ,matron,wife,fire,man,sacrificial
fire,actor,son,chief,reed
,haara
Vrisha-bull

cf. vaara

vrisha indicate viira


,man

,water

,husband, a form of

temple,chief, mouse ,peacocks plumage and tail


cf.mrita,varsha,rishabha,bhadra
Vrita-chosen,concealed,covered,hidden cf.
wealth,treasure,dominion,command
Vyaya-expense,loss,money

bhaara

Sata-hundred.cf. dos-hand,dasa-ten cf parahsata-more than


hundred
Sara-

reed,water,head,number 5 cf.kara,zara-

arrow,

going,liquid,waterfall,brook

sa-ra,dhara;cara
Saya-sleep,hand,couch,chameleon

cf.jaya,yaja,taya

Suura-warrior,hero,teacher,tiger
cf.spearing the bull.

,sun cf.viira-suura-suula

Shodasa-16,16th, cf.King Sudaasa


Suula-spear

,lance,dart ,harlot,cf.suura-the sun.Tri

suula(trident)
sun,tola,tulaa

sarduula(tiger)srii-suurathe

Satya-testify,attest,satya-bought with a hundred,consisting of a


hundred.SatyaapaNa is satamaana

Satyaapana-ratification of bargain,verification
Sanka-doubt cf.sinha,jangha,jaghana,kamsa
Sankha-cowrie cf.sinha,jangha,jaghana,sanku,sangha,
sa-nakha,kamsa,gunja
Sangha-group, sabha-group

Sandha-junction,union,agreement,promise,vow,treaty
cf.aasanda

,bandha,vanda,paNa

Sinha-tiger,lion, sa-nakha cf.h094,sankha,jaghana bhaara=viira


bhadra cf.jangama,sangama,sthaavara

h094
Note the prominent nakha(suurpa
nakha,sinha,sankha) ,vaara( tail+lines),open mouth of
garja(tiger,maa-roar,measure;garjaKarsha;maa+paana=maapana-measure/weight) .Sinha is
panca
(five) and maara(hinsa-killing,maaDa-bhaaraweight).Panca is Maasha.Hari(tiger) is gold.Suura(tiger) is
malla/suula/Tola.Bhaari(tiger) is Tola.Saarduula is sara(5)Tolas.Panca is penny or pence.Paana
paNa(weight).

is

paa/maa+ ra/da/shabhaara(weight)/paada( ) /
Maasha/ maaDa(weight) / meTA(tower).Hence this indicate
Malla meTa paNa or a gold bar of weight 5 Tolas or Tola or
1Maasha

k50ac
Bhadraasana Karsha/Tola - 4.Bhaari(tiger) is
Tola(suura).Saarduula is 5Tolas.Jaghana bhaara is
sinha(sankha/Gunja)bhaara.The sinha /garja/paNa(maa) on the
jaghana(ma) is linga in ma/ta indicating paNa(madasex,maaDa-weight) and maapaNa(weight).It is

paNameTa.HariNa(gold) is sringa(horn).Garja(Tiger) is
Karsha/Tola. Suura(tiger) is suula/Tola/taala/tail

The lion on the loin is the vaara(tail)/bhaara(weight) of viira


bhadra(king of kings,prabhaata-dawn) where the golden
sun(paNa) appears.
Srii=light,good fortune,fire,royal dignity,wealth,sun,word cf.
go,nri,hari,raaja
Sama-equal cf.tama-best
SamarpaNa-offering,bestowing
Samaapa-sacrifice cf.makha-yaaga-hu
sa-maapa,
samaa-pa/va(tiger cf.man fighting tigers,bhaari-Tola)
Sta-ground,place cf sad-sit,shad-six
Stava-hymn,praisecf,japa sthava-he-goat
Staavara-stationary,fixed
Stupa-crest

,summit cf. tama,vara

Svar-heaven , ,water
vaara,svarNa.

,sun

,shine,sound cf. dvaara,sa-

Ha-heaven ,cipher
,gold,coitus (maa),water ,
destroying ,moon,horripilation,war,weapon cf.ka-head,water;
ha-vana (offering) is ha(coitus)-paNa(sex,bali).

Hri(bhri,nri,sri;haara-garland)
hrii(shame)hari(gold,tiger,bull,man,Vishnu)
Hara-siva,ass,fire;destroying cf.kara-hand,tax;khara-ass
Harta-destroying,sun cf.harsha,garta,Karsha
Harsha-happiness,pleasure,bristling,erection cf.garja,Karsha
Hari-yellow,green,Vishnu,snake(phaNi)
gold,lion/tiger,horse,sun, monkey , man

cf hariNa

Haara-taking away,levying,garland,wearing,
bearing,confiscation,loss,war,fire,necklace cf.bhaara-weight
HariNa-deer,stag,sun,gold
nakra(nose,croc)haraNa(hand)karNa(ear)kiraNa(sun,
rays)
Hamsa-swan,mountain

,silver,horse cf. sinha,kamsa

Himsa-killingsinha-mahisha-maara-killing
hiraNa=gold,cowry(weight of gold,cowry,abrus seed)
cf.kiraNa/hariNa.
hiraNya=gold piece,coin;a measure;gold,gold vessel,substance
hiraNyaya =desire for gold
hiraNyayu-desiring gold
hiraNyaya-golden
hiraNyayashti-golden tree.
Homa-sacrifice,burnt offeringcf.Ma-kha, mu-kha,moha,soma ,
dhuma,sona,magha;makha pleases kha-the fire god.

37.Hebrew
Am-people

ma/na

Melekh-king,maalakh-to rule cf.Meluhha


ner-light cf. svar-sun
el-god cf.ra-fire,la-Indra.
uur-oor-light cf.ra-light,rudra-sun
iis-man,lord cf.iisa/srii/raja/aja/sa-lord
mehiir-price cf.mihira/paNa/price
kaane-measuring rod cf.
kokhaab-star
hothaam-mudra cf.Gautama
hag-festival cf.magha
suur-stone,rock. cf.suura-bhadra-tiger-stone,kings stone
sames-sun

samaja(assembly of animals),samata-equality.

ben-son cf.baala-baaNa
yidad-to count
eben-stone cf.paNa-weight
yaasa-to protect cf. taya-protection

kayiin-kenaa-kaanaa- to earn,to save cf naaga,kanaa


kenaa smith
bath- a measure cf masa-mass
baanaa-to make,baaraa-to create cf.paana-pot
baal-lord cf.paala-lord
maakiir,maakhiir-trader ;maakhar-to sell cf. kreNapurchase,makara/nakra-croc
mii-who cf.me-my,for me
ke-like
saa-equal

as in

paNa,bhadra,patra saa,sama(=)

aakeb-sole of feet; bhaaga,vaaha


saakhar-to hire/rent cf sikhara,karsha
sem-name
saama-to hear
seben-to buy cf.savana-sacrifice
ram-noble cf.nri-king,raama-king
keren-horn; kiraNa,karsha

sua-prosperity cf.sva-wealth
seba-agreement cf.vaca,pada

sar-king cf.srii/raja-king
dam,daam-blood cf. taamra-red
kiryaa-city cf.nagara-city
arba-four cf.aya,paada,vara,bhaara: :
maanaa-to divide cf.mana
Debora-beetle,bee
Paaniim-face cf.PaNa-mukha-face/kings face;suns face.
Bethaanya-bethnyaa-house of palms cf
vaasa(house) : :

+paada

Bethal-house of emptiness
Bethel-house of god
Haar-mountain cf.gira-mountain
Daabar-to speak cf.bharata,svar(the sun,sound,heaven.Hence
sound belongs to the element-aakaasa-sky)
Tabera-fire- bharata-bruuhi-Hebrew-Braahui
Sene-thorny bush cf.sun
Aaden-to enjoy cf.ad-to eat
Ednaa-sexual pleasure cf.Eden and eating of forbidden
fruit.Maa is paapa-sin.
Par-bull,sor- bull,ros-head , saar-captain
cf svar,suura,suula

Saatar-officer
baar- to light a fire cf.par
daabar to speak
heres-the suncf.karsha harta paNasun
peter-first born cf.pitri,bhadra
seba-seven cf.sapta-seven
seber-grain
saabar-buy grain or food
visraanana-sale cf.vipaNa-sale
seqel-shekel-unit of weight cf.karsha
Nimrod-Drona-taruna(youth,yudha-samara-taamra)
Sopaar-trumpet cf.svara-sound
Mayim-waters cf.ma-water
Ses-six,sixty cf.shad-six,hexa,aksha
Taberaah-burning
Ros-head
Ah-firepot cf.aga-fire
Iys-man cf.sha-man
El-god cf la-Indra

ah-sa or

Anu(we) cf. anu-man,na-we


Oniy-ships cf. nau-ship,yoni
Ariy,aryeh-lion cf.hari-lion
Nehusaah-copper,bronze cf.nahusha-loha
Naahus-made of bronze Num:21.9
Naahas-snakecopper,bronze

k026
Kudava is small pot.
kuta-pot+
pa(leaf)
is kutava/kuDava.Pa(patra-leaf,writ;bhadra-king,bull
elephant,gold) naaga(phaNa-paana-paNa ) or
bhadranaaga(gold,king of metals,king of
kings,unicorn,maleYak,80)paNa
patra(writ);sa(pot)+parNa(leaf)suvarNa(Karsha/Tola)
paananaaga8.Ashtaapada is gold.
Kalasa measure is DroNa.KuNda is
gaNda/dahana/mukha/malla.ParNa is nripa and paNa.
This is malla meTa paNa.

maa/paNa
Pa/paNa/Na
paNamaapanabhavanakarsha paNa Tola.
Sarpa(paatrasarva)+patrasarvabhadra(auspicious in every
way).SvarNa is used as an auspicious symbol.
The parNa/karNa of

is shown separately as

instead

of as

+ + =

.saaNa+saaNa=Karsha/paNa/Kudava.

Karsha/Tola/paNa is 11.66 grams.But Kudava is 192 grams.


In several mudras with
,

the kudava is implied as in

etc.Pagoda is Kudava.

DTIS-page21.Fig-1.14.
2600-2500BC. Three zebu bulls are tethered to three different
trees.Sasya(plant) is satya(truth,pledge).Vana(tree) is paNa
meTa.Bull is malla/Pala/Valla/saNka.3 bulls + 3 trees is 3 Palas
or 3 malla paNa meTas.
The buttocks(guda-garta-gaNda-kuNda) symbols indicate
bhadraasana(throne) or gaNda/malla maaDas/meTas.
The bulls are marked with dots to make
padma(srii)/gaNda/malla paNa meTa.Eight dots on the middle
bull indicate ashtapruuda or ashtaapada.Cross lines
on the
palla(belly, ,valla) first bull indicate viira/vaara/haara/kaara/bar
of bhadra(gold) and bhaara(weight) of bhadra(king) or viira
bhadra(king of kings,king of metals-gold).Hand(paaNa) is
band/wand/vend(paNa)/bend

etc.

The kesara(filament,saffron,asafoetida,hair,mane,fibre,gold) of
flower indicate kesara (gold) and khecara(bull,paNa-sun).
Go(bull,maa)-vana(nava-paNa-go) is cow money.Va(bull)-Ta
(sound,pledge) is maaDa or meTa.Dru/druma-tree is
drava(dram) and druvaya(measure). Vrisha-bull is purushaman.Vrisha tied to the vana-tree is purusha tied by the paNa or
satyaapana.
A Drava(Dram
, ) contains 3 Scruples (3.888 grams)
of 20 grains each and is equal to one-eighth apothecaries'
Ounce of 480 grains.A bull and a tree can make a Scruple as
the bull is the grain itself. A valla(bull) is six barley corns= 0.39
grams.Vana(tree) being nava(9), 0.39*9=3.51 grams.
Drava

=60 grains=60*0.065=3.9 grams.

maanavamaana(miina

DTIS page21

)-va(pa)maa(nava)

mallameTa

viira bhadrago-paNamaa-vana(vata-Fig) maapana


maapaNa maanava satyaapana.HariNa(deer) is
hiraNa(gold).The gaNda symbols with bulls indicate
gaNda/malla maaDa.Vana is nava(nine,go-cow) and paNa.
Dola(swing)Tola(weight)tulaa(weight).A vaara

placed

near the bhadra(bull), vana(tree) and the Dola indicate


Viirabhadra Tola paNa.

Ficus Religiosa
.

Ficus religiosa,Asvattha,

Pippala vriksha,PaNa(satya/satyaapana) vriksha,Bodhi tree,


Bo (go-cattle,king,sun,arrow)
tree.
The leaves are cordate in shape with a long drip tip. The leaves
of this tree move continuously even when the air around is still
and no wind is blowingmaking it asva-uksha-gaja-vaca-bhadrarava-paNa-vana-vata-vara-bataa(big)-big-Fig tree.Vata is rava
and paNa. Asva-dava(fire,dva-two )-rava(sound,sun,fire)The
tree has fiery fiery red tender leaves.In vedic times its wood
was used to make the araNi,churning which fire was generated
by friction.
VatamadadamamaaDameTamedha(sacrifice).
VnameTa is paNameTa.PaNa is satyaapana also.

Viira bhadra.The Pala/bull/bilva symbol indicate the king.


His phaala has a netra/bhadra(circle-cakra-sarpa-snake for
Pharaoh) and he being netra(Indra,king,eye) sports a
netra(beard) and wears a netra(uttariiya-shawl) .
Patra(leaf,bird;bhadra-bull,king,gold) is pa(leaf)-tra(three) as
seen in the middle image.Bhadra is vetra(yashti-stick)
drava(fish
patra

) also.
viirabhadra

tra(vaara/bhaara/viira)
,

viirabhadra

pa-

bhadra-cipherbha-dra/ne-tra

(bha=na=ha=ma)

patra-bird

and

bhadra-hill

viira bhadra bhadra-vetra

bhadra-bull,king,gold
girl

bhadra-elephant

drava-fish

bhadra-

dru-tree(drava;vu)

Egyptian Apis/Hapis/ Hapi-ankh hieroglyphs have the same viira


bhadra base.
Name inhieroglyphs

, or

, or

, or

ma sa,aa damaad(bull,weight;maa-moo,Tasound=bull)meTa(vaara-tower,viira-hero,bhaara-weight).
Hapiskapilaravi(sun)viira(hero)

Note the bull/bird/vaara symbols indicating the bull god.

prhousevaara-roofpura-house,city.cf.mr(pyramid)
pr-aAPharaoh prabhu(lord)viira bhadra(king of
kings)
ptHPtah compare with
Dhanus/DruuNa/sara

Pura/Vaara

Haara as source of the Hyroglyphs.

mr pyramid

meTa(tower)/pura(house)

meTa-pagoda

leaf

(asvattha patra-vaara patra-viira bhadra-Fig

http://www.mohenjodaro.net/heartwell81.html
Pipal-leaf shaped well, Lower Town -viira bhadra
the bull tied to the Fig,the well,the elephant tied to the elephant
big- Fig all indicate Viira bhadra.

Go(sun,king,ku-bhuu-earth)go-pa(cowherd,king)
kuupa(well,ku-pa-water,king,leaf)bhuupa(king).
The leaf shaped well illustrates the application of the language
symbols in all spheres of Harappan life.

GaNda(raaja,khaNda-piece,malla-hero)
maaDa(maana/bhaara/paada/medha)/samaapa(sacrifice)
saaNa(cf.body is sena) /satamaana(cf. saa-sasasata)/varaaTa(cf.

vaara-aa)

masa(mass)/ viira(hero)/

vaara(tail)/ bhaara(weight)/maaDa(weight)/baala(hair)/bar
bhadra(king,stone)/patra(leaf,bird,writ)
The

second and

third mudras can form taamra(copper).

Hence GaNda maaDa(kings weight) taamra(copper)


patra(foil/plate/writ).

The

third and

fourth can form kharjura(

arjuna-silver,

hiranyam rajatam), vrishabha( a kings name,bull,Pala


weight,prataapa-power),saarduula(Tola)/sundara(go-medaka a gem)/gandharva(a hevenly singersoundpaNa),pramaaNa(parimaaNa-measure) etc.
Viirabhadra smasaanapaNamaaDa/ paNameTa (cf.praasaspear,

praasa+

deha

praasaada-meTa/prastha-

measure/pRshtha-buttocks.Lions on loins is buttocks as tower.


varaanga(head,elephant-8).varaaTa(20 varaaTa=1
kaakiNi,kaakiNi=1/4 karsha/ paNa)=1/80 karsha=1Ratti/cowry.
VaraaTa was the name of a coin of this weight.

mr-overseernri/nripa(king),

mm-among

sama(equal),mama(mine),hariNa(gold)

maa-seemaa(weigh,roar,go-eye,cattle,miinanayana-maa )

mai-lionma/ta-loinma(lion/tiger) on
ta/ma(loin) is mada(sex,six) and maaDa(paNaweight,sex.Mal.tuukkam-weight,sex.Sukha-sex is mukhapaNa).

mi=as,likena-like.

maHattombmeTa-tower.

mnt=thigh,

mnt-swallow

muNTa(shoulder),Tanka(Tanga-jangha-leg)
cf. munch/pinch.Pinda=mass,sakthi(thigh)-sukthi(cowrie,8 dram
weight=Ounce/Pala.Mal.Tuta-thigh,measure of
Kudava/NaaDi

=192/4=48 grams).Drava(dram=1/8 Ounce)

sarpa(ashtanaaga=8=
mu(join)-kha(cipher)8/

=maa-8,mi,me, va,vi.Mukha is
or naasa(nose,maasha-mesha)

mrt-slavesmarta(man,rodana-cry

Mh-cubitmaa(measure,bhuja-cubit Mal.muzha-cubit)

msH-crocodilemaasha/saaNa

musali-croc

msDr-ear

sravaNa=ear;masta-head;

matsa-fish;Trimsa-30,thirtieth

mSa-armysena(army,body;saaNa

).

sravana/Menaka/maanava/maapaNasira-vana/paana
praNava praviiNa manna malla vallabhaviira

bhadravaara-paatra

elephant,bull,buffalo,croc,tiger

etc. The eye is a water buffalo -viira bhadra . Naanya(money


)
Nayana(eye
aksha

) nii(king) bhadra(bull,drava/usra

uksha(bull

)viira(hero, hari-

suura)hiira(gem)haara(garland, hribhri) vaara(roof)

bhaara(maada weight,maa-go-cow,Ta-sound)paNa(
weight,house ,meTa

).

Viira bhadra sa-var-nasa-nripasavarunahariNanakraTanka

kanakakaNkaNa.

Weight on neck is necklace Nishka-Tola-gold.

kara/paNa

paNameTarukma(gold)makara

namovrita(namas)paNacakra

bhaaravaara

anna,sina,sankha,masta, sasta,shadja,shadka,
sashTi(cf.Mal.caTTi-pot,sixty;kuta+annakutannakaikkudanna-anjali;kudava) +

mu(joined,cf.mukha

)-

+
+
kuta/kuNta/gaNta/gandha/khaNda)
tra(3;3+3=6;
paNamudrapaNameTa(weight of six barley
grains)kuNdala(nakra-karNa)kuntala(barley grain;six locks
of hair-paNameTa)paNamudra(Tanka) mukhamudra
karamudrasankhamudradrava(dram)DraNkshaNa

kreNa(paNa)
varaaNapuraaNadroNasroNagaNda maaDamalla
maaDaviira bhadra paNa

vaara with thumb-sama (tumpu)palmtree

hand made
,

kharjura(silver,silver puraaNa)
viira bhadra paNa
nripanaama bhuu srii(nanbuutiri-Kerala Brahmin).

Karaviira(thumb)dhanvi(archer)
Tarjani (desini-forefinger,index)darsana
go(eye,index,king,cow)paNasriinriraajagogocara.
Krishi giri(hill)-dhi(seat)

kriti(work,creation)

viirabhadra

vaarapatra

vaarapatra-paatra(vaara,kuta,kuNda)-nakrakundala
makara kundala-paNa

Nama(na-vana+ ma-mriganamavanapasture ground);


a kutava (nishkuta) is a garden /grove near a
house(kuta;kudava is a measurement);gavya/gavyuuti( is a
pasture ground,a measure).
Namanama(namo,namaha,namaste,namostu,vanakkam,
svaagatam)paNa(sasta-praise,trade,game;pa/va-bull,

na-grain ) nava(nine,go-cow-paNa
)
vana(tree,water,house)yavaviira(bhaara,bar)bhadra(king,gold,metal).
Namamana(paNa-house)

maana(measure)

maatra(measure)netra(eye,king,sacrifice,Indra)
go(eye,sky,cow,sun)/to/su
sma/masa/maa/mi/mu/paa/pi/pu/pra/la

3/30/300

Kola 3 netra/malla/bhadra/maatra maaDa/paashaaNa.


Kola being kuula(heap of grain
) and masa(mass) being
suula(trident,suura-tiger,sun;suuna-grain),
kuula with a
suula make a
Kola/goLa(globe)/kosa(cabin)/gopura(meTatower)/Tola(weight).
Kola is also tippali/pippali(long pepper) used in medicine.
Suurpa

netra/maatra/Indra

prastha

Suurpa=2 DroNas=8Aadhakas=32 Prasthas.


Sandi(cot

) is sandhi(loins,market).Sandhi is panca/Nandi.

Tri+netra=trinetra(siva),Tirindra(5,6,32,300)
tri-3,

netra-2 dvaatrimsat-32.

This statement agrees with the traditional values of Prastha


and Suurpa.

4 Kudavas=1Prastha,4 Prasthas=1Aadhaka;4 Aadhakas=


1 Drona;16 Dronas=1 Khari16 Dronas=64Aadhakas=
256 Prasthas=1024 Kudavas=4096 Palas=8192 Ounces.
2 DroNas=1Suurpa.
Gahana is a metre with 32 syllables.
Gutsa is a pearl necklace with 32 strings.
Samraadaasandi = chair /stool used for the
pravargyagharma.
Indra
prasthaIndraprastha(Indraprasuutakingdom of Indra and the Pandavas) is the east,where
Indra(the rising sun rules).His asva(avasa,usha,uksha)/ is
hari(Indra,bull
,tiger
,hare
,
,frog
asva(Indra) Ucchaisravas(having high ears,usha-usra-

)-

vasu/pada;ravi is rava-sound).Hari is hare


.His
gaja/haya(elephant) is Airaavata(ravi padaviira
padaviirabhadraprabhaata(dawn,morning). Indraprastha
is paNameTa-the place of paNa-sun.PaNa meTa weight
is six barleycorns.Hence the hero with six hair buns
sports two tigers to denote hari(Indra,gold,tiger) and
paNameTa.

hiira (hare) hera (hairy) hira(

ant,moth,diamond,

serpent, string of pearls,


lion, strip,fillet,
band,kind of metre etc. indicate hara kara-baala-bhaara .
Rare Indus seal discovered in Cholistan
http://dawn.com/

Viira bhadra(su-var-na) is made by making the vaara(tail) a


sarpa(svar-hari-gold;naaga-hema-gold,phaNaornament)/vaara(paana paatra-cup) as in M318.HariNa(deer) is gold.Loma(tail) is loha(metal).
Vaara(tail,cup,times ,count,ta/va) is paana(cup,vana-leaf) ,
paaNa(kara) ,paNa(money,price,praise),bhaara/maaDa(weight)
and viira(king,hero cf.viira raaya faNa of Kerala).Vaara with the
sa(cross) is varsha,vrisha and karsha.The raised tail shows
paNa meTa.The aasana(amza-shoulder) has the patra(pa-leafbhadra,Bharata) mark as with the unicorn to make
panca(five;pa-amza/ansa) or bhadraasana. Viira
bhadra(svarNa) is also formed by the eye ,nose and mouth .
1(10)

paNa/vaara/bhaara/naaga/Ta+

rpa/maa/psa/pra/sva+ a,na,sa

asvavaara/asvaviira(horse man,cavalierviirabhadra
bhadraasvabhadranaaga), asmabhaara(stone weight, The
Stone-PaashaaNa is a unit of measure equal to14 pounds
avoirdupois, or6.35kilograms

asma is amza-

shoulder,which is again shown by the


vaara-leaf onthe
amza of the deer) , arpaNa(gift),arvan(deer,horse,Indra cf.the
figure),Asvini(star,month,Asvins),
asvamedha(sacrifice),PaNameTa,malla meTa,gaNda
meTa,gandha meTa, samaapa(sacrifice).
Ty,C

M-649

Ka

mukha/malla/gaNda(ka-head)

go(

tail of bull,maa-roar,measure),

pura(paNa-house;gopura ,
,
meTa
maaDabhaaravaaraviira);dvaara(door-dvaara is made
pr/pura/ vaara-roof ,+

vaara-tail,

arrow,

cupdvi-vaara/bhaaraC-sa/ca + vaara-tailsvar)+
aksha(karsha,5,akshata-grain) ; bhadra(bull,gold,king;Karsha/
cakra-cipher-mushti-fist- na/pa/ca/ka/ra;Na/a is cow)
suvarNa(karsha/paNa)puraaNavaraaNa(Indra)viira
bhadra(viira raaja/raaya/malla/gaNda) malla paNameTa or
simply malla meTapanca(five)Dvaarakasvarga(heaven).

arka(sun,copper,12)akshaargha(price)kara(hand,tax).

M-272
aksha(Karsha,sina-akshata-grain)/
go/bhadra(king,bull,gold,ka,na,kha)/hari/hira
me/mesha/naaga/phaNa/paNa/tama/sha/svar/kha/na/ha
naka(ornament)/phaNa(ornament)/kanaga(gold)/Ganga/gagana
(sky) /kaakiNi(weight)/gahana (pearl chain)/
mesha(ram)/MeTa(tower)/hariNa/hiraNa etc.The hariNa has the
valla vaara/hira marks to make it malla meTa or hariNa-hiraNa.
It is viira bhadra paNa.Aja(ram,king) is raaja.Aja raaja is
ekaraaja(only king).
aksha/arka/bhadra

=0/10/pala;

naaga(ram)=8,

bharata raaja =80.Ashtanaaga is ashtavasu or astaapada


1 Karsha is 80 gunjas(garja).KarshapaNa is suvarNa(gold).
Visvaamitra,Indra,Menaka,Tilottama,Vrashan-asva.

M324b
paNa/mukha(face,copper)
Kalansu(weight).3 Kalansus make a paNa(Karsha,copper).
The bull in mada raises its tail.The man in mada raises his
phaNa(penis)

.As mada/maaDa /bhaara increase, the

the height of the meTa(tower,loha,tail) goes up.

Mukha/aasa/aasya(mouth,seat,posteriors) is me or
mesha.Mesha

is aja(ram,king)

or sa(god,naaga).

Aja is
ass/ace/ayas(copper,gold,fire;aya
)/saya(hand,snake,sex;sa-yabarley,bhaga
)/yaja(sacrifice,japa-yava)/makha(sacrifice)/
hu(hava/yava)/ukha(pot)/yuga(two)/yama(two).

4+sa

The ass is kuNda(paNa,Pound,pinda,pond,bond) for the


Romans.This Pound was the Tower Troy Pound of 28 Karshas
or 7 Palas(cf.M.1186 vatakuNda 7 Palas) or 327 grams.
8 Rattis=8*0.12125=0.97gram
12Maashas=1Tola/Karsha=12*0.97=11.64 grams.
28 Karshas=11.64*28=325.92 grams.
kalansukala

+ansu

(filament,thread)

kalaNja(tobacco,Rattan). In fact the


Rattan(Mal.cuural,suura-malla-valla)/cane stick is used for
caning children or criminals. The Pound is called a Rattal
(Rattan) in Malayalam.RattalRattanaja(raajan;
aja-king

,a +sa

)aceassipondum libra pondo (a

pound by weight)
.The Libra (Latin for scales / balance) was
an ancient Roman weight equivalent to approximately
328grams. It was divided into 12 Uncia,

or Ounce .1 Tower Pound=12 Tower Ounces.

Mukha(paNa)arka12(cf. M018a
Hence
Ounces;

=Ounce/kala/division cf.

12 maasa(months),12

24 jina(horas-hours).

Kala/akshakaNa(drop)kara(hand,tax)kata(loins)kuta
(kuNda,droNa)kiNa(grain) khala(heap,field)
gaNa(count) gala(neck)guda(anus)ghaTa(nipa
paNa)tala(palm)hara(ass)hari(tiger,gold)
haara(garland) bhaara(weight)baala(hair)vaala(tail)
vaara(tail)luuna/loma(tail)lavaNa(salt)roma(hair)ruh(to
rise)rukma(gold) rodana(cry) loha(metal)
sobha(shine). kata/kataka/Naa/Pala is
kanaa/kuta/kutava/ukha/mukha/naaga/paNa/va/go(cow).
Kata is saha(together,with,strength,union is strength) and
sata(100).Sahatra is sahasra (1000).Katamukha is
aanavaatil(big door of temple)
or pancamukha(broad faced;king,lion,tiger,nakra,ass,sankha
etc).Katamukha is satamakha(
Indra).

Indra) and sahasramukha(

caksha(saha-ca/sa/sha)/netra(king,Indra,eye
)SaaNaDharaNa(8 Vallas,10Palas)
SaaNameTa is gaNda /malla meTa.

triNa(Pala)

me/mesha+ naagaMenaka(Tilottama ,Tila is


tail,uttama is utthaana,jinotthaana-sunrise ,risen tail is risen sun
or red hot metal that rise like a snake),was the daughter of
Vrishan(bull)-asva(elephant,cf.male elephant cf.asva is
gaja/haya/yava and not domesticated horse;it is hari-asva,Indra
and dawn), the apsaras(very beautiful nymph) who was
employed by Indra

to distract

and disturb Visvamitra(

visvavi-two,dva-twofour,

aya-4,haya-elephant,usha-dawn mitra/netra/Indrami/mu
saha,bond+tra-tri-three) who was performing a tapas-penance
to dethrone Indra .Visvamitra is Indra himself being the sun at
mesha Aries-in the annual cycle. This is an excellent example
of akshahridaya employed by the parokshapriya
devas.Menaka( angana-woman,maanava-human;Mal.mankawoman,ankana-impressing a seal) is mesha naaga,
vishu(vishuvat=equalpaNasama) naaga,the rising
naga(sun),naka(phaNa-ornament).

Menaka is

maa(great,weight)-naka(gold,ornament) ,maanava(human)
;

maapana(measure,scales)

and me/ maa(weight)-

phaNa(ornament)
also.Many of the vedic weights indicate
the Troy system for weighing precious metals and medicines.
ha(gold)-tra is haatra(wages),haataka(gold,ha-kata) etc.
phaNa/sa(eka-1,god,snake)+ Indra

phaNiindra(king

cobra
note the rings of the
cobra)cobracopperKubera(lord of wealth).Synonyms of
sun and snake are synonyms of copper.
Sa+ kataSakata( a measure,2000
Palas)cakra(wheel)Sakra(Indra)Sukra(venus,silver)
Durga(suurya-sun).Like ashtanaaga,ashtavasu,naagapancami
etc. Durgaashtami is also special for the Hindus.
Tra-three kalas make a sRNkhala(chain).

Me

sRNkhala

is mekhala(worn by ladies on the loins)/menaka.Loin


ornaments are of five types(panca mukha) namelykaanci(one string),saptaki(seven strings),mekhala(eight
stringcf.

-8,

string),rasana(16 string),and

kalaapa/saarasana(25 string).Saarasana is related to a


saras(siras) or pond(kuNda-kuNdi).Abeutiful ornament is a
beautiful apsaras(ap-saras)

kataka is na(bond)/la(Indra)/naaga/
phaNa(snake,ornament)/ nakra(nose,hand,kuNdala,drum,croc)
.Naa(tri-na,triNa,dharaNa) is naala

/ maala/meTa/haara.

naala(tube) of anna(grain) is
annanaaLa/gala/kaNTha(throat)/krika(throat)/karka(white
horse,crab,croc;white horse-bhadraasva-bhadranaagabhadraasana-bhadraasma-sun)/griha(house,meTa/paNa).
Haara placed onkhaNda is nishka.Nishka is shown by
vaara/bar/hair lines on the neck.
Kala/Kati +aasa kalasa(DroNa cf.sroNakaTakutagudaghaTanipapaNa)
kata/kataka ,
,
=a twist of straw or grass, a
shop/market(krii,paNa), a string
,

, a screen of straw

,a straw mat

,the hip and the

loins(kuNda,guda,kuupa,gopa),the temples of an elepant


(malla/ganda,ghaNda,khaNda,kuNda),
a glance(kataaksha

),a throw of dice(paNa,aksha),a corpse,

a burning ground or place of sepulture(smasaana;masasaaNa),season,grass(triNa


,
,
,
,
Indranetramaatra-measure) ,agreement(paNa); a
bracelet of gold or shell,a zone,the link of a chain
,
,aring
placed as ornament upon an elephants tusk,the side or ridge of

a hill or mountain

,a valley

a circle

,sea salt,troops,caravan,Kalinga(

,wheel

,dale,a royal camp,


ka+

link; ka +linga/sinha kalinga , , ,the man


standing on noes head is also kalinga as his linga becomes the
ka-head-top)/Cuttack
katakagriha-lizard
.kataka is nakra.
Menaka ,Indra,Visvamitra etc.

kataaha-

boiler,

caldron,

frying pan,turtle

shell
,winnowing basket,acot,ayoung female buffalo whose
hors are just appearing
kataara/kitaara-a leather smith
katakata/mallamalla/harihara/taali-best,noble,sound of grinding
teeth

, Siva, Ganesamalla,gaNda

kati/katika-the hip,buttocks,the entrance of a temple,an


elepants cheek,long pepper.Katihari(tiger,lion on loins)
anything to protect the hips,cloth
katitra(kati-tra-three)- , ,
, girdle,zone,armour for hips and loins an ornament of small
bells worn round the loins cf.Mal. aramani.Kalatrawife.Sahasra(1000).
katii=kola(long pepper,Kola measure),
gola(ball,bead))kuula(heap of grain).

peppercorns.

kata-pruu=gambler,Siva cf.
akshaglaaha,akshadyu(gambler)

netra

(king ) maatra (measure)

DroNa

me/maa/mesha/maasha/maapa/mukha
/aja/ayas/iisa/sa/naaga/gaja/ka,
,

,ansu(filament of soma,soma libation,particle,sun

beam),nakra,makara,Kalinga(

ka+

linga/link).

Ansumat is the sun.CavaNa(pincers,nippers,sramaNa)


sa/ca

is

vana/paNasavana(sacrifice)panca(five,pinch).

hira/haara/rukma;ruh-rise,ma-na-lagrain,pearl,bead/roma-hair/luuna,loma-tail/loha-metaltail/mahira-sun,
ma hira/makara
/ mitra
(friend,bond,paNa,kuNdala)/mudra(seal)/motira(ring)/smasaana
(medha)/mukha(8)-SaaNaPala)/ ,

maa-

Tankamaatanga(elephant)=kuntala 8naaga,mukhanaaga,kings face hira/haara/viira/bhhara sahasra mukha


kuNda+

la(Indra)kuNtala(hair buns,barley.Six buns is

paNameTa ,gaNda Meta,mallameTa,gandha meTa,khanda


meTa,kunta meta
.
Aksha la(ta-tail) is grains of
akshata(barley,rice).Ya(bhaga,gaja)-va( bull)gaja bullHaya
bullVrishan-asva-the bull elephant Yak(Y-K;Y-elephant,Kbull)yaaganaaganagaaga(sun).
ha

na naka/phaNa(ornament).

mesha/Gaja(me/maa-roar,sha/kha/ka-king,kings roar;kesahair,temple,temple is temple of face and temple of elephant;


malla)/ naaga/kanaa/kuNda/sandhi(Mal.cantibuttocks)/jaghana/sinha/sankha/ma/sa as kusa/kata/sata (
small pin ) is Kusaaksha/kataaksha(glance)/
kalasa(jar,DroNa)/sataaksha(satamaana)/
satamakha(Indra) or akshakala(chess). KuNda and kunta are
used as weights

,kuNda

kuntala

The prominent vaara(tail) ,vaara(baala-hair on trunk).Viira


bhadra karshacopper karsha/kings weight karsha.
taam(sama+sama)-ra
mukha(copper,face,paNa)
arka(sun,copper,paNa)kaasi(sun,fist)naaga(snake,

elephant,arrow,sun)ravi(sun,ra-vibird,arrow)bhaara(weight)viira(hero)raasi(cf.raasipon
paNam)

H094

ka,a,sa,da,na,sha,anga,sena,sina,hari(man,tiger,gold) +
dvaar/svar/Ta,kaa,naa,nna,Na,maa,paa,saa,caa,nava,vana,
paNa,Tanka,KaaNa(cf.oTTakkasu-coin with a central
hole),phaNa,panca
(five-sinha-Pence)vaara(viira)
cakra,sarpa(naka,naga)KaNva( a vedic name)
kanaa(woman)Anna(Naa-go-cow;1/16
Karsha)Dvaaraka(svarga-Krishnas place;svarNa , )
naaga(best,elephant,snake,8)maaDameTaKarsha
paNameTabhaararaaja-Raat(Raattal cf.Raattal weight=40
rupees=1Pound)saaNa(weight)viira(hero)
savana(sacrifice)hariNa(gold,svarNadvaaraNakanakanaka-ornament).Maanava is maapana
,
the former(saaNa) is lower weight,the latter (Asma-Stone) is
higher weight .Rattal is the same.Raat(Hind.rahta) is cakra
( wheel,raaja,samraat-king of kings-viirabhadra)
Manava(man,maapaNa-weight,scale,Libra) is
roar,bleat ;maa-measure;go) + na(bera-

Maa(garja -

bodybhaaravaaraviirasena) +Va(sinha,5)
beracobrakubera copperpaNanahas

go-

sarpabhadracakra arkaarghaghar
phaNa(ornament).

sa(snake,god,bird)crossSumer. sa-god.
Maana-length cf.manayati measurement for buildings.

suura(tiger),hari(gold),bhaari(Tola,garja-Karsha).
kata(pan-paNa,shop,droNa-jar,measure).Paana
is paala(pa/va-king)/phaNa(ornament).
paNa(praise,money)

suura

sena(dvaara/suunya

cipher + sena Suurasena)praise to king


Suurasena,his money/ his weight system.
1Suurpa(Tigersuura-va) = 2 DroNas .Hence
Karsha paNa meTa or suurpa paNameTa is possible.

Sinha(Tiger,lionVaV, W,M
,
,
, pancafive cf.the roman numeral five;Ta-svar,ankamarkaTanka-4 maashas,SaaNa,mint)garja(roar,maa-

go)panca(five,sinha-ma,+paaNa-paNamaapaNa
maanava)Gunja(Ratti)
PencepaNa/phaNa
pancasha(lion=5)
5
PencepancapentamaaDabhaara(weight)bhaari
(Sinha,Tola).

Two sinhas(lions) Two


pancas(fives)Ten pence .
In the original design both sides of the coin were encircled
by dots, a common feature on coins, known as
beading.The bead is the ganda/Ratti as seen in the
viiraraaya fanam coin.The Royal Shield shown is the
shield
of vaara/viira/pura/paNa descended from
Harappa by the Tower Troy paNameTa system.
The Shilling/seal/cieling

comes from scilling, an

accounting term deemed to be the value of a cow


sheep

. The word is thought to derive from the base skell

(to ring/resound/paNa/maa/me) with the suffix- ling.Slang terms


like bob and hog(cf.the unicorn) for the Shilling
indicate the Harappan descent.

(cf. /) further

1 Shilling(killing- hinsa- sinha) = 12 Pence.


Sa/svaaha/bhadra /stop is a killer.Panca kills the count on a
hand making a V sinha=5=5 Rattis1
Maasha(sheep,cow,tiger,lion,maaaasamouthnaadapaNa-soundPound).

The slash / or apostrophe symbol for the Shilling is said to


come from the Roman Solidus but is coincident with the
Harappan

, ,

standing for sa/a.

The Troy Pound weighs 5760 grains=373.24 grams with


12 Troy Ounces indicating Harappan descent of the Druvaya
system of measurements.
1Pound20 Shilling240 Pence.
The Crown(

) is a five shillings coin.

KaaNa= one eyed,pierced, perforated(cf.ottakaasu,like a


cowrie).SaaNa is 60 Bindus(drops)/ Kalansu.
KaaNa=property,dhana,paNa(wager,morgage,price)
FaNa =10 KaaNa(gold coin).
sa/a/ma/na/baahu/bhuja/kara
aana/maa/vaara/maana/anjali/manjari

maasha-

maapana- maatra/bhadra/vaarabahumaana/baahulya/baahuleya
keesakaasiraasiraajiraaja

ceilingshilling

The Viira bhadra horned deities.


The horn is

maa(roar,measure,go-cow,bow

) /sinha(V)

/linga /srii/
wp indicating viira bhadraking of
kingsking of metalskings measuretreasury
weightstone weight etc.
Viira vaarabhaarapaala(lord,king)baala(kiraNa-

horn-hair,kara-kaca-gada-hala) Bala/hala bhadra

Bala Raama Baal god. Aayudha(weapon) of the gods is


udaya(sunrise) which is vidya(knowledge) and vijaya(success)
also.Hence Indra has vajra(usra-bull

) ,Siva has suula(su-la-

Indra;suura-sun ),Vishnu has gada(kara)


etc.as
weapons.The bulls weapon is the horn. The sun gods weapon
is his udaya and his kiraNas.
The horn is the aum
Brahmins.

and the naama of the

God Molech viira bhadra manusha


mahesamahishaMuruka.Svar(sun) is
vrisha(bull).Khala(sun) is kaala(bull).

Note the vaara(door


/linga) mark on the lower half
( uuru-thigh) and the bhadra(bull, head,king) indicating s-var
and viira bhadra.

Baal hazor-Heres-garta-cakra-bhadra-raaja.

Baal-the sun is the pa / paala-the king sun .The centre is the


garta or hazor court of the king.

M079a

PaNa(mukha-copper,eka-

1,arka-12)/malla/gaNda
naga/sha/kha/ka

kubera-copper/maaDa/meTa

phaNa/sarpa/hari/naaga/raaja/saaNa

PaashaaNa(Stone,stone weight;maapana,maatra)
Maapana(measure)- SaaNa-naaga(8)Pala(phaNa=8).
Ashtanaaga ashta saaNa(Pala-bull,phaNa-sarpa-vrisha).
Kati(loin)/na/maa/me- aa/saa/yaa(loin)kati(loin)/maa/na/megadyaanaka(weight)maa on
khalamekhala(ornament,region).
hariNakanakanaka(phana-ornament)svarNa
hiraNyaaksha(gold phaNa-ornament,akshakarsha,die)akshadyuupaNaaanaka(bheri-bhaari-Tola)
gadyaanaka(48 Rattis weight).
gabhaga bhagavan. ya+
aksha/va/sayaksha/paNya/yava/yaja/gaja/haya/kasha

(grinding stone).
.
spa(viira),paNa,sva(wealth),asva(elephant)
manca(meTa), panca(five)/sina(grain)

cakra
/shatka/sakala(gaNda/gandha/khanda)/salka/sulka/sukla(sukrasilver)/ Sakra(Indra)/kanaa / naka/ anka/kaNa/kina/sina/
sma(face)/sankha/sinha/ gunja/ jangha/jaghana /
mekhala(rasana,nakra)/ makara(kuNdala,godhi,
, ;gocroc,forehead,godha-sinew
,
,chord,
mukhacows facekings face;godhikagodhukacowherd,king,a drum,ant eater-its grip is famous,like the bite of
thecroc to indicate paNa/bond;conch)/nakra(kuNdala).

nara/haara/hari/sha/bera+ pa/Na/go/kara
nriparudramudravrisha (ravi-viira-sa=svar)/
varsha/cakra/Sakra/sukra(sukla-silver)/hariNa(gold)/ kuberacopper / karsha/panca/
go-nava/maapana/maapa/maana/maasha/meTa/medha
malla/viira/vaara/bhaara/maa/go
mekhala/maapana/paashaaNa(stone)/maaasiiti(80)/mushti(fist). cf ma moon. Maatra =ma-moon+ moon+
pa+ na maapanamoon between starsnaaga
naaka(sky)nava(9)nabhaphaNa(ornament)
maapaNa(scale)maanava(man)maa-nabha

maa-sara

maa+

maa+ maa maa-tra

maa-taara/ maa-star (bha-dra

paashaaNa/bhaara.

Asma/asva/Stone/14 pounds/6.35kilograms.
Same as elephant + viira/vaara bhadra + wheel in

Harappa.com.
Aksha/Cakra/Karsha/malla(bhadra-bull-malla)
80/968*1080 or 8*1296
Malla+naaga

is mallanaaga(Indras elephant).

Man(da)+sinha(sa/ma)dama/mada/maaDa/dasadvidasa
(20)dvaadasa(12)
Elephant(gaja/kasha-grindstone)ashtanaaga8
Mallanaaga is Indras elephant.The girl between the tigers is
malla(girl).Akshata(virgin) is barley.Hence barley maada/meTa.
Asva(aksha,asma,masa)/garja/ gaja/ haya/yava / Karsha +
viirabhadra/malla/saaNa/maaDa/medha/meTa +
aksha/cakra/Karsha/raaja/Sakraasvamedha cakraasma
maaDa raajaKings Stone/stone weight.SaaNa weight named
asvamedha is indicated.Asvamedhas were new weights
introduced by the kings.
Hari/svar(tiger,gold,human)+nara(human)+hari/svar(tiger,gold,

human) hariNa/hiraNa/rukma/nakra
/
svarNa(gold)kiraNa(ray,sun)kriiNa(buying)
kreNi(buying) paNa(trade)sreNi(vedic trader
,
group,ladder,leader)
.Svar(suura,suurya,srava,karNa,nakra,mahira,makara,rava,ravi)
is asva(vaaca) and sara(Va-tiger,hand,bull;vi-bird,arrow,word).
Go(cow,word,bow,arrow,eye) or caapa(bow) is
vaaca(word)/vaak/vaaha(bull,hand)/paada(feet,4)/pada(word,

foot).Hence Two Tigers(va+va) + human(srii,hari,Na)sreNi


paatra(jar-sara cf.arrows on jars
)paana(jar)paaNa(hand,bhaama-sun-paNa;kahead)ukha(jar,pot)
ga
mukha(face,copper,paNa)vaasara(day)
kaasara(buffalo,maatu-cattle,maaD-weigh)kesara(gold)
Asva/haya/yava/naaga(phaNa)/
bhadra(tiger,elephant,woman,king,gold) is
kanaa/bhadra(woman) .Bhadra+asva is
bhadraasva,bhadraasana(loin+lion;jaghanabhaara,mushka
bhaara,sinhabhaara,yoni+linga),bhadranaaga/viirabhadra/Vrish
an-asva(unicorn,Yama,Yava-Y or inverted
sandhi/yuga/yoga/samyogaT,Y
bhaga,yava+Va-tiger).

wawYa-

Vrishan-asva is bull+elephant and bull+tiger also.Garja is


gaja,aksha and haya(Yak,tiger,elephant,eye,yava,vi-bird,arrow
with java-speed to indicate yava and paNa- word).

Tiger(garja/gaja-maa/me/Va,sa ) +

bhadra(V/N)/

deha/Dha/Da+Tigermedha/meTa/
maaDa/saaNa(weight)

aksha(asva,asma,Karsha) Cakra
bhadra(bull,gold,cipher,elephant,Pala,king,head) rakta
raksharaajaSakrashadkasakala(gaNda)
sukra(silver, venus) sukla(white,silver,sugar)
sulka(price,tax,paNa)sena(
saaNa naasa

aasana

army,spear

,body

naada(paNagarjasaa,aa,maa

Bhadra(gold) is bhadra(girl),hariNa(two tigers,gold),


bhadra(elephant).Thus word synonyms are employed as in
several other seals to create a paNa(word)meTa(tower)
founded on the bhadraasva(asma-stone-Peter) ,built up
by the bhadraasva(tigers+woman) and topped with
the bhadra(head,bull).Cakra/Sakata/shadka/shadja indicate
six.Six barley corns is the paNameTa weight.It is six buns of
hair as in M-308 . Sakata

is 2000 Palas.

Crocodile(nakra) skin was used for armour(fish/man in mouth of


croc) and tiger skin was used as seat (lion on loin).

From M-308

cakra(,shadka,shashty)

(shadja,shadka,shashty,mushti) (3+2=5panca-sinhaPence;3*2=6 shadka;3*20=60 shashty).


Aksha+

saaNa/sena(man+tigers)akshasaala =

mint

Abhimanyus Padmavyuuha.
Arjunas son Abhimanyu,was trapped and killed in the
Padmavyuuha (an army formation) created by the Kauravas in
the Kurukshetra war.This story can be seen in the above
seal.The hero is locked in between the wheel and the
elephant.Padma is Lotus,srii(Lakshmi), shadcakra
,one of
the nine(nava-paNa-copper,phaNa-snake), treasures of
Kubera(copper,cobra), an ornament shaped like a lotus or
wheel, an elephant

a snake(cf.cobra,elephant), patimukha(face of the lord, a


hidden danger cf.gaDa- a fence or veil
wood plant Mal.patimuka),

, padmaka- a red

patana(fall) ,a number-mahaavrinda-100,00,1000 , a mole on a


person body,the red marks on the elephants head and trunk, a
temple ,the nineth cakravartin
of Bhaarata(bhadra
)
etc.The mole is the wheel and the temple or mountain is the
elephant.Cakra is arka(sun,12,copper),shadka(six).

Six and twelve end in astamaya(sunset- terminal


points).Astamaya is ashta(eight)maya(elephant,camel,horse,mule cf.maya-hayanaaga/ashtanaaga )
. HiraNya hira(hari-Tiger)yama(contest,two,mayaelephant,bull,horse,camel,mule;mallama-man+leya,

lion+leyama+la+lamallasaaNa,LS cf. Mal -L - )


and astamaya(the setting/rising sun is golden-hiraNya
pinda,hiraNyagarbha).Cakra vyuuha or padmavyuuha
is cakravyoma(the sky-the elephant,
) or arka(sun)
viyoga(viraha-separation) or astamaya(sunset) or
patana(padma-fall). Abhimanyu is avi/ahi/ravi/viira/suura/malla
as indicated bythe contest motif.Manyu(sorrow,vyuuha
,
vyoma),ma(lion)-yuni(lady) is maNi /maanya(money).Malla
meTa is malla medha(killing) or padma itself.Gadyaanaka(48
Rattis) is gady(hari,hariNa-deer,bull)+aanaka(bheri- a war
drum,or a double drum cf.double tigers etc.
,
Bheri is
bhaari-lion Tola.Half Tola is SaaNaaanakaaananose,mouth

).Aana(nose,mouth,face)

aana-kings face)

baaNa(arrow)

paana(cup,pa,

Padma(cakra-arka)kara(hand,hara-fire,ass) is Lakshmi
and Vishnu cf.

.Padmapaada

is akshapaada

Aaratta

is a vedic people.Aksha

is gaja/kasha/haya.

Cakra/arka
is raksha(protection,amulet) and
akshara(script). Inspite of the cakra raksha over his head
the viira stranded in the elephant formation was killed by the
elephant(padma,patana-fall).
Astamaya/astama is ashtama(eighth), kashta(manyu),
hasta/hastin etc.

Aara is a spoke,brass/ bronze(the copper+

lead or zinc difference is often neglected),Mars etc.Aara


is to insert or place in indicating the insertion in the
padma/cakra.Aara is a cavity/bore

, a shoemakers

awl,angle ,vaara
, , viira
(two lions,tow bows,two
paws),haara(garland),hiira(gem) etc. Aarakuuta(oreichalkos)
is brass.

H182a

H182b
garja/naada(sound)/ma/maa/Va/Karsha/bhaari/Tola/sinha/
sankhasaNka(bull)sunga(tree,vata,yava)/Tanka/SaaNa.

aanaka/bheri
/bhaari
/damaru
/nakra
/nishaaNa/Dakka/Tabor/svar/Ta(sound) .Sinhanaada(garjaroar) is a
name.Sinhanaada/Meghanaada(VaruNa,sun)sankhanaada
aum
aum(paNa,mukha-sound) kaara
naada(sound)sinha/sankhanaada.
paNasamatamadamamasasmamadamaaDa
medha.
paNa(copper Karsha cf.garja)

two(2)

saaNa.

Two saaNas make a Karsha.Hari+aanakaGadyaanaka(48


Rattis).Two Gadyaanakas make a Satamana or Karsha of
96 Rattis.

maa+TameTa

maaDa

mallasaaNaaasana(seat)/sandi(cot)

sandhi(loins).

Sandhis are five pancasandhis(


mukha,pratimukha,garbha,vimarsa and nirvahana).
aana/maa/aum
maa(face of lion,paws of
lion)masa(mass)sma(face,dead body,cf.Mal.paNamoney,piNa-corpse) mukha(copper,paNa,face)
naasa(nose)saaNamalla

aa/saaaanaaamamaasaaNa/prasRta/prasRti
PrasRta is the palm of the hand,stretched out and hollowed,to
hold liquids.PrasRta=2 Palas.Hence Pala=
Pala + Pala

PrasRta

ca/sa/pa+

ca/sa/pasaaNa

PrasRta two(2)
Anjali(Anjalai is 2 PrasRtas.Anjali is
both hands cupped in supplication,as a beggar requesting food
in his cupped hollowed hands) smasaana(pitri medha)
smasaana(pitri medha)masa(mass)-saaNa.
Drum

drumamudradruvaya(measure).

Sinha/Tankapanca(five)pence malla cf.gusti(malla


yuddha-duel)nalla(best)srii(arka-cakra-padma-nandisandhi-paNa-paNagrandhi-market)
vadana(face)
haraNa(hand)
Panca(5)

panca(five)

nakra(nose)karNa(ear)

naaga(cf.naagapancami)
/

(arka-12)5*1260

60 Bindus make a saaNa

sriirudra
mudramitrabhadranandidinamsandhibandha
pancapadma(srii/cakra).Padmaasna of the gods indicate

bhadraasana(throne.).Pancapaada(five feet) is the year.


Smasaana is performed annually.Nandisriibhadra
paatra(vessel).Pancapaatra is five vessels/jar with big mouth
used in smasaana/sraadha.These vessels are used to provide
water for the arghya,paadya,aacamaniiya,snaaniiya and
suddhodaka rites.
sma/sira saa/aa/pa

na/dhasmasaanasraaddha

tarpaNa(pitritarpaNa/pitrimedha)
anjali/manjari/aamra(mango,Pala).
Anjalis are of different names like aadaraanjali(aadaraveneration),antyaanjali(antya-death,sandhyadusk),baashpaanjali(baashpa-tears),baddhaanjali(baddhabond, sandha-panca cf.
), Brahmaanjali,sraddhanjali(sraaddhasmasaana) etc.
Panjaka/five parts/sandhi/nandhi/sandhya(dusk)/Pence is five
chapaters eg.Aitareya Braahmana has
eight pancakas/40 chapters.Two pancakas is dina(nandi).
Two shodasis make a maasa(month).

M546a
Svar/hiraNya(gold)/naaga(best)/Pala(weight)/ashTa(eight)

viiNa(paNa-sound)/vallaki(valla/malla)/maaDa
palli/gopa(king)/vadana/panca/mukha/uraga/arka/aksha/
phaNa/nakra/12.
HiraNyaaksha(gold sarpa)gold
chainnishkaPala.Vallaki and palli are mallas or meTas or
maaDas.Godhika(palli) is godhuka(gopa-king,cowherd).
anjanaantaNa(Brahmin).Kaancanaka(who,head)antaNa(Brahmin) viirabhadra

M704

bhadra/aksha(dot .)aasana(seat) karsha

paNa/malla/Rishabha/Prataapa.
Panca(5)/Maasha/Karsha/paNa/Kharjura(silver)/camara(tail)/ta
amra(copper). ra/a/kala ja/sha/anga
ta(tail)/na/u(nu)rajata(silver)/arjuna(siver,a
name)Rshabha(bull,a
name),ashTa(eight),Kalangu/Kalansu(weight)
5 Kalangu/Maasha Arjuna(kharjura)/5Dranksana
Kharjura and

Arjuna(rajata) are synonyms.

5 kala-angu=5*4.86= 24.3 grams from


kala -angu(anga-body)

-panca/kalansu

Kari/hari+naka is also Gadyaanaka(48 Rattis).Hence


paNameTa gadyaana/varaaha may also be indicated.

M208
shadka/cakra
/
sukra(silver,venus)/sukla(silver)/sulka(price,tax)/maaDa(weight)
/maana(measure)/paNa(weight)/saaNa(weight)
praasa/baaNa/paNa(nava-nine,vana-tree,yavabarley)/meTa/dasa(10)/sata(100)
Dasaratha(a
king)Dasaraaja(ten kings)satamaana(weight of 96
Rattis)paNameTa(weight of six barley
grains)padma(cakra,srii).

M207
bhadra/paNa/drava(dram)
maa(measure)/go(cow,bow,eye,9,arrow;sara-arrow,5;sira-head
).
DraviNa(gold,money).9or 5 Drams.

baaNa/vana/nava/yava(barley)

macemusalamutala

maashamasasma/mukha

M-410
paNa+
nakra(nose,croc,kuNdala)/rukma// hariNa/Karsha
uragapanaarka(copper,12) paNa(copper,money)
maanaaga/phaNa(ornament)Menaka/mekhala(zone)maanava
maapana(scale,measure).Three
legskhaNdapaadagaNda bhaaramallameTa.
Musali(croc/palli/anjana) is malla.Anjaneya(Hanuman) is shown
with a musala

and he was a malla/viira.

anjana kaancana(gold)kanaka

Ka

cakra/bhadra(gold) +
hari(gold,snake)/aksha(snake,axle,Karsha,eye)/cakra(sarpa).
Tripaada is Vishnu(paNa-sun).Tripaada
prabhaata(dawn)viirabhadra(malla).
Uragaugramallapalliimotira(anguliiya)
rudra(sankara)mitra(mudra)
sangara(agreement, bond,fight;sam-gira/gara)sama-kara
mangala(auspicious,mars)pingala(lizard,bronze).
Khanda(piece,broken part) is Tanka/saaNa.
A nakras(lizard,croc-Tanka) khanda paada(footTanka)/vaara(tail,loha/bhaara) indicate Tanka bhaara/Tanka
itself.
M409

praveTa(yava)/Druvaya(measure)/dravya(draviNa-gold) /
DraNkshaNa/karsha(sikhara)/visaakha/tri-kara(sriikaraauspicious,cf.tripaada in M-410sankarasangara-bondpaNa-vana-tree,yava)

paNa(arka-

copper,12)/mukha(copper,face)/aum
karsha/bhadraasana/viirabhadra.

Sangara is

paNa is

viirabhadraprabhaatatripaada
khandapaada/Tankapaada(maasha)/Tankabhaara(saaNa)
paNa.
sa(sira;ka-sa;gaja;kasha)+
parNasvarNakaancana/kanaka.

aksha/bhadra/padma/sa naaga/n/u
varNa(suvarNa)/parNa/nripa/pa/va meTa
paNa/malla/mukha(face,copper,paNa/yava/yaaga/makha/vaah
a(go)/go/nava(nine-go)
mallameta suvarNa.Bhadra naaga
is Vrishanasva/mena/menaka/mekhala/maana(measure,weight).
Suvarna is hiraNyaaksha(Karsha).PaNa is
phaNa(ornament).Gold snake is gold chain-nishka.

Dasa(bhadra,10)

Pala(bhadra-bull-Pala) is

DharaNa.

(cf.Manusmriti-8.131-140).
Hence it is a dasapala/dharaNa mallameta.
Padma(srii,snake,elephant) is

paNa/padma(srii-go).

va-5+
aya-4
nava(9,go,praise)
,
,
vana(tree)paNa(svaagata-praise,akshaprize,barter,face)yava/yaaga/vaaha(ya padma-srii-yava +
va-tiger,bull,hand,kingkarNa-srava-kha-ka-khaganakranoseyamayaama etc.)me/maa/saa/aa/saama/maasa
meshamedha(dha-Kubera,wealth,Brahmacf.cobra-Kuberacopper

go-bhaara

maapaNa

)medhya(goat,yava).

m605a
paNa(nava-go

/bera

ka

nava-maamaanava-

rsha/var/paada

3 karsha viira paNa/3 suvarNa paNa/mukha/malla


bhadraasana
malla

paNa

vaara/na

karsha

3 malla viira smasaana 3

viira paada(prabhaada/viirabhadra)/karsha paada

maa/maanatra(maatra)/ka(head,water)-tra(karsha
cf.three headed animals;three kha=30 or sahasra-1000).

Sahasra paada is the sun.

Viira/bhaari is

ravi(paNa).
PaNa/yava is sun/sama.Arka(copper,sun) is
paNa(copper,face) or mukha(copper,face)/maka(yaaga-vaahayava).
sarpasuurpasravasarpacakra
phaNa(aabharaNa)/haara/hiira.
M-605b
Saakha(branch) is kara(hand,tax)/ viira
/vaara/bhaara/maaDa/meTa.Two circles is anjali/paNa/bhadra.
Anjali=2 PrasRta.This is a viirabhadra(metal bar,coin)
paNameTa of Anjali.
Jhasha

is Indra/bhadra/saasa(king).
+

Etc.indicating viirabhadra(king of kings)/bhadrabhaara(kings


weight).Vaara+sha/savrisha/varsha/srava/cakra/Sakra.
Viirabhadra is/has a tail

, .Mahaaviira has a vaara.

Rukma/Tola bar is a vaara

The erect tail indicate mada

as of matanga(mam-sam-gam-madalekha of 7 letters).Mada

was wife of VaruNa-goddess of spirituous liquors.


Madakari is a rogue elephant.Madira

is spirituous liquor.

Makara is nakra,naaga, kaama and hema.

M571a
meTa

16(hasta-ashta-8)/pa

aNa(anna)/Na

paNa 16 Ana(go-cow) isRuupya/Rupee.

aa/saa/aama/maa

ka/na/paNa/maana

kalaada(smith)/pataaka(dhvaja)/padaka(coin)
2 saaNa
meTa/maaDa(
tail)/maala/bhaara/haara
paNa(karsha).
PrasRta is 2 Palas.

maa+

paNa/mukha

ta-

as karsha is two SaaNas and as

Bhiima the tree uprooter.

M478b
paNa meTa Karsha(leya-tiger)
bhadraasana(vana meTa-seat on treepaNameTa)
druubhedi(tree plucker)sriivedi/mallakuuta/
Trivedimalla/viira/suura.Hence this is malla meTa karsha
paNa.Malla indicate beautiful,strong,valiant,
or boxer,athlete,

a woman

a vessel,pot,

or face,remnant of an oblation(cf .

a wrestler
boiler,cheeks

smasaana) etc.

Mallaka is a

Malla
palli-musali
arka(sun).

tooth or
-

lampstand.

valli-creeper-uraga-ugra-

ma/maa(measure,garja-roar)+
aadha/paanamaaDa(maapana /Half Karsha=SaaNa.SaaNa
KuNdalakuntalayava

is malla meTa.

is barley,six

barleys is paNameTa or naaTa(hollow stalk)

Paana is vaara/pur.Puruda is gold.PuraaNa is a


weight.Paana witha vaara is
or bhaga/Baka/Bhiima.Paana
is Bhiima/Baka.Bhiima killed Baka
in a fight with trees.Druvaya(measure) is dru(tree)-yava(barley).
Mallatuurya

is a drum beaten during wrestling

PaNameTa is vana(tree,nava-go)maara(killer)/maala/
haara.Vanamaalin is Vishnu/paNa.
Mallavi(malla)/mallayaatra is a procession of expert wrestlers.
Mallavaastu is a place.Mallavedi is sriivedi
Druu(tree)-hana(destroyer) is
DruhaNa(Brahma)/DruhiNa(Vishnu/Siva).

M -631

From Harappa.com

www.harappa.com/indus/25.html

patra(bird,leaf,writ,patta-foil)/bhadra(gold,Durga,stop ,
bull,king,girl ,Pala),patra(bird,leaf,writ),sa
taamra(copper)/draviNa(gold,money)/purandara(Siva,Indra)/
druma(tree)/drava(dram)/mudra(seal)/mitra(bond,paNa)/sringi

(gold
)/vandana/pancama/sravaNa/karNaka(ring,projectionon a
side,nakra-kuNdala)
KaakiNi/sisna/saaNa

kanaka(gold,kaNkaNa)/

Gunja(Ratti)/panca(five)/Karsha/PuraaNa/hari/hariNa(bhadra)/
nakra(nose,kuNdala)/varNa
paNa/saaNa/bhadra/dru(gold,drava-dram

) /maana druu-

paNa/paaNa paNa,sisna(saasana-saaNadaana),bhadraasana(palacephallus),pa(king,leaf,palm)/suula(Tola) .

nu(weapon,praise-paNa)/sata/dasa/sisna(saaNa/Tola)
3/tribhadra/tripuTa(rati-sex cf.
,
,
)/Tripura
(bhadra-Durgamupura-three townsnuupuraanklet)/puraaNa(80 cowries,bhadra-Durga)
sisna/linga/sinha/cihna/saaNa/aasana/naasana(destroyer)
/

.Akshata(virgin) is barley.

PaNa(Tola)-tripuranaasana(Indra/Siva)draviNa(money)patta(bar/foil) indicate a Tola bar of gold probably


marked with tripura(bhadra/Durga) as seen above.
SatamaanaparimaaNa-taamra/draviNa-patta is a foil of
weight 96 Rattis.PuraaNa is a Karsha (of silver).
10-gunja-16maasha-karsha-parimaaNa

=10

bhadra(dasa)-kaaNa-naama-parimaaNa
bhadra-gold,maahaaNa-1/16-saaNapramaaNa/parimaaNa/sringa.
There was a gold coin called KaaNa of 10
bhadra(king,gold)-paashaaNa-saaNa-pramaaNa.
ParimaaNabahumaanamaanavamaapanaparidhaanapariNaya
pariNaaya-paNa(chess)pariNaaha(perimeter).
Note the garja(roar) on the horn (keras)and the
gala/kantha(neck/throat) indicating kala(cal-culation,count) of

karsha(pinda,count, pound,sound) and the salya(thorn) of


gaNya(count) in the script.Compare with

M-303
Vrishan asva,Mena/maana( )/bhadra
gaja(aksha)15 paNa, bhadravrishabha,bhadra Prataapa(
Varaaha)/Rudra prataapa(a name).Bhadra is rudra/mitra.
PaashaaNa/asma 3
vr/kr/ks ra/sa
na/ka/bhapaashaaNa-3hiraNa(gold,pearl)/vrishabha(bull/malla/Pala)/prataapa(malla,
Half Gadyaana).
bha-dra
pa-tra; da/ra/ka,
daatra/karsha/bhadra/maatra.

daana,

PaashaaNa(spear,weight) .
Bhadraasana karsha vritra paNa . The unicorn is the
bhadranaaga(the king/gold/throne).Note the bhadra(hornkiraNa-harina) which is the royal scepter of the priest king .
Also note the patra(leaf)-symbol on the aasana(amsa-shoulder
of asva-horse / bull/ass, elephant,king/the sun) of the asva to
show bhadraasana(bhadraasva-samraat/viraat-emperor). A
garta (mahaaviira- sacrificial vessel,Vishnu,Garuda,lion,a white
bull or horse cf.karka
) placed before the bhadra make it
bhadraasana again,which is again endorsed by the semi circle
of bhadras or dots to make it bhadraasana
paNa(paNapaanajar). Note the sisna (lingaphallus;saasana saaNa aajnaorder,daana-donation,gift)
at the beginning of the inscription and the patra(
bird,palmleaf

,bhadra-circle

) at the end of the inscription

to make it a saasana(royal order or gift)-patra(writ,bhadraking,gold,bull,elephant). Compare this with the worlds oldest
(12,000-year-old ) erotic portrait of an erect penis from the
Temple at Gobekli Tepe. The scorpion(druuna
) indicate
druu(gold,dru-tree,horn)-na(gem) and
DroNa(Bharadvaaja,throne,16 Prasthas).Aasana( headless
body) on patra(bird) indicate bhadraasana-royal throne ,
bhadra saasana-royal order and bhadraasva(subha
bhadra,siva bhadra,subha patra-best wishes).
The kingdom of the Bharats(bhadra-king,light) or
Dronas(throne) were called Meluhha ( cf.semitic melukaahkingship,royalty) by the Akkadians and the Sumerians.

M898

bhadra(king,gold,metal)/bhaara(weight)/

bhadraasana/ sriivedi/trivedi/mallameTa/panca

3/15(3 akshas,3 Karshas),bhadra,patra,vaara(bar), paNa,


Karsha,drava(dram),saaNa, satra/karshamallameTa paNa.

M887

karsha(panca-five)/svarNa

paNa/maaDa(weight)/maasha/naada(maa)/paNa/
saaNa(weight)/meTa(tower)/ Dvaaraka.

KaaNa= one eyed,pierced, perforated(cf.ottakaasu,like a


cowrie)

M872

hiraNyaaksha(gold

karsha;Ta+naagaTanka-sealed coin)
6
Pala/Karsha/paNa/yava.6 yavas make a paNameTa or
phaNamaaDa(weight of ornament).
Pala/bull/go-vaara(bulls tailkings
measure)/copper/paNa(phaNacobra)/karsha/cakra/Sakra/vana(yava)

M861

paNa/yava/mukha/makha

sapta/giri/gira/sabda/paNa/asva/asma/Ta(
,
maaDa/meTa/pagoda.cf.7 Ghatti varaahas =

5 Varaahas/Pagodas.

M860

paNa(weight)/sisna/sena/saaNa

3/30/1000/vaara/viira/karsha/saaNa/drava(

;cf

),

kara/vara/pra/saaNa/Tola(cf.suula)
shatka/cakra/sukra/sana/naka/maana/saaNa.
PaNa-3-karNika is a gold ear ringof weight 3 paNas(Karshas).
PaNa(weight,price,trade)-3 PuraaNa(Tolas).
PaNa(weight)-3-paashaaNa( a
weight,spear)/primaaNa/pramaaNa(measure).

M792
hiraNyaaksha(Karsha/kanaka)/bhadranaaga(king of kings,king
of metals)/ Vrishan asva/Mena/maana
sapta(sapatha-sabda-paNa/giri-asva-asma

/meTa)

meTa
paNa/mukha/makha/yava
haraNa/nakra(kuNdala)/hariNa/rukma.
6 grains=1 paNameda=389 milligram
7 paNameTas=42 grains.It is an ornament of 42 grains.

M748

paNameTa/gopura,karsha

nakra(paNa,ring),kata/kara/

aksha(eye,karsha,snake,paNa

cf.kataaksha-view),suura/nuupura(anklet)
Kharjura(silver)/karsha/5

Kharjura paNa meta


mudra/nayana/naaNya/dharaNa/netra/Indra/
kharjura
suura/maa
290 a.

nakra/rukma/makra/kara/hara
,

kharjura/rajata

are synonyms as in M-

Taalaanka is Balabhadra.Taalapatra/taaTanka/karNika/toTa
indicate nakra(kundala).
5

paNameTas is 5*6=30 grains.

Kharjura/maasha/panca
kataaksha(glance)/Tankana/saaNa

M862

meTa(tower).

paNa(Karsha)/mukha/yava/makha

mudra/maaDa/meTa/druvaya
chain/nishka)/kanaka(gold).

hiraNyaaksha(gold

Vrishan
asva(unicorn)/Mena/maana(weight,measure)/bhadraasva(white
horsekarka

arka-sunkrika-throatpaNa-rava-sound) .

viirabhadra/bhadrabhaara/kings
weight/measure/mallakasamputa(lamstand,lamp,pot,cup)/
/

M859

harmya(meTa)hiranya(gold)
paNa/malla/mukha/yava

sapta(sabda-sapatha-srii-giri-asva
meTa)

meTa

me+

Ta

meTa(gopura-sapta-7)/saaNa.

7 paNameTas=7*6=42 grains.

M856
sapta(Ta-sound/giri

paNa/me/maa
-meTa;

me+

meTa/paNa
Ta=

meTa)

draNkshaNa(?).

M854
padma(srii)/bhadraasana/viirabhadra/
sapatha(paNa)/saaNapaada(maasha)/asma(Stone)/asva(7)/yaj
na/yava(haya)/
vrisha
paNa/yava/makha/mukha /medha/malla
asma(Stone)/asva/rishabha/rajata/gopura/gocara(goarrow,eye,9;sara-5sena

)/gotra/saaNa


paNa.

M842

saptasapatha(paNa/Ta-sound;giri/gira

(makaramrigarukmapuruda

purusha cf.with erect phallus for man or tail for mriga)

+
/
(luuna-loha-metal)+ / kaTi/rati/hari+ .
maana/parimaaNa/pramaaNa(measure,weight)/ maaDa/
meTa/gopura/maala/haara(necklace,chain). PhaNa is baala.

HaraNa(nakra/karNa/makara/uraga/ugra/arka) is hand.HariNa
is gold.
The tail is kara/saakha/vaara/dvaara/svar/viira/bhaara.Makara
is maara/maana/bhaara/rukma/svarNa.The Ta(tail)+
ma(makara) is mada(wife of
Varuna)/dama(Vishnu)/maaDa/meTa.Viira+maana is
pramaaNa/parimaaNa/kings
measure.Balabhadra(paNabhadra-metal money,gold money)
has baala(tail/hair). SvarNa is ta-vaara-na(nakra).Mahaaviira
has a vaara. Viirabhadra(prabhaataPrataapa
praveTapravaTa)/Bhadraasana karsha paNa bhaara is
indicated.Rukma nakra is gold earring.PraveTa is pravaTa with
a tail(vaal-gotambu).Rukma vaara
is suvarNa(Karsha/Tola) bar,bhaara(weight).Nakra ia
aksha/netra.PraghaNa is a veranda or terrace before
a house,a mace/crow bar(note the mace of maasha indicated
by the nakra), a copper vessel etc.

rajatam hiraNyam(silver;rajatam is ayasgold,copper,kanaka-gold,white etc. as seen in M016a.Silver


was considerd as whitish gold).Rajata is
vrishabha/prataapa.Ta(tail)+graaha(nakra)tagaraka(Mal.takar

am-Tin-white lead;a tree branch


-the horn may thus
indicate the sungods kiraNa-rays,hiraNa-gold,cowry,tagarakaTin etc.)
Go(tail)karNa(nakra) is a snake(phaNa) or a span of thumb and
ring finger.
Tankaka is stamped coin.
Taamra is copper.Caamara is Yaks tail.Mahaaviira and

M838

me/maa/paNa/yava/sma/masa(bhaara/viira)/mesha/medhya/ +
maaDa/saaNa/senapaNameTa

/satamaana/Kubera

(go-bhaaracopper,cobra)/paashaana
(stone weight,spear

bharma(gold)/samaapa(sacrifice)/smasaana(medha,samaadha
ana-peace-piece-vaara-bhaara-viira-bar)

threedahana(fire,number 3
)srii(Mal.tii-fire)
harmya( domestic fire hearth,meTa)svarvrisha(bullmalla,maaTu-maaDa)

m810

go-pura-

tower

Tanka/SaaNa/malla

vaara(baaNa/paana/meTa)

vaara(aara-arrow)+

vaara(paatra-paana-cup)+
vaara(roof)tripaada/prabhaada/viirabhadra/bhadraasana/bha
draasva(white horse,king of metals,white sun)/karka(white
horse
)/
paNa
(Karsha/prasRta/mukha/malla)mallaviirapaNameTa.

M747

paNa(cf.vana,phaNa)

/vaara/bhaara/viira
karsha/panca/gunja//hariNa/nakra(kuNdala-kuntala-barleypaNa)/rukma/maana
karka/Tanka/saaNa/malla(bull/crab/croc)
nakra/paNa/nakra/rukma/kara/hara/viira/karsha/maasha

dvaara/suura (paNameTa).cf.
Makara is mahaa,kaama
, hema,naaga etc.Mallaviira is Mahaaviira.MalaaviirameTa
paNa is SaaNa paNa.

nakra/Tanka/karka/griha
piitha/vedi/kuuta/mallakuuta/mallasaala etc.
Kharjura/arjuna/sukra/sukla(silver) karsha paNa(phaNaornament).
kaTi(croc/godhaa/hari)=

nakra(nose,croc) are synonyms.

The use of the Kati in Vijayanagara indicate the continuous


use of Harappan symbols upto the Muslim conquest of North
India.
rukma/Kati

hariNa

suvarNa

M746

vaara/viira

bhadra/bhaara.

piitha/meTa/vedi.

paNa/ bhadra/kuta/ghata/sma

/masa/asma/asva+ aja/aana+ maa/maana/maashaka/


varaaha(varaaka-war,siva)/
gadyaana/varaaNa/Brahma/puraaNa/
smasaana/paashaaNa(asma

)/bhadraasana(throne)

kaara/vaara/bhaara/viira/2
aksha/gaja/akshata(yava)/akshara(paNa)

vaara/kara/hara/go/govaara/Gopaala/gopura/Kubera/cobra/cop
per
panca/pada/bhuja/Tanka(spade,leg
svar/naaga/naka/na

Tankana- a horse,Yak/mule,boraxboar/bore-aksha/asva/axe !
Go-Tankana is the bull horse/unicorn.It is varaaha/boar.
Go(king)-Tankana(mint) is the kings sealed coin/bar.
Varaaha(arka-gold,copper) is gold bar/ coin.Varaaha is
Gadyaana(48 Rattis)/Pon/Hon.
Gadyaana-2-aksha(karsha-96 Rattis)-Go(king)-Tankana(mint).
This is the normal measure or weight.The Vijayanagara weight
was 52 grains.
Prataapa(Rishabha) is its half.Varaaha/Aja/varaaNa/praak is
the east or rising golden sun/Indra/PuraaNa/Brahma/
HiraNyagarbha.In Taurus it is Rishabha/prabhaata as Prataapa
and becoming Venus or whitish gold.It is the half of praak
(east).

M741
Poutavya(weight by
scale)/paashaaNa/smasaana/satamaana/paNameTa

/puraaNa/Brahma Shodasikaamra(16 stringed ornament,


Pala,Aamra-mango tree,Pala);Kalangu -2,kalaapa(peacocks
tail,quiver with arrows,zone,ornament with 24 or 16
strings.Unicorn itself is Bhadranaaga/gaNda/Vrishan
asva/Mena/menaka/maana/miina/mekhala/zone),kalabha(mark
on forehead),rasana(ornament of 16 strings),
paNameta.Taalaanka is Balabhadra/Siva.Talin is placing
upon(meTa/maaDa).Talika is palm of
hand.Taalanka/taaTanka/toTa is ear ornament.
anjalikula(assemblage,race,Nakula-Siva,a

Pandava)manjari(inflorescenceMal.puukkula)
pinjarita(having pearls and gold)manjiira

manjari-

Brahmaanjali is praise of Brahma by cupping the palms vedic


students.Anjali
Bhadra gaja/kasha indicate high purity or high quality.
Shodasi is a libation of 16 Grahasor a stoma or stotra of 16
parts.
Aamra(mango,Pala-weight,phala-fruit;Mal.maa-maangamango) pushpa manjari(inflorescence) is a very good maaanka-meTa-maala-haara-tower example.And maangaa maala
is a traditional Indian necklace.Necklace is nishka.Nishka is
Pala.
MaahaaNa=1/16.
A hatta/hatti/atta/attaka(cf.ashtaka,Kati
) is market
/malla/meTa .Atta(cf.Mal.matta-red rice) is also boiled rice.

Attahaasa is loud laughter (paNa-sound)as of a horse.


It can indicate an ornament of 16 strings weighing a Pala.
Shodasi/shdasika has 16 parts.Shodasi is

kalaa,1/16 of the

Moon.Ashodasika is a paksha(wing,half month).2

pakshas

make a
maasa (month).16 Prasthas make a
DroNa(vessel,measure;druma-tree).16 Maashas make a
Karsha(vrisha,vriksha).

M728
hiraNyaaksha/Bhadranaaga(gold/80/king of kings)/
bhadraasva / Tanka/kanaka/naka
sapta/sabda/sapatha(paNa)/
tripaada/prabhaata/Prataapa/praveTa(yava)/Ta
meTa/maaDa/bhadraasana
paNa/mukha(copper,face)/malla/me/maa.
PaNameTa/mallameTa-

sapta-

SuvarNa.

In Kerala weight of gold ornaments as counted in Pavans(8


grams/8 Maashas). svar/naaka/8 is ashta.Ashta is naaga(
snake,
elephant).Naaga(nakra,elephant,bull,lion,ram) is
hema(gold).Naaga is phaNa(snake,coin,ornament-chain/ring
like the coils of the snake).PhaNa is paNa(bhavanahouse)pavan
me+

Ta

Ta+ na+

paNameTa of 8 grams.

meTa
kaTanka

PaNameta(6 grains) Tanka(4 Maashas,mint)


Malla meTa 7 naka(phaNa-ornament)/80 Rattis(Tola).

M727a
The foot to head is the meTa.The foot is
shown as the four footed pot(poutavya;pous-foot,aya-four),at
the foot of the bhadraasva(
Karka-white
horse,Mena/maana)and the head is the
bhadra(head,gold,king,bull,cipher) placed on the head of the
unicorn Bhadra asva/Vrishan asva/Mallanaaga.
maaDa/meTa/hiraNa/Karsha /SaaNa
Kalansu/kari(hand)/hari(gold,lion)/panca(five,gunja-

paNa

Ratti)/Pence/vaara(tail)/bhaara(weight)/paNa (cf.

paNa-

palmparNavana)
hiraNyaaksha(gold
chain,nishka)/naka(phaNa-ornament)/Tanka
mesha/meTa/medhameTa
meTa

meTa

meTa

. There are four /five meTas in this paNameTa.

Malla meta viira/bhaara/bhujanga/phaNa/


bhuushaNa/aabharaNa.
MallameTa bhujanga(phaNa-snake,ornament,8)/bhujanaka(kaNkaNa-bangle,bracelet).

M649
aksha/asva/asma/karsha/cakra/DharaNa/bhadra
(bull,gold,king,asva,asma)/padma(srii)/malla/rakta/raksha/
Ratti(aksha-raktika)/ratha(hiraNya ratha-chariot of
gold)/Sakra/sakata(wagon,weight of 2000Palas)
/purada(gold)/svar/dvaara/To-wer/go-

viirabhadra

pura/kuuta(mallakuuta,mallasaala,mallavedi,
,
)/meTa/maaDa/medha/Sabara(mountaineering tribe,cf.meTamountain

)/sibira(camp

aksha/karsha/panca(five)/paNa

meTapaNameTa/suvarNa(Karsha of
gold)/PuraaNa/Dvaaraka.
ca
dvaara ,
catvaara(four,a place where cross
roads meet,levelled ground for sacrifice)
etc.;adhvara(sacrifice,festival);satvara(quick).

M647
hema/mahaa/paNa/malla/megha/naaga/sinha/meTa
vrisha/bhadra/viira/maaDa/meTa
maana/paNa

panca,meTa/maaDa

gaja/aksha/asma/asva

sa

paNa/go

Malla meTa Anna/Naa/naaNaka/money/go aksha/asva/asma


saaNa/savana/medha/meTa.
Meghanaada(Varuna,sun,Indrajit)/Sinhanaada(garja-Karsha)
garjana/karsana(nishkarsha-tax)
maa(mouthmoogo,gaja,sinha)
maa(mushti)

na/pa

Tanka/ranga/maasha

maana

maatradharaNaIndranetra mitramudraDinar

uksha(bull)maaDa/meTa . cf. vrishabhabhadra


petra(paashaaNa-stone,metal).

anna/karka/kataka/kanaka/kaakiNi/ gagana/ganga/
naaga/naaka/meTa. The sky is the elephant tower.

karka gaja(white elephant-the sun,mallanaaga,


kataaksha).

KrishNa/krisana(gold,pearl)/karsana(tax)/garjana(roar=maa=
paNa=maapana-measure
)/nishka(necklace)
paNa(phaNa-ornament,chain), kri-shaana(farmer).

M318a

PaNa/Yava/

go-vaara/vaara/luuna/loha/bhaara/Kubera/phaNa/copper/
Karsha/Pala

3/harmya/hiraNya

aasana(paNa,paNa meTa).

suvarNa

1/5/10 /bhadra

3+

2 aksha(5,Karsha,snake,die)

Malla(bull/Pala/Prataapa)-vaara-5- PaNameta.
yava

3*

26 ;6 yavas is paNameTa.

tra-dra naagasringa+ ka/sa+


aasanadrankshaNa(Tola).It is Karsha/Tola
PaNa

meTa DrankshaNa.

BullmallaviiravaarapaadabhaaramaaDameTa
paNameta is the Tower in this.The vaara /paada is placed on
the vaara of the bull and the meTa is on the head of the bull.
As in M-727 a , the vaara/paada
the gaatra/deha/kedaara/kshetra is

(Tanka)

and the bhadra/head

M379a
PaNameTa/SaaNa/smasaana/satamaana/ asvamedha/
asmamaaDa
naaga/hasta/ashta(8)/karka/krika/griha/saaNa/nakara/
hariNa/rukma/paNa/vasna/aasana/saaNa
da/Ta/meTa/bhadra/Pala
paNamaatra/paatra(measure)

SaaNa-8-Pala-maatrasaaNa*8=Pala is the normal weight


measure.

saaNa paNameTa

saaNa panameTa.

Weight of two paNameTas(12 grains)/Karsha(two saaNas) are


indicated.

M399
paNa
/mukha/makha/sma/yava/masa/me/maa
pada(Tanka)/Pala+
+

12 Kalansus make a
Pala.Tripaada is Vishnu(paNa/yava/praveTa/prabhaata).
dvaadasa(12)/arka(=mukha=paNa=sun,copper)/vaara/viira/
Divodaasa/tripaada/prabhaata/
Prataapa/sapta/sabda/Ta
3/bhadra/malla/Pala/Karsha/paNa/drava/
Karsha/varsha/nakra/hariNa/hiraNa/paNa
paNa
meTa/go(eye,king)pura(house=Tower)/praMaaNa/parimaaNa(
measure,weight).
2 Sukti(12 Kalansu
gram
karsha
me +

)1

Phalam(4 Tola/Karsha)58.319

Karsha
TameTa/paNameTa

paNameTa.

Aana(mouth,nose)+ Ta/pura/vaaraanta(end)
aNda(egg)naaada(sound)daana(gift)maaDa
(weight)meTa(tower)puraaNa(weight of 80 cowries).
M397a

mukha/paNa/sma/masa/malla/maa/me

Pala
dvaadasa(12,Divodaasa,arkasun,copper)/vana/paNa/Ta
netra(Indra),aksha,Kalansu(ansu is kala of aksha or
netra)/maasha(maa+sa)/masa.
Malla/paNa meTa-12 Kalansus.
M388

meTa/harmya/gopura(go=sky,arrow,sun,king)/bhadraasana
paNa/malla/maa/me meTa-Tower
paNa/mukha(copper)/ metal/malla meTa=6 barley grains.

M382
sata/dasa/srii/raaja/paNa/bhadra/pra
ve/me/maa(to weave)/netra(eye,kingbull,Indra)/maatra/ushtra/2adhara/
2 lips/Pala/malla.Kara is kata(mat)/kuta(paana/ paaNa/
paNa).Kataaksha is glance with a lance/baaNa/paNa.Kataagni
is fire kept up with grass.Grasana is the mouth.Two bars make

a dvaara/svar cf.

svarNa/saaNa.Two katas(mats)/kalas

make a sakata/bhaara/maaDa/meTa.
kataakata/varaaha/haaTaka/kataka / karka/ Saakata-bull(maago)
-Pala.(Kata-mat).DharaNa(netra) is
10Palas.Baala(hair)/saaNa(thread)vaara(netra-net/mat) is
Balabhadra/saaNameTa.
Katakutakulamatanjali/manjari/manjiira/kalaapa/
maaDa/maana/meTa.
Kara-kala-kata-kuta-guda-paTa-puTa-puta-Pala.
SakaTa is Bhaara(20 Tulaas).

+
satamaana(96 Rattis)Dasapalas(DharaNa
cf.netra).Kata/vana/mat is PaNameTa.Netra(cloth,net) is
Indra/DharaNa/maatra/maasha.Vaana (cloth,mat of straw)
is PaNa.Vaara(hair mesh) is bhaara/maaDa/meTa.Viiraasana
is mallameTa

M384
Saakata/bull/netra/Indra/Pala
nikaasa/nisheka/ni-seka/nishka.
Kara-kala-kata-kuta-guda-paTa-puTa-puta-Pala

karsha(gaatra-body/kesara-gold) =1

Pala

M1195
paNa/mukha/makha/sma/masa/yava/me/maa
nakra(kuNdala,drum)/uraga(creeper)/ugra(musali/malla/anna)/a
rka(sun,copper)/hari(lion,tiger,gold,man)/phaNa/phaNi/naaga(el
ephant,snake,8/7)/rukma(gold)/valli(creeper plant)/palli/malla
suvarNa paNapaNa meTakuNdalakunTala(barley).PaNa
or PaNameTa is six barley
grains.PaNa(Vishnu)/vana(tree,water) is yava. PaNameTa is
vanamaali(Vishnu).

pa/sa

napaNa/sun/bali(sacrifice).

M1206a
paashaaNa/saaNa/sena/sata/dasa/gada/mace/
maasha/baaNa/paNa
maana/miina/bhaara/maada/paNa/suura/svar/go/nava
catura(4),catvaara(4)/turiiya(4th)/suurya(sun)/dhuriiya(bull)/manj
ari/manjiira(anklet)
PaashaaNa(stone weight,spear)-maana(weight,measure)four,anklet.
PaNameTa - 4=4*6=24 grains.
satamaana(96 Rattis)- 4 = Pala(bull-dhuriiya-turiiya).

Gada+
paana

aana(mouth,nose cf.

aana in mukha

baaNa )Gadyaana/Varaaha(unicorn).

M122
pura(house),kara/vara/masa/mada
3,mudra/mitra/karsha
paNa,paashaaNa,saaNa,sena,musala/malla

tri

purapaNa Tripura(Durga)

Karsha(panca)

PaNa

/tiivra(tiikshNa-gold).
draviNa(gold).

M1224c
Viira bhadra(prabhaata/prataapa/praveTa)/
Balabhadra Karsha paNa .PraveTa (barley) has a long tail.

M1290
feet,

Tankana(Treasury seal cf.Tankaspadesa-pada-foot,4;Tanka is 4 maashas as shown

by the spade)
aksha/Karsha/
Karsha/hariNa/nakra/naaga.Tankaanaka(horse) is the unicorn.

M1368

me(paNa)/maa(roar,measure)/mukha/makha/sma/masa
ta(tail)
panca(5)/vasna/bandha/karsha/
sinha/pancika/PencePancanada/sinhanaada/meghanaada/
maaDa/meTa/medha -5.Panca medha is pancamahaayaagas.
Mukha is makha/yaaga/yava.

M1393a
Samaaja is assembly of animals.Sama-aja
is paNa-aja(king)/kamsa(jar)/sankha(cowry).Samaa is the
year.Nakra is naraka(Hades),nagara(pura-town),
karma(action),karaNa(deed),nakra(nose),karNa(ear),naaga(sha
-king,best), rukma(gold,Mohr) , kuNdala etc..KuNdala is
kuntala(barley).To mrig is to beg.Mriga is rukma and
nripa(king).Carii(animal) is srii(svar-Ta).Ta(animal)-anka(mark)
is Tanka.6 animals make the paNameTa of 6 barley
grains.Total number of animals is 7/sapta
/
sapatha/paNa/haya/Ta.Sapta-naaga is Tanka. Thus this is a
samaaja of Tanka/paNameTa.Haya is yava.Hayacarii is
gaayatri(protector,savitri-the sun).

M1406a
Tanka(4 Maashas)
.
PaNa(sound,money,barter,chess,weight, maa-roar,weight,mebleat,barter).Kanaka.Kanaa.Bhadra.Kamala.KuTa.KaTa.
Kalasa

. KaTi.Kari.Hari.Srii.Rati.Saya.Yaja.Jaya. Guda.

Ghata.Gada

. Dha.Dhata.

Cashaka.Pada(cf.tap).PaTa.Puta(buttocks cf.kuta-gudapot).Paana.PaaNa.Poti(temple,treasure,measure of 10
Aadhakas;mushka-vrishaNa
);
Push(prosper,augment,foster).Bhaama.
Bhiima .Aja.Aasya.Aana.Mesha(MaashaMaasa).Medha.
Medhya(goat,barley).Yava.Maya(aya-4 +ma mayamibindnii-lead).Haya.Gaja.Kaca.Vaac.Vaaja. Asva.Vaaha.
Hema(Tu-hema,kaama,mahaa devaudu-star
Mukha. Makha(bali/paNa/yaaga).
Naaga.Sma.Masa.Padma.Malla
Tankakalasa(paana-paNa)
bhadra;Sakra-sukra-sukla-

).

.PrasRta(2Palas).
,

cakra(wheel-

sulka)dahana(agni,nakra,arka,mahira,makra 3,

,
,
,
;Tanga-dahana-agni-sanga-kaamaagni-fire
of sex-rati-srii-tri-three)

salaaka(stake,stick,peg,rod ;Twig
or window

; bar of a cage

; an oblong quadrangular piece of ivory

;pointed instrument,arrowhead,pin

;a sprout

,
,

, , , ;bone
;finger,toe ;porcupine,a kind of
gamecalled salaaka;salaakin-furnished with awns-barley)
salka(fish-scale,bit,scales)sakula(fish,spur like projection of
legs of cattle,cock etc)sakala(bit,part)
Sakla(pleasant speech-paNa)saNka(bull) salya(
dart,spear,fence)sankha(cowry,aum)sunga(

tree,yava,

Fig tree
)slaagha(srii;trust,praise,flatterpaNa)zanga(meeting,sex)zangara(fight,agreement,bond)
paNa.

Tankaanaka(Tanka-naga) is Fig tree

.Tankana(horse)

is mata-naga/maa-tanga(elephant).
Tanka is kaNtha(throat,the lines on throat further emphasise
this),khanda(piece,bar,coin ),kuntha(spear
pot,boiler
Tanka is Ta(

),kuNda(kuta-

) etc.
,

svar,dvaar,suura,kha,ravi )-

anka(mark,lap,lip,fight)/anga
(body).Maa(go,roar)/me/sa(sarpa)/sapta/sabda is Ta.

Svar/dvaara-Na/kasvarNasvargadvaaraka
surata(sex)sanga(sex

sinha(lion)jangha(lap/hip/loin/lip)

Tanka(coin)anka(lap,mark,jangha)

Svar /dvaar
, kha(sky,sun,cipher,kuupa-well)
khara/haraukhakuTagudaputapotmukha
(mu-three,kha-cipher

)sukha(pleasure).

Tanka is anka (mark,loins,war;anga-body),sanga(


sex,bond),saNka(bull-maa-go)
sankha(cowry
anka;asva-vac

),sa(sarpa-svar-bhadra
,

foot-word-four-fourth: :,

),

),garja(gaja-Ta;matangama-Tankamada-

,aja(ass,ram- maa,me

Sabda,sapta

,sinha(tiger

),pada/paada(leg

,Tanka(spade,hoe,axe,chisel

cf.phaNiimukha),Paryanka(

)
cf-pot),

,
,

cotpot)

etc.
Tanka is
money.

spade money.PaashaaNa

is spear

Kuta(pot)pura(house,city, gopura,meTa
sura(sun)suura(tiger,viira-hero)
rava(sun,sound,treasury)Dva(two)

(ta-tail), (sha-

king)sva(tomorrow,Siva) zva(wealth) raya(flow)


rayi(res-water,wealth).
One of the best examples of Tanka can be seen in H-289 a&b

H289a

Tanka/paNa

srii-sa-sha)/Sunga
dhuriiya(bull).

H289b

Maasha/maatra(tra-tri-

catvara(4),turiiya(4,4th)/ suurya/

Viirabhadra(barley,gold)/Sunga

(Fig tree,barley)/Tanka/paNa patra(bhadra) .


The Myladuthurai stone celt
acopy of this.

inscription is almost

Tanka(axe) itself is the stone celt.

H147a
,
dahana(srii,Mal.tiifire)/Tanka/harmya(hearth)/meTa/medha( suvarNa- sa;aasaface),karsha(cf.hearth,heart) ,patra
anjali/maanaMenaka/Mena/kuNdala/miina/netra,naatra,paNa,p
atra,bhadra,sanga,bhadradvaya,
bharadvaaja
Tanka,kuTa,kuNda,naaga,hema,bhadra,paNa,aasa,sa

vipaNa
bhadra,sa

patra
aasa

karshapaNa

patra.

na (bhadraasana,saasana).

M1429a
Akshara(Vishnu,alphabet)/raksha(amulet)/cakra/Sakra/svarNa
(Karsha paNa)

srii,nri,aksha,Karsha,svar

raksha(amulet)/Sakra/cakra/paNa/svarNa

3,srii, /

dahana/Tanka/harmya
cakra/Sakra/paNa,karsha(draviNa)/drava/
dravya/druvaya/viirabhadra/prabhaata/tripaada(Vishnu)
Akshara raksha srii cakra karsha
paNa
aksha,bhadraasana,kataakata(siva)/tankatiika(siva)/harihara
(siva) ;

paNa

M1429b

draviNa
naava

(crow-n;DroNa,crow,praise),
taraNi(sun,boat),dharaNa(weight,earth),
paNa(praise,Vishnu)
M1429c
Karsha(hariNa-ukma-nakra) paNa.
Nakra(kuNdala).MakarapaNanaraka paNasun at winter
solstice(Makara is VaruNa/madana-

kaama)rukma(svarNa)Mohr.Nakra is
sankhamukha/musali/uraga/
ugra/arka/malla/dahana/Tanka/sangama.Matsya mahira is
aruna-the rising sun.

Tanka/saaNa(nakra) +

aana/maana/paNaTankana/SaaNa paNa.

paNa/aana/maana/miina+
nakra/TaTTani/kara / naaga/ arka/ugra
Sankara(Siva),Menaka/Mena etc.

M158
Karsha /PaNa/Pala(Aamra)/Yava
6
bhadra/varsha/ ramaa(Laxmi)/Aaramaa(coin of 5
Tolas)/asma(stone,metal)/asva(elephant,king,word,metal)/aasa
na(seat)srama/mudra/srava/drava(dram,drama)/rishabha(bull,p
rataapa,rajata)/rasana(zone,chain)/ maana/
aapaNa.Drava(fish,coral)60 grains.Bhaara-6-drava(dram,fish
).

yava(barley)/salaaka/sakula/sakulin/vaara/bhaara/viira

shad(six),zad(house-paNa .cf.zadana-nishadahouse,Nishadha- a kingdom).Six barley grains is the


sa/harmya+
sa/harmya
paNameTa.
saaNa/harmya/praasaada/nishadya(market,market
street)/meTa/mansion/tower.SaaNameTa is malla meTa.
Aaramaaamra(Pala,mango tree)aaraama(grove,garden)
arama( maahalf of maa = of 1/20) =1/40.

M176
paNa/catvara/dasa/vedi/meTa( )
paNa/yava/makha(sacrifice)/mukha(face,copper)paNameTa
(balivedi)sriivedi(sapatha-paNa).Dasamukha is Raavana.
Raavana is raa(gold)-paNa(money)Karsha paNaSuvarNa.
Mukha paNa is copper paNa which was also called Karsha
paNa.
ma/Tanka+ ta/ma(loins)/sangamada(wife of
VaruNa,sex,liquor)meTa(tower)matanga(elephant)
makha(sacrifice)asvamedha(sacrifice,sex)masta(head,
measured)mushti(fist, a measure,paNa).

M177
Karsha/ paNa (
draviNasvarNa)/vaara/bhaara/viira/Pala/yava
3 /dahana/Tanka/harmya
hiraNyaaksha/naka/phaNa/
nishka/ kanaka/ashtanaaga/svarNa
Bhaara(weight)-3-nishka(Pala) is a necklace of weight 3 Palas.

M178

yava/nava/vana/paNa/bhaara/karsha/Pala

shat(six) paNameTa/ 54.Shad(6)zad(seat,meTa ).


srii/harmya+
harmyameTa.This is
PaNameTa/paNaviTa.6barleys make a standard paNameTa.
na

shadnishta/nashta/nishadya(market).

M179

yava/vana/nava/paNa

3 /harmya

valla meta/27 .

M180a
paNa/srii/vaara/bhaara/viira/mukha
vedi/meTa/panca/bhadra srii vediviirabhadrapaNameTa.

M182
mukha/paNa /Karsha/Tanka/mesha
maasha/aamra/Pala/bhadraasana/taalanka/taaTanka/toTa/
Mena/Menaka/nakra(kuNdala) .
Tanka is 4 maashas.Pala is 4 Karshas.

M183a

paNa/Paashaana/salaaka/SaaNa/sena/suula
/Tola/akshata(yava/bhaara/grain cf. aksha + ta
akshata. suula is suuna with a tail.
weight of grain.) .
spa/viira/paNa/maana/saaNa(sa-aana)

Akshata maana is

raa/aara

ma/va/paNa saaNa asmapaashaaNaStone(weight)


sena/saaNa

spa/saaNa.

asvaasmaaaraMa(coin of 5 Tolas).

M185
paNa/nava/SaaNa paNa/SaaNa
maana/SaaNa maaDa/SaaNa meTa.

M186
paNa/Ta
aksha/shatka/saakata(bull/Pala)/cakra/sukra/sukla/ sulka/anka
Tanka(4 Maashas)paNameTa.

M187

Tola(aksha,karsha)/mallameTa/

draNkshaNa/maapana/paNameTa
panca(5 )/
sinha/gunja/bandha/sandha/aksha(5,Tola,snake).

M188

same as M187.

TolapaNa

Aksha(5/karsha/Tola) .

Tola aksha(karsha)
aksha

aksha

aksha

panca(5)

bandha/vanda/sandha
sankha
sinhapancika(5 chapters)Pence.

M189

aksha(5,karsha,phaNa),paNa

paNa/

mukha/Tanka/gaja/aksha/yava
aksha/nakra/rukma/mudra(Mohr).

M190
TolapaNa/paNameTa/maapana(weight,measure)
manjari/manjiira/saaNa
Anjali/maana/Saana 2/10(cf.
bhadraasanapaashaaNa-stoneparyankaTanka).

4 akshas=4*5=20.20 Tulaas make a Bhaara(weight).

M191a
akshata(barley)/Tanka bali(DroNa)/
paNa cf.bali( tax,sacrifice,soldier,camel ,bull,buffalo,hog,
frankincense, jasminum multiflorum,kidney bean or maasha) .
Hence bali can indicate maasha.Tanka is 4
Maashas.Sena(soldier,malla) is SaaNa/Tanka.

M197

TolapaNa/PaNameTa/mallameTa

SaaNa/akshata/manjari .SaaNa paNa is malla meTa.

M201

hema/naaga/meTa/medhamaapana

Tu(hema/kaama)/Tanka(4 Maashas,asva).

asvamedha(sacrifice)asma maaDa(stone weight).

M202a

Kharjura/panca/aksha: : kharjura/Tanka

aksha/ karsha /5 bhadraasana aksha paNa/aaramaa(coin of


5 akhas/5 Tolas).
M227

SaaNa(sa: :+ aana

saaNa)/Tanka/

bhadraasana paNa/ 4 drava/saaNapaada(Maasha).

M257a

Khanda/Tanka/bhadra/aksha/5

mukha/paNa(copper Karsha)/me/saaNa/Tanka aara


maa.Panca karsha/Tola aaramaa(coin of 5 Tolas,arkacopper,sun).
The bull is Mallanaaga(Indras bull/horse/elephant) or
malla(bull)/Pala(bull)/bhadra(bull,king,gold,girl,cipher,metal,
petra-stone ),vaaha(bhaaga/beqa),maa(Tanka/go) etc.

M258a

baaNa/paNa/sara/dra/tra

anka/panca/nripa/parNa/karsha/maasha
karsha(boat,Karsha/Tola)/veDa(paada/Tanka/meTa)/beDa(cf.pr
aveTa)/tarii(srii)/taraNi(boat,sun)/naava/nau(na)/veTi(vedi)/tara(
boat;sara,rata,tra)/pota(puta)/potra(potri)/paana/
hiraNyaaksha/astanaaga/svarNa/kanaka/pavan(8
grams)/nishka(Pala-bull)/bhadranaaaga(king of kings,king of
metals, kings stone).
viirabhadra vana/paNa
meTa/maaDa.DraNkshaNa(Tola)- SuvarNa -PaNa meTa.
The bull is malla/Pala/mallanaaga(
svarNa/king).Bhadra is patra(leaf

)/bhadra(
) and parNa(nripa

sara

M259

tara are equivalents.

paNa /saaNa/paashaaNa/yava/akshata

netra/Indra/dharaNa/ramaa/aksha/anka/akshata
hiraNya aksha/ashtanaaga/pavan/kings stone/suvarNa.
Ta+

ankaTanka(4 Maashas/mint)-svarNa(gold).The bull

is malla/bhadra(gold)/mallanaaga/maa(Tanka).

M283a

Karsha/garja/gaja/

paNa/arka(copper,12)/Pala/Arka/Maasha
ashta(8)
.12*8=96satamana(96Rattis weight).8Maashas is the
Pavan/paNa meTa.cf. GandhavaaraNa
(

Maatanga)-MaaDa.
pada(Tanka)/Pala+

pada(Tanka)/Pala

Karsha/Pala

2Tankas/SaaNas is a Karsha.A Karsha Pala is a larger Pala.


cf. gaja-garja-Karsha.Ashta(8) is naaga(elephant) and
hema(gold).Ashtanaaga is ashtaapada

/astapruuda.

Gaja/mallanaaga(Indras elephant,Airaavata) is
kaca/kesa/kaaca/kasha(indicating purity and best

quality)/saha(strength) etc.Matanga/maatanga is Maa-Tanka or


maasha-anka also.Hastin might be Hastina(pura) also.

M353a
HariNa(deer) is
hariNa(gold,cowry)/hiraNya(gold)/Yama(2) is
yava/maya(bull,horse,camel).HariNa yama is
hiraNmaya(golden or gold) or 2 SuvarNas.

M361
DharaNa/Indra/netra/maatra/saaNapaada(maasha)
maaDa//meTa/daana/paada/Viirabhadra/bhadra(hill/gold/king)p
aada naaga/dasa
aksha/karsha/bhadra(go)/Pala/arka/padma(shadcakra).Bhadra
naaga(gold,samraat,viirabhadra,80) Indra.Ten Palas(gos) is
DharaNa(Indra cf.Manusmriti.8).Hence the price of Indra was
fixed as ten cows.

M362
PaNa(barter)/me(barter)/mukha/Yava/Tanka/SaaNa
sapta(7)/sabda/sapatha/paNa/svar/Ta
bhadraasana/medha/maaDa/meTa/gopura/pagoda/Tower
hiraNyaaksha
/nishka/naka/kanaka/ashtanaaga/pavan/bhadranaaga(gold,80).
me+

TameTa

meshamedhamedhya(yava).

M456

paNa/mukha/Tanka

Karsha

/Drava/mudra
Mukha/ aana+
mudra is
mukhamudra/mudraNa/Tankana(sealed coin).
M459a

paNa/mukha/vadana/panca/vaara/

dvaara/saana/Tanka/
Mukha/saaNa/Tanka/paNa/me
ta(loins)/sa(bird,god)/arka(sun,copper,12)
paNameTa(6 barleys)/cakra/Karsha.2 SaaNas make a Karsha.
Compare this with M018 where synonyms of copper are used

with a paNameTa of Taamra

. M018a

PaNameTa is sriivedi/mallameTa/the sky-meTa of paNa-the


sun.
The suns vedi is the 12 signs/raasi(sign)/kaasi(sun,fist)/paNa.
nandhi sandi(cot)
sandhi(loins,bond,paNa)
sandhabandhapanca(five).Panca(vadan) is
mukha.Pancamukha is a king or lion or pancake/Pence.

M749
4(cf.tetra Drachm).

Karsha/Pala/Drava(dram)/vana/paNa
Pada

Tanka/saaNa=4 Maashas.

PaNa -4 or paNa Tanka is indicated.

M750
aaramaa(coin of 5 Tolas)
maaDa/meTa/kalaada(goldsmith)/kalaapa/rasna/kalabha/
taamra(copper;ta-tail+aamra-mango tree,Pala)bhadraasana
karsha paNa/meTa
paNa/mukha(copper)paNataamra/meTa-aaramaa.
mukha/paNa(copper)

taamra(copper).

cf.M018 and M459.


PaNameTavanamaala(garland of flowers).
M372
meTa

paNa/saaNa/Tanka/mukha/malla
paNa/saaNa/Tanka/salaaka

nakra(kuNdala,drum)/SaaNa/meTa/Tanka/shashty na

ka

60 KaNas(Bindus) make a saaNa.SaaNa is meTa/maaDa/sena


,

.PaNa/mallameTa is TankameTa.

cakraekacakra is king of kings.

sa aa

eka
naSaaNa.

PaNa meTa Tanka saaNa is SaaNa itself.

H180a
Two sinhas is two TankasTwo
SaaNassuvarNa(suura-natwo tigers)hariNa(gold,hari-

natwo tigers).Garja(Tiger) is sinha/Karsha/panca/


Pence.Bhadraasana is shown by the aasana on the
bhadra(head-siirshaasana).A man on siirshaasana has his
bhadra(ka,head) as paada(bhadrapaada/akshapaada/Gotama, ).He has his mushka/linga/sinha/Tanka(nishka
) as
his ka(head).Hence he is Kalinga SaaNa.The dru(tree,gold) on
his jaghana/Tanka/sankha is lion on loin/mada(sex)/meTa.
SroNa(loin) is druma(tree)/mudra(sex).

M1262
Mahaaviira/kataakata/tankatiika/harihara/Gadyaanaka/2SaaNa
meTas/
Karsha/viirameTa/pramaaNa/parimaaNa
varaaha/gadyaanaka/paNa/saaNa/rukma
4

DraNksaNa

Pala/paNa

Four Karshas is one Pala.

M1264a

paNa/SaaNa/Tanka/malla

saaNa/meTa/Karsha
viirabhadra/svarNa
ekacakra/ekaksha(bhadranaaga/bhadraasva/king of kings/king
of metals/suvarNa/Vrishanasva/Mena/Menaka/maana)
/aaramaa(coin)
viirabhadra

MeTa is mada.

M1265
mukha(copper,face)/paNa(copper,arka,face,me-barter)
dvaadasa(12,arka-paNa-mukhacopper,sun)/tripaada/prabhaata/Prataapa

saaNa/Tanka

aana/naa/na/go 2/10/vaara/aara/manjari/ dasa/saaNa/


khaNda/Tanka
Karsha/Viirabhadra/cakra/sukra/sukla/rajata(silver)/puraaNa.
Tankana(sealed coin)/angana(maid)/ankana(sealing
cf.Shilling).Sealing is ceiling/Shilling.
PaNa(barter)

12

angana(maids)

2/10

rajatas

Price of a dozen maids might be 2 PuraNas,but it might indicate


me(paNa) of 12 copper Karshas for 2/10 silver PuraNas.
aara

M015a

maaaaramaa(coin of 5 Tolas) might indicate this.

SaaNa/sena/sha/na/aksha

mukha/Tanka/SaaNa
SaaNa/aasana/naasa/naaga/nakra/rukma/Mohr

hiraNyaaksha/ashtanaaga/Pavan/naka
/suvarNa/nishka/Mena/meTa3 saaNa MeTa
tripaada meTa(paadaSaaNa).

M016a
aksha/ra/ka/Ta sa/na+
kara/ka/vaara/tatail/kalansudasra(ass)kharjurarajatakanakaayas
Tanka
pancaaksha(5 Tolas)
Tolas)/saaNa/naasa/raja.

aaramaa(coin of 5

RajataTanka is a well known coin.


Rajatam hiraNyam indicates whitish gold or gold itself.Rajata
is silver/gold/copper also.

M017a

PaNa/yava/saaNa

shad(6),zad(seat)

suvarNa/saaNa/kaaNi(cf.Mal.ottakkaasu-coin with a central


hole) /paNa
varaaha(hasta with two
vaaras)/gadyaanaka/paNa/svarNa.

6 Yavas is 1 paNameTa.
Gadyaanaka/Varaaha.

6* 848.48 Rattis is

srii(sa/harmya)+
sa
harmya+harmyagopura/meTasaaNameTa
Hence paNameTa of Varaaha/Gadyaanaka is indicated.

Ho53

paNa/SaaNa/paashaaNa

15/drava(dram

, )/viirabhadra(metal
bar)/dasra(rajata,Tanka)/daatra(gift,satrahouse,sacrifice)/draaksha/DraNkshaNa
karsha/panca/gunja/kuNda/Tanka/saaNa/varaaha/maasha
trisaaNatripaada(Vishnu-paNa).

H048
vallakii(viiNa/paNa)/vallii(creeper)/pallii(uraga/ugra/arka/nakra/
rukma/malla)/paashaaNa/saaNa
3/srii/harmya/meTamallameTavalla meTa.
3 Rattis=1andika(fireplace)
bull)

=0.364 gram

=1 Valla( cf.malla-palla-belly-

Vipanci(viiNa) pancapanjikaa(account book)

H049
Kataakata(best,haataka-gold cf.

etc.),

netra(Indra,Mitra,naatra,maatra,DharaNa)/kaTaa
ha
3/srii/harmya/meTaKataaha(pot)graahakatakanakra
rukmavaraahahaaTaka(gold)

srii(gold).

It is 3 Varaahas or 2 SuvarNas.

K017
paNa/mukha
Taamra(mukha=paNa=copper;ta-tail,aamratree,MeTa).Bhaara-Vishnu,20 tulaas

K016
SaaaNa
SaaNa
SaaNaa
saaNa/Tanka/arka/aaramaa(coin).4 SaaNas=2Karshas=
Pala.Alternatively a SaaNapaada/Maasha may be
indicated.

M073a

kharjura/maasha/panca

saaNa/paashaana

saaNa.

2SaaNas=1 Karsha.Hence a silver Karsha or silver bar/foil/coin


of weight one Karsha is indicated.

M074
SaaNa/Tanka
bhadra paNa(bhavana/pavan)

M075

meTa

SaaNa/paashaaNa

viira

4/paada( )

hiraNyaaksha/svarNa/kanaka/naka/pavan/ashtanaaga.
Either 4 Saanas or SaaNa(Maasha) of gold=1 gram gold
is indicated.

M078a

paNa(me-barter)

dasra/rajata

kara(arka-copper)/saaNa/dasa/manjari/10
nishaaNa(Dakka,saaNa)/
Dakka(Tabor/svar/Tanka-naada-saaNapaNa)/mallatuurya/vaadya/vedi/mallameTa.
M1307
paNa /saaNa
meTa/gopura/pagoda/tower

paNava/

M1305

kharjura/maasha/panca/saaNa

paNameTa/saaNameTa/satamaana
aksha/saaNa/Tanka/Karsha/nishka/mada/meTa.
M1308
mukha,12)

paNa/mukha/saaNa kara(arkadvaadasa(12,arka-mukha-paNa)

arka/ugra

SaaNa/sena(UgrasenaSurasenaViirasena).
M1309

arka/ugra/vaara/viira/bar /viirabhadra(metal

bar,metal piece)
SaaNa.

M132a

bhadra

aksha/karshaViirabhadra

mallameTa

tra(3)/srii/suurya/tuurya/meTa
paNa(
draviNa)mallameTamallatuurya paNa.

L102a
mallameTa/SaaNa/Tanka
pancaaksha(aaramaa-coin of 5
Tolas)/aksha(5,die,Karsha,mudra).
L106

Ha is haataka(gold)/kataka(nakra-kuNdala,drum

cf.
,
)/paNaviTa/paNameTa/varaaha/gadyaanaka.
Aksha(eye,Karsha,panca).Nakra(nose) is
haraNa(hand)/Tanka/rukma(loha-bhadra cf.viirabhadra

metal bar/coin)/puraaNa(80 cowries)/PaNa(Karsha).

Tanka/Tankana/kanaka/rukma.

L109a
suvarNa /
bhadra
/
aasana,paada,SaaNa/Tanka/kanaka/rajata(silver,gold).
maaDa/meTa/Karsha/PuraaNa/ paNa .
harmya(hearth,mansion/meTa). This seal has praaNa(life) in
it.PraaNa is Brahma and PuraaNa(Karsha of silver80 cowries).
KhaNDas(pieces) of the body indicate
vaara/viira/viirabhadra(metal bar/coin) /Tanka(4 Maashas/Mint).
Khanda Tanka.
Khandaparasu(Vishu/Siva) is PaNa(sun,money) or Tanka
paNa(axe money cf.parasu=axeTanka).

M823

paNa(me-barter/maa-weigh,measure)

/mukha/Tanka/sinha/jangha(ma/ta) tra/pada/Tanka
ashtanaaga/hiraNyaaksha/kanaka/naka/suvarNa/bhavana/
pavanMudra/mitra/maatra/maasha/Tanka
phaNa(ornament)/pavan.

M830

kharjura/rajata/panca/maasha/saaNa

saaNa/Tanka/svarNa/mallameTa/viirabhadra(king of
kings,king of metals,metar bar).It can indicate a silver saaNa.
Rajata is kanaka (rajatam hiraNyam) also.

M831
Tanka/kanaka/KaaNa(1/10
Kalansu/2Manjaatiscf.Mal.ottakkaasu)/kaaNi(1/80 Tola=1
Ratti)/paNa,aksha Kalansu( kala+ anga)/Karsha(cf.garda
of bowels)/maaDa/meTa.KaaNa is 1/10 Kalansu.
Taalaanka(with taala/tail on body,having flag of taala) is
bala/halabhadra.TaaTanka(
earring) is Tanka/SaaNa(aanamukha-face of Sa-snake,phaNa,phaNiimukha).PaNa is
Karsha/garja/garda/sinha/rajata(

sara/gaatra/sariira+

ta/vaara-tailsarada/dasra/rajata/kanaka) Tanka.
PaNameTa is 6 barleys.
Rajata Tanka is a stamped silver coin as in
M016a
as in M-704

(rajata/kanaka/dasra) or
.

M832

paNa/saaNa/Tankha/mukha

bhadraasana/aaramaa(5 Tolascf.note the 5


bars)/meTa/harmya/hiraNya/praveta(barley)
hariNa/hiraNa/nakra/rukma/suvarNa/saaNa.

M1097

Tanka/paNa/kaaNa(1/10 Kalansu)

bha/da

dra/sra
paNa
bhadra/dasra/rajata(silver).Rajata
Tanka was a stamped silver coin.

M037a

SaaNa/paashaaNa

paNa/Kalansu/vaara/viira/hala/kala.
pa/Ta
ta/ca/kapanca/Pence/Tanka/sankha/sinha.

M1098

karsha/paNa

panca(5,vasna,vishnu,bandha,aksha)
drava-dram,druu-gold)
H764b
,

na

viira bhadra , patra(

ka-tra(karsha,kesara,kanaka),bhadra
patra

satra(sacrifice,house) ,

haatra(wages),paatra(jar),saasa(king),citra(picture,sun),mudra(
seal),mitra

,maatra(measure), drava(dram), srava(ear),

maana(measure),Mena(Vrishan asva), miina(

),

Vena(a name) ,saaNa/Tanka.

K001
Karsha(garja/gaja/aksha/Karsha;naaga-ashtahema). Pasu-vasu-ashta vasu,ashtanaaga.Bhadraking,gold,auspicious,vaTa(Fig).Karabha(elephant;bharga,arka)
kara(tax)-pa(king) .Maatangamaa(garjaroar,weight,measure)-Tanka;Maashaanka(seal,mark).Hastin(Hastinapura).
Mallanaaga is Indras elephant. cf.GandhavaaraNa
(

Maatanga)-MaaDa. Maatira(elephant,madira-liquor).

K065a
Karsha bhadra(traya)
bhadraasana(tiger seat) paNa(vana)/praviiNa/MallameTa.
Sangara(fight ) is war/bar/paNa(agreement,bond)/sanga(sex)/
sankha(cowries)/Sankara(siva)/Tanka.The mallas/viiras with
bhadra(maid) is viirabhadra/vaarabhadra/ bhaarabhadra/
metalbars.

salaaka( Tree branches) slaagha(paNa-paNaaya-paNyapraise)+


srii/harmya/meTaSrii bhuvana(durga)
paNameTa/saaNa/Tanka/Sinha/viirabhadra(king of kings,king
of metals,metal bars or pieces)/sinhaasana/
bhadraasana(throne).
draviNa(money)/dravya(gold)/druvaya(measure).

M1186

svarNa/kanaka/Tanka

patra,bhadra

aasana /saaNa/Tanka.The Fig tree is

Tankaanaka.

Viirabhadra (gold/goldbar) is placed in a

Tanka/kuNda paatra

jar/

aasana in paatra with

vaara(roof)/mallakasamputa bhadraasana/ paNa(paana)


karshapaNa

vedi/malla meTa/patra/bhadra/bharata

sapta angana sapta


ankana(seal,mark)sabda(ra/Ta)/sapatha(paNa)ankanaranga(Tin,mallavedi-arena,theatre)Tankana(sealed
coin).This is a mallameTa paNa.

H009a
aana(mukha)/Naa(1/16
Tola)/ANa/Go/maana/mina/maa/ paNa/ka/na.
Tanka/ sapta/ sabda/sapatha(paNa)/svar /tripaada/ra/Ta
sapta(7,sabdasvar) paNasvar-Na/maaDa/ meTa/
aNda(egg)/ naTa(dancer)/mada(sex,swing of coitus is scales in
weighing)/maaDa(weight)/naada(sound,Pound)/saaNa(weight)/
anasvara(eternal).Kata(loan,shop) is kati(loins) and
hari(gold,lions).Svar is maa.maa+aana is
maana/mina/Mena(Vrishan asva).

Asva(vaac,paNa) is sapta

/sabda.Saptaasva(with seven horses) is paNa(svarsun,vaac/svarNa).Svar+ga/go/kasvargagopurameTa


Dvaaraka.Sriimukha is the 7th year of the Jupiters cycle of 60
Years.
The Pasupati

M304a

Trimukha(threefaced,Saakyamunis mother) is sriimukha (7th


year of Jupiters cycle of 60 years,beautiful facemallamukha,srii-naama-written on face-a brahmin ) is /

pramukha(malla).Horns is hariNa/hiraNa.Padmaasana is
bhadraasana(throne).PaNava/Damaru/tabor is
svar(paNa,sun).PaNavi (with a paNava-drum) is Siva.
Pasu(animal) is paNa/vasu.Mriga is
nakra(nose,kuNdala,drum)/rukma(gold).
HariNa(deer,gold)/nakra(kundala,drum)/ hiraNya/
harmya(meTa).

Sinha/Hari/Tanka/sankha/panca/

aksha/

Pence.Hari+ Na(hariNadeer,gold).HariNa+HariNasuvarNa/Karsha(garjatiger/elephant).

Gaja/Aksha(5,Karsha,garja)/nishka.

Mukha/saaNa/Tanka paNa.
Kanaka(

Aana/Naa/Ana/ka/na.

mukha=head=ka, svar=naaga/nagakanaka

,
). paNa. Taamra(copper)/
damana(subduing,Vishnu cf.aabharaNa is subduing the
wearer.HariNa aabharaNa is indicated.)/ Tankana(sealed
coin)/varaaNa(Indra)/ saaNa/sadana(house,meTa)/
saadhana(instrument,article)/sadaana(with
gifts).Ganda(unicorn,malla) maada(buffalo)/meTa.
Danda mukha(senaapati=general/commander)-namaka(yantra
of Rudra)-hariNa(gold)/harita(sinha-5)- paNa
mukha(Tanka). Taamra(mukha-arka-copper,sun,12).
Gaja is aksha/Karsha/Tola.Garja/Tiger is bhaari/Tola.

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