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Summary
In his initials works, Freud, makes a series of discoveries and fundamental
contributions to the neurobiology and psychology, to whom he gives little or no
diffusion. Several decades later those same findings were reported by other
researchers, that now, deserved in most cases, a Nobel Prize in Medicine.
I give below a detail of such findings, as the result of a personal and original
investigation of Freuds life and work; at the same time I compare with my theory
of psychic structure and function due to more than 10 years of research that
culminated in my PhD thesis, Semiotics of real systems, and a treatise on the
psychic theory of human natural language.
Key words: Psychologys Project, Neurobiology, Logic.
We begin this approach better knowledge of the psyche, the instrument that
enables the supreme manifestations of human subjectivity, from a minimum and
necessary detail of the apparatus that Freud imagined when he wrote the Project
for a psychology for Neurologists in 1895.
But do not we retrospectively, that is, do not approach it from the interpretation of
dreams or from later and purely psychoanalytic work, but we will do so from the
same draft found among the correspondence sent by Freud to his friend Fliess.
(AE Volume I, p. 323)
Direct access to the project is founded on trying to show, first, that this work did
not mean a failure in his attempt to explain psychological processes by neuronal
activity, and therefore he would not publish, as some researchers suggest. In fact,
the theoretical model built here, appears throughout his work in its fundamental
aspects, although reworked from the psychoanalytical point of view.
Second, though he used two basic concepts, such as Neuron and Quantity, He
managed to sketch, through a series of mechanisms derived from the of physical
prevailing in his time, and the circulation of quantities of energy, increase and
reduction in different systems that supposedly constituted our neural apparatus,
'the forces' that would generate psychic processes, both normal and pathological.
In the description of this mechanism, strictly metaphorical nature, there are
budding, very important concepts that then find the source of great finds further
developed, such as artificial neural networks, although not they were inspired in
the incommensurate Freudian intuition.
On the other hand, the project represents the first coherent attempt to show the
existence of an inner world and its importance as a means of defining subjectivity.
Freud sought from this work, scientific basis for the study of the psyche, as well
let see with his own words: "The purpose of this project is to provide a psychology
of Natural Science". (Op. Cit., p. 339)
Natural science that prevailed at the end of the nineteenth century was physics,
therefore, there is an undeniable conceptual influence derived and specifically,
by then nascent electronic theory. In addition, in 1882 he published his research
1
In the text of the conference, which is a summary of all his works on the subject, goes beyond the field
of histology, as shown in the following paragraph: "If we assume that nerve fibrils have the meaning of
isolated roads driving, we would have to say that the tracks, which are separated in the nerve flow into
the nerve cell: the nerve cell becomes the 'beginning' of these nerve fibers anatomically attached to them
".
(...) The neuron system consists of different neurons with identical architecture ... (op. Cit., P. 342).
distribution and a specific pattern of connectivity, and meet all the functional
aspects listed in the previous paragraph. Let's look at this in some detail:
On the theory of neurons:
[...] The neurons's system comprises different units with identical
architecture, that are in contact by means of a strange mass, which
end in one another as parts of foreign tissue; and they are prefigured
certain conduction orientations, because it receive by the cell
extensions and output it by the cylinder-axis. To this is added, besides,
the abundant branching with a variety of caliber." (Op. Cit., P. 342).
Where is hereby stated the connectivity patterns, in addition to the neural
bipolarity, proposal by Ramn y Cajal:
In fact, by the anatomy, we have news of a system of neurons (the
substance spinal gray) that is unique in forming a weft with the outside
world, and one superimposed (the brain gray matter), which has no
peripheral connection whatsoever, but it is responsible for the
development of the system of neurons and the psychic functions." (Op.
cit. p. 347)
Where he detail precisely the neuronal distribution in levels:
If one combines the neurons Q theory, you obtain the representation
of a vested neuron [activation state] that is filled with some Q, but
other times it is empty [transfer function or output]. The principle of
inertia finds expression in the course of a stream [propagation
function], since from the conductions or cell extensions [dendrites] is
directed to cilinder-axis [axon]. (Ibid)
The above describes what Freud identified as primary neuronal function and
reproduces exactly the theory of dynamic polarity of Ramn y Cajal.
As for the secondary function, which requires storage of Q, is made
possible by assuming resistors that are opposed to the discharge, and
the architecture of the neuron suggests the possibility of placing all the
resistance in contacts [synapses3], so they receive the value of a
barriers. (Ibid.)
If the theory of barriers-contact adopts this form, you can give the
following expression: there are two kinds of neurons. First, those that
let pass Q as if they haven't none barrier-contact [ neurons in Figure
1], [...], and secondly, those whose barrier- contact is asserted, so that,
that Q can pass only with difficulty, or only partially through them.
[Neurons in Figure 1] (Ibid., P. 343)
Here is clearly marked with the "possibility of forming memory" as it says the
original text, agreeing on a whole as proposed in artificial neural networks, theory
accepts that the 'memorized information', as is supposed to happen in the brain,
is more related to the synaptic values [handled by the contact barrier-Freudian]
that with the neurons themselves. In other words, that knowledge is at synapses
3
The term synapse was introduced by Foster and Sherrington in 1897, two years after the project was
drafted.
What constitutes memory, according to Freud, are in fact, "the distinctions within the facilitations" (op.
Cit., P.345), which would be the equivalent of weight changes of a connection.
5
Excerpted of op. Cit., p. 275.
6
He refers to his book on Aphasias (1891).
Temporal Wedge is the temporary gap helps explain why the same real fact it looks different from of the
objective that of the subjective. Is the 'external time unaware' that elapses between a 'now' and the other
in the world of objectivity where, simultaneity is relative, that is, where there is no 'eternal now', but a
succession of them. This temporary plurality is not perceived because we remain plunged in
unconsciousness while the 'wedge' runs, lasting 12.5 msec. Then the sensation is permanent
consciousness and continuous fluence of external time. During the temporal wedge in the internal time,
important subjective phenomena occur, such as, updating the transient memory and predictability
showing our brain, all while on the surface apparently nothing changes. In addition, and very importantly,
during this period of psychological time it is where takes place the elaboration of thoughts.. (Author's
Note)
Llins (2003, p. 155) defines PAF (fixed action pattern) as an automatic modulus of discrete motor
function that operates as a somewhat more elaborate reflex and whose origin is neural networks that
specify stereotyped movements that are often Rhythmic and relatively fixed; Fixity that occurs not only
on an individual level, but on an entire species. In this work, this concept is extended to the concept of
habit, or that 'motor routine' that once learned becomes a kind of operational memory. This mechanism
was first described by Nicolaas Tinbergen, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1973.
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Freud says:
The goal and termination of all thought processes is, then, to produce
a state of identity, the transfer of an investiture from outside to a
neuron invested from the Ego. The discerning or judicative thinking
seeks an identity with a bodily endowment; The reproductive thinking,
with an own psychic endowment (an own experience). Judicative
thinking provides the previous work to the reproductive thinking, since
it offers a facilitations, already ready for a later associative migration.
If, after the conclusion of the act of thinking, the sign of reality is added
to the perception, the judgment of reality, the belief, has been
obtained, thus achieving the goal of all work. (AE, Volume I, p.378)
This wonderful passage gives absolute sustenance to one of the fundamental
principles of Transcursive Logic9: "The psychic apparatus is constructed in
function of finding identities" (Salatino, 2009).
Logic tetravalent (as opposed to classical logic that is bivalent) that makes it possible to approach
evolution (elapse) Of the subjective aspects of any living being, including man. It covers both the volitional
aspects and the The cognitive ones, that are given in the subjective reality.
10
Aspects in which, arbitrarily, reality is divided with the object of its study. There are three: psychointernal, bioexternal and socio-cultural.
11
Operational unit or universal autonomous pattern (PAU). It is the fundamental logical core of reality.
12
Structural arrangement of a topological nature that seeks to represent, in each operational unit defined
in reality, in addition to static relationships, those that result from the evolutionary, that is, from the
functional in each of them. This concept was introduced by Llins to leave constancy of a kind of
temporary map that Handled by the thalamus-cortical system, gives sustenance to subjectivity.
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the deep. This explains the relation function / structure in the experiences of
satisfaction and pain, and in the Freudian topicals.
2.1. The psychic apparatus is considered as a temporary (synchronous)
assembly of two cycles with opposing directions of rotation, which allow
to 'retain', in its discourse, aspects that arise from the contact that the
psyche maintains with the outside, either extracorporeal or from within of
the organism, and of those arising from its own functioning. The
superficial and deep psychic functioning, clearly, is put in evidence in the
Freudian theory of the Interpretation of the dreams; And the opposite,
complementary and concurrent turns, can be seen in the Project, when
he explains the relation between the idea contained in an experience, as
a representative of the superficial world, and desire as a demander of the
deep, represented in the drive; these two systems are mediated by
thinking.
3. Synchronous neuronal oscillations in the gamma band (20-80 Hz), allow the
neuronal coordination that gives origin to the transient memory, those of more
low range; and to the states of consciousness and cognitive processes, the
middle and high range respectively. This proposal of temporal coordinations
is the hypothesis developed by Salatino (Salatino, 2013, p. 49), based on the
findings of Llins and collaborators.
3.1. The permanent memory is sustained in the same psychic structure. This
is similar to the facilitations and mnemonic traces of the Project, which are
records of experiences with structural and functional characteristics.
4. There is a circuit of neurons with an operative center in the thalamus, which
acts as a pacemaker, and whose regulation would be mainly due to the
reticular substance of each of the nerve centers that make up the circuit. This
was also suggested by Freud when he proposed a mechanism of attention
and pulsating tracking, which interspersed states of consciousness with states
of unconsciousness in intervals, as we have seen on the magic slate.
4.1. This neuronal support would give rise to the coordination of two circuits:
a superficial one (Dextrorotatory loop) that would attend the contact with
the outside and prepare the answers, and another deep one (Left-turn
loop) that would be in charge to modulate the outputs in function of the
inputs, giving 'sense' to what is coming and able to operate even in the
absence of external inputs.
4.2. These two loops (superficial and deep) are related in a complex way: they
are opposite, complementary and operate concurrently (at the same
time). Despite the synchrony, the temporal behavior is different. The
surface loop operates at constant frequency (40 Hz - Llins, 1993), while
the deep loop operates at a variable frequency (20 - 80 Hz). There is only
one way to explain that this behavior is simultaneous, and it is by
accepting that each loop operates different time references; that is, the
superficial cycle is handled with external time (quantitative or discrete,
that of dating) and the deep cycle does it with internal time (qualitative or
continuous, that of the subjective - Salatino, 2013).
4.3. The functional units are arranged in columnar form and are operated by
the thalamocortical resonant columns, which Llins (Llins, 2003, p.412)
establishes them as the basic functional units of consciousness and, for
Salatino (2013), represent true pacemakers.
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5. Both the states of consciousness and those of sleep are discontinuous and of
pulsating nature. They last what Kristofferson (1984) established as the
'cognitive quantum'; or 12.5 msec and represent, as demonstrated by Llins
(1993), a kind of system of tracing face-caudal, that runs through the cerebral
cortex during that time.
5.1. Psychological functioning alternates periods of 'unconsciousness' of a
duration equal to those of consciousness (12.5 msec), in which significant
processes take place, such as: part of the burden of transient memory
and most of the cognitive processes themselves.(Salatino, 2009).
5.2. The volitional processes take place throughout the period between cycles,
that is, during 25 msec at a frequency - oscillation pattern - of 40 Hz
(Llins, 1993, p.2078) since, the consciousness does not necessarily
have to participate for that are carried out.
6. There are two types of 'knowledge' that arise: I) the shared by all animals and
that is revealed through of the PAF. These, representing finished volitional
models, promote one of the primordial functions of the brain: the prediction
(Llins, 2003, p.25), on which learning and knowledge are based; and II) the
knowledge that derives from the cognitive process itself, human heritage,
where takes root the symbolic management, that is, comprehend, like what
happens with the natural language of man. (Salatino, 2012, p.364)
7. Outside states of consciousness, this psyche can handle other functional
states. Among them, sleep in its two main variants: a) REM sleep (Rapid Eye
Movement) and b) NON-REM sleep.
7.1. Like any functional condition, sleep is operated by a pacemaker. In the
case of the REM sleep is the same as the one used during the vigil (Llins,
1993), and in the non-REM sleep, where the oscillation frequency is very
low, would be dispersed throughout the cortex.
7.2. The difference between wakefulness and REM sleep is established at the
management level of the perceptual system. There is a double perception
system: 1) external perceptual apparatus (APE) and 2) internal perceptual
apparatus (API). These devices function as deterministic finite
automata13, which operate, in a waking state, inputs from the outside and
inside of the organism, respectively. During the REM sleep, with the same
frequency as during wakefulness, the perceptual apparatuses are unified
into a single system, they become a single indeterministic finite
automaton14, turning attention 'inward'. The external is replaced by the
permanent memory that is accessed discronically (the 'external time' is
not operative so dreaming is timeless) and the internal is relegated to the
past. It remains operative part of the transient memory, so we remember
what we dream for some time and is attended by a single threshold, which
makes only an intense stimulus (external or internal) can restore the state
of consciousness. Freud, in the Project, records most of the above, in the
points: [19] Primary processes - Sleep and dreams, [20] The analysis of
13
A logical behavior model that consists of four elements: a) states that define a behavior and can
generate actions, b) transition or change from one state to another, c) rules or conditions that must be
met to allow a change of state, and d) Input events that can be external or generated internally and allow
the activation of the rules and therefore, empower the transitions. The deterministic model handles a
single final state. (Author's Note)
14
Logical behavior model that handles more than one final state. (Author's Note)
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Conclusions
Throughout this work we have had direct contact with, in my estimation, the most
original contribution of Freud, and which, as we have seen, set important
precedents, not only in psychology, but in medicine.
His proposal of the neuron as an operative unit of the central nervous system,
both in structural and functional, establishes a 'way of seeing' the psychic as
deeply rooted in the biological.
Based on his research (and not on his conjectures as some of his detractors
suggest), Freud elaborates a solid theory of psychic functioning, which, as we
have seen, is largely in keeping with very recent findings, which gives it Absolute
preeminence to his theoretical writings, but in addition, and here, if he advanced
considerably ahead of his time, leaves well established the bases for the psychic
approach through Psychoanalysis, invoking a logic that is far from the one that
manages and is sustenance of the scientific approach that he wanted to give it to
his discoveries.
We refer to the very important coincidence of psychoanalytic precepts with their
homonyms in the Transcursive logic, which is why, neither then nor now,
Psychoanalysis can be approached from traditional science, for the simple
reason that its object of study, the psyche, is one of the fundamental elements of
subjectivity, and this as a motive for research, vanishes in the scientific field,
where, not only is not taken into account, but is proscribed.
In view of the contributions made by Freud, as we have shown, if he had
presented his project as a doctoral thesis, he would surely have obtained the title
with the highest honors; And if he had continued his very well targeted
investigations, he would have been awarded a nomination of at least five Nobel
Prizes in Medicine, according to the following detail:
15
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Nacional de Cuyo - Mendoza, Argentina.
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Salatino, D. R. (2013). Psiquis. Estructura y funcin Autoedicin Mendoza,
Argentina, ISBN: 978-987-33-3808-3.
This is the own translation of the original article "El Proyecto de Freud" appeared
in Psicoanlisis (the journal of the Asociacin Psicoanaltica Colombiana), Vol.
XXIV (1-2); pp. 43-60, 2013.
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