A Software Engineering Approach to User-Driven

Control of the Microgrid

Mark Allison, Andrew A. Allen, Zhenyu Yang and Peter J. Clarke
School of Computing and Information Sciences
Florida International University
Miami, FL 33199, USA
Email: {malli002, aalle004, yangz, clarkep}@cis.u.edu
Abstract
The smart grid has been proposed as the panacea to address
systemic challenges of the over fty year old legacy electrical
grid, the single largest machine on the planet. A core component
central to realizing the smart grid concept is the microgrid. The
microgrid is a self-sustaining entity, capable of data interchange
and real-time monitoring and control of its distributed generation, storage and load components.
In this paper we introduce ongoing research that uses a
software engineering approach to user-driven control of the
microgrid. Our approach uses a domain-specic modeling language (DSML), MGridML, and a virtual machine, MGridVM,
which interprets user-dened models representing domain-level
abstractions of the microgrid. MGridML captures high-level
representations of pertinent domain features, based on a centralized hierarchical model of demand side energy management. A
metamodel for MGridML and a prototype of the MGridVM are
presented to show the feasibility and practicality of our approach.
Index TermsSmart Grid, Microgrid, Domain-Specic Modeling Languages, Model-Driven Engineering.

I. I NTRODUCTION
The changes in energy consumption patterns are being dictated by rising energy costs and higher demand while increasingly being aware that thes unsustainable energy sources near
depletion. These changes manifest themselves as additional
requirements of the legacy electrical grid. The United States
Department of Energy and similar entities across the globe
have been tasked to upgrade the single largest interconnected
machine on the planet, the electrical grid [1]. The existing
grid, heavily reliant on fossil fuels, has effectively remained
unchanged since the early twentieth century and is reaching
its functional limits. The smart grid is seen as the successor to
the lagacy grid and a core component central to realizing the
smart grid concept is the microgrid. The microgrid is a selfsustaining entity, capable of data interchange and real-time
monitoring and control of its distributed generation, storage
and load components.
This paper introduces ongoing research that uses a software
engineering approach to user-driven control of the microgrid. Our approach uses a domain-specic modeling language
(DSML), MGridML, and a virtual machine, MGridVM, which
interprets user-dened models representing domain-level abstractions of the microgrid. A metamodel for MGridML was
developed based on a feature analysis of the microgrid and
will be briey described in the paper. To demonstrate the

feasibility and practicality of our software engineering approach to energy management within the microgrid we provide
a discussion of our prototype. The prototype includes the
MGridML modeling environment, the MGridVM and a low
voltage laboratory testbed which captures the essence of the
microgrid.
This paper is organized as follows: Background technologies to provide context are reviewed in the next section. Section III provides our motivation for embarking on this research
direction. The modeling language and virtual machines are
described in Sections IV and V respectively. We place this
work in perspective by presenting related work in Section VII.
Finally we discuss future directions of this work and conclude
in Section VIII.
II. BACKGROUND
In this section we introduce the concepts and technologies
required for our research. This background material include
energy management within the microgrid and the use of
domain-specic modeling languages (DSMLs) to model and
realize applications in a specic domain.
A. The Microgrid Concept
The smart grid is the conceptualized solution to the ailing
aspects of our existing grid infrastructure. The smart grid is
challenged with balancing demand and supply through realtime communication and distributed generation accommodating renewable sources with self-healing capabilities [2]. All of
this while reducing the carbon footprint and still maintaining
the affordability of energy to the consumer [2]. It is expected
that the smart grid will achieve much of the proposed goals
through the integration of the microgrid concept.
Lasseter et al. [3] dene the Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions (CERTS) concept of a microgrid
as an aggregation of loads and microsources operating as a
single system providing both power and heat. It is further
stated that the majority of the microsources must be power
electronic based. The key features of the microgrid include
power electronics, control and communications capabilities
that allows it to function as a semi-autonomous power system.
The microgrid is expected to maintain stable operation and
perform as a good citizen of the grid [4].

The production of electrical energy within the current electrical grid is demand based whereby the energy consumed
drives the amount of energy being generated as storage is
generally infeasible. Additionally, the means of energy production is centralized and far removed from the area of demand
leading to heavy energy losses [5]. The microgrid advantage
is in the proliferation of distributed energy resources (DERs)
and energy storage and is the focus of our research. To
further assist readers who maybe unfamiliar with the microgrid
concept, we dene the following terms:
Islanding - In this state the microgrid operates independently of an external source.
Load - A device which consumes electrical power.
Point of Common Coupling (PCC) - The point at which
the utility may be disconnected from the microgrid.
MGCC - The Microgrid Central Controller, responsible
for centrally directing energy ow within the microgrid.
B. Domain Specic Modeling Languages
Domain specic languages (DSLs) or little languages [6],
are so called as they are usually small with well focused
expressive power. The benets of the DSL approach has
been extensively researched. Sirer et al. [7], states that DSLs
bring the solution domain closer to the problem domain,
improve testability and simplies maintenance. Empirical data
from [8] suggests that the use of DSLs increases reliability,
usability and exibility. Bell Labs using the Family-Oriented
Abstraction, Specication and Translation (FAST) approach to
domain engineering reports at least a factor of four increase
in productivity. [9]. DSLs were originally text-based, however
there has been an increase focus on graphical DSLs or domainspecic modeling languages (DSMLs) since there are now
tools to easily create modeling environments for DSMLs [10].
In order for this solution to apply, the problem domain
has to be suitably qualied. According to [11], candidate
domains should be reasonably stable and economically viable.
We argue that the scope of our domain, microgrid energy
management, falls within these parameters due to its maturity
and its relevance within the global energy vision. Stahl et al.
[12] outline the steps required to create a DSML, these include
(1) an analysis of the domain, (2) the creation of a meta-model
consisting of the abstract syntax of the language and the static
semantics, (3) the concrete syntax for the language, (4) the
dynamic semantics of the language. We applied Stahl et al.
approach to dene and design the MGridML language.
III. M OTIVATION
The motivation for initially developing the MGridML and
MGridVM was partially the result of observing the shortcomings of implementing a distributed generation and storage
functionality within a local single family dwelling to facilitate
islanding. We observed several issues which plague the realization of a robust microgrid capable of responding to instability
in power distribution or the users economic preference. State
of the art control systems typically require domain expertise
far beyond that of the end-user of the system and are not

programmable by the end-user. In the sequel we describe a

scenario that typies the challenges of an end-user faces when
implementing a mircogrid.
A. Motivating Scenario
The primary actor in the scenario is Mary and the equipment
in the microgrid comprises of distributed generation in the
form of a photovoltaic generator, a storage system (batteries),
and three loads, one of which is considered to be critical.
The microgrid is connected to the local utility via a point
of common coupling (PCC) which is capable of isolating or
islanding the microgrid.
Microgrid Scenario: Our scenario begins when the utility
grid is experiencing power uctuations as observed in Marys
ickering lights and the erratic behavior of her appliances.
Mary is not aware of how long this situation will last and is
afraid of damage to costly equipment so she decides to remove
herself from the grid and use stored energy. Mary is unsure of
how long her energy storage will last. Mary, using a hardware
solution, manually disconnects the microgrid at the PCC then
engages the storage. Power is restored but Mary is left with
an uneasy feeling. How long before she will have to switch to
her batteries and how long will those last? Maybe she should
turn off the non-critical appliances. She looks worryingly at
the window at her neighbors house to see if power is restored.
Although this scenario is based on a manual approach, it
raises critical questions as to the base requirements and issues
yet to be addressed by alternate approaches in the context
of user facilitated energy management. Our methodology
conceives the solution as a black box then describe its core
functionality and desired qualities. We postulate that the blackbox requires realtime data and component state information
from sources internal and external to the microgrid. It should
conceptually describe Marys directives in an intuitive manner
and act accordingly within a reasonable time-frame, keeping
her updated of the systems current state and near future
projections.
Storage depletion estimates at current usage levels during
islanding would assist the user, Mary, in modifying her load
prole in the short term. It should alert her whenever the
utility power level is stable as dened by some threshold
and have the ability to automate a sequential restoration to
pre-islanding operation. There is the need for a planning
mechanism to optimize performance; the blackbox should be
capable planning according to load and source forecasting and
not depend on the lay user to perform complex calculations
to facilitate optimization.
Should the user require the capacity of optimizing for
economic purposes, the blackbox solution necessitates realtime monitoring of tariff information from the smart grid
as in the case where Mary chooses to disconnect from the
utility if the rates become too high and use stored energy
if she anticipates sunshine the next day. With the advent
of time-varying pricing, attening the demand curve is a
paramount consideration. Should additional hardware be intro-

Smart Microgrid

Power Infrastructure

Privacy

Tolerance

Scalability

Energy Mangement
Power
Power Supply

External

Connection

Internal

Generation

Load

Data

Protection

Forecasting

Data Servers and

Repositories

Voltage
Control

External Data
Interface

Key

Storage

Required

Fig. 1.

Smart
Meter

Diagnostics

Only one of the

features must exists

Combination of
features may exists

Optional

Sensors

Feature diagram for the microgrid.

duced within the microgrid, the black box should absorb and
compensate. Lastly, thresholds, which if exceeded could result
in equipment damage or raise safety concerns, will need to be
identied and anticipated during operation. The consolidation
of these considerations become the basis of our feature model
addressed next.

GridMonitor
Every MGridML schema is
composed of 0 or more policies.

IV. T HE M ICROGRID M ODELING L ANGUAGE

The development of the graphical DSML, MGridML was
accomplished utilizing Microsoft DSL tools, a part of the
the Visual Studio SDK [16]. The DSML is dened by its
metamodel which comprises of the abstract syntax and static
semantics. Figure 2 shows the partial abstract syntax for
MGridML. A model of the microgrid is referred to as an

1..*
*

1
1
1

coordinatedBy
1

MGridPolicy

B. Domain Analysis
A crucial aspect within the development of any DSML is
a detailed and methodological introspection of the application
domain to ascertain the predominant features and concepts
[13]. Feature analysis is at times an ad-hoc learning process
requiring constant and consistent renement as domain objects
are identied, abstracted and structured [13]. Following the
Feature Oriented Domain Analysis methodology (FODA) [14],
introspection begins by dening the scope of our domain.
The developmental methodologies engaged within the research of the microgrid required a familiarity with the domain
terminology, to communicate effectively with domain experts
for the purposes of verifying the abstraction of the essence of
the domain. The primary artifact of analyzing the microgrid
is the feature diagram [15], as seen in Figure 1, which shows
the composite and atomic features of the microgrid.
Figure 1 shows the feature diagram for the mictrogrid. The
feature diagram shows that a microgrid must have a power
infrastructure, an energy management component, provide tolerance and be scalable. From our analysis privacy is currently
an optional feature. Using the key for the symbols, shown to
the lower right of the diagram, the remainder of the diagram
can be interpreted. Note that power supply may have an
external power supply, internal power supply, or both.

SmartMeter
-Urate : Decimal
-Usage

MGridSchema

*
1..*

*
appliedTo *

Storage
-StorageID
-StorageCapacity
-Current Charge

Controller

0..*
MGridContoller
-GridID

*
coordinates

*
controlledBy

Utility
-Operational : Boolean
-Downtime : Decimal
-Uthreshold : Decimal

1
AtomicController

StorageController
-ChargeState

*
PCC
-PCCState
*

LoadController
-LCOperationState

SourceController controlledBy
-SCoperationState
*
*

Source

controlledBy
*
*
*
Load

NonCritical
-NCloadID
-NCloadType
-Scheduleable

CriticalLoad
-CloadID
-CloadType

Fig. 2.

ControllableSource
-CsourceID
-CsourceType

NonControllable
-NsourceID
-NsourceType

Partial abstract syntax for MGridML.

MGrid schema. The MGrid schema is composed of one or

more grid monitors, one or more controllers, one or more
storage units, one or more loads, one or more sources and
zero or more utilities. The schema may also contain zero or
more MGrid policies not describe in this paper. We use the
polices to constrain the behavior of the system based on the
environment or end-user preferences.
The CERTS microgrid concept provides the basis for the

architecture and acceptable behavior of elements within our

models. Key to the structure of the modeling language is
its mapping to unique critical functions. Figure 3 shows an
MGrid schema using a concrete syntax produced using the
matamodel in Figure 2. Due to space limitations we do not
dene the concrete syntax for MGrdiML. The computer shape
in the middle of the model represents the MGrid controller that
coordinates the activities of loads (lower left of the gure),
the sources (right of the gure) and the PCC shown as the
smart meter. Policies are attached to the various entities in the
model. For example one policy that is dened for safety is
that a storage source cannot be charging and discharging at
the same time. This policy is shown in the lower right corner
of the model. Note that the model shown in Figure 3 would
be created by an expert, such as a technician.

0*5,'90

00,
6\QWKHVLV(QJLQH
0LGGOHZDUH

(YHQWV

+:%URNHUDJH

0O
XSGDWHV
0

0
$EVWUDFWLRQ

XSGDWHV

&6

'HYLFH6SHFLILF
&RQWUROV

$EVWUDFWLRQ

Fig. 4.

Fig. 3.

The MGrid Virtual Machine

MGrid schema for the scenario.

V. T HE V IRTUAL M ACHINE
In this section we describe the MGridVM which follows
a similar structure to the Communication Virtual Machine
(CVM) developed by Deng et al. [17]. The MGridVM uses a
four layered architecture similar to CVM.
Figure 4 shows the structure of the MGridVM. The key
on the right side of the gure uses a color code to identify
with components belong to which layer. The layers of the
MGridVM are described as follows.
Microgrid Management Interface (MMI) - Gives the user
the ability to conceive, describe and obtain the feasibility
of desired behaviors and contingencies of the underlying
physical components of the microgrid through MicroGridML,
the DSML described earlier. Facilitation is at an abstract level
to be intuitive yet expressive enough to describe most of the
congurations and functionality of the microgrid. The output
to the underlying layer is a feasible schema or instantiation
of the grid model with artifacts which describe possible
transformations. The user may chose to to run a simulation
based on the current hardware conguration over a specied
period of time. In this case the hardware negotiation layer is
disconnected and a mockup based on repository data is used as

Fig. 5.

MGridVM Management Interface.

data-source. Figure 5 shows the user interface for our current

prototype for the MMI.
Synthesis Engine (SE) - Transforms the behaviors and contingencies in the declarative MicroGridML into an executable
MicroGrid Control Script (MGCS). The actions and commands inherent within the MGCS, serve as directives to
manage the physical grid components. This layer contains a
runtime model which reects the current state of the microgrid. Changes to the runtime model are either user initiated,
whereby the user sends a new model to be implemented, or by
changes in the microgrid hardware states. A schema analyzer
transforms the difference between the new model and the
executing model into system events. We dened our policies in
terms of a targeted triple of Events, Conditions and Actions;
system events determine which policies become active, but
only after policy manager scrutiny. The nal component of

this layer is a state analyzer which updates the runtime model

to be consistent with the state of the hardware.
Grid Control Middleware - Transforms the platform independent control script into hardware specic commands. It is
at this layer whereby the virtual machine may amalgamate
diverse devices with distinct commands.
Hardware Brokerage - This layer is primarily responsible
for executing device specic commands upon the physical
hardware below and monitoring the status of its devices.
VI. VALIDATION
To validate the efcacy and feasibility of our approach,
we developed a microgrid testbed (see Figure 7). The testbed
was based on the running scenario outline earlier in Section
III-A, but the abstraction took into consideration the critical
features of a microgrid. The testbed operates on approximately
5V DC, eliminating the need for DC/AC PWM inversion
for the PV minisource. The MGridVM serially communicates
with the testbed via two USB interfaces. The rst, a sensory
interface, monitors voltage and current levels at specic points
in the testbed. The second, a relay bank, actuates component
switching. Storage is in the form of one Lithium Ion battery
producing at 4.75V and the LV grid source is represented by
a 5.0V AC/DC adapter rated at 100mA. Figure 6 shows a
schematic drawing of the testbed used to validate the feasibility
of our approach.

Voltage
Sensor
VE
Connector
Block

Load1

Load2

pcc

DC IN

+VE
Connector
Block
DISCHARGE

FAN

CHARGE
USB1

Temp
Sensor

Current
Sensor
Charge Controller
Sensor Interface
Voltage
Sensor
USB2

GRIDVM
Hardware Brokerage
PV Array

Fig. 6.

Hardware implementation for the testbed.

In our scenario Pn would cause a control script to be

generated for the storage to be discharged into the mircogrid,
assuming the current condition of the storage level exceeds
that of the storage threshold level. The round trip is completed
when the control script is sent down to the hardware brokerage
level to be executed via the USB connection to the relay bank
on the testbed itself.
VII. R ELATED W ORK

RELAY BANK

Storage

Fig. 7.

Pn = <event> UtilityDown
<condition> StoreLevel > StoreThreshold
<action> DischargeBattery()

Uncontrolled Loads

Current
Sensor

brokerage layer of the MGridVM receives these monitored

updates and analyzes the values to determine changes in
component states. Values that fall outside the scope of the
dened threshold levels indicate an important state change and
an appropriate event will be generated. For example, should
the grid source voltage level drop to 2.0V, the brokerage layer
would receive the new voltage value, compare the value to
the predened threshold of 4.0V and generate a UtilityDown
event. Based on the policies in effect that are driven by the
UtilityDown event, the appropriate control script would be
generated. Assuming there exists a policy Pn such that:

Schematic of the testbed.

Voltage and current levels within the testbed are continuously monitored by sensors according to a dened data
acquisition rate and sent to the sensory interface. The hardware

There has been signicant effort in the research community

to address energy management. In general, the challenge of
operating a microgrid lies in the fact that at all times the
balance between generation and demand has to be maintained.
Much of the work in the area of microgrids tend to focus on
the electrical aspects such as efcient designs and hierarchical
integration [18], [19], [20] of generation and load into existing
electric power distribution infrastructure. This work compliments much of the aforementioned research by providing
orthogonally, a simplied software engineering approach to
support the management of the microgrid through models.
Other researchers have also investigated software approaches to support energy management. Zaidi et al. [21]
proposes an approach for self-conguring microgrids that
focuses on the demand side management. Individual load are

assigned to intelligent control nodes containing switching and

power measuring features that are remotely accessible through
wireless radios. Control algorithms are used to identify the
type of loads by looking at their power consumption proles,
which are measured by the control nodes and communicated
to the micgrogrid controller. Similar to Zaidis work, our
approach leverages intelligent controller to support demand
side energy management. Unlike Zaidis work, where loads
are assigned predened priorities and load isolation decisions
are based on the predened priorities, our work provides a
user-centric focus to energy management. End users dene
load priorities and preferences as user dened policies which
inuences the weighting of the load isolation algorithms.
Livengood et al. [22], proposes a software energy management systems, an energy box, capable of optimizing residential
energy consumption through a suite of stochastic dynamic
programming algorithms centered around demand pricing.
Livengood et al.s approach however introduces some complexity for the creation and modication of the management
algorithms. Our approach differs in the use of a DSL and an
intuitive modeling environment that supports the manipulation
of management rules. MgridML captures domain expertise
within the language enabling the end user to make ne
grained adjustments to the microgrid activities, while still
being sheltered from its complexity.
The DSL approach is utilized in Habitation [23], a domain
specic language for home automation system design. Similar
to our work, a model-driven paradigm is employed, providing
a higher level of abstraction to the user of the tool. the
Habitation language however, targets the representation and
manipulation of loads. MGridML is designed to address the
complete energy system with algorithms concerned with the
balancing of energy between loads and sources. Additionally, Habitation uses a code generation methodology while
MGridVM uses a runtime model interpretation technique to
support dynamic reconguration of the microgrid.
VIII. C ONCLUDING R EMARKS
In this paper we presented a model-driven technique to
address the need for robust, user-driven software overlay
for energy management. This approach provides for energy
management of the microgrid and is furthermore an enabling
technology for automated demand response. Our user-driven
approach to energy management considers the role of the
microgrid user as critical to overall consumption reduction.
Future directions of this research will be geared towards load
and source forecasting and extending the virtual machine to
facilitate mobility. We will further ne tune our human computer interface according to design dimensions with Embodied
Conversational Agent feedback.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to acknowledge support in part by a
Florida International University Dissertation Year Fellowship
- Andrew Allen, and the NSF under grant HRD-0833093.

R EFERENCES
[1] Litos Strategic Communication, The smart grid: An introduction,
US Department of Energy, Tech. Rep., 2008, http://www.oe.energy.
gov/DocumentsandMedia/DOE SG Book Single Pages(1).pdf (March
2011).
[2] A. Vojdani, Smart integration, Power and Energy Magazine, IEEE,
vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 7179, 2008.
[3] R. Lasseter, A. Akhil, C. Marnay, J. Stephens, J. Dagle, R. Guttromson,
A. S. Meliopoulous, R. Yinger, and J. Eto, White paper on integration
of distributed energy resources. the certs microgrid concept, Consortium
for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions, prepared for the U.S.
Department of Energy, Tech. Rep., April 2002.
[4] N. Hatziargyriou, H.Asano, R. Iravani, and C. Marnay, Microgrids,
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine, vol. july, pp. 7894, 2007.
[5] R. Lasseter and P. Piagi, Microgrid: A conceptual solution, in IEEE
Power Electronics Specialists Conference, vol. 6. Citeseer, 2004, pp.
42854291.
[6] A. Van Deursen and P. Klint, Little languages: Little maintenance?
Journal of Software Maintenance: Research and Practice, vol. 10, no. 2,
pp. 7592, 1998.
[7] E. Sirer and B. Bershad, Using production grammars in software
testing, in Proceedings of the 2nd conference on Domain-specic
languages. ACM, 1999, pp. 113.
[8] R. Kieburtz, L. McKinney, J. Bell, J. Hook, A. Kotov, J. Lewis,
D. Oliva, T. Sheard, I. Smith, and L. Walton, A software engineering
experiment in software component generation, in Proceedings of the
18th international conference on Software engineering. IEEE Computer
Society, 1996, p. 552.
[9] D. Weiss, Creating domain-specic languages: The fast process, in
First ACM-SIGPLAN Workshop on Domain-Specic Languages; DSL,
vol. 97, 1997.
[10] D. Forum, Domain specic modeling, 2011, http://www.dsmforum.
org/(March).
[11] M. Simos, Organization domain modeling (odm): Formalizing the core
domain modeling life cycle, ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering
Notes, vol. 20, no. SI, pp. 196205, 1995.
[12] T. Stahl, M. Voelter, J. Bettin, A. Haase, S. Helsen, and K. Czarnecki,
Model-Driven Software Development: Technology, Engineering, Management, 1st ed. John Wiley & Sons, 2006.
[13] R. Prieto-Diaz, Domain analysis: an introduction, ACM SIGSOFT
Software Engineering Notes, vol. 15, no. 2, p. 54, 1990.
[14] K. C. Kang, S. G. Cohen, J. A. Hess, W. E. Novak, and A. S. Peterson,
Feature-oriented domain analysis, CMU, Tech. Rep. CMU/SEI-90-TR21, Nov 1990.
[15] K. Czarnecki, K. Osterbye, and M. Voelter, Generative programming, in Object-Oriented Technology ECOOP 2002 Workshop Reader.
Springer, 2002, pp. 1529.
[16] S. Cook, G. Jones, S. Kent, and A. Wills, Domain-specic development
with visual studio DSL tools. Addison-Wesley Professional, 2007.
[17] Y. Deng, S. M. Sadjadi, P. J. Clarke, C. Zhang, V. Hristidis, R. Rangaswami, and N. Prabakar, A communication virtual machine, in
COMPSAC 06: Proceedings of the 30th Annual International Computer
Software and Applications Conference. Washington, DC, USA: IEEE
Computer Society, 2006, pp. 521531.
[18] Z. Jiang and R. Dougal, Hierarchical microgrid paradigm for integration
of distributed energy resources, in Power and Energy Society General
Meeting - Conversion and Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 21st
Century, 2008 IEEE, July 2008, pp. 1 8.
[19] J. Driesen and F. Katiraei, Design for distributed energy resources,
Power and Energy Magazine, IEEE, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 30 40, May
2008.
[20] F. Katiraei, R. Iravani, N. Hatziargyriou, and A. Dimeas, Microgrids
management, Power and Energy Magazine, IEEE, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 54
65, May 2008.
[21] A. Zaidi and F. Kupzog, Microgrid automation - a self-conguring
approach, in Multitopic Conference, 2008. INMIC 2008. IEEE International, Dec 2008, pp. 565 570.
[22] D. Livengood and R. Larson, The energy box: Locally automated
optimal control of residential electricity usage, Service Science, vol. 1,
no. 1, pp. 116, 2009.
[23] M. Jimenez, F. Rosique, P. Sanchez, B. Alvarez, and A. Iborra, Habitation: A domain-specic language for home automation, IEEE Software,
vol. 26, pp. 3038, 2009.