*electromyogram(EMG)Anelectricalpotential

recordedfromanelectrodeplacedonorina
muscle.
*electrooculogram(EOG)Anelectricalpotential
fromtheeyes,recordedbymeansofelectrodes
placedontheskinaroundthem;detectseye
movements.
*Alphaactivityconsistsofregular,medium
frequencywavesof812Hz;generallyassociated
withastateofrelaxation.
*Betaactivityconsistsofirregular,mostlylow
amplitudewavesof1330Hz;generallyassociated
withastateofarousal.
*ThetaactivityEEGactivityof3.57.5Hzthat
occursintermittentlyduringearlystagesofslow
wavesleepandREMsleep.
*Sleepspindlesshortburstsofwavesof1214Hz
thatoccurbetweentwoandfivetimesaminute
duringstages14ofsleep
*Kcomplexessudden,sharpwaveforms;found
onlyduringstage2sleep.
*Deltaactivityregular,synchronouselectrical
activityoflessthan4Hz;occursduringthedeepest
stagesofslowwavesleep
*SlowwavesleepNonREMsleep,characterized
bysynchronizedEEGactivityduringitsdeeper
stages.
slightlylessthan1Hz
partsofthewave:
*downstateAperiodofinhibitionduringaslow
oscillationduringslowwavesleep;neuronsinthe
neocortexaresilentandresting.
*upstateAperiodofexcitationduringaslow
oscillationduringslowwavesleep;neuronsinthe
neocortexbrieflyfireatahighrate.
*REMsleepAperiodofdesynchronizedEEG
activityduringsleep,atwhichtimedreaming,rapid
eyemovements,andmuscularparalysisoccur;also
calledparadoxicalsleep.
*nonREMsleepAllstagesofsleepexceptREM
sleep.
*Insomiacharacterizedasdifficultyfallingasleep
aftergoingtobedorafterawakeningduringthe
night

*sleepapneaCessationofbreathingwhile
sleeping.
*narcolepsyAsleepdisordercharacterizedby
periodsofirresistiblesleep,attacksofcataplexy,
sleepparalysis,andhypnagogichallucinations.
*sleepattackAsymptomofnarcolepsy;an
irresistibleurgetosleepduringtheday,afterwhich
thepersonawakensfeelingrefreshed.
*cataplexyAsymptomofnarcolepsy;complete
paralysisthatoccursduringwaking.
*sleepparalysisAsymptomofnarcolepsy;
paralysisoccurringjustbeforeapersonfallsasleep
oronwakingupinthemorning.
*hypnagogichallucinationAsymptomof
narcolepsy;vividdreamsthatoccurjustbeforea
personfallsasleep;accompaniedbysleepparalysis.
*orexinApeptide,alsoknownashypocretin,
producedbyneuronswhosecellbodiesarelocated
inthehypothalamus;theirdestructioncauses
narcolepsy.
Drugs
*methylphenidate (Ritalin)- sleep attacks

*antidepressant drugs- REM sleep phe- nomena

(cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations)
*modafinil- narcolepsy
*REM sleep behavior- a neurogical disorder in
which the person does not become paralyzed during
REM sleep and thus acts out dreams.
*sleep-related eating disorder-leaves his or her bed
and seeks out and eats food while sleep- walking,
usually without a memory for the episode the next
day.
*fatal familial insomnia- A fatal inherited disorder
characterized by progressive insomnia.
*rebound phenomenon- The increased frequency or
intensity of a phenomenon after it has been
temporarily suppressed; for example, the increase in
REM sleep seen after a period of REM sleep
deprivation.
*REM sleep facilitates consolida- tion of
nondeclarative memories and that slow-wave sleep
facilitates consolidation of declarative memories.