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11/16/2016
ImeeMarcostoldUScourtyesArchimedesTrajanowastorturedandkilledbutit'snoneofyourbusiness
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ImeeMarcostoldUScourtyes
ArchimedesTrajanowastortured
andkilledbutitsnoneofyour
business
NOVEMBER16,2016BYRAISSA 8COMMENTS
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ExclusivebyRassaRobles
IfMapuaInstituteofTechnologystudent
ArchimedesTrajanohadbeenkilledtoday
andFerdinandMarcoswasstillthe
President,newspaperheadlineswouldbe
screaming
https://www.raissarobles.com/2016/11/16/imeemarcostolduscourtyesarchimedestrajanowastorturedandkilledbutitsnoneofyourbusiness/
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11/16/2016
Collegestudentsnatchedandfounddead
afterquestioningthePresidentdaughter
ButnosuchheadlinecameoutafterArchimedesTrajanoslifelessbody,bearing
obvioussignsoftorture,wasfoundonaroad.
Hisparentsweretoldhehadgottenintoafightwithdormmates.Beyondhis
immediatefamily,friendsandschoolfewknewtheactualeventsthatcausedhis
murderandtorturebymilitarybodyguardsofImeeMarcos.
Itwouldtakeyearsbeforehisextrajudicialexecutionwouldreachpublicattention.
Briefly,hereisanexcerptfrommybookMarcosMartiallaw:NeverAgainonwhat
reallyhappenedtoArchimedesTrajano:
OnAugust31,1977,ArchimedesTrajano,a21yearoldstudentofMapua
InstituteofTechnology,attendedanopenforumwithImeeMarcos,21
yearolddaughterofthedictator.HerfatherhadappointedherNational
ChairmanoftheKabataangBarangayyouthorganization.
WhenTrajanoquestionedheraboutherappointment,Imeeapparently
becameirritated.HerguardsseizedTrajanoanddraggedhimaway.His
bodywasfoundhourslater:hehadbeenseverelytorturedandbeatento
death.
Hismotherlaterrecalled:Hewascoveredinawhitesheet,layingona
table.AndwhenIopenedthesheetIsawhimblueblack.Icouldnot
talknothingbutIthinkmyhearthardened.Isaid,myGod,whyhim?
WhatImabouttotellyounextisnotinmybookbecauseIdidnthaveenoughspace
togointothedetailsoftheTrajanocase.ButthedocumentImabouttosharewith
youwereamongthoseIhadcollectedduringresearch.
BeforeIgoon,IwouldliketotellyoumoreaboutImeeMarcos.Shewasthe
equivalentofKrisAquinoduringthedictatorship.Imeewasaprecociousdaughter.
LikeKris,shelovedacting.IrememberthatManilaswealthy100allturnedoutfor
herdebutonstageintheplayMotherCourage.
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Eventhen,Imeewasanaturalpolitician.Sheremindedmeofawildcoltwithher
maneofhair.TofullyappreciatewhatImeewasallaboutandhowmuchpowerher
fatherthedictatorhadbestowedonher,watchthisvideobelowwhichhistorian
ManoloQuezonunearthedfromthearchivesoftheAssociatedPress.
SYND 23 9 77 MARCOS ANNOUNCING ELECTIO...
Now,pictureImeetravelingaroundthestreetsofManilainscruffydesignerjeans,
surroundedbyheavilyarmedmilitarybodyguards.Pictureheraddressingastudent
foruminsideMapua.Wheresuddenlythisupstartofastudentboldlyquestionsher
whyshewasappointedKBchairbyherfather.
Hourslater,thesamestudentturnsupdeadandbeatenblackandblue.
Ifthatkindofmurderhadhappenedtoday,TrajanosmotherAgapitacouldhavefiled
murderchargesagainstthemilitarybodyguards.Butitwasnotpossibleduring
MartialLawtochargethepresidentsdaughterandherbodyguardsofconspiracyto
murder.Thecountrywasunderadictatorshipwhichruledbyterrorandviolence.
ItthereforetookAgapitaTrajanonineyearsbeforeshewasabletofileacaseina
HawaiicourtagainstImeeMarcosandGeneralFabianVerPresidentMarcosspy
chiefwhowastheninallbuttitletherealArmedForcesChiefofStaff.
Agapitachargedthemforfalseimprisonment,kidnapping,wrongfuldeath,anda
deprivationofrightsofherson.
AgapitachoseHawaiiasthevenuesincetheMarcosesandVershadfledtherein
1986.Andapparently,Agapitahappenedtohavemigratedthere,too.
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AgapitawonthedamagesuitinHawaii.ThecasewasthereasonwhyImeeMarcos
transferredherresidencytoSingapore.
TheHawaiicourtruledinAgapitasfavor.Itsdecisionstatedinpart:
judgmentwasenteredbasedonthecourtsfindingsthatTrajanowas
torturedandhisdeathwascausedbyMarcosManotoc.Thecourtconcluded
thatthisviolationoffundamentalhumanrightsconstitutesatortin
violationofthelawofnationsunder28U.S.C.1350,andawarded
damagesof$4.16millionandattorneysfeespursuanttoPhilippinelaw.
Nowreadingthecourtjudgment,whichIamreprintinginfullbelow,twothings
struckmeaboutImeeMarcos.BeforeIgointoit,letmefirstexplainthatImee
MarcosknewthelawbecauseshestudiedattheUniversityofthePhilippinesCollege
ofLawbutcouldnotgetthedegreenortakethebar.Itturnedoutshedidnothave
thenecessaryprerequisiteacollegedegree.
ButherUPlawprofessors,whomIpersonallyknew,spokeadmiringlyabouther.She
wasonesmartcookie.Oneofherprofessorswasmyfather.
WhatisinterestingandshockingaswellabouttheTrajanocaseisthelegal
argumentthatImeeMarcosandherlawyersusedbeforetheHawaiicourttotryto
getthecasethrownout.
Iusethewordshockingbecauselastweek,ImeeMarcossaidonnationalTVthat
sheknewnothingaboutthehumanrightsabusesgoingonduringherfathers
dictatorship.Shearguedthatshewastooyoungtoknow.
SeemyRelatedPost
DearImeeMarcos,youknewallaboutthetorture
andpoliticaldetaineesduringyourfathers
dictatorship>
DearImeeMarcos,youknewallaboutthetortureandpoliticaldetainees
duringyourfathersdictatorship
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However,beforeaHawaiicourtovertwodecadesago,ImeeMarcosandherlawyers
gavethefollowingargumentstocounteracivillawsuitaccusingherofwrongful
death.
ImeeMarcosarguedthat
Yes,Trajanowastorturedbyhermilitarybodyguards.
Yes,ImeeMarcosknewallaboutthetorture.
ButthecaseagainstImeeMarcosshouldnotproceedbeforetheHawaiiCourt
becausethiscourtonlyhasjurisdictionfortortureactsthathappenintheUS.
Neat,huh.
Ibasedmyconclusionsonthesixthparagraphofthecourtdecision,whichstated:
MarcosManotocarguesthatthePhilippineMilitaryIntelligenceisan
instrumentalityofaforeignstatewithin1603(b)oftheFSIA,andthat
thetortiousactswerebroughtaboutbypersonsactingpursuanttothe
authorityofMarcos,MarcosManotoc,andVersuchthattheliabilityof
MarcosManotocisexpresslypremisedonherauthorityasagovernment
agent.Shefurthercontendsthat,regardlessofwhethersheactedwithin
thescopeofheremployment,sheisentitledtoabsoluteimmunityunder
16047becauseaforeignstateanditsagentslosesovereignimmunityonly
fortortiousactsoccurringintheUnitedStates.
FSIAreferredtotheForeignServicesImmunitiesAct,whichwasapprovedin1976
ayearbeforeTrajanosmurder.TheFSIAcodifiedallUSlawswhichgrantedorwaived
theimmunityofanyoneinvokingsovereignimmunity.
TheHawaiicourtdecisionexplainedtheimpactoftheFSIAonthetortordamage
lawsuitthatAgapitaTrajanofiledagainstImeeMarcos.Ihavehighlightedthemost
importantsectionsofthedecisioninred:
WemustfirstdeterminewhetherMarcosManotocisentitledtoimmunity
undertheForeignSovereignImmunitiesAct(FSIA),28U.S.C.1330,
160211.TheFSIAmustbeappliedbythedistrictcourtsineveryaction
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againstaforeignsovereign,sincesubjectmatterjurisdictioninanysuch
actiondependsontheexistenceofoneofthespecifiedexceptionsto
foreignsovereignimmunity.VerlindenB.V.v.CentralBankofNigeria,461
U.S.480,493,103S.Ct.1962,1971,76L.Ed.2d81(1983)see
alsoArgentineRepublicv.AmeradaHessShippingCorp.,488U.S.428,109
S.Ct.683,102L.Ed.2d818(1989)Liuv.RepublicofChina,892F.2d1419,
1424(9thCir.1989),cert.dismissed,497U.S.1058,111S.Ct.27,111
L.Ed.2d840(1990).AforeignstateundertheActincludesanagencyor
instrumentalityofaforeignstate.28U.S.C.1603(a).5Wehave,inturn,
heldthatanagencyorinstrumentalityofaforeignstateforpurposesof
theFSIAincludesindividualsactingintheirofficialcapacity.Chuidianv.
PhilippineNatlBank,912F.2d1095,10991103(9thCir.1990).Therefore,
becauseMarcosManotocsdefaultconcedesthatshecontrolledthe
militarypolice,theFSIAisimplicatedandwemustbesatisfiedthatit
doesnotbarjurisdiction,eventhoughtheissuewasnotraisedinthe
districtcourt.
TheCourtconcludedthatithadjurisdictionofthecase,notundertheFSIA,but
underadifferentlawtheAlienTortStatute.
TheCourtsaidAgapitaTrajanossuitasanalienagainstMarcosManotocfor
havingcausedthewrongfuldeathofherson,byofficialtortureinviolation
ofajuscogensnormofinternationallaw,properlyinvokesthesubject
matterjurisdictionofthefederalcourtsunder1350.
NexttimeyouseeaMarcosloyalistpostonFacebookorTwitterthatnoMarcoshas
everbeenconvictedincourt,youcanpointouttothemthattheMarcoseshavelost
atleastFOURlandmarkcasesincourt
thecaseinSwitzerlandinvolvingtheirSwissloot
themothercaseinManilaforfeitingtheSwissmoneyandotherstolenassetsin
favorofthePhilippinegovernment(thedecisionwaspennedbythelateChief
JusticeRenatoCoronawhenhewasstillanAssociateJustice)
theclassactionsuitfiledbyhumanrightsvictimsinHawaii
andtheseparatetortcasefiledbyAgapitaTrajanooverthetortureandmurder
ofArchimedes.
WhathappenedafterAgapitaTrajanowonherdamagesuitinHawaiiistragic,thanks
tothePhilippineSupremeCourt.
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The1991HawaiiCourtjudgmenthasneverbeenenforcedbecausethePhilippine
SupremeCourtbarredit.
TheTrajanofamilytriedcollectingfromImeeMarcosbyfilingacivilcasewiththe
PasigRegionalTrialCourtsinceImeeMarcos,bythen,wassaidtobelivinginthe
AlexandracondominiuminPasig.
TheRTCjudgeactuallyissuedthesummonsforImeetoappear.WhenImeesnubbed
thesummons,thejudgedeclaredherindefault.
ButImeeMarcosrantotheSupremeCourt.In2006,theSCruledthattheserviceof
summonsonherwasinvalid.
TheponentewhoruledinImeeMarcosfavorwasAssociateJusticePresbitero
Velasco.Lastweek,JusticePesbiterowasalsoamongthosewhoruledinfavorof
buryingMarcosinLibinganngmgaBayani.
HereisthelinktoVelascosrulingontheImeeTrajanocase.
Justlastweek,ImeeMarcostoldKarenDavilaonnationalTV:
Ifeelinmyheartthatifinanywayyouhavehurtsomeone,you
shouldsaysorryevenifitsnotintentional.Evenifitwasnot
policy.
GovernorImee,howaboutsayingsorrytothefamilyofthelateArchimedesTrajano,
whomyouknewalltheseyearswastorturedandkilledbyyourownbodyguards?And
youtoldtheHawaiicourtso?
AndpaythedamagesofUS$4.4millionwithinterestyouowetotheTrajanofamily
forthewrongfulslay.
AndgivebackallthewealthstolenfromtheFilipinopeoplethatyou,Irene,Senator
BongbongandyourmomImeldacontinuetohideandholdontohereandabroad.
Thatstheonlywayyou,yourchildren,andgrandchildrenwillgetpeaceofmind.And
ournationcanstarthealing.
BelowistherulingoftheHawaiicourtrenderingjudgmentagainstImeeMarcos.
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978F.2d493
116A.L.R.Fed.765,61USLW2257
InreESTATEOFFERDINANDE.MARCOSHUMANRIGHTSLITIGATION.
AgapitaTRAJANOArchimedesTrajano,PlaintiffsAppellees,
v.
FerdinandE.MARCOS,Defendant,
and
ImeeMarcosManotoc,DefendantAppellant.
No.9115891.
UnitedStatesCourtofAppeals,
NinthCircuit.
ArguedandSubmittedJune8,1992.
DecidedOct.21,1992.
BernardJ.Rothbaum,Jr.,Linn&Helms,OklahomaCity,Okl.(arguedthe
case),DonaldC.Smaltz,Smaltz&Anderson,LosAngeles,Cal.(signedthe
briefs),fordefendantappellant.JonM.VanDyke,SherryP.Broderand
LillianRamirezUy,Graulty,Ikeda&RamirezUy,Honolulu,Hawaii,for
plaintiffsappellees.
EllenLutz,LosAngeles,Cal.,foramicuscuriaeHumanRightsWatch.Harold
HongjuKoh,NewHaven,Conn.,MichaelRatner,NewYorkCity,foramici
curiaeAllardK.LowensteinIntern.HumanRightsClinicandtheCenterfor
ConstitutionalRights.
AppealfromtheUnitedStatesDistrictCourtfortheDistrictofHawaii.
BeforeBROWNING,PREGERSONandRYMER,CircuitJudges.
RYMER,CircuitJudge:
1
AfterformerPhilippinePresidentFerdinandMarcosandhisdaughter,Imee
MarcosManotoc,fledtoHawaiiin1986,theyweresuedinfederalcourtby
AgapitaTrajano,acitizenofthePhilippineswhothenlivedinHawaii,forthe
tortureandwrongfuldeathofTrajanosson,Archimedes,inthePhilippines
onAugust31,1977.1MarcosManotocdidnotappearandadefault
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judgmentwasenteredagainsther.Onappeal,shecontendsthatthedistrict
courtlackedsubjectmatterjurisdictionundertheAlienTortStatute,28
U.S.C.1350,andthattheForeignSovereignImmunitiesAct,28U.S.C.
1330,160211,doesnotauthorizeafederalcourttoassertjurisdiction,
overactionstakenbyaforeigngovernmentagainstitsowncitizens.2We
havejurisdictionunder28U.S.C.1291,andaffirm.
2
*InAugustof1977,FerdinandMarcoswasPresidentofthePhilippines,
MarcosManotocwastheNationalChairmanoftheKabataangBaranggay,
andFabianVerwasinchargeofmilitaryintelligence.ArchimedesTrajano
wasastudentattheMapuaInstituteofTechnology.Onthe31stofAugust,
TrajanowenttoanopenforumdiscussionatwhichMarcosManotocwas
speaking.WhenTrajanoaskedaquestionaboutherappointmentasdirector
ofanorganization,hewaskidnapped,interrogated,andtorturedtodeath
bymilitaryintelligencepersonnelwhowereactingunderVersdirection,
pursuanttomartiallawdeclaredbyMarcos,andundertheauthorityofVer,
Marcos,andMarcosManotoc.Hewastorturedandmurderedforhis
politicalbeliefsandactivities.MarcosManotoccontrolledthepoliceand
militaryintelligencepersonnelwhotorturedandmurderedTrajano,knew
theyweretakinghimtobetortured,andcausedTrajanosdeath.
3
InFebruaryof1986,Marcos,MarcosManotoc,GeneralVerandothersleft
thePhilippinesandarrivedatHickamAirForceBaseinHawaii.OnMarch
20,1986,AgapitaTrajanofiledhercomplaintintheUnitedStatesDistrict
CourtfortheDistrictofHawaii.3Thecomplaintseeksdamagesonbehalfof
theestateofArchimedesTrajanoforfalseimprisonment,kidnapping,
wrongfuldeath,andadeprivationofrights,andonbehalfofTrajanos
motherforemotionaldistress.DefaultwasenteredagainstMarcosManotoc
onMay29,1986.In1991,shemovedtosetasideentryofdefaultonthe
groundofinsufficiencyofservice.Themotionwasdeniedand,aftera
damageshearing,judgmentwasenteredbasedonthecourtsfindingsthat
TrajanowastorturedandhisdeathwascausedbyMarcosManotoc.The
courtconcludedthatthisviolationoffundamentalhumanrightsconstitutes
atortinviolationofthelawofnationsunder28U.S.C.1350,and
awardeddamagesof$4.16millionandattorneysfeespursuantto
Philippinelaw.4
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II
4
WemustfirstdeterminewhetherMarcosManotocisentitledtoimmunity
undertheForeignSovereignImmunitiesAct(FSIA),28U.S.C.1330,
160211.TheFSIAmustbeappliedbythedistrictcourtsineveryaction
againstaforeignsovereign,sincesubjectmatterjurisdictioninanysuch
actiondependsontheexistenceofoneofthespecifiedexceptionsto
foreignsovereignimmunity.VerlindenB.V.v.CentralBankofNigeria,461
U.S.480,493,103S.Ct.1962,1971,76L.Ed.2d81(1983)seealso
ArgentineRepublicv.AmeradaHessShippingCorp.,488U.S.428,109
S.Ct.683,102L.Ed.2d818(1989)Liuv.RepublicofChina,892F.2d1419,
1424(9thCir.1989),cert.dismissed,497U.S.1058,111S.Ct.27,111
L.Ed.2d840(1990).AforeignstateundertheActincludesanagencyor
instrumentalityofaforeignstate.28U.S.C.1603(a).5Wehave,inturn,
heldthatanagencyorinstrumentalityofaforeignstateforpurposesof
theFSIAincludesindividualsactingintheirofficialcapacity.Chuidianv.
PhilippineNatlBank,912F.2d1095,10991103(9thCir.1990).Therefore,
becauseMarcosManotocsdefaultconcedesthatshecontrolledthemilitary
police,theFSIAisimplicatedandwemustbesatisfiedthatitdoesnotbar
jurisdiction,eventhoughtheissuewasnotraisedinthedistrictcourt.
5
MarcosManotocarguesthattheFSIAisthesolebasisforjurisdiction,
preemptingallotherbasesincluding1350.ShereliesonAmeradaHess,
inwhichtwoLiberiancorporationssuedtheArgentineRepublicinaUnited
StatesDistrictCourtforatortallegedlycommittedbyitsarmedforceson
thehighseasinviolationofinternationallaw.Thecourtofappealshad
allowedtheactiontoproceedundertheAlienTortStatute,buttheSupreme
CourtheldthatitshouldbedismissedbecausetheFSIAcontrolsanddoes
notauthorizejurisdictionoveraforeignstateinthesecircumstances.6The
CourtmadeclearthattheFSIAisthesolebasisforobtainingjurisdiction
overaforeignstateinourcourts.488U.S.at434,109S.Ct.at688see
alsoLiu,892F.2dat1424.Thus,theFSIAtrumpstheAlienTortStatute
whenaforeignstateor,inthiscircuit,anindividualactinginherofficial
capacity,issued.
6
MarcosManotocarguesthatthePhilippineMilitaryIntelligenceisan
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instrumentalityofaforeignstatewithin1603(b)oftheFSIA,andthat
thetortiousactswerebroughtaboutbypersonsactingpursuanttothe
authorityofMarcos,MarcosManotoc,andVersuchthattheliabilityof
MarcosManotocisexpresslypremisedonherauthorityasagovernment
agent.Shefurthercontendsthat,regardlessofwhethersheactedwithin
thescopeofheremployment,sheisentitledtoabsoluteimmunityunder
16047becauseaforeignstateanditsagentslosesovereignimmunityonly
fortortiousactsoccurringintheUnitedStates.SeeMcKeelv.Islamic
RepublicofIran,722F.2d582,588(9thCir.1983)(Congressdidnotintend
toassertjurisdictionoverforeignstatesforeventsoccurringwhollywithin
theirownterritory),cert.denied,469U.S.880,105S.Ct.243,83L.Ed.2d
182(1984).Trajano,ontheotherhand,arguesthatunderChuidian,the
FSIAdoesnotimmunizeactsofindividualswhichareoutsidethescopeof
theirofficialduties,8andthattheactsoftortureandarbitrarykilling(which
thecomplaintaversoccurredunderMarcosManotocsownauthority)
cannotbeofficialactswithinwhateverauthorityMarcosManotocwas
givenbytheRepublicofthePhilippines.
7
InChuidian,weheldthattheFSIAcoversaforeignofficialactinginan
officialcapacity,butthatanofficialisnotentitledtoimmunityforacts
whicharenotcommittedinanofficialcapacity(suchassellingpersonal
property),andforactsbeyondthescopeofherauthority(forexample,
doingsomethingthesovereignhasnotempoweredtheofficialtodo).912
F.2dat1106.InMcKeel,inconstruing1605(a)(5)oftheFSIA,which
waivesimmunityfordamagesagainstaforeignstateforinjuryoccurringin
theUnitedStates,9wefoundthatCongressintendedtheFSIAtobe
consistentwithinternationallawandthattheprevailingpracticein
internationallawisthatastatelosesitssovereignimmunityfortortious
actsonlywheretheyoccurintheterritoryoftheforumstate.722F.2dat
588.
8
MarcosManotocsdefaultmakestheapplicationofbothcaseseasyinthis
case,forshehasadmittedactingonherownauthority,notontheauthority
oftheRepublicofthePhilippines.10Underthesecircumstances,heracts
cannothavebeentakenwithinanyofficialmandateandthereforecannot
havebeenactsofanagentorinstrumentalityofaforeignstatewithinthe
meaningoftheFSIA.Onanyview,FSIAcoverageunderChuidianisnot
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triggered,andthestatutorylimitationtoinjuryoccurringintheUnited
StatesrecognizedinMcKeelisnotrelevant.Asamatteroflaw,therefore,
thedistrictcourtdidnoterrinfailingtodismissMarcosManotocinher
individualcapacity.11
III
9
AbsentjurisdictionundertheForeignSovereignImmunitiesAct,12thereis
nodisputethattheonlypossiblejurisdictionalbasisforTrajanosactionis
theAlienTortStatute,28U.S.C.1350.Section1350provides:
10
Thedistrictcourtsshallhaveoriginaljurisdictionofanycivilactionbyan
alienforatortonly,committedinviolationofthelawofnationsoratreaty
oftheUnitedStates.
11
ItwasenactedaspartoftheFirstJudiciaryActof1789,13buthasseldom
beeninvoked.ThedebatesthatledtotheActspassagecontainno
referencetotheAlienTortStatute,andthereisnodirectevidenceofwhat
theFirstCongressintendedittoaccomplish.Thestatutehas,however,
beencomprehensivelyanalyzedbytheSecondCircuitinFilartigav.Pena
Irala,630F.2d876(2dCir.1980),whichrecognizedacauseofactionand
subjectmatterjurisdictionunder1350inanactionbetweenParaguayan
citizensforactsoftorturecommittedinParaguay,andbytheDistrictof
ColumbiaCircuitinTelOrenv.LibyanArabRepublic,726F.2d774
(D.C.Cir.1984)(JudgesEdwards,Bork,andRobbwritingseparately),cert.
denied,470U.S.1003,105S.Ct.1354,84L.Ed.2d377(1985),which
affirmeddismissalforlackofsubjectmatterjurisdictionofanactionby
IsraelicitizensagainstthePalestineLiberationOrganizationforactsof
terrorisminviolationofinternationallaw.
12
Westartwiththefaceofthestatute.Itrequiresaclaimbyanalien,atort,
andaviolationofinternationallaw.Trajanoscomplaintallegesthatsheand
hersonwerecitizensofthePhilippines,andthatherclaimsforreliefarise
underwrongfuldeathstatutesandvariousinternationaldeclarations.14
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13
Thereisnodoubt,asthedistrictcourtfound,thatcausingTrajanosdeath
waswrongful,andisatort.15Nor,inviewofMarcosManotocsdefault,is
thereanydisputethatTrajanosdeathwascausedbytorture.And,aswe
haverecentlyheld,itwouldbeunthinkabletoconcludeotherthanthat
actsofofficialtortureviolatecustomaryinternationallaw.Sidermande
Blakev.RepublicofArgentina,965F.2d699,717(9thCir.1992).
14
Webelieve,therefore,thatTrajanossuitasanalienforthetortofwrongful
death,committedbymilitaryintelligenceofficialsthroughtortureprohibited
bythelawofnations,iswithinthejurisdictionalgrantof1350.
15
MarcosManotocargues,however,thatthedistrictcourterredinassuming
jurisdictionofatortcommittedbyaforeignstatesagentsagainstits
nationalsoutsideoftheUnitedStates,andhavingnonexustothiscountry.
If1350wereconstruedtoconferjurisdictionunderthesecircumstances,
sheasserts,itwouldexceedtheconstitutionallimitsonfederalcourt
jurisdictionunderArticleIIIoftheConstitution.Wedisagree.
16
*MarcosManotocarguesthatthereisnoextraterritorialjurisdictionover
civilactionsbasedontorture.SheurgesthatFilartigahasbeenundermined
byinterveningactsofthelegislativeandexecutivebrancheswhichindicate
thattheUnitedStatesisnotobligedtoopenitscourtsfortheredressof
tortureoccurringinanothercountry.First,MarcosManotocpointstothe
factthatwhentheSenateratifiedtheUnitedNationsConventionAgainst
TortureandOtherCruel,InhumanorDegradingTreatmentorPunishment,
G.A.Res.39/46,39U.N.GAORSupp.No.51at197,U.N.Doc.
A/RES/39/708(1984),reprintedin23I.L.M.1027(1984),itattachedan
understandingtoArticle1416thatastateisrequiredtoprovideaprivate
rightofactiononlyfortorturecommittedinterritoryunderits
jurisdiction.17Fromthissheinfersthatitisinappropriatetorelyon
principlesofinternationallawtogivevictimsoftortureenforcementrights
outsidetheirowncountry.Nothingintheunderstanding,however,goesso
far.Evenifitcouldbereadtoreachtransitorytortssuchaswrongfuldeath,
theunderstandingdoesnotprohibittheUnitedStatesfromprovidinga
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forumforclaimsbyaliensfortortureoccurringelsewhere.18The
understanding,accordingly,shedslittlelightonthescopeof1350.
17
ThesameistrueofthefactthattheDepartmentofJusticehaschangedits
positiononwhetheraplaintiffsuchasTrajanohasacauseofaction
cognizableinfederalcourtforaviolationofinternationallawcondemning
torture.MarcosManotocnotesthatthegovernmenturgedthecourtin
Filartigatoread1350expansively,whileitsamicusbriefinthisaction
supportsacauseofactiononlyforviolationsofinternationallawrights
whichformapartofthelawoftheUnitedStates.MarcosManotocsuggests
thattheexecutivebranchswithdrawalofsupportforFilartigaandthe
SenatesrefusaltoobligatefederalcourtstohearactionssuchasTrajanos
demonstratethattheUnitedStatesdoesnotrecognizeaprivaterightof
actionfortorturehavingnonexuswiththeUnitedStates.Wedonotread
theexecutivebranchsfliponthisissueassignifyingsomuchitschangeof
positionindifferentcasesandbydifferentadministrationsisnotadefinitive
statementbywhichweareboundonthelimitsof1350.Rather,weare
constrainedbywhat1350showsonitsface:nolimitationsastothe
citizenshipofthedefendant,orthelocusoftheinjury.
18
NordotheseactsbytheSenateandtheDepartmentofJusticesupport
MarcosManotocsargumentthatgeneralprinciplesofinternationallawmay
notprovideabasisforfederalcourtjurisdictionunder1350.Regardlessof
theextenttowhichotherprinciplesmayappropriatelybereliedupon,the
prohibitionagainstofficialtorturecarrieswithittheforceofajuscogens
norm,whichenjoy[s]thehigheststatuswithininternationallaw.
Siderman,965F.2dat715,717(quotingCommitteeofU.S.CitizensLiving
inNicaraguav.Reagan,859F.2d929,940(D.C.Cir.1988)).Asoursurveyof
thescholarlyandjudicialopinioninSidermanreflects,thereiswidespread
agreementonthisallstatesbelieve[torture]iswrong,allthatengagein
torturedenyit,andnostateclaimsasovereignrighttotortureitsown
citizens.Underinternationallaw,anystatethatengagesinofficialtorture
violatesjuscogens.Sidermanat717(citationsomitted).Wetherefore
concludethatthedistrictcourtdidnoterrinfoundingjurisdictionona
violationofthejuscogensnormprohibitingofficialtorture.
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19
MarcosManotocfinallyarguesthatthedistrictcourtsinterpretationof
1350wouldopenthefloodgatestoforeigncasesinthefederalcourts.She
alsosuggeststhat,contrarytotheoriginalpurposebehind1350,to
permitcasesofthissortwouldinvite,ratherthanavoid,controversywith
foreignnations.Wedonotsharetheseconcernsinthiscase.AsSiderman
makesclear,theprohibitionagainstofficialtortureoccupiesauniquelyhigh
statusamongnormsofinternationallaw.ThePhilippinegovernmenthasno
objectiontoaUnitedStatesDistrictCourtsentertainingTrajanosclaim,so
therecanbenounwarrantedinterferencewithitsdomesticaffairs.The
FSIA,withitslimitationontortrecoverytoinjuriesoccurringintheUnited
States,willapplyinalmostallothersituations.And,becauseofMarcos
Manotocsdefault,traditionalbrakesonaccesstothefederalcourtsby
thosehavinginsufficientnexustotheUnitedStateswerenotconsidered.
Suchlimitationsasvenueandthedoctrineofforumnonconveniensare
availablein1350casesasinanyother.Finally,itgoeswithoutsayingthat
personaljurisdictionmustfirstbeobtainedonehopestheuniverseof
potentialdefendantsisnotthatlarge.
20
Forthesereasons,subjectmatterjurisdictionwasnotinappropriately
exercisedunder1350eventhoughtheactionsofMarcosManotocwhich
causedafellowcitizentobethevictimofofficialtortureandmurder
occurredoutsideoftheUnitedStates.
B
21
MarcosManotocarguesthatArticleIIIoftheUnitedStatesConstitution
doesnotsupportjurisdictionoverpurelyforeigndisputessuchasTrajanos
claimagainsther.Oftheninecategoriesoffederaljudicialpowerdefinedin
ArticleIII,onlytwoarguablyauthorizejurisdictioninthiscase:theForeign
DiversityClause,19whichenablesthefederalcourtstohearcasesbetween
astate,oritscitizens,andaforeigncountryoritscitizens,andtheArising
UnderClause,20whichextendsthejudicialpowertocasesarisingunder
theConstitution,lawsoftheUnitedStates,andtreaties.Itisclearthat
jurisdictionmaynotbepredicatedontheForeignDiversityClause,asa
foreignplaintiffisneitheraState[n]ortheCitizen[]thereof.Marcos
ManotoccontendsthatjurisdictionundertheArisingUnderClauseequally
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violatesArticleIIIbecause1350ispurelyajurisdictionalstatuteandfor
arisingunderjurisdictiontoexist,therightsofthepartiesmustturnon
theinterpretationoffederalsubstantivelaw.Weagreethatajurisdictional
statutemaynotaloneconferjurisdictiononthefederalcourts,andthatthe
rightsofthepartiesmuststandorfallonfederalsubstantivelawtopass
constitutionalmuster.Mesav.California,489U.S.121,13637,109S.Ct.
959,96869,103L.Ed.2d99(1989)(nakedjurisdictionalstatutescannot
independentlysupportArt.IIIarisingunderjurisdiction)Verlinden,461
U.S.at49597,103S.Ct.at197273.Wedisagreethattherightsof
TrajanoandMarcosManotocdonotdependonfederalsubstantivelaw.
22
Aswehavealreadydone,afederalcourtadjudicatingaclaimagainsta
foreignstateorofficial,Chuidian,912F.2dat1103,mustdetermineasa
thresholdmatterwhethertheFSIAprovidessubjectmatterjurisdiction.
Verlinden,461U.S.at49394,103S.Ct.at1971Siderman,965F.2dat
706Liu,892F.2dat1424.InVerlinden,aforeignplaintiffsuedan
instrumentalityofaforeignsovereignonanonfederalcauseofaction
subjectmatterjurisdictionwaspredicatedontheFSIA.TheCourtheldthat
Congress,inpassingtheFSIA,didnotexceed[]thescopeofArt.IIIofthe
Constitutionbygrantingfederalcourtssubjectmatterjurisdictionover
certaincivilactionsbyforeignplaintiffsagainstforeignsovereignswhere
theruleofdecisionmaybeprovidedbystatelaw.Id.461U.S.at491,103
S.Ct.at1970.Becausefederalcourtsmustfirstdeterminewhetherforeign
sovereignsorindividualofficialsareimmunebeforeallowingsuitsagainst
themtoproceed,asuitagainstaforeignstateunder[theFSIA]
necessarilyraisesquestionsofsubstantivefederallawattheveryoutset,
andhenceclearlyarisesunderfederallaw,asthattermisusedinArt.III.
Id.at493,103S.Ct.at1971.TheCourtalsoemphasized
that[a]ctionsagainstforeignsovereignsinourcourtsraisesensitiveissues
concerning
theforeignrelationsoftheUnitedStates,andtheprimacyoffederal
concernsisevident.Id.
23
Forthesamereasons,Congressdidnotlackpowertoconfersubjectmatter
jurisdictionoverthisaction.Onlyindividualswhohaveactedunderofficial
authorityorundercolorofsuchauthoritymayviolateinternationallaw,Tel
Oren,726F.2dat79195(Edwards,J.,oncurring)(rejectingnotionthat
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purelyprivateactorshaveresponsibilitiesunderinternationallaw),and
proceedingagainstsuchindividualsnecessarilyimplicatessovereign
immunity.AlthoughMarcosManotocsdefaultconcedesthatshecontrolled
themilitaryintelligencepersonnelwhotorturedandmurderedTrajano,and
inturnthatshewasactingundercolorofthemartiallawdeclaredbythen
PresidentMarcos,wehaveconcludedthatheractionswerenotthoseofthe
RepublicofthePhilippinesforpurposesofsovereignimmunityunder
Chuidian.21Nevertheless,whenquestionsofsovereignimmunityunderthe
FSIAareraised,astheyhavebeenhere,Verlindencontrols.Under
Verlinden,subjectmatterjurisdictionoverthisactionsatisfiesArticleIII.
24
MarcosManotocarguesthattheunderstandingattachedbytheSenateto
Article14ofthe1984ConventionthattheUnitedStatesdoesnothaveto
provideaforumfortheredressofextraterritorialactsoftorturenegates
anyconstitutionalunderpinningforarisingunderjurisdictionbecause
Congresshasrejectedapplicationoffederalcourtjurisdictiontosuch
claims.Thiswould,however,turnthepointofArticleIIIpowerupside
down.ItdoesnotderivefromtheSenate,noreventheCongressrather,
theCongressderivesitscapacitytoconferjurisdictionfromthe
Constitution.
25
TheArisingUnderClauseofArticleIIIisconstrueddifferently,andmore
broadly,thanthearisingunderrequirementforfederalquestion
jurisdictionunder28U.S.C.1331.SeeVerlinden,461U.S.at495,103
S.Ct.at1972(Art.IIIarisingunderjurisdictionisbroaderthanfederal
questionjurisdictionunder1331.)id.([T]hemanylimitationswhich
havebeenplacedonjurisdictionunder1331arenotlimitationsonthe
constitutionalpowerofCongresstoconferjurisdictiononthefederal
courts.)(quotingRomerov.InternationalTerminalOperatingCo.,358U.S.
354,379n.51,79S.Ct.468,484n.51,3L.Ed.2d368(1959))cf.
Brannonv.Babcock&WilcoxCo.(InreTMILitigationCasesConsolidated
II),940F.2d832,861,86477(3dCir.1991)(Scirica,J.,concurring)
(discussingdifferencesbetweenconstitutionalandstatutorygrantsof
arisingunderjurisdiction),cert.denied,U.S.,112S.Ct.1262,117
L.Ed.2d491(1992).ThereisampleindicationthattheArisingUnder
Clausewasmeanttoextendthejudicialpowerofthefederalcourts,as
JamesMadisonputit,toallcaseswhichconcernforeigners,Letterfrom
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JamesMadisontoEdmundRndolph(April8,1787),reprintedin9The
PapersofJamesMadison368,370(R.Rutland&W.Rachaled.1975),and
alloccasionsofhavingdisputeswithforeignpowers,3TheDebatesinthe
SeveralStateConventionsontheAdoptionoftheFederalConstitution530
(J.Ellioted.1836)(remarksofJ.Madison),and,asAlexanderHamilton
wrote,toallthose[cases]inwhich[foreigners]areconcerned.The
FederalistNo.80,at536(A.Hamilton)(J.Cookeed.1961).Itisalsowell
settledthatthelawofnationsispartoffederalcommonlaw.SeeThe
PaqueteHabana,175U.S.677,700,20S.Ct.290,299,44L.Ed.320
(1900)(Internationallawispartofourlaw,andmustbeascertainedand
administeredbythecourtsofjusticeofappropriatejurisdiction,asoftenas
questionsofrightdependinguponitaredulypresentedfortheir
determination.)UnitedStatesv.Smith,18U.S.(5Wheat.)153,16061,
5L.Ed.57(1820)(same).Thus,inadditiontoresolvingthedefendants
immunity,foracourttodeterminewhetheraplaintiffhasaclaimforatort
committedinviolationofinternationallaw,itmustdecidewhetherthereis
anapplicablenormofinternationallaw,whetheritisrecognizedbythe
UnitedStates,whatitsstatusis,andwhetheritwasviolatedinthe
particularcase.WethereforeholdthatCongresshadpowerthroughthe
ArisingUnderClauseofArticleIIIoftheConstitutiontoenacttheAlien
TortStatute,andthatexercisingjurisdictionoverTrajanosclaimsagainst
MarcosManotoccomportswithArticleIII.
IV
26
Atmost,MarcosManotocargues,thedistrictcourthadjurisdictionunder
1350todeterminewhetherTrajanohadaseparate,substantivecauseof
actionnoneexists,shecontends,becauseneitherthetreatiessetoutin
thecomplaintnorthelawofnationsprovidesaprivatecauseofaction.22
Thus,totheextentthecourtsdecisionreliesuponeithertreatiesor
internationallaw,MarcosManotocsubmitsitiserroneous.
27
ThedistrictcourtinfactagreedwithMarcosManotocthat1350issimply
ajurisdictionalstatuteandcreatesnocauseofactionitself.Itproceededto
determinedamagesondefaultunderPhilippinelaw.Fromthisweassume
thatthecourtdidnotrelyontreatiesorinternationallawtoprovidethe
causeofaction,onlytoestablishfederaljurisdiction.Indeed,thecomplaint
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allegesthatTrajanosclaimsariseunderwrongfuldeathstatutes,aswellas
internationallaw.SinceMarcosManotocsappealisonlytotheextentthe
districtcourtfoundedTrajanosrighttosueontreatiesorthelawof
nations,itlacksmeritbecausethetortisadmitted.Thatitwascommitted
inviolationofinternationallawsuppliesthejurisdictionalkeytofederal
courtunder1350.Wecannotsaythedistrictcourterred.
28
ThedistrictcourtsapproachcomportswiththeviewthattheFirstCongress
enactedthepredecessorto1350toprovideafederalforumfortransitory
torts(atortactionwhichfollowsthetortfeasorwhereverhegoes),see
Filartiga,630F.2dat885(tracingtransitorytortdoctrineto1774decision
ofLordMansfield),wheneversuchactionsimplicatetheforeignrelationsof
theUnitedStates.SeeBancoNacionaldeCubav.Sabbatino,376U.S.398,
427n.25,84S.Ct.923,940n.25,11L.Ed.2d804(1964)(citing1350
asexampleofcongressionalintenttomakeclaimsimplicatingforeign
affairscognizableinfederalcourts)TelOren,726F.2dat790(Edwards,J.,
concurring)(Asbestwecantell,theaimofsection1350wastoplacein
federalcourtactionspotentiallyimplicatingforeignaffairs.Theintentwas
nottoprovideaforumthatotherwisewouldnotexistbuttoprovidean
alternativeforumtostatecourts.).Thedistrictcourtsapproachalsoallows
thelawofnationsandtreatyprongsof1350tobetreated
consistently,inthatthecauseofactioncomesfrommunicipaltortlawand
notfromthelawofnationsortreatiesoftheUnitedStates.Thisavoidsthe
anomalous
resultwhichtroubledJudgeBorkinTelOren,thatwhereasFilartigafounda
privaterightofactionbyimplyingitfromprinciplesofinternationallaw,no
privatecauseofactioncaneverbeimpliedfromanonselfexecuting
treaty.SeeTelOren,726F.2dat820(Bork,J.,concurring).
29
ForthesereasonsweaffirmthejudgmentinTrajanosfavor.Hersuitasan
alienagainstMarcosManotocforhavingcausedthewrongfuldeathofher
son,byofficialtortureinviolationofajuscogensnormofinternationallaw,
properlyinvokesthesubjectmatterjurisdictionofthefederalcourtsunder
1350.
30
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AFFIRMED.
1
ThisappealpertainsonlytotheactionagainstMarcosManotoc.Several
amiciappearinsupportofTrajano:theAllardK.LowensteinInternational
HumanRightsClinic,theCenterforConstitutionalRights,andHuman
RightsWatch.TheUnitedStatesfiledabriefasamicuscuriaeinconnection
withanearlierappealfromanorderdismissingtheactionagainstFerdinand
MarcosonactofstategroundsthebriefcoverstheissuesraisedinMarcos
Manotocsappealandwehaveconsidereditaswell
2
MarcosManotocalsoarguesthattheactionistimebarredbythetwoyear
Hawaiistatuteoflimitations,Haw.Rev.Stat.6577,butthisisan
affirmativedefensewhichwaswaivedbyvirtueofherdefault.Becausethe
statuteoflimitationsisnotjurisdictional,wedonotconsiderthisissue.See
UnitedStatesv.DeTar,832F.2d1110,1114(9thCir.1987)Inherreply
brief,MarcosManotocclaimsthatthedistrictcourtdidnothavepersonal
jurisdictionoverherbecauseshewasnotproperlyserved.Thedistrictcourt
foundtothecontrary.Becausethisissuewasraisedforthefirsttimeinher
replybrief,MarcosManotochaswaivedthisissueaswell.SeeNevadav.
Watkins,914F.2d1545,1560(9thCir.1990),cert.denied,U.S.,111
S.Ct.1105,113L.Ed.2d215(1991).
3
Marcosmovedtodismissonactofstategrounds,andthedistrictcourts
ordergrantingthatmotionwasreversedonappealinlightofour
interveningdecisioninRepublicofthePhilippinesv.Marcos,862F.2d1355,
136061(9thCir.1988)(enbanc)(civilRICOactionbroughtbythe
PhilippinesagainstMarcosnotbarredbyactofstatedoctrine),cert.denied,
490U.S.1035,109S.Ct.1933,104L.Ed.2d404(1989).SeeTrajanov.
Marcos,878F.2d1439(9thCir.1989).TheJudicialPanelonMultidistrict
LitigationthenconsolidatedtwootheractionsagainstMarcosintheDistrict
ofHawaiiandtwoactionsintheNorthernDistrictofCalifornia,and
assignedthemtotheHonorableManuelL.Real,sittingpursuanttoan
intracircuitassignmentunder28U.S.C.292(b).Thefouractions
consolidatedwithTrajanosarenotbeforeusatthistime
4
ThedistrictcourtawardedtheestateofArchimedesTrajano$236,000for
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lostearningspursuanttoArticle2206(1)ofthePhilippineCivilCode
$175,000formoraldamagesincludingphysicalsuffering,mentalanguish,
fright,bodilyinjury,andwrongfuldeathpursuanttoArticles2217,2204,
and2206ofthePhilippineCivilCodeawardedAgapitaTrajano$1,250,000
formentalanguishpursuanttoArticle2206(3)ofthePhilippineCivilCode
andawardedbothMrs.Trajanoandtheestate$2,500,000inpunitive
damagespursuanttoArticles2229and2231ofthePhilippineCivilCode,as
wellas$246,966.99incostsandattorneysfeespursuanttoArticle
2208(1),(5),(9),and(11)oftheCode
5
28U.S.C.1603(b)definesanagencyorinstrumentalityofaforeign
stateasanyentity:(1)whichisaseparatelegalperson,corporateor
otherwise,and(2)whichisanorganofaforeignstateorpolitical
subdivisionthereof,oramajorityofwhosesharesorotherownership
interestisownedbyaforeignstateorpoliticalsubdivisionthereof,and(3)
whichisneitheracitizenofaStateoftheUnitedStatesasdefinedin
section1332(c)and(d)ofthistitle,norcreatedunderthelawsofanythird
country.
6
TheCourtheldthatthemostpertinentFSIAexceptiontosovereign
immunitythatfornoncommercialtorts,1605(a)(5)didnotapply
becauseitislimitedtothosecasesinwhichthedamageoccursinthe
UnitedStates.488U.S.at43940,109S.Ct.at690
7
28U.S.C.1604provides:
SubjecttoexistinginternationalagreementstowhichtheUnitedStatesisa
partyatthetimeofenactmentofthisActaforeignstateshallbeimmune
fromthejurisdictionofthecourtsoftheUnitedStatesandoftheStates
exceptasprovidedinsections1605to1607ofthischapter.
8
AmicusurgesthattheFSIAdoesnotimmunizeindividualsatall,see
AmeradaHess,488U.S.at438,109S.Ct.at689(theAlienTortStatuteof
coursehasthesameeffectafterthepassageoftheFSIAasbeforewith
respecttodefendantsotherthanforeignstates),butthisargumentis
foreclosedbyChuidian
21/32
11/16/2016
9
28U.S.C.1605(a)(5)provides:
(a)Aforeignstateshallnotbeimmunefromthejurisdictionofcourtsofthe
United
StatesoroftheStatesinanycase(5)nototherwiseencompassed[inthe
commercialactivityexception],inwhichmoneydamagesaresought
againstaforeignstateforpersonalinjuryordeath,ordamagetoorlossof
property,occurringintheUnitedStatesandcausedbythetortiousactor
omissionofthatforeignstateorofanyofficialoremployeeofthatforeign
statewhileactingwithinthescopeofhisofficeoremploymentexceptthis
paragraphshallnotapplyto(A)anyclaimbasedupontheexerciseor
performanceorthefailuretoexerciseorperformadiscretionaryfunction
regardlessofwhetherthediscretionbeabused.
10
Thisisconsistentwithourearlierdecisionthatthesameallegationsagainst
formerPresidentMarcosarenotnonjusticiableactsofstate.SeeTrajano
v.Marcos,878F.2d1439(9thCir.1989).Insoholding,weimplicitly
rejectedthepossibilitythattheactssetoutinTrajanoscomplaintwere
publicactsofthesovereign.MarcosManotocpresentednoevidencetothe
contraryindeed,heraffidavitinsupportofthemotiontoliftentryof
defaultdeclaresthatshewasnotamemberofthegovernmentorthe
militaryatthetimeofTrajanosmurder
11
ThepartiesalsodisagreeaboutwhetherthePhilippinegovernments
statementofnonobjectiontothelitigationagainstformerPresidentMarcos
amountstoawaiverofsovereignimmunityforMarcosManotoc.Givenour
viewthatMarcosManotocwasnotanofficialentitledtoimmunity,itis
unnecessarytoreachthisissue
12
28U.S.C.1330(a)provides:
Thedistrictcourtsshallhaveoriginaljurisdictionwithoutregardtoamount
incontroversyofanynonjurycivilactionagainstaforeignstateasdefined
insection1603(a)ofthistitleastoanyclaimforreliefinpersonamwith
respecttowhichtheforeignstateisnotentitledtoimmunityeitherunder
sections16051607ofthistitleorunderanyapplicableinternational
agreement.Sections16051607setouttheexceptionstoimmunityandthe
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extentofliability.
BecauseMarcosManotocwasnotactinginanofficialcapacity,shehasno
claimtosovereignimmunity,noexceptionsareapplicable,andtherecanbe
nojurisdictionunder1330(a).
13
JudiciaryActofSeptember24,1789,ch.20,9,1Stat.73,7677.The
originalstatuteread:
[T]hedistrictcourtsshallhavecognizance,concurrentwiththecourtsof
theseveralStates,orthecircuitcourts,asthecasemaybe,ofallcauses
whereanaliensuesforatortonlyinviolationofthelawofnationsora
treatyoftheUnitedStates.
14
TheseincludetheUnitedNationsChartertheUniversalDeclarationof
HumanRights,G.A.Res.217A(III),3U.N.GAORSupp.No.16,U.N.Doc.
A/810(1948)theAmericanConventiononHumanRights,Nov.22,1969,
36O.A.S.T.S.1,O.A.S.OfficialRecordsOEA/Ser.4v/II23,doc21,rev.2
(1975)theDeclarationontheProtectionofAllPersonsFromBeing
SubjectedtoTorture,G.A.Res.3452,30U.N.GAORSupp.No.34at91,
U.N.Doc.A/1034(1975)andtheUnitedNationsConventionAgainst
TortureandOtherCruel,InhumanorDegradingTreatmentorPunishment,
G.A.Res.39/46,39U.N.GAORSupp.No.51at197,U.N.Doc.
A/RES/39/708(1984),reprintedin23I.L.M.1027(1984)
15
MarcosManotocdoesnotcontendthattheactionsallegeddonotgiverise
totortliabilityforwrongfuldeathbothinthePhilippinesandinHawaii.
Becausethecasecomestousafterentryofadefaultjudgment,andshe
doesnotappealthedistrictcourtsawardofdamagespursuanttoPhilippine
law,wehavenocalltodecideissuespertainingtochoiceoflaw
16
Article14ofthe1984Conventionprovides:
1
EachStatePartyshallensureinitslegalsystemthatthevictimofanactof
tortureobtainsredressandhasanenforceablerighttofairandadequate
compensation,includingthemeansforasfullrehabilitationaspossible.In
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11/16/2016
theeventofthedeathofthevictimasaresultofanactoftorture,his
dependentsshallbeentitledtocompensation
2
Nothinginthisarticleshallaffectanyrightofthevictimorotherpersonsto
compensationwhichmayexistundernationallaw
17
TheSenatesunderstandingunderArticle14reads:
[I]tistheunderstandingoftheUnitedStatesthatArticle14requiresa
StatePartytoprovideaprivaterightofactionfordamagesonlyforactsof
torturecommittedinterritoryunderthejurisdictionofthatStateParty.136
Cong.Rec.S17486(dailyed.Oct.27,1990)
18
See,e.g.,TheTortureVictimProtectionActof1991,Pub.L.No.102256,
106Stat.73(1992)(providingfederalcauseofactionforredressoftorture
andextrajudicialkilling,irrespectiveofnationalityofpartiesorlocusof
activities)
19
TheForeignDiversityClauseprovidesthatthejudicialpowerextendsto
ControversiesbetweenaState,ortheCitizensthereof,andforeignStates,
CitizensorSubjects.U.S.Const.art.III,2,cl.1
20
ThejudicialPowershallextendtoallCasesarisingunderthis
Constitution,theLawsoftheUnitedStates,andTreatiesmade,orwhich
shallbemade,undertheirAuthority.U.S.Const.art.III,2,cl.1
21
SeesupraPartII
22
BecauseCongresspassedtheTortureVictimProtectionAct,supranote18,
afterthedistrictcourtsdecision,wehavenooccasiontoconsiderits
applicabilitytothepresentcase
TodownloadthePDFofthiscourtdecision,clickonthislink.
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OrjustgoogleTrajanovMarcos.
Like 3.8kpeoplelikethis.Bethefirstofyourfriends.
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FILEDUNDER:ARCHIMEDESTRAJANOEJK,FEATUREDPOST,IMEEMARCOS,MARCOSMARTIALLAW:NEVERAGAIN
BYRAISSAROBLES,MARCOS&CO.,SUBCATEGORY2.1,TORTURE
TAGGEDWITH:AGAPITATRAJANO,ARCHIMEDESTRAJANO,FERDINANDMARCOS,IMEEMARCOSTORTURESLAY
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Comments
Melsays
NOVEMBER16,2016AT7:40PM
HiRassa,CPMers.
Accordingtoareportandresearcharticle,readbelow,DictatorFMarcosburialat
theLNMBisinbreachofAFPRegulationsG161375.
RulinginNalundasancasemayyetbarMarcosburialatLibingan
ByMiguelPaoloReyesandJoelAriateJr.(VeraFiles)|Updated
November16,20161:18pm
MANILA,PhilippinesIntherulesoftheArmedForcesofthePhilippines,
AFPRegulationsG161375tobeexact,onlytwoconditionsdisqualify
deceasedpersonnelfrombeingburiedattheLibinganngmgaBayani.
Thefirstisdishonorabledischargefromtheservicethesecondis
convictionbyfinaljudgmentforanoffenseinvolvingmoralturpitude.
[]
25/32
11/16/2016
JusticeJoseLaurelpennedthedecisionacquittingMarcosandLizardoof
themurdercharge.ButitsustainedtheIlocosNorteCourtofFirst
InstancesdecisionthatallthreeMarcosesandLizardowere
guiltyofdesacato(contempt).
[]
Hence,thefirstelementintheAFPprovisionfordisqualificationismet.
Forthecontemptofcourtoffense,afterMarcoswasaffordeddue
processbytheCourtofFirstInstanceandheardonappealbythe
SupremeCourt,afinaljudgmentwasreached.Hewasguilty.
Source:http://www.philstar.com/news
feature/2016/11/16/1644358/rulingnalundasancasemayyetbar
marcosburiallibingan
Bold,italicsemphasismine.
Reply
Melsays
SupremeCourtsrulingisnotyetfinalandexecutory.
SCrulingonMarcosburialcannotbeimplementedyetlawyer,
http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/844811/scrulingonmarcosburialcannotbe
implementedyetlawyer
Reply
kalakalasays
26/32
11/16/2016
sinopobasilittleimee?doonkasisabahayniimeldasaleytedoonsakanilang
familytreemayroonglittleimee
Reply
Thomsays
Thankyoufordocumentingandposting,asweneedtoknow
Reply
raissasays
Yourewelcome.
AndwelcometoCyberPlazaMiranda
Reply
GerrySoccosays
THereareactuallytwoothercasestriedtogetherwiththeTrajanosuit,theclass
actionsuit,thePiopongcoJ.Sisonandourcaseswheretherewere21individual
plaintiffsincludingmeforwhichIreceievda$475,000.00fortortureandunlawful
detention.
GerrySocco
SanBruno,California
Reply
27/32
11/16/2016
raissasays
Canyouelaborateonyourcaseandsendittomeatadmin@raissarobles.com
Idliketopostit.
Thanks,
Raissa
Reply
duquemarinosays
ImeeMarcosreliesonlies.
Reply
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INSIDECYBERPLAZAMIRANDA
raissaonDearImeeMarcos,you
knewallaboutthetortureandpolitical
detaineesduringyourfathers
dictatorship
dictatorship
raissaonImeeMarcostoldUScourt
yesArchimedesTrajanowastortured
business
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courtyesArchimedesTrajanowas
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