STUDIUL REGIMULUI TRANZITORIU N CAZUL CONECTRII

TRANSFORMATORULUI N GOL, LA REEA

TURN ON TRANSIENTS OF TRANSFORMER ON NO-LOAD
L. BJAN

T. IONIC

Universitatea Politehnica Timioara, Romania

Facultatea Electrotehnic, Bd. Prvan 2,
Tel:+40-(256)-403464, Fax:+40-(256)-403452,
e-mail:uvu@lselinux.utt.ro

Universitatea Politehnica Timioara, Romania

Facultatea Automatic i Calculatoare, Bd. Prvan 2,
Tel:+40-(256)-403245,
e-mail: tionica@aut.utt.ro

V. COROBAN
Universitatea Politehnica Timioara, Romania
Facultatea Electrotehnic, Bd. Prvan 2,
Tel:+40-(256)-403463
Rezumat: Lucrarea se ocup cu studiul regimului tranzitoriu n cazul
conectrii transformatorului n gol la reea. ntr-o prim faz se studiaz cazul particular de conectare a unui transformator monofazat
la reea utiliznd simularea numeric, cu considerarea saturaiei magnetice a miezului. Rezultatele au fost validate pe cale experimental
prin stabilirea cu precizie a momentelor conectrii utiliznd, pentru
sincronizare, o schem electronic cu microcontroler de tipul 80c552.

Abstract: Paper presents a study of transient process in case of

transformer turn on. First, single phase transformer turn on, was
studied, using digital simulation with consideration of magnetic
saturation of iron core. This results were experimental validate
by using an 80c552 microcontroller for precisely synchronization
of turn on moments.

Keywords: conectare, transformator, proces tranzitoriu, sincronizare cu microcontroler

Keywords: turn on transformer, transient process, microcontroller

synchronization

1. Introducere
Lucrarea de fa studiaz procesul tranzitoriu care are
loc la conectarea n gol a transformatorului la reea.
n urma rezultatelor obinute se pot trage concluzii legate
de alegerea aparatajului de protecie din amonte.
Conectarea n gol a transformatorului la reea s-a studiat
att experimental ct simularea numeric cu programul
Matlab-Simulink. Un sistem cu microcontroler din familia
80c50 asociat cu un circuit ingenios de interfaare permite
alegerea momentului conectrii. n acest mod putem alege
situaiile cele mai defavorabile din punct de vedere al
valorilor curentullui de regim tranzitoriu.

1. Introduction
Presented paper studies the transient processes that
take place in case of unload transformer turn on.
Following these results important considerations about
properly circuit breakers selection can be draw.
The transient process was bout by experimental tests
and by using Matlab-Simulink digital simulation studied.
Precisely choice of turn on time was establish by using
on 80c50 family microcontroller associate with a simple
and ingenious interface. In this meter the most disadvantages
moments for connections were chosen, in order to obtain
the maximum value for the transient current.

2. Consideraii teoretice
n cazul conectrii transformatorului electric n gol la
reea curentul de regin tranzitoriu, de oc, poate depi de
45 ori curentul nominal [1,2] sau uneori chiar mai mult.
Procesul este explicat n majoritatea tratatelor de maini
electrice, ca urmare, vom rezuma n continuare, concluziile
care rezult din studiul teoretic al acestui fenomen.
Fluxul rezultant n cazul conectrii unei sarcini rezistiv
inductive la reea are o component de regim tranzitoriu
(t) i una de regim staionar (p):
= p + t
(1).

2. Theoretical backgrounds
Magnetisation current in case of unload transformer turn
on transient process may rich up 4...5 times rated current
[1,2] or may be more.
This phenomena is very good explained in most
electrycal machines biographies works, than, we gest resume
the conclusions that results from theoretycal studys.
In case of resistivinductiv load turn on, resulting flux
have two components, transient(t) and stady state
respectively (p):
= p + t
(1).

n funcie de momentul conectrii componenta tranzitorie poate s fie complet anulat sau poate s ating valorea
maxim pentru cazul considerat.
Valoarea maxim a fluxului la conectarea transformatorului la reea poate ajunge de 2.5 ori mai mare dect va-

Depending on turn on moment the transint component

of flux may be completly cancel or may rich the maximum
value for the studied case.
The maxime value of flux, in case of transformer turn
on transient process, may rich up to 2.5 times stady state

th

The 5 International Power Systems Conference

44

loarea de regim permanent. Acest lucru se ntmpl dac

conectarea are loc la trecere prin zero a tensiunii. Din contr
dac conectarea are loc cnd tensiunea este maxim componenta tranzitorie lipsete.
Miezul transformatorului fiind neliniar realizarea unui
flux mai mare de peste dou ori dect fluxul nominal solicit
un curent de magnetizare de pn la 120 de ori curentul
de mers n gol (Fig.1.[1]) ceea ce nseamn de cteva ori
valoarea nominal a curentului.

value. This may happend wen turn on moment match with

the voltage zero crossing. Contrary in case of turn on when
voltage rich the maxime value transient process is not
present.
More then two times increasing of flux, in case of iron
core transformer with nonlinear magnetic behavior, demand
up 120 times magnetization current increasing (Fig.1.[1]),
that may be means 4...5 times rated current.

Reea/Networ

2I 0

Fig. 1. Dependena flux curent n cazul regimului tranzitoriu la conectare

Fig. 1. Flux curret dependence in case of turn-on transient process

3. Simularea numeric a conectrii

Studiul conectrii n gol s-a realizat petru un transformator monofazat de 200VA cu tensiunile primar respectiv
secundar U1/U2 = 220V/24V i frecvena tensiunii de alimentare de 50Hz, utiliznd mediul de programare MatlabSimulink. Modelul Matlab-Simulink pentru studiul conectrii
unui transformator monofazat cu miez saturabil, este
prezentat n Figura 2.

3. Turn on digital simulation

Digital simulation of unload transformer turn on was
performed for a single phase 200 VA transformer with primary
respectively secondary voltage, U1/U2 = 220V/24 V and
frequency 50 Hz using Matlab-Simulink programming
language. In Figure 2 is represented the Matlab-Simulink
model for single phase unload saturable core transformer
turn on study.

Fig. 2. Modelul Matlab-Simulink pentru studiul conectrii transformatorului monofazat la reea

Fig. 2. Matlab-Simulink model for single phase unload saturable core transformer study

Modelul conine blocul sursei de alimentare, ntruptorul

comandat, transformatorul cu miez saturabil, circuitul de ntrziere pentru comanda ntreruptorului, i blocul de msur.
n Figura 3. sunt prezentate rezultatele obinute prin
simulare n cazul cel mai dezavantajos conectrii, anume
la trecerea prin zero a tensiunii de alimentare.

This model enclose the power supply block, the

controlled breaker, the saturable core transformer the
timer circuit for breaker control and the measuring block.
The simulation results of magnetization current time
diagram for the most improperly turn on moment, zero
cross voltage, are presented in Figure 3.

4. Rezultate experimentale
Pentru validarea rezultatelor obinute prin simulare, s-a
realizat un circuit electronic cu microcontroler 80c552
care permite conectarea transformatorului la momente de
timp bine precizate n raport cu trecerea prin zero a tensiunii.

4. Experimental results
For simulation results validation an experimental model
with 80c552 microcontroller was bild. Turn on moment may
be choice precesely, in relation with zerro cross voltage by
changing a parameter in microcontroller program.

06-07.11.2003, Timioara, Romania

45

Fig. 3. Forma de variaie n timp a curentului de conectare obtinut prin simulare digital
Fig. 3. Time diagram or turn on current by digital simulation

Schema bloc a modelului experimental, este perzentat

n Figura 4. Acesta conine: detectorul de nul, sistemul de
dezvoltare cu microcontroler 80c552 care poate fi conectat
la calculatorul PC1, tastatura pentru comenzi, amplificator,
contactor, transformatorul de ncercat, osciloscopul digital
cu memorie, calculatorul digital PC2 pentru prelucrarea
off-line a datelor.
Reea/
Netw

The bloc diagram of experimental model is presented

in Figure 4. It contains the cross zero detector, the microcontroller development sistem, that may be conected to PC1,
the control panel for turn on intiation, an driver circuit with
for bracker control, braker, tested transformer, an memory
digital scope and digital computer PC2 for off-line data
processing.
Reea/
Network

PC1

PC2
Detector de nul/
Zerro Cross
detector

Sistem de dezvoltare
cu 80c552/
80c552 developmant
sistem

Amplificator/
Driver

Contactor/
Braker
Osciloscop/
Scope

Tastatur/
Control panel
Trafo
Fig.4. Model experimental
Fig.4. Experimental model

Sistemul de dezvoltare cu microcontroler(DSM) are la

baz microcontrolerul 80C552 i conine un modul
hardware i dou module de software. Unul din
acestea este progarmul monitor executat din memoria
EPROM de pe plac, iar cel de-al doilea programul
programul de dezvoltare al aplicaiilor conectat la plac
prin interfaa serial RS232.
Sistemul permite utilizatorului s dezvolte progame de
aplicaie avnd acces total la resursele microcontrolerului
i ale plcii. Ofer de asemenea o bibliotec de funcii C
pentru controlul acestor resurse.
Sistemul ofer utilizatorului posibiliotatea de a ataa propriile module hardware n vedera dezvoltrii unor aplicaii
complexe.n Fig. 5 este prezentat forma de und a curentului
de magnetizare obinut pe cale experi-mental pentru o co-

The development system with microcontroller (DSM)

is build up around the 80C552 microcontroller and contains
one hardware module and two software modules. One of
them is the monitor program and it is executed from EPROM
memory, on the board and it is connected through the serial
RS232 line from the main development program witch is
executed on the PC.
The DSM allows the user to develop application
programs with full access to the resources of the
microcontroller and the system. The DSM offers a library
with C functions for the control of the resources.
Also, the DSM offers the user the possibility to connect
own hardware modules with the system and develop for them,
special application programs. In Figure 5 is represented the
time diagrame of magnetization current obtained by experi-

th

The 5 International Power Systems Conference

46

nectare n momentul tercereii prin zero a tensiunii. Din analiza

diagramelor reprezentate n Figura 5 i respectiv Figura 3 se
poate constata c rezultale obinute pe cale teoretic, prin
simulare numeric, reproduc cu suficient acuratee situaia
real a conectrii transforma-torului la reea. Calitatea rezultatelor obinute prin simulare numeric depinde de precizia
de determinare a parmetrilor transforma-torului i n special
corectitudinea aprecierii curbei de magnetizare.

mental way for case that turn on moment match with cross
zerro voltage. Analising the diagrams from Fig. 5 respectivly
Fig. 3 it may be seen that the digital simulation results match
with those obtained by experimental tests, this give as confidence in using numerical simulation for next experiments.
The quality of simulating results are strongly dependents by
precision of transformer parameter determination specially
by magnetizing current curve apreciating.

Fig. 5. Forma de variaie n timp a curentului de conectare obtinut pe cale experimental

Fig. 5. Time diagram or turn on current, experimental results

5. Concluzii
n lucrare s-a studiat procesul tranzitoriu de conectare
a transformatorului n gol la reea utiliznd simularea
numeric i experimental utiliznd un montaj electronic
original realizat de ctre autori. Din analiza rezultatelor
obtinute se pot desprinde urmatoarele concluzii:
a. Prin selectarea momentului de timp la care s aib loc conectarea se pot obine cu uurin cazurile cele mai defavorabile conectrii, evitnd astfel ncercrile aleatoare repetate
cu consum foarte mare de timp i total lipsite de acuratee.
b. S-a vzut c simularea numeric poate reproduce cu bun
acuratee formele de und ale curentului de magnetizare
pentru procesul tranzitoriu studiat deci paote fi utilizat
cu succes atunci cnd parametrii transformatorului i
curba de magnetizare se cunosc.
c. n urma prelucrii rezultatelor obinute se pot se pot
trage concluzii importante legate de alegerea aparatajului
de protecie din amonte de transformator.
d. Nu n ultimul rnd studiul ajut la o mai bun nelegere
a fenomenelor tranzitorii din domeniul electricitii i
poate constitui un bun instrument pentru procesul didactic.
Pentru a completa studiul iniiat n lucrare autorii i propun s extind cercetarea pe mai multe tipuri de transformatoare cu miezuri magnetice din materile diferite i avnd forme
constructive diverse, de asemenea sunt n vizor transformatoarele trifazate. n fine urmeaz s se ridice curbele Ief = f(t) la
conectare care pot fi comparate cu cele ale apratului utilizat
pentru protecie n vederea alegerii corecte a acestuia.

5. Conclusions
n this paper was studied the unload transformer turn
on transient process both by using numerical simulation
and by experimental tests. n the last case an original test
circuit bild bz the authors was presented. Analising this
results we can take the following conclusions:
a. By selecting the proper moment to turn on we can
obtained the most disadvantages cases for transient
phenomena and avoid to chose them from log series of
random test that is completly unacurate and uneficient.
b. It was seen that the numerical simulation can reproduct
the magnetizing current time diagrame very acurate, so
this method may be sucesfully used for turn on transient
process study when transformer parameter and
magnetization curve are known.
c. Off-line processing of this results may lead to a better
choice of fuses and circiut breaker used in primarry
windings of the transformer for protection.
d. Not in the last time this is a very good method for
electrical transient phenomena understanding and a
very good toll for teaching process.
To compeleted the study the autors will purposed to
them self to continue the experiments with many mor
tipes of transformers with diferent tipes of cor materials
and shapes an also with triphase transformers. Finally it
will follow to raise the turn on Ief = f(t) curve that can be
comparer with thos of the protection aparate for a better
choice of the last one.

Bibliografie (References)
1. Lazu, C.: Maini Electrice. (Electrical Mchines), Editura Didactic i Pedagogic, Bucureti 1966
2. Boldea I.: Transformatoare i Maini Electrice (Tansformers and Electrical Machines), Editura Didactic i Pedagogic, Bucureti 1994
3. Tiberiu, I.: Microprocesoare i Microcontrolere (Micro-processors and Microcontrollers), Editura Solness, Timioara 2001
4. www.mathworks.com, Matlab and Simulink Tutorials