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PROJECT REPORT
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the
Requirements for the award of
Degree of Bachelor of Technology in
(Civil Engineering)
Submitted By
Name: Bal Bahadur Kawor
University Roll No: 1321356
Submitted to
Prof. D.K. Dua
November 2016
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to place own record my deep sense of gratitude to Prof. D.K.Dua. Department of
Civil Engineering RIMT MAEC, Mandi Gobindgarh, India for his generous guidance, help,
useful suggestions and providing me infrastructural facilities of to work in, without which
this work would not have been possible.
Name of Student,
Bal Bahadur Kawor
Roll no: 1321356
Branch: Civil
Semester: 7th
CONTENTS
S.No.
1.
2.
Chapter 1
1.1.
Title
Problem
Introduction
Page No.
1-8
9-10
11-13
Estimation of Demand.
Chapter 2
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.4.
2.5.
2.6.
Treatment Proposed.
Requirements of chemicals.
Requirement of Chlorine.
Requirement of Alum.
Lime Soda Requirements.
Bleaching powder for Emergency need.
14-23
Chapter 3
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
3.5.
3.6.
3.7.
24-33
Chapter 4
4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
4.5.
4.6.
4.7.
34-40
Chapter 5
5.1.
5.2.
5.3
5.4.
5.5.
5.6.
5.7.
41-46
Design of Distributor Chamber.
Design of Distributor Chamber after Hardness treatment.
Design of Flash mixer.
Design of Impeller.
Design of Flash mixer for Industrial water supply 6MLD.
Design of Impeller.
Design of pipes from flash mixer to flocculator.
Chapter 6
6.1.
6.2.
6.3.
6.4.
Design Parameters.
Design of flocculator of capacity 24.5 MLD.
Requirement of power.
Clarifier Basin.
47-56
Chapter 7
7.1.
7.2.
7.3.
7.4.
7.5.
7.6.
7.7.
57-61
Chapter 8
8.1.
8.2.
8.3.
Chapter 9
9.1.
9.2.
9.3.
9.4.
9.5.
62-64
65-77
9.6.
9.7.
9.8.
9.9.
9.10.
9.11.
9.12.
9.13.
9.14.
9.15.
9.16.
Chapter 10
10.1.
10.2.
78-79
Submitted By
Name: Bal Bahadur Kawor
University Roll No: 132156
Submitted to: Prof. DK Dua
Department of Civil Engineering
RIMT Maharaja Aggrasen Engineering College
Mandi Gobindgarh (Punjab).
SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR
The B.Tech Viva- Voice Examination of BAL BAHADUR KAWOR has been held on
10/11/2016 and accepted.
Signature of H.O.D
PROJECT- WATER PURIFICATION PLANT:TITLE:- It is required to supply treated water to a town having a designed population of
2lacs and an Industry having a daily water requirement of 5MLD .It is desired that the
hardness of industrial water shall be 50mg/l as CaCO 3 and Lime-Soda softening is suggested
with the provision of Sludge Blanket Clarifier for industrial water conditioning.
The source of water is from an impounding reservoir
containing organic matter to some extent. The repeat of the row water analysis is as follows:1. Turbidity
50 to 700 mg/l
2.
Color
3.
PH
8.0
4.
Alkalinity
5.
Hardness
30 mg/l as Mg
6. Mg
7.
Fe
8. Cl
30unit.
0.3 mg/l
:
9. So4
25 mg/l
:
140 mg/l
10. Na+
11. D.O.
0.5 mg/l
12. Temperature
25
13. BOD
3.0mg/l
14. Chloroform
66 mg/l
(average)
is
10
Sieve No.
Size in mm
% retained
4
1.76
0.2
12
1.68
7.4
16
1.19
16.4
20
0.84
22.6
30
0.59
29.8
40
0.42
16.4
60
0.22
7.0
PAN
0.2
The effective size of desired sand is 0.45mm and the uniformity coefficient is 1.60.
Calculate:1.
2.
3.
Quantity of stock sand required to produce one ton of filter sand of desired
specification and weight of stock sand to be discarded per ton of finished sand.
4
5
bed of
The overflow rate an ideal washer to the move stock sand fine.
The total ton of head during filtration and back washer for a stratified filter
80cm, in depth, rate of filtration is 100lpm/m 2 and rate of back washing is
60cm/min/m2.
11
INTRODUCTION:The five most essential elements for the existence of human life are air
water, food, heat and light. Out, of which, water is the most important requirement for the
human life to exist. In fact, water is essential not only for human life but also for animals,
plants and all other living beings .The importance of water for the living beings may be
judged from the fact that it is a part of life itself, since the protoplasm of most living cells
contains about 80%water and any substantial reduction in this percentage of water is
disastrous. Most of the biochemical reactions that occurs in the metabolism and growth of
living cells involve water and all take place in water, which has often been referred to as the
universal solvent, Further, it has been estimated that almost 2/3 of the human body is
constituted of water which is required for the satisfactory performance of physiological
organisms, as a circulatory fluid as a carrier of nourishing food and for removal of the waste
products from the body.
However, man uses water not only for drinking and culinary (i.e.
kitchen, cooking) purposes but also for bathing, washing, laundry, heating, air conditioning,
agriculture, live stock etc., for industrial purpose, cooling purposes; for water power and
steam power water generation, for fire protection, for fishing, swimming, and other
recreational purposes.
It is thus evident that every activity of man involves some use of water. Moreover, the
importance of water in human life is so much that the development of any city of the world
has practically taken place near same source of water supply.
Further it is necessary that the water which is supplied that public must be invariably free
from all types of impurities including pathogen and any other contamination which may
cause serious harm to the health of the public. It is therefore imperative to plant and built
such a water supply scheme which would provide potable water free from any kind of
contamination.
The water obtained from any of the surface sources need to be treated and purified before its
consumption by the general public. The most commonly adopted method of purification of
water is filtration. In the process of filtration water is allowed to pass through the beds of
sand and gravel, whereby minutes suspended and dissolved particles are removed. It has been
noticed that the percentage of filtrations is greatly accelerated, if water is pretreated with
certain substances which when added to water forms large masses of precipitates or floc out
of the impurities present which in the process settle down and are ultimately removed. The
water having undergone through the process of filtration is still found to contain some
harmful disease producing bacteria which are minutely-sized living organisms not visible to
12
naked eye. As such, in order is ensure protected supplies of water free from any health
hazard, it is necessary to kill these bacteria by disinfection of water with chlorine.
Water supply system should be such that it is able to provide an adequate and reliable supply
of water confirming to the prescribed BIS to the public, industrial and is fully protected
against any infection which might pollute water during transmission etc. and become the
source of epidemics
ABSTRACT
The source of raw water supply is from an Impounding Reservoir which contain organic
matter, Turbidity, Alkalinity, Hardness and pathogens therefore extensive treatment has been
proposed to make it fit for Drinking and Industrial purposes. Pre-chlorination, Spray Aerator,
Flash mixer, Clari-flocculation and Rapid sand filtration along with disinfection was adopted
to ensure the portability of water.
Water demand and quantity of chemicals have been calculated. Design
parameters and explanation wherever required have been given and required equipments have
been design to make the construction feasible.
13
CHAPTER NO.1
2 Lacs
Industrial demand
105
/106
40 MLD
5 mld (given)
That purification plant has to be designed for 1.5 times the average daily flow
and chemical required on the bases of average flow.
Peak domestic water supply
= 40
66MLD
= 100p
5.5MLD
= 100200 =1414.2KLD=1.4142MLD
Table no. 1.1
S. No.
Particular
1
2
3
4
5
Domestic
Losses 10%
Industrial
Loss 10%
Fire demand
Total
Average
MLD
40
4
5
0.5
1.4142
50.9142
460x
20925/460
Or,
Or,
Or,
x =172.66mg/l
Which is less then 200mg/l (Hence safe)
Or,
Say 34MLD including 10% excess to maintain hardness less then 200mg/l to ensure water
quality.
CHECK,
1.1.3. APPLY MASS BALANCE:-
Or,
Or,
< 200mg/lit
( Hence, safe)
Particulars
1
2
Domestic
Industrial
Total
Average
MLD.
34
6
40
16
CHAPTER NO. 2
2.1.TREATMENT PROPOSED:On the basis of the analysis report of the raw water of the Impounding Reservoir,
the following line treatment is proposed to meet with the required water standards:1.
Pre chlorination
2. Spray Aeration
3. Flash mixing of chemical.
4. Clari-flocculation
5. Rapid Sand Gravity Filtration
6. Post-chlorination.
7. Sludge Blanket Clarifier.
Among the above processes, item no. (1) to (6) are meant for domestic water
supply whereas no. (7) is meant for Industrial supply only. During the flash mixing of
chemical, Alum will be fed uniformity to the whole amount i.e73MLD Whereas,
Lime-Soda will be added only to 55MLD. After that, 6MLD of water will be
separately treated to meet with the industrial requirement and the rest 49MLD will be
mixed with the remaining 18MLD of untreated water to get a mixture of 170mg/l of
hardness.
17
Prechlorination
Spray
Aerator
Chemical
house
Alum @30mg/l
Distribution
chamber
55MLD
Distribution chamber
18MLD
Lime 311mg/l
Soda 148mg/l
24.5MLD
F. M
1111
C.
FF
FF
6MLD
24.5 MLD
F.M 3
F.M.2
C.F
C.
F
F.M 4
S.B.
C
Industrial Supply
Rapid
Sand
C. W.
R.
Filter
Domesti
18
2.2. REQUIRMENT OF CHEMICAL:The following chemicals are required for the treatment of
water.
I)
II)
Alum
III)
IV)
be made suitably.
2.3. REQUIREMEANT OF CHLORINE:a.)
2mg/l
51 MLD
=102kg/day
b.)
Post chlorination
10
Cl2
1.0
1.09
1.30
1.30
2.13
1.40
Assuming a dose of 1.5mg/l, the chlorine required for post chlorination of the domestic
supply is as following:i)
ii)
45
=
a)
b)
/day
/day
4.25 kg/hr.
= 30.6
(say 31)
= 67.5kg/day.
Hourly requirement
= 67.5/24
= 2.8125 kg/ hr.
= 2.8125/0.8 = 4
Monthly requirement
=67.530= 2025 kg
= 2025/100 = 21 say
= 31+21 = 52 cylinder.
= 20-40mg/l
= 30mg/l
= 51MLD = 5130
20
= 45900kg/month
= 45.9MT/month
2.5. LIME-SODA REQUIREMENT:The hardness of water for industry demand is to be reduced form 510mg/l to
50mg/l as CaCO3.The PH is given as 8 of the raw water in this range only bicarbonate are
existing.
Total hardness
= 50
Hardness
= 510/50meq/l as CaCO3
Given, Alkalinity
Mg++
Ca++
10.2meq/l as
CaCO3
370mg/l as CaCO3
370/50 = 7.4meq/lit
30mg/l as Mg+
30/12.2
10.2- 2.46 =
2.46Me
7.74Meq/lit
Ion
Mg/lit.
Equivalent
wt.
Ca++
Mg++
Fe++
Na++
Alkalinity
SO4-ClOthers
30.0
0.30
66
370
140
2.5
12.2
28.0
23.0
50(CaCO3)
48
35
Meq/l
7.74
2.46
0.01
2.87
7.40
2.92
0.70
2.06
21
10.2
13.07
No
Ca++
Mg++
CO2
HCO3-
SO4- 7.4
Na+
Cl10.32
Fe++
Others
11.02
13.08
2CaCO3 +2H2O .1
MgSO4 + Ca(OH)2
Mg(OH)2 + CaSO4
CaSO4+Na2CO3
CaCO3 + Na2SO4
Total,
MgSO4+Ca(OH)2+Na2CO3
CaSO4+Na2CO3
The other ions and radicals present in the raw water will not contribute to hardness. The
following points are noted in connection with the chemical reactions.
I)
II)
CaCO3 and Mg (OH)2 which are formed during the chemical reaction can be
removed by precipitation and filtration as they are insoluble in water.
Consumption of Lime and Soda Ash.
Lime
22
meq /l
Dose
of Dose
of Equation
Lime
Soda
Involved
meq/l
meq/l
1.
HCO3-
9.4
7.40
2.
Ca++
0.34
0.34
3.
Mg++
2.46
2.46
2.46
9.86
2.80
23
2.6. BLEACHING POWDER FOR EMERGENCY NEED:Bleaching powder is to be stored in the chemical house for use in the emergency. Since, it is
an unstable compound and loss in available chlorine on storage, so, only 7days storage is
recommended.
Assuming 30% available chlorine in the commercial bleaching powder, the amount of
bleaching powder has been calculated as following:
Total quantity of chlorine required for average demand condition = 169.5kg.
Peak demand period
Bleaching powder requirement for average demand condition
= 246.5kg/day
=169.5
4MT
=1.575
MT
2.6.1.PEAK FLOW REQUIREMENT:Total requirement of bleaching powder for 7 days
24
Prechlorination
ii)
Post chlorination
67.5kg/day
Total requirement
169.5kg/day
102kg/day
565kg/day
Alum
1530kg/day
Lime
13825.6kg/day.
Soda
5996kg
25
Chapter no. 3
26
3.2.UNIFORMITY CO-EFFICENT:It may be defined as the ratio of 60 percentile to 10 percentile or the effective size (D60 /D10)
The result of the mechanical analysis of stock sand has been tabulated in table as below:Table no.3.1
Sr. no.
Percentage
Cumulative Cumulative
retained
% retained
% passing
through
1.76
0.20
0.20
99.80
12
1.68
7.40
7.60
92.40
16
1.19
16.40
24.00
76.00
20
0.84
22.60
46.60
53.40
30
0.59
29.80
76.40
23.60
40
0.42
16.40
92.80
7.20
60
0.22
7.00
99.80
0.20
PAN
0.20
100.00
From the tabulated values, a graph has been plotted on log probability paper between
cumulative percentages passing against sieve size.
Effective size,
D10 = 0.46mm
Effective size,
D60 = 0.935mm.
and
=D10 =0.46mm.
27
-0.1
-0.1
=1.2
2(
-0.2
P5= % above which the stock sand is too coarse to use for the filter use.
=
+ 0.4P3
+0.4
= 1.8
From graph
= 9.3 %
And
= 38.6%
3
= 2(p2-p1)
-0.8
= 2(38.6-9.3)
= 58.6 %
4
= 1.2(
= 1.2
) (0.2
9.3- 0.2
= 3.44%
5
= 1.8 (
-.8
= 1.8
28
= 62.04%
Form the graph,
and
Now, weight of the stock sand required to produce one MT of desired sand
= 1/.586 = 1.706 MT
Weight of sand to be discarded per ton of sand = 1.7-1
= 0.7MT
3.3. OVER FLOW RATE OF WASHER TO REMOVE TOO FINE SAND:The diameter of the fine sand to be removed is .358mm. This unwanted sand is separated by
sand washer. Washer is essentially an upward flow settling, tank therefore, over flow rate
shall not exceed the settling velocity of the smallest particle to be retained. This permits the
settling velocity of the largest particle to be removed. which is calculated as follows:Since the particle size to be removed is greater than 0.1mm, therefore, settling velocity does
not obey stokes law.
Assumed density of sand = 2.65gm/cm3
Porosity of sand (f)
= 40% = 0.4
Ambient temperature
= 25
Density of water at 25
= 0.997
Kinematic viscosity
= 0.898 centistokes.
2 1/3
] d (Ss-1) =f1/f
Vs =
= 9.17cm/sec
Over flow velocity of ideal sand washer to remove stock sand fines should not be more
than 9.17cm/sec.
Hence, the assumption that settlement takes place in transition zone is correct.
Hindered settling of sand particles. Vh=
fe= porosity
29
= 9.17(0.4) = 0.235cm/sec.
= 2.3510-360 1000 = 14 L/min/m2.
Overflow rate
3.4. LOSS OF HEAD DURING FILTRATION:Given, bed condition is stratified. For such a sand bed of 80cm depth with rate of filter =
100L/min/m2
S=H/L =
For Laminar flow
{(
}3-nvn( )3-n
n=1
k/g ( /
(1-f)2/f 3v(A/V)2
Where:
S= Total head loss /total head depth (UN expended)
k = Kozenys constant.
=
kinematic viscosity
= 0.8984centistoke at 25
F = porosity of filter bed.
V = Velocity of approach to filter in cm/sec. or rate of filtration.
A = Total surface area.
V=
= 0.8954centipoise at 25
F = density or water in gm/cm3.
30
= 0.997gm/cm3 at 25
In case of non-uniform stratified bed
A/v =
(1/
-p/d2)1/2
Where
Sieves.
d = Geometric mean diameter of particles.(d1d2
d1= upper sieve size,
(1-f)2/f3)v
Now from the analysis of stock sand, it is seen that the size of sand above 0.975mm and
above are too coarse and of size less then .355mm is too fine to be removed.
These sizes are about 62.04%and 3.44% of the total stock sieve sand respectively. The size of
.975mm lies between sieve size 16 and 20. Hence all the sand above or retained on sieve
16are discarded. Similarly, sand size 0.355mm lies between sieve size 40 and 60. Hence all
the sand passing through sieve number are also discarded.
Now, from the table, total 40% cumulative % of sand retained up to sieve 20 is
equal to 46.6%.
stock sand to be discarded being too coarse to be used = 100-62
= 38%
Now, % of which sand to be accepted for filter sand between sieve size 16 and 20.
= 48.60-38.00
= 8.60%
Similarly % of sand passing through sieve no.60 is totally to be discarded which is equal to
0.2% of the total amount of stock sand.
Now, % of stock sand to be discarded due to fineness = 3.44%
of stock sand which is to be discarded due to and less between sieves number 40 and
60.
= (3.44-0.2) %
= 3.24%
31
8.64
(8.6458.6)100
1819.75
=14.71%
20
29.80
50.86%
10379.6
30
16.40
28.00%
11194.5
40
3.76
6.41%
4443.5
0.355 0.355 -
Total
58.6
W=100%
2783.4
Assuming,
0.5
A/v = 6.0[
=
= 100%
Assume,
F = 0.4
10-2cm2/sec
V
= Rate of filtration
=
100lpm/m2
0.1
10/60 = 1/6 =
0.167cm/sec.
)2/f3}v(A/V)2/g
=
10-2 (1-0.4)2
-2
(0.6)2/0.43
= 80cm (given)
44cm
33
3.5.HEAD LOSS BY HAZEN-WILLIAM FORMULA:Hazen-William formula for head loss is expressed as:V = Cd2 (T+10)/6
V = velocity/day
=
0.167cm/sec
=
= 144.29m/day
C = co-efficient of compaction range 600-1200 (assume C=900).
D = diameter of sand grain.=effective size of sand gray.
= 0-45 mm.
T = Temperature of water in
= 25
= 77%
/ Unit depth.
144.29= 900(0.45)2
=
(77+10)/60
0.5436
Head loss =
(say 44)
3.6. HEAD LOSS IN BACK WASH WATER:The rate of back wash water is made high enough to
fluidise the active part of the bed and to open the voids in sand bed wide enough to allow floc
and other residue deposited in the bed during filtration to escape with wash water over flow.
For calculations of loss of head in back washing percentage expansion of bed during back
has to be calculated first. For calculation of percentage expansion FAIR & HATCH equations
are used which are as follows:34
Le/L=
p/(1-fe)
( i)
fe3
3/2
(ii)
3/2
(iii)
Where Le,
-2
cm2/sec
3/2
=0.000471
From eq.(i).
Or,
Le/L
Or,
Le/L
35
And
Or,
=
Hence, head loss in back washing is given by
Or,
or,
113.3(2.65-0.997)(1-0.58)/0.997
Or,
Or,
78.9cm/Unit area
80cm.
3.7.) EXPENSION OF BED:During back wash,the volume of sand bed increases due to increase of pore spaces in
sand volume.
Percentage expansion of sand bed =
Where,
TABLE 3.3.
Sr.no
Particulars
Result
1.
44cm
2.
80cm
3.
% Expansion of bed
41.6%
36
CHAPTER NO. 4
4.1. DESIGN OF SPRAY AERATOR:1) Nozzle diameter normally 10mm to 40mm spaced in the pipe at intervals of 0.5m to 1.0m.
2) Nozzles are normally tilted
water.
= 73mld
Spray aerator are designed for peak flow. Hence, proposed 3nos. of aerator unit each of
capacity 25MLD, so that, during average hours, two units sufficient the requirement.
Capacity of the three aerator unit =253=75mld.
Iron present in water
= 0.3mg/lit.
It is seen that the iron content Fe++in raw water is not high but it is well beyond the
permissible limit of 0.1mg/lit.
Iron to be removed =0.3-0.1=0.2mg/l
4.2.CHEMISTRY INVOLVED IN AERATION:4Fe+++3O2
2Fe 2O3, 4 iron in ferrous state present in water
oxidized to oxides which are insoluble in water and hence can be separated in the settling
tank
Amount of oxygen required:456 parts of iron require = 616 parts of oxygen
224 parts of iron require
= 96 parts of oxygen
= 0.42850.2 mg /l of oxygen
= 0.0857 mg/l of oxygen
Where,
Cs = 8.4 mg/l 25
C0 = Concentration of gas initially present in water
Ct = Actual concentration of gas in the water after given period of time t
K = Gas transfer coefficient (having dimension of velocity)
A/V = ratio of exposed area to the percentage of volume of water
38
t = Aeration period .
Now,
Cs = 8.4 mg/lit. at 25
C0 = 0.0mg/lit.
K = 65 cm/hr. (assumed)
Ct = 0.857 mg/lit (calculated)
2
/5d3/6= 6/d
Assuming 35mm dia. of the nozzle with an inclination to the vertical of 3 degree
d = 35 cm
A/V=6/3.5 =1.74 per cm.
10
= (Cs-C0)/(Cs-Ct) = K. A. t/V
Or, Log10 =
Or,
t =0.144sec.
=6.242m/Km
0.5sec.
0.25sec.
q =Cd a = 0.92.456(0.4)2
= 2.77810-3m3/sec
= 2.7Llps.
No. of nozzles =
Let, 6 pipes be used discharge through each pipe = 25000/6
=4166.7m3/day
Velocity through the nozzle is given by.
Where,
h= Head loss
v2= 2Cv22gh
h = v2/(2Cv2g)
h=
Assuming, variation of head = 5%
m1=
Head loss in the pipe for gradually demand channel flow
H=h(1-m12)
= 0.03(1-0.952)
= 0.037m
Correspond head loss for uniform flow
Hu =3H = 30.037
= 0.111m (per. aerator pipe length)
Head loss /1000m = (0.111/11) 1000
=10.09m.
Providing 2.00m in between space and all around, 1.5m between rows and 2.0m between
two longitudinal rows as shown in fig. Overall size = 277m. Checking for aerator area/KAD
Design how.
Design flow = 25MLD.
= 25103KLD.
Aerator pipe encloses on area of
2113 = 66m3
=Cd Vw t
(each)
=247m.
4.5. UNIFORMITY OF DISTRIBUTION:The uniformity of distribution of water is maintained by arrangement of aerator pipe as
shown in fig.
Table no. 4.1
41
Pipe
section flow
In mm
KLD
AB
12500
6.5
350
1.5
9.81
0.064
BC
12500
2.00
350
1.5
9.81
0.0196
C1C2
4167
11
200
1.5
18
0.198
CD
8333
1.5
300
1.36
9.7
0.01455
D1D2
4167
11
200
1.5
18
0.198
DE
4166
1.5
200
1.5
18
0.027
E1 E2
4166
11
200
1.5
18
0.198
H=0.719
= 0.38+0.791
= 1.17m.
4.5. DESIGN OF OUTLET:In order to avoid stagnant pool of water in the Aerator tray, the smaller side of the tray viz.
6.5m. is slightly depressed than the other to act as an weir to discharge the water into a
channel or a chamber from which it carries to parshal fume.
Q=3.33bh3/2
Where,
Q =discharge
b = width of the weir
h =head over the weir
Q = 25000m3/day = 0.28935cum.
Q = 0.28935 =
3.33, 6.5(h)2/3
h= 0.064m
= 6.4cm
42
V= 1/nR2/3S1/2
Or,
Or,
1 = 1/0.015(0.369)2/3S1/2
S=0.00085=.85%
Provide slope of 8.5m in 10000m to the channel.
43
Chapter no.5
5.1.DESIGN OF DISTRIBUTOR CHAMBER (1).:GENERAL PLAN:The tail end of the channel leading from the Aerator after the measurement unit is
enlarged to from a distribution channel or box from which one part viz 18MLD will be
separated from the total flow of 73MLD and the rest 55MLD will go for treatment of the
hardness. The channels are seperated inside the Distribution box by means of partition having
pair shaped end projection.
Design of channel separating 18MLD of design flow = 18MLD
= .20833m3/sec
Assuming velocity = 1mps
Crossectional area required = 0.208833m2
Proved the cannel of width =40cm.
Design of the canal separate 55MLD = 55000/86400
44
2.38m.
= 0.069/0.3=0.23m.
= 49000/86400
=0.567m3/sec
Cross-sectional area =0.567/1=0.567m2
Width of the section =0.567/0.23=2.466m
Total width of the distribution chamber
=2.5+0.3+0.25+0.25+0.25
=3.55m
Provide a free board of 0.27m.
Overall depth of the chamber =0.23+0.27 =0.50m
Chamber size is =3.550.50m
45
Or,
Or,
46
5.3.DESIGN OF FLASH MIXER:5.3.1. DESIGN PARAMETERS:i) Detention time varies from 20, 40, 60 sec. but <100sec.
ii) Induced the velocity in water may vary from 1.5 to 1.8mps.
i.e. 1/3to1/4 the peripheral velocity.
iii) Preparation tank =1-3m.
Ratio of depth to diameter =1.1to1.2.
Paddle revolution 60to 120rpm.
Velocity at exit equal to inlet velocity to the flocculator
Ratio of basin diameter to impeller diameter 3:1to3.5:1.
Power requirement =(1/4)H.P/ mld (1-3watt/m3/hour)
5.3.2. DESIGN OF FLASH MIXTURE:Let, us design the flash mixer for the following design flows.
Flash mixer no.1to2
24.5MLD each.
18MLD.
6MLD.
d3=12.04097
= 2.292 (say 2.30)
= 1.53=4.5mps.
=0.069m3/sec
d3 =(6.94)/1.2=7023.
Or,
d=1.94m (diameter=1.94m)
Providing a free board of 0.47m, the total height of the flash mixer tank=
1.2 1.94+0.47 =2.80m.
Number of revolution/min
5.160 =0.70N
N=5.160/(0.7) =139>120rpm.
So, assume basin dia.
=1.94/2.5=80cm.
N=5.160/(0.8)
121rpm
Hence, ok.
5.7. DESIGN OF PIPES FROM FLASH MIXER TO FLOCCULATOR:- A) Flash
mixer no.1 II to the flocculator (corresponding) =24.5mld.
B) Flash mixer no.III to sludge blanket clarifier =6mld.
Consider (A) Design flow =0.283565m3/sec.
From Hazen William chart
Provide pipe diameter =600mm
Velocity through the pipe =1.00mps
Head loss through of pipe =2.4%
Consider (B) Design flow:=18000m3/day.
=0.2083cum.
From Hazen William chart:
Provided pipe dia. =450mm.
Velocity through the pipe =1.00mpr.
Head loss through the pipe =5.63%
Consider (C) Design flow:
From Hazen William chart;
Providing pipe dia. =300mm.
Velocity through pipe =98.2cm/sec.
Head loss/1000m = 5.35%
49
Chapter no. 6
DESIGN OF CLARIFLOCCULATOR:6.1. DESIGN PARAMETERS:6.1.1 FLOCCULATING ZONE:i)
Detention time
20 to 40 min.
ii)
Induced velocity
0.1 to 1.0mps.
0.3 to 0.4mps
Paddle area
10 to25% of vertical
Paddle Revolutions
3 to 5 rpm
Inlet velocity
Depth
2, 3 to5m
G.T
2104 to 6104
Value of G
20 to 75sec-1
1 to 1.5m
Power required
50
1.5 to 2.4hrs.
b. Surface loading
40 to 50m3/day/m2
2, 3 to 4hour.
d. power requirement
0.75Kwh./m2
e. Velocity of scrapper
0.5cm/sec
f. Slope
1:12
g. Weir loading
300m3/day/m
h. Inlet velocity
0.6mps.
i. Depth
0.3-1rpm.
k. Diameter of tank
30-60m.
Hence, ok
Provide 12 slots in two rows at a spacing of /6 =52cm c/c with clear Spacing of 32cm. Keep
the total depth of the camber =3m. And spacing vertically between the slots =25m.
Provide clearance of 30cm at the top.
Clearance at the bottom portion =1.67m.
51
52
=13.753 m
= 41.25 m2.
Assume paddle area = 20% of the vertical area
= 0.2 41.25
=8.25m2
Provide propellers each writ two paddle as shown in figure.
Total no. of paddles =42=8
Area of each paddle =8.25/8=1.30m2
Provided size of each paddle = 2.60.4
Total paddle area =82.60.4=8.32m2
% of paddle area =8.32/41.25= 20.17%
53
Assume diameter of the propeller = 45m and no. of revolution per min= 3
Peripheral velocity of paddle = 4.53/60
= 0.707m/sec. (0.1 to 1m/sec)
And induced velocity = 0.707/B = 0.236m/sec (check 0.6 to 1m/sec)
Hence ok
Check for G and G.T:We have G2=P/m.v) 106 ______________1)
Where P = Power dissipated in KW.
M = Absolute viscosity in centipoises 0.895
V = Volume of tank
Again, P =1/2 Cd PAV3
Where, Cd = Co-efficient of drag, for flat blade = 1.8
P = Density = 0.997 at 250C
V = Relative density of the impeller.
Substituting in 1) we have
G2 = Cd p A V3 106 M V
= 1/2 1.80.997/3 8.32/0.895 (0.5x0.7)3 106/{(p/4)(14.752-1)}
Or,
G2 = 701
Or,
54
55
= 670mg/l.
= 1641kg.
= 3024.5=735kg.
Hence ok
58
6.4.3 DESIGN OF LAUNDER:The outlet channel is be designed for free discharge and with slope condition for which, H o=
[2(dc) 2+ (dc-SL/3)} 2/3 SL
Where,
Ho is the initial depth of water at stationary point.
Or, dc = 3 (Q2/gb2
dc = critical depth of water at free fall.
q = total rate of discharge
b = width of the channel = 40 cm
dc= 3 (0.14182/9.810.42)
q = half flow on the either side
= 24.43cm
Hence, provided laundry of 6040cm. With slope of 0.0026 from central point to the outlet
point
Chapter no. 7
7.1.DESIGN OF SLUDGE BLANKET CLARIFIER:GENERAL:The sludge blanket clarifier is an upward flow device in the slurry or sludge is
suspension in water itself kept in suspension by the up flow velocity of the water. Sludge is
removed through a suitable sludge concentrator of a rate sufficient to prevent excessive
accumulation. Here the treated water is passed through and sieved upward through a
suspended sludge blanket which has already been formed by earlier precipitates. The ultimate
contact of the treated water either large mass of solids which served as nuclei prevent super
saturation, which intern overcome the problem after precipitation. In the sludge blanket
clarifier, the density difference between the slurry zone and clear water over it enhance the
hydraulic stability of the flow through the clear pr fluid settling zone.
7.2) DESIGN PARAMETERS:1) Up flow velocity of sludge blanket = 1/2x setting vol. of floc.
2) Overflow rate = 50-100m3/day/m2
3) Detention time = 60-90 minutes
4) Slope of bottom hopper = 2:1
(V:H)
I.
II.
III.
Ca(HCO3)2+ Ca(OH)2
2CaCO3 + 2H2O
Mg(OH)2
CaSO4+Na2CO3
CaCO3
+ CaCO3 + 2Na2SO4
+ Na2SO4
=880 mg/l
= 2.5x29.1
= 72.75 mg/l
Now, Industrial demand = 6MLD
Therefore Total quality of precipitate produced = (880+72.75)6 kg/day
= 952.756
= 5716.5 kg/day
Or, 952.75 kg/mld.
Assuming specific gravity of suspended solids = 1.005.
And solid concentration in to floc. is 5%.
Therefore, Volume of the
precipitate=952.75/0.051005
slurry
produced
by
952.75
kg
of
= 18.96 m3/MLD
= 0.01896 ml/MLD
Therefore Loss of water = 0.01896x100 = 1.896% which is less than 10%
( Hence ok )
Therefore Quantity of slurry produced/ day = 60.01896 ml
= 0.113761194 ml/day
= 113761.2 lb/day
7.4. DESIGN OF BASIN VOLUME:Design volume of flow
= 6000m
62
It is proposed to provide two troughs parallel to 9.70m side so as in to divided the basin
in three parts. The sides of the trough will also act as and weir.
Therefore Total length of the weir = 4x9.7 = 38.8 m
C/C distance b/w the adjacent weir = 9.7/3 = 3.233m (say 3.2m)
Height of the weir shall be half this distance. i.e 3.2/2 = 1.6 m
Therefore height of the weir = 1/2x3.2 = 1.6m
Hence, the depth of water weir shall be provided 1.60m above the top of the sludge blanket
for supernatant collection . 900 v- notch be provided for this propose.
Now, for 900v- notch discharge through each v-notch of 5cm head is given.
q = 1.417(h)5/2 for Cd =0.6
= 1.417(0.05)5/2
= 7.9210-4 m3/sec.
Total discharge = 0.069 cumec.
Therefore No. of notches = 0.0697/7.9210-4 = 87.12 nos.
(say 88 no)
7.7.DESIGN OF CONCENTRATOR:-
= (10000.0760.07360)/{1-(0.076/0.3)}
= 4.5 kg/m3
Rate of wet solids in m3/min. of unit fraction
Q= 2.010-3m3/sec
= 0.120m3/min.
P = 0.1200.3
= 0.036m3/min.
Therefore Area of concentrator required = 36/4.5 = 8m2
Concentrator with top dimension of 2.832.83 m is provided with depth of 2m.
Therefore Volume of concentrator = 2.83x2.8322/3
= 10.68 m3
Rate of removal = P/ws = 36/(10000.3) = 0.12 m3/min.
Therefore Detention time = 10.68/0.12 = 89 min
(say 90)
Hence ok.
Chapter no. 8
8.1. DESIGN OF SETTLED WATER CHANNEL:64
R = 0.7755/(1.4+20.56) = 0.308
S = [0.015/(0.308)2/3]2 = 1.084 10-3
= 0.001084
S = 0.00317 or 3.2 %
8.3.2.DESIGN OF PIPE CONDUIT FROM SLUDGE BLANKET
CLARIFIER TO INDUSTIAL WATER RESERVOIR:Design Flow = 6 MLD
= 0.069
= 4.167 m3/min.
Chapter no. 9
9.1. DESIGN PARAMETERS:9.1.1. BED FILTER:a) No. of beds n= 12(Q)1/2 Where Q is in m3/sec
b) Rate of filtration = 1001pm/m2
c) Length to breadth ratio 1.25:1 to 1.33:1
d) Minimum no. of units = 4
e) Maximum number of units not greater than 40
f) Minimum overall depth = 2.6 m including 0.5m free board.
g) Area of each unit not less than 100 m2
9.1.2 UNDER DRAINAGE SYSTEM:i) Length of the lateral diameter should not greater than 60
ii) Diameter of orifice = 5-12 mm.
iii) Spacing of orifice = 8cm c/c for 5mm orifice and 20 cm c/c for 12 mm
orifice.
iv) Total area of orifice /Total filter area = (0.15-0.5)% Usually 0.3%
v) Spacing of laterals should clearly follow the spacing of orifice. Usually ranges
between(15-30) cm.
vi) Cross-sectional area of the manifold is 3/2-3 times the total area served by it.
vii) The total head loss in drainage should not exceed 25% of the head loss in the
filtration. The general controlling head loss is set between 1- 4.5 m
viii) No. of openings per square meter is generally 25-75 nos.
ix) The filter bed bottom should be provided with orifices such that no point receives
more than 12.5% of the average rate of washing.
x) The orifice should be such that the loss of head will not be affected.
68
9.1.4)WASH WATER GUTTERS:i) Clear distance between adjacent gutters = 1.5 Ls 2.1
head at the top of the weir.
ii) Head caused by the horizontal velocity shall be equal to or greater than the head at the
top of the weir.
iii) Top of the gutter should be at least 35 cm above the expanded sand.
iv) Bottom of the gutter should be 25 cm above the unexpanded bed or 3 to 5cm above
the expanded bed.
9.1.4.RATE OF BACK WASH:i) The rate varies from 40cm to 60cm per minute depending upon the effective size
of the filter sand normally 60 cm/min.
ii) The rate should be such that the expansion is between 30-50% in no.
case it should exceed by 50%.
9.1.5.CAPACITY OF WASH WATER TANK:i) Two units washing requirement i.e. 100% stand by.
ii) Cleaning time 5-6 min.
iii) Pump should be able to fill the tank within half an hour.
Assume the filter run for 23.5 hour & half an hour allowed for back washing.
Therefore Area required = 46.52 24/ 23.5 = 47.51 m3
Provide L/B ratio = 1.3
Hence, ok
= 0.096/7.85 10-5
= 1223 nos.
As per design criteria the ratio of the total area of the orifices to the total area of the
laterals = 0.375
Total area of the laterals = 1223 7.85 10-5 / 0.375
= 0.256 m2
Let, us provide 65.00mm dia laterals
Therefore Length of the laterals dia. of the laterals = L/D = 40
L = 40 0.065
Length of laterals = 2.6 m
Sectional area of each pipe = 0.785(0.065)2
= 0.003318 m2
Therefore No. of laterals = (Total area of lateral)/(Area of each lateral)
= 0.056/0.003318
= 77.16
(say 78)
9.4.DESIGN OF MANIFOLD:72
( b/w 1.5 to 2 )
Hence ok
9.5. CHECK FOR VELOCITY OF FLOW DURING BACK WASHING:Let, the rate of back washing = 60 cm/min.
= 1 cm/sec
= 0.01 m/sec
= 0.01 m3/sec/m2.
Therefore Total flow = 0.01 6 8 = 0.48 m3/sec
Therefore Velocity in the manifold = Q/A = 0.48/p/4(0.8)2
= 0.95 m/sec
Provided manifold of 700mm diameter = (Area of manifold)/(Area of lateral)
= 1.49 = 1.5
Velocity in manifold = 0.48/0.785 (0.70)2
= 1.26 m/sec
(Between 1.25 3.6 m/sec)
Hence ok
Hence ok
It is proposed to arrange two units is such a way that they are washed simultaneously.
The arrangement shown in figure (for gutter and gullets)
75
9.7.3 DESIGN OF GULLET:The gullet should be capable of carrying back water from two beds simultaneously.
The discharge through each gutter = 2 0.48 = 0.96 m3/sec
Assuming velocity of flow = 2.4 m/sec
76
= 0.208 m
9.8. WASTE WATER OUTLET MAIN:The waste water from the gutter shall be carried to reach wash water drainage through
CI main.
Therefore Flow through the CI pipe mains =
0.48 2
892.44 m3/day
57.6 m3/min
0.96 m3/sec
Provide 750 mm dia CI pipe at a slope of head loss of 8.08 m/1000m and min maintain a
velocity of 2.2 m/sec.
9.9. WASH WATER INLET MAIN:The velocity of flow in the wash water inlet main should be 2 m to 2.75 m/sec
Therefore providing a velocity of 2.75 m/sec,
Provide 750mm dia CI pipe as in case of outlet system.
77
A R.C.C. rectangular channel is proposed in which the waste water outlet main will
discharge. Since only two beds will be washed due to the interconnection between the beds
discharge through the waste water main will be equal to 0.96m3/sec.
Assume a velocity of 1.5 mps
Therefore Area required = 0.96/1.5 = 0.64 m2
Therefore provide 1.00m wide channel
Therefore Depth of flow = 0.64/1.00 = 0.64m. Provide the overall depth of 80 cm including a
free board of 0.16 m. Therefore, the final channel size is 10080 cm.
Slope = [1.5 0.015/0.282/3]
9.11. OVER SIZE OF THE FILTER BOX:Gravel bed usually (0.45-0.5 m).
Say 50 cm
Say 80 cm
Say 1.50m
Free board.
Say 3.30 m
Total 3.30 m
9.12. DESIGN OF WASH WATER:9.12.1. STORAGE TANK:The capacity of wash water storage tank should be sufficient for the
requirement of washing of 2 unit pulse 100 % stand by.
Assuming washing time = 6 min @0.60cm/min.
Therefore Quantity of water required for washing 2 units = 20.60866
= 345.6 m3
say 346 m3
Considering 100% sand by, required capacity of wash water tank = 2346
= 692 m3
Head required for back wash of the start of the manifold = 1.67m
Assume head loss in the back wash pipes and valves = 2.33 m
Required staging ht. of waste water tank = 1.67+2.33 = 4.00m
Provide a tank of 672 m3 capacity with its staging height of 4.00m
78
9.13. WASH WATER PUMPING PLANT:The pump should be able to fill the tank with hour.
Hence, the capacity of the pump = 692/0.5 m3/hour
= 69200 /(3060) = 384Lt/sec. which is too much
Hence, provide 2 pumps discharge of each pump = 192 Lps
Therefore H.P required to raise the water against the head of 9m = 0.1921000.9/ (750.70)
= 33 H.P.
Provide 2 pumps of discharge 11520Lpm with 35 H.P
9.14. DESIGN OF CLEAR WATER CHANNEL TO CWR:A R.C.C. rectangular tank is proposed which will be covered from top and lined with
grazed tile. The channel will ultimately carry entire effluent from the Rapid Gravity Filter i,
e 67MLD.
Assume a volume of flow = 1 MPS
Therefore Area of flow required = 0.7755/1 = 0.7755 m2
Provide channel width = 1.20 m
Depth of flow = 0.7755/1.20 = 0.65
Therefore Provide channel section of 120 100 cm including a free board of 35cm
Slope:Hydraulic mean depth = R= 0.7755/2.5 = 0.3102
Applying, Manning formula with n =0.011
V= 1/n(R)2/3(S)1/2
1 = 1/0.011 (0.31)2/3 (S)1/2 or , S = 0.000576
Final sizes are 120 100cm with S= 0.576%
9.15. TOTAL LOSS OF HEAD IN FILTRATION:The total loss in calculated for 67MLD flow through each bed = 67/10 = 6.7MLD
= 0.07754 m3/sec
a) Now , loss of head in sand bed = 44.80 cm 45cm
b) Loss of head in gravel = 5cm (say )
c) Loss of head in orifice = Cv2gh
= 7.42 mm
80 cm
5 cm
1.60 m
1 cm (approx)
9 cm (approx)
1.45 m
Assumed
400 cm = 4m
Chapter no.10
80
It is assumed that the distribution system is having its own balancing storage
reservoir fed by feeder main for each zone. The pumping shall be done for 20 hours for each
zone and hence C.W.R. is designed for 24 hours input and 20 hours draw off. i,e. 4 hours
storage only .
The reservoir shall be rectangular in plan with two compartment one for
domestic supply and the other for industrial supply.
10.2. DESIGN:-
say 8.2 m
Providing 50 cm thick wall (partition) in b/w the two component and 1m for the peripheral
wall
Therefore Total length = (91.8 + 8.2 + 0.5 + 2)
Total width = (24.5 + 2) = 26.5 m
Thus the overall size of C.W.R is 102.5 26.5 5.3 m
The clean water reservoir (C.W.R) will be covered at the top and necessary provision for
ventilation may be provided. The top of the tank should be at least 60 cm above the ground
level. An appropriate plan of the C.W.R is as shown.
It may be designed as completely full inside i,e for no empty condition. Capacity
for domestic supply may be bifurcated into two parts to attain the flexibility and proper
control.
81
BIBLIOGRAPHY
82
1) Water and waste water engineering , 1968, Vol- I, water supply and waste water removal,
vol- II water purification and waste water treatment and disposal , fair, G.M, Geyer, J.C and
Oakum D.A, Wiley and Toppan , New York .
2) Manual on water supply and treatments may 99, Central Public Health and Environmental
Engineering Organization, Ministry of Urban Development, New Delhi.
83