International Journal of Novel Research in Engineering & Pharmaceutical Sciences

Int.J.Nov.Res.Eng & Pharm.Sci., Vol 1, Issue 02; 15-23

Research Article

Effects of Temperature on Dissolved Oxygen and Chloride Concentration in Water

Environment
Ikenyiri PN1*, Ukpaka PC2
1Department

of Chemical/Petrochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
2Department of Chemical/Petrochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

*Corresponding authors E-mail: cupco20@yahoo.com

Received on: 19-04-2014; Accepted on: 30-05-2014.

ABSTRACT
This study investigates the dependence of temperature gradient on the rate of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Chloride
concentration in water environment. The experimental result obtained showed that the Dissolved Oxygen (DO) in
water increases with constant decrease in temperature gradient. Six (6) different temperatures of 100, 90, 60, 40, 20
and 100C was used to examine the usefulness of the titrant used (potassium per manganese Km nO4) which indicate
increase in titrant value with decrease in temperature. But when chloride was added to the samples the titrant values
of (KmnO4), increases with decrease in temperature, while the rate of dissolved oxygen also decreases as well. This
research work also present that dissolved oxygen (DO) is also dependent on salinity, altitude and the pressure of water
(river or sea water).The Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) was examined since
the change in Dissolved Oxygen (DO) concentration can be influenced by these two major components. The result
obtained indicates increase in Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) concentration and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
concentration with increase in Dissolved Oxygen (DO) concentration as well with increase in temperature. The research
work is found useful in process industry where water is one of the major ingredients for the produce such as, the drinks,
food production drugs and fish, farming industries etc.
Keywords: Chloride, Dissolved oxygen, Environment, Experiment, Temperature, Water.

INTRODUCTION

xygen is the element with the atomic

number of eight (Rowland 1995), represented by the
symbol (O). It is a member of the halogen group on the
periodic table. It is highly reactive and non metallic in
nature readily forms compounds of oxides. The term
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) is the measure of amount of
oxygen molecule (O2) dissolved in water (H2O). It is not the
measure of amount of oxygen (O) in a water molecule
(H2O). Sometimes it is confusing that the oxygen that is
part of water molecule (O in H2O) with dissolved oxygen
(O2). Dissolved oxygen (DO) is mostly found in microscopic
bubbles of oxygen that are mixed (reacted) in the water
and occur between water molecules. Dissolved oxygen
(DO) is a very important indicator of a water bodys ability
to support aquatic lives; just like animals that live on land
and animals that live in water need molecular oxygen to
breathe. However, there is much more oxygen available in
the atmosphere for animal respiration than in water.
Roughly, two out of ten air molecules are molecular
oxygen in water. In water, there are only five or six oxygen

molecules for every million water molecules. The amount

of dissolved oxygen in water determines what can live in
such environment. Some animals, like salmon or mafly
larvae require higher oxygen level than other animals like
fish. The purpose of carrying out this experiment is to study
the dependence (effect) of temperature on the rate at
which oxygen molecule (O2) dissolve continuously in water
and considering what happens when the solution is
exposed to chlorine or any chloride solution. In
environmental chemistry, dissolved oxygen can be derived
from chemical oxygen demand (COD) test which is
commonly used to indirectly measure the amount of
organic compounds found in water. Most application of
chemical oxygen demand (COD) determines the amount of
organic pollution found in surface water (e.g. lakes and
rivers), making chemical oxygen demand (COD) a useful
measure of water quality determination, more so, the COD
is expressed in milligrams per liter (mg/L) which indicates
the mass of oxygen consumed per liter of solution.
Potassium per manganetes effectiveness of oxidizing
organic compounds varies widely, and in many cases the
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) measured was much

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International Journal of Novel Research in Engineering & Pharmaceutical Sciences

Int.J.Nov.Res.Eng & Pharm.Sci., Vol 1, Issue 02; 15-23
greater than result from Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
measurement.
This
indicates
that
potassium
permanganate was not able to effectively act as an
oxidizing agent for the determination of COD. In this
experiment, potassium dichromate (K2CrO7) is used and
tested to be most effective than any other substance. It is
relatively cheap, easy to purify, and is able to nearly
oxidized completely. Thus, the chemical oxygen demand
can be estimated using chemical oxygen demand Clair et al
2003, Leore et al 2003)
The two main significant sources of dissolved oxygen are
the Atmosphere and Photosynthesis. Atmosphere:
Atmospheric oxygen is an important part of the earths
atmosphere and of the condition that allow for life on
earth. The atmosphere is composed of approximately 80%
Nitrogen and 20% Oxygen, with trace amount of other
elements. The air we breathe has atmospheric oxygen in it,
but the atmosphere also helps to make a protective
envelope for the planet. Primarily the earth generates
oxygen from the atmosphere through process of
photosynthesis. Photosynthesis: Is the process where
plants and some bacteria use to extract energy from the
sun. Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are taking up by
the organism, and sunlight provides energy for converting
these substances into sugar etc. Oxygen happens to be a
high useful product, and when the earth is balance, enough
atmospheric oxygen is produced to replace the oxygen
that is used. Environmental Impact: Adequate dissolved
oxygen is necessary for good water quality. Oxygen is a
necessary element to all forms of life. Natural stream
purification process requires adequate oxygen levels in
other to provide for aerobic life forms as dissolved oxygen
level in water drop below 0.1mg.L. Adequate life is put
under stress, the lower the concentration, the greater the
stress; oxygen levels that remain below 1-2mg/L for a few
hours can result in large fish kills [4]. Aquatic organisms like
fish, as water moves past their gills (or other breathing
apparatus), microscopic bubbles of oxygen gas in the
water, called Dissolved oxygen (DO), are transferred from
the water to their blood. Like any other gas diffusion
process, the transfer is efficient only above certain
concentrations. In other words, oxygen can be present in
the water, but at too low a concentration to sustain aquatic
life. Oxygen also is needed by virtually all algae and
macrophytes and for many chemical reactions that are
important to lake and River functioning. Dissolved Oxygen
levels are always often reported in percentage (%)
saturation. Temperature affects dissolved oxygen
concentrations, and calculating the percentage saturation
will factor out the effect of temperature. The Saturation
level is the maximum concentration of Dissolved Oxygen
(DO) that would be present in water at a specific
temperature. In absence of other factors scientist have
determined that the Saturation Dissolved Oxygen (SDO)
level for various temperature. Saturation levels also vary

with elevation (height). Percent saturation is calculated by

dividing the measured dissolved oxygen concentration by
the saturated level or equilibrium oxygen concentration at
nonstandard pressure (mg/L) multiplied by 100 (James
2002, Mortimer 1956)
Dissolved oxygen is critical for the sustainability of aquatic
and terrestrial ecosystem ecological receptors. Most
microorganisms in water require O2 for respiration so the
dissolved oxygen level is determined if the water is suitable
for inhabitation. Observing a heated pot of water, bubbles
form on the walls of the pot prior to reaching the boiling
point. The pot cannot be filled only with water vapor
because liquid water will now begin to vaporize until it has
reached its boiling point (James 2002, Mortimer1956),
When these bubbles form, eventually they grow to a
sufficient size to leave the surface of the pot and escape to
air. The dissolved gas in the liquid has decreased. This
seems to support the hypothesis that dissolved oxygen
(DO) decreases with an increase in temperature. In fact
moving streams, rushing water is acrated by bubbles as it
collides with rocks and falls down hundreds of tiny
waterfalls. These streams are usually saturated with
oxygen. In slow, stagnant water, oxygen only enters the
top layer of water, and deeper water is often low in
dissolved oxygen concentration due to decomposition of
organic matter by bacteria that lives on the bottom of the
reservoirs (Moore, 1989). Climate and Season is an
example of physical factor that affect cold water as well
hold more of any gas in the case of oxygen and as than
warmer water. Water (warmer) becomes saturated
more easily with oxygen and as water becomes warmer it
can hold less and less dissolved oxygen (DO). If the water
becomes too warm, even if 100% saturated, O 2 levels may
be sub-optimal for living organism (Moore, 1989).
Therefore, during dry season water level decreases and
water mixers less with air via dissolved oxygen depletion
similarly; in colder season, more oxygen can be dissolved
in water. Altitude Oxygen (O2) is readily dissolved into
water at low altitude because of higher atmospheric
pressure. Ground water inflow the amount of ground
water entering a river or stream can influence oxygen
levels. Ground water usually has low concentration of
dissolved oxygen (DO), but it is also often colder than
stream water. Therefore, ground water may at first lower
the DO concentration, but as the water cools the stream
the ability of water to hold dissolved oxygen is improved.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD): This is another factor
that affects dissolved oxygen (O2) concentration in streams
and water. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is the
amount of oxygen (O2) consumed by microbial
decomposition of organic waste, and is measured by the
change in dissolved oxygen (DO2) in a sealed water sample
over a five day incubation period. High levels of organic
pollution, such as that from sewage treatment plants,
agricultural runoff, or industrial wastes, can significantly

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International Journal of Novel Research in Engineering & Pharmaceutical Sciences

Int.J.Nov.Res.Eng & Pharm.Sci., Vol 1, Issue 02; 15-23
increase BOD in a stream (Mortimer, 1956) . pH of Water
measured the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution,
which controls whether a solution is acidic or alkaline.
Natural rain water is affected by pH because it has
attribution of mixtures like carbon dioxide, nitrous oxides,
or sulfur oxides from fossil fuel combustion into air Oxygen
(O2) may not dissolve rightly in the water but reacts with
these various elements associated with the water (Moore,
1989, Weiss 1970).The concentration of dissolved oxygen
in seawater is a function of its solubility, physical forcing
and mixing, and biological factors. Also the solubility of
oxygen in seawater is a function of pressure (P), salinity (S),
and temperature (T). (James 2002) Pressure Oxygen
Solubility (POS) is directly proportional to pressure (APHA,
1995, Michaud). According to Le Chateliers Principle, a
system in non-equilibrium will seek equilibrium, therefore
in an air/water system in which the partial pressure of a
gas in the air is increased; diffusion of the gas across the
air-water interface will increase until the dissolved
concentration of that gas in the water is in equilibrium with
the overlying air (Mortimer, 1956 moore, 1989). Henrys
law states that the solubility of a gas is in proportionality
to the pressure that is, increase in pressure results to
increase in solubility. For example, if we open a soda, pop
pressure will be released from the bottle and the solubility
of carbon dioxide (CO2) is reduced. Hence, in the deep sea,
partial pressure of dissolved gases increases with increase
in water pressure and depth; oxygen and solubility is
inversely proportional to temperature. However, heat
some water; the first bubbles you see will not be boiling
water, but the dissolved gases of air being driven out of
solution. In any solution, the solutes with the lower boiling
points have the highest vapour pressure at any given
temperature. Gases naturally have very low boiling points
(oxygen gas boils at 1830C), and thus in solution will have
higher vapour pressure than their solvent. The higher the
temperature, the higher the vapour pressure and thus, for
a dissolved gas, the lower its solubility. Oxygen solubility is
inversely proportional to salinity (Perry1984). This is a
simple concept. Oxygen is soluble in water. Oxygen is
insoluble in salt. Therefore, the more salt in solution, the
less oxygen can dissolve per litre of solution. The solubility
determination of (DO) is basically through the series of
oxidation and reduction reactions. In an oxidation and
reduction reaction, there is a transfer of electrons from
one reactant to another. In the first stem of these reaction,
manganese sulfate [(Mn(OH)3(s)], in a basic solution, is
oxidized with dissolved oxygen (O2) in water to form
insoluble manganese hydroxide [(Mn(OH)3(s)]. The reaction
(Perry1984). proceed as follows:
4Mn2+ + O2 + 8OH + 2H2O

4Mn (OH)3(s)

A basic (OH) solution of iodide (f) ions is added and the

solution is then acidified with sulfuric acid, dissolving the
manganese hydroxide and producing Mn3+ ions. The iodide

present in the solution then reduces the Mn 3+ and forms

trioxide (I3) ions. The reaction proceeds as follows:
2 Mn(OH)3(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) + 13.5 I-2
I-3O2 + 3/2S2

2Mn3+ + 6H2O + 9/2

As long as some of the trioxides ion is present, the solution

remains blue due to the formation of blue starch iodine
complex. The graph in Figure 2 illustrates the oxygen
solubility in water various temperatures; that is the
maximum amount of oxygen (O2) that can dissolve in water
at various temperature. At constant atmospheric pressure
water can hold more oxygen at very low temperature than
water at high temperature. Dissolved oxygen can be
dissolved using an electrode and meter or a field test kits.
The electrode electronic metre does not measure oxygen
directly, rather, it uses electrodes to measure the partial
pressure of oxygen in water which is converted to oxygen
mass weight concentration. The field test kits (such as a
drop bottle, a micro burette or a digital titration) involving
adding a solution of strength to a treated sample of water
from the stream. The amount of solution required to
change the colour of the sample reflects the concentration
of Dissolved Oxygen in the sample. Also, the amount of
oxygen dissolved in water is expressed as a concentration,
in milligram per litre (mg/l) of water. Dissolved oxygen is
also reported in percent saturation. Temperature affects
the DO concentration, and calculating the percent (%)
saturation will factor out the effect of temperature. Fresh
water lakes, streams and tap water generally contain less
salt, so DO concentrations are higher. As the amount of salt
in any water body increases, the dissolved oxygen
increases. An increase in concentration of salt due to
evaporation of water from an ecosystem tends to reduce,
the dissolved oxygen available to the ecosystem
inhabitation. Oxygen is essential for the survival of nearly
every living organism even those living in water. The two
main sources of dissolved oxygen in stream water are
atmosphere and aquatic plants. Atmosphere oxygen is
mixed into stream water as wave crash along the riffles.
Aquatic plants introduce oxygen into stream water as a byproduct of photosynthesis (Moore, 1989).
The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of
temperature on dissolve oxygen as well as chlorine
concentration in water environment. The physiochemical
parameters of any given water environment are influenced
by the biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen
demand, turbidity alkalinity, acidity, total suspended solid,
metallic elements and other functional physiochemical
parameters, are major contributors on sudden change of
dissolve oxygen and chlorine concentration. Therefore the
research work was based on the simulating the effect of
temperature as major contributors to sudden change in
the dissolve oxygen and chlorine concentration, which in
did influence the microbial activities as well as the macro
and micro substances. If this process occur continuously,

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International Journal of Novel Research in Engineering & Pharmaceutical Sciences

Int.J.Nov.Res.Eng & Pharm.Sci., Vol 1, Issue 02; 15-23
in a polluted environment the temperature will render the
microorganisms inactive, due to its effect on dissolve
oxygen and chlorine concentration. Thus this paper
highlighted the importance of dissolve oxygen and chlorine
concentration on microbial activities as well as effect of
temperature on effective remediation processes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sample collection
Fresh water samples were collected on tenth October,
2011 at 12.00pm, in Imo River in Oyigbo local government
area of Rivers state in Nigeria. Similarly, on tenth October,
2011 at 2.00pm salt water samples were collected
fromTrans Amadi River in Port Harcourt local government
area of Rivers State in Nigeria. Twenty litres of plastic
container was used in collecting the freshwater sample
from the Orashi River, the sample were collected five
metres away from the surface of the water to achieve a
better component of the sample. The samples collected at
various points and location along the Orashi River were
mixed, and then transported to the department of
chemical/petrochemical engineering laboratory of Rivers
State University of science and technology for onward
analysis.
Experimental procedure
The following materials and method were used in
investigating the research work on the effect of
temperature on dissolved oxygen concentration as well as
chloride concentration in water environment. The first
concept involved the technique used to measure dissolved
oxygen in fresh systems. Dissolved oxygen is used as an
indicator of the health of a water body, where higher
dissolved oxygen concentrations are correlated with high
productivity and little pollution. This test is performed on
site, as delays between sample collections and testing may
result in an alteration in oxygen content. The Winklers
method basically, uses titration to determine dissolved
oxygen in the water sample. However, the Winklers
method is achieved with the following steps.
Sample collection: the investigation was conducted by
considering two river water located Niger Delta area of
Nigeria. Sample A, AI A2 A3 A4 and A5 are salt river water
collected from Trans-Amadi River whereas sample B, B1, B2
B3 B4 and B5 are fresh water River, collected from Imo
River. The samples were collected from various points
along the direction of flow of the River as well as within the
interval of 500m each. The sample collected were then
transported to the laboratory of chemical/petrochemical
department in the faculty of engineering, Rivers State
university of science and Technology port Harcourt
forward analysis as described below. The sample collected
from the Trans Amadi River is classified as salt and the one
collected from Imo River as fresh.

Procedure: 1. carefully fill a 300ml glass Biochemical

Oxygen Demand (BOD) stopped bottle brim-full with
sample water. 2. Immediately add 3ml of manganese
sulfate to the collection bottle by inserting the calibrated
pipette just below the surface of the liquid. Squeeze the
pipette slowly so no bubbles are introduced via the
pipette. 3. Add 2ml of alkali-azide reagent in the same
manner. 4. Stopper the bottle with care to be sure no air is
introduced. Mix the sample by inverting several times.
Check for air bubbles, discard the sample and start over if
any is seen. 5. Add 2ml of concentrated sulfuric acid via a
pipette held just above the surface of the sample. Carefully
stopper and invert several times to dissolve the flock. At
this point the sample can be stored for up to eight (8) hours
if kept in a cool, dark place. 6. In a glass flask, titrate 201ml
of the sample with sodium triosulfate to a pale straw color.
Titrate by slowly dropping titrant solution form a
calibrated pipette into the flask and continually stirring or
working the sample water. At some point it will take only
one drop of the titrant to eliminate the blue colour already
indicated. Reagent list, 2ml of manganese sulfate, 2ml of
alkali iodide-azide, 2ml of concentrated sulfuric acid, 2ml
of starch solution, 2ml of sodium sulfate.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The result obtained from the research works are presented
in Tables 1,2,3,4, 4a, 5 and 5a and Figures 1, 2 and 3 as
shown below The total number of mililitres of titrant used
in step five (5) and six (6) equals the total dissolved oxygen
in the sample in mg/L. oxygen saturation is temperature
dependent. Gas is more soluble in cold waters, hence cold
water generally has higher dissolved oxygen
concentration and dissolved oxygen depends also on
salinity and elevation, or partial pressure. Hence, the
temperature-oxygen solubility relationship is shown
below:
The results presented in Table 1 indicate the oxygen
solubility values upon the influence of temperature.
Decrease in oxygen solubility values are obtained with
increase in temperature. The variation in the oxygen
solubility values can be attributed to the variation in
temperature.
The result presented in Figure 1 illustrates change in
oxygen solubility curve with changes in temperature. The
variation in the oxygen solubility curve can be attributed to
variation in temperature. Decrease in oxygen solubility
curve was observed with increase in time. Therefore one
can also attributed the decrease in oxygen solubility of the
sample to the kinetic of the system which is been
generated as a result of increase in Temperature.
Table 1: Analysis result of oxygen solubility upon the
influence of Temperature for fresh water medium.
Temperature (0C)

Oxygen solubility (mg/L)

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Int.J.Nov.Res.Eng & Pharm.Sci., Vol 1, Issue 02; 15-23
0
5

9.2
7.5

10
15

7.10
6.8

20
25
50

6.3
6.12
5.8

80

5.5

Figure 1: Graph of oxygen solubility versus temperature

Table 2: Determination of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) titre values, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen
Demand (BOD) upon the influence of temperature for salt water environment
Sample
Sample A1

Temperature 0C
100

Titre Values mg/L

5.2

COD mg/L
8.32

BOD mg/L
6.93

D02 mg/L
4.62

Sample A2
Sample A3
Sample A4

90
60
40

6.0
6.6
7.1

9.6
10.56
11.36

8.0
8.8
9.47

5.33
5.87
6.49

Sample A5
Sample A6

20
10

7.5
8.1

12.0
12.96

10.0
10.8

8.00
8.64

Table 3: Determination of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) titre values, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen
Demand (BOD) upon the influence of temperature for fresh water environment
Sample

Temperature0C

Titre Values mg/L

COD mg/L

BOD mg/L

DO2

Sample B1
Sample B2
Sample B3

100
80
60

7.0
6.8
5.0

11.2
10.88
8.0

9.33
9.07
6.67

6.2
6.04
4.44

Sample B4
Sample B5

40
20

4.5
3.5

7.2
5.6

6.0
4.67

4.0
3.1

Sample B6

10

2.9

4.64

3.87

2.5

The results presented in Table 2 illustrate the titre values,

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen
Demand (BOD) and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) upon the
influence of temperature for salt water environment. The

results obtained from the research work showed an

increase in the COD, BOD, DO and titre values with increase
in temperature. The variation in the titre value, COD, BOD
and DO can be attributed to the variation in temperature

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International Journal of Novel Research in Engineering & Pharmaceutical Sciences

Int.J.Nov.Res.Eng & Pharm.Sci., Vol 1, Issue 02; 15-23
as well as the physicochemical parameter of the salt water
medium as presented in Table 5 and 5a.
The determination of titre value, BOD, COD and DO upon
the influence of temperature for fresh water medium is
shown in Table 3. The results obtained indicated decrease
in the titre values, COD, BOD and DO with increase in
temperature. The variation in COD, BOD, DO and titre
values can be attributed to the variation in temperature as
well as the physicochemical parameters of the fresh water
medium as presented in Table 4 and 4a.

The result presented in Figure 2 illustrates the titre values,

COD, BOD and DO concentration upon the influence of
temperature. Increase in titre values, COD, BOD and DO
were observed with increase in temperature. The equation
of the best fit obtained using a polynomial curve is given as
Y = -9E 0.7x4 + 0.000x3 0.012x2 + 0.392x + 1.673 with R2
= 0.990 for. Y = -7E 07x4 + 0.000x4 + 0.000x3 + 0.010x2
1.398x with R2 = 0.990 for Y = -5E-07X4+0.000X30.007X2+0.245X+1.045 with R20.990 and for y=-5E07x4+0.000X3-0.007x2+0.0235x_0.72 with R2=0.991.

Table 4: Analysis results of the physiochemical parameters of fresh water medium obtained in Imo River
Parameter

Method

Sample station Result Imo River

WHO Limit

General appearance

APHA 2110

Brownish

Clear

pH @ 24.20C

APHA 4500H+B

5.88

6.5 8.5

Turbidity (NTU)

APHA 2130B

58.0

TDS (mg/L)

APHA 2510B

20.8

500

Conductivity (S/cm)

APHA 2510B

34.7

1000

Total Hardness (mg/L)

APHA 2340C

3.84

150

Mineral Oil (mg/L)

ASTM D3921

<0.001

BOD (mg/L)

APHA 5210D

15.6

COD (mg/L)

APHA 5220D

22.0

Chloride (mg/L)

APHA 4500CI-B

1.36

250

Total Alkalinity (mg/L)

ASTM D1067B

4.57

nitrate (mg/L)

EPA 352.1

0.22

10.0

0.50

0.15

250

Phosphate (mg/L)
Sulphate (mg/L)

APHA

4500-P

APHA 4500

SO42-E

Reactive Silica (mg/L)

APHA 4500 SiO2C

9.17

40.0

Cyanide (mg/L)

APHA 4500 CN-

<0.01

0.07

Ammonium (mg/L)

APHA4500 NH3

<0.02

1.5

Table 4a: Analysis results of the physiochemical parameters of fresh water medium obtained in Imo river
Parameter

Method

Sample station Result Imo River

WHO Limit

Aluminum (mg/L)

APHA 3111D

0.100

0.2

Calcium (mg/L)

APHA 3111D

0.92

70

Magnesium (mg/L)

APHA 3111B/ASTM D3561

0.23

30

Potassium (mg/L)

APHA3111B/ASTM D3561

0.73

Sodium (mg/L)

APHA3111B/ASTM D3561

0.88

200

Arsenic (mg/L)

APHA3030B/3114B

0.001

0.01

Total Mercury (mg/L)

APHA3112B

0.0002

0.001

Selenium (mg/L)

ASTMD3859

0.001

0.01

Lead (mg/L)

APHA3111B

0.01

0.01

Zinc (mg/L)

APHA3111B

0.05

3.0

Total Iron (mg/L)

APHA3111B

2.14

0.3

Copper (mg/L)

APHA3111B

0.05

1.0

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Manganese (mg/L)

APHA3111B

0.10

0.5

Cadmium (mg/L)

APHA3111B

0.002

0.003

Total Chromium (mg/L)

APHA3111B

0.01

0.05

Total Coliform (cfu/100mL)

APHA9222B

36

Fecal Coliform (cfu/100mL)

APHA9222B

E-coli (cfu/100mL)

ASTMD5392-93

Fecal Streptococci (cfu/100mL)

ASTM5392-92

11

APHA9215C

1.01*103

100

Total plate count (cfu/mL)

Table 5: Analysis results of physiochemical parameters of salt water medium obtained in Woji River
Parameter

Method

Sample station Result Woji River

WHO Limit

General appearance

APHA 2110

Brownish

Clear

6.46

6.5-8.5

pH @

24.20C

APHA

4500H+B

Turbidity (NTU)

APHA 2130B

20.0

TDS (mg/L)

APHA 2510B

5540

500

Conductivity (S/cm)

APHA 2510B

9240

1000

Total Hardness (mg/L)

APHA 2340C

1042

150

Mineral Oil (mg/L)

ASTM D3921

0.001

BOD (mg/L)

APHA 5210D

20.0

COD (mg/L)

APHA 5220D

Chloride (mg/L)
Total Alkalinity (mg/L)

30.2

4500CI-B

1465

250

ASTM D1067B

5.08

APHA

nitrate (mg/L)

EPA 352.1

0.80

10.0

Phosphate (mg/L)

APHA 4500-P D

0.30

Sulphate (mg/L)

APHA 4500 SO42-E

3.51

250

Reactive Silica (mg/L)

APHA 4500 SiO2C

Cyanide (mg/L)
Ammonium (mg/L)

5.89

40.0

CN-

0.01

0.07

APHA4500 NH3

0.02

1.5

APHA 4500

Table 5a: Analysis results of the physiochemical parameters of fresh water medium obtained in Woji River
Parameter

Method

Sample station Result Woji River

WHO Limit

Aluminum (mg/L)

APHA 3111D

0.10

0.2

Calcium (mg/L)

APHA 3111D

34.2

70

Magnesium (mg/L)

APHA 3111B/ASTM D3561

230

30

Potassium (mg/L)

APHA3111B/ASTM D3561

64.7

Sodium (mg/L)

APHA3111B/ASTM D3561

946

200

Arsenic (mg/L)

APHA3030B/3114B

0.001

0.01

Total Mercury (mg/L)

APHA3112B

0.0002

0.001

Selenium (mg/L)

ASTMD3859

0.001

0.01

Lead (mg/L)

APHA3111B

0.01

0.01

Zinc (mg/L)

APHA3111B

0.05

3.0

Total Iron (mg/L)

APHA3111B

0.44

0.3

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Journal available online: www.journalofnovelresearch.com

International Journal of Novel Research in Engineering & Pharmaceutical Sciences

Int.J.Nov.Res.Eng & Pharm.Sci., Vol 1, Issue 02; 15-23
Copper (mg/L)

APHA3111B

0.05

1.0

Manganese (mg/L)

APHA3111B

0.10

0.5

Cadmium (mg/L)

APHA3111B

0.002

0.003

Total Chromium (mg/L)

APHA3111B

0.01

0.05

Total Coliform (cfu/100mL)

APHA9222B

1.02x102

Faecal Coliform (cfu/100mL)

APHA9222B

E-coli (cfu/100mL)

ASTMD5392-93

Faecal Streptococci
(cfu/100mL)

ASTM5392-92

68

Total plate count (cfu/mL)

APHA9215C

1.20x103

100

Figure 2: Graph of titre, COD, BOD and DO concentration

versus temperature for salt water environment

Figure 3: Graph of titre, COD, BOD and DO concentration

versus temperature for fresh water environment

In general, the trend hypothesized shows that, dissolved

oxygen concentration decreased with increasing in
temperature. The numerical trend is a downward one, as
indicated by the equation in the graph. This shows some
insight that occurs in our rivers and lakes. If water is heated
sufficiently, the dissolved oxygen concentration could
decrease to a point that it makes it unlivable for fish and
aquatic plants. Another factor that affects oxygen is
salinity because oxygen solubility is proportional to
salinity, since oxygen is insoluble in salt, the rate of
dissolved oxygen may be decreasing. Further
investigations might encompass the effects of other
variables on dissolved oxygen, such as the presence of
pollutants or how certain aquatic plant contribute to the
dissolved oxygen level of water. The trend generally
discovered in this project is completely universal; as liquid
is heated, gas dissolved in it will evaporate and leaver the
liquid. This suggests that the rate of departure of gases as
well as dissolved oxygen present in water depend solely on
the changes accompanied by temperature. From the graph
also, dissolved oxygen decreased with increase in chloride
ion because oxygen is not soluble in the chlorine (cl)
molecule or related compounds of chloride concentration
in river water may lead to fish kills since the survival of
aquatic life require dissolved oxygen for adequate living.
Climate and season determines the rate of dissolved
oxygen, cold water can hold oxygen but hot water will
evolve oxygen, this means that if the experimentally the
above conducted analysis yielded accurate values the
Biological Demand (BOD), chemical oxygen Demand (BOD)
and Dissolved Oxygen (DO2) concentration.
The following conclusions were drawn from the research
work:

The results presented in Figure 3 illustrate the graph of

titre values, COD, BOD and DO concentration upon the
influence of temperature. Decrease in titre values, COD,
BOD and DO concentration was observed with increase in
temperature. The equation of the best fit is shown in the
Figure 4 using the polynomial fittings.

1.

The effect of temperature on Dissolve Oxygen is more

effective in fresh water environment than salt water
environment due to low concentration of salt content
or salinity.

CONCLUSION

2.

The fresh water environments are friendlier to micro

and macro substance living on it, than the salt water
environment.

22
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International Journal of Novel Research in Engineering & Pharmaceutical Sciences

Int.J.Nov.Res.Eng & Pharm.Sci., Vol 1, Issue 02; 15-23
3.

The oxygen solubility Ratio is more in fresh water than

salt water environment.

4.

APHA, Standard Method for the Examination of Water and

Waste Water, Amer. Publ. Health Association, 1995, 40-48.

4.

Fresh water in general is more useful than salt in terms

of domestic and industrial uses.

5.

James C, Rebecca L, Habshan A, Impact of on Dissolved

Oxygen aquatic environment journal of pollution, 60(3),
2002, 107-120.

5.

Less in the dissolution rate of dissolved oxygen (DO) in

salt water environment can facilitate corrosion than
fresh water Dissolved oxygen (DO) component.

6.

Michaud JP, A Citizens Guide to understand and Monitor

Lakes and Streams. Publ. #94-146. Washington. State
Department of Ecology. Publication Office, Olympia, WA,
USA, (360) 407-7472, 1991, 7497-7472.

7.

Mortimer CH, The Oxygen Content of Air-saturated Fresh

Water, and Aids in Calculating Percentage Saturation, Intern.
Assoc. Theoret. Appl. Commun., 6, 1956.

8.

Moore ML, NALMS Management Guide for Lakes and

Reservoirs. North American Lake Management Society, P.O.
Box 5443, Madison, WI, 1989, 53705-5443, USA
(http://www.natms.org).

9.

Perry JH, Chemical Engineers Handbook, 5th Ed. P. 46 49

McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York (1984/1997).

REFERENCES
1.

Clair N, Sawyer, Perry L. McCarty, Gene F, Parkin, Chemistry

for Environmental Engineering and Science, 5th Edition, New
York: McGraw-Hill, 2003, 32-180.

2.

Lenore S. Clescerl, Anold E. Green Berg, Andrew D. Eaton,

Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Waste
Water, 20th Edition. Washington DC: American Public Health
Association, 15-20.

3.

Weiss R, The solubility of Nitrogen, Oxygen and Argon in

Water and Sea Water York: McGraw Hill, 1970, 27-104.

Source of Support: Nil, Conflict of Interest: None.

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