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TYPES OF THERMODYNAMIC PROCESS
SUMMARY
When examining thermodynamic processes some simplifying assumptions may
and reversible processes. This article provides a brief overview of each process
type and suitability to a given thermodynamic system.
1. DEFINITIONS
C
: Constant
: Polytropic index
: Enthalpy
: Mass flow
: Pressure
: Heat flow
: Entropy
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p /Cv
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: Temperature
: Volume
: Efficiency
Subscripts:
a
: Isentropic process
: Initial state
: Final state
process takes place. The table below summarises the constant properties for
each type of thermodynamic process.
Process
Adiabatic
Heat Energy
Isenthalpic
Enthalpy
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Process
Isentropic
Isobaric
Pressure
Isochoric
Volume
Isothermal
Temperature
Isotropic
Direction
Polytropic
PV
Reversible
Entropy, Equilibrium
= C
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(m = 0,Q = 0)
. In practice this
assumption is most often used for rapidly acting systems (i.e. the
thermodynamic process occurs in a short period) or as a method for obtaining
conservative results. For example:
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3.2 Isenthalpic
An isenthalpic process is one in which there is no transfer of heat energy to or
from the surroundings as if the system were surrounded by a perfect insulator
(h = 0)
relief valve to ensure downstream components are suitably rated for the
discharge temperature.
3.3 Isentropic
An isentropic process is one in which entropy remains constant
(s = 0)
Steady state fluid systems are often best represented as adiabatic, but to give
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h1 h2a
=
h1 h2s
h2s h1
=
h2a h1
3.4 Isobaric
An isobaric process is one in which the pressure is held constant
(P = 0)
Assuming that the quantity of gas in an isobaric process remains constant the
work done by the system is directly promotional to the change in volume or
temperature of the system.
The ratio of heat capacity of a gas in an isobaric system with the heat capacity
of the gas in an isochoric system makes up the ratio of specific heats for gases
k = Cp /Cv
3.5 Isochoric
An isochoric system is one in which volume is held constant
(V = 0)
calorimeter". This device does not change volume during the reaction so
that the temperature change can be measured as a single variable, and used
to calculate the energy released.
3.6 Isothermal
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3.6 Isothermal
An isothermal process is one in which there is no temperature change
. There may be energy flow into and out of the system, however
(T = 0)
only the amount required to keep the temperature of the system constant. For
Example:
3.7 Isotropic
An isotropic system is not strictly a thermodynamics system, however it may
easily be confused for one from the name. Isotropic systems are uniform
regardless of direction. For example:
3.8 Polytropic
A polytropic fluid system follows the relationship:
PV
= C
From this relationship we can arrive at relationships for several other types of
thermodynamic process:
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3.9 Reversible
A reversible process is one which is performed as if it were always at
equilibrium, and without the production on entropy. This system is purely
4. FURTHER READING
1. Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, Eighth Edition
2. Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, 7th Edition
3. Fundamentals of Thermodynamics
Article Created: July 1, 2015
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ARTICLE TAGS
Adiabatic Isenthalpic Isentropic Isobaric Isochoric Isothermal
Isotropic Polytropic Reversible Thermodynamics
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