Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 73 (2010) 6772

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Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering

j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w. e l s ev i e r. c o m / l o c a t e / p e t r o l

New correlations to predict natural gas viscosity and compressibility factor

Ehsan Heidaryan a,, Jamshid Moghadasi b, Masoud Rahimi c
a
b
c

Faculty of Energy, Kermanshah University of Technology, Kermanshah 6717863766, Iran

Petroleum Engineering Department, Petroleum University of Technology, Ahwaz, Iran
CFD Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Received 29 September 2009
Accepted 15 May 2010
Keywords:
natural gas
compressibility factor (z-Factor)
viscosity
correlation

a b s t r a c t
This study proposed two new accurate simple explicit numerical methods for calculating the z-Factor and
viscosity of natural gases. Results of these correlations are compared versus experimental data. Proposed
correlation for z-Factor has 0.402 and 1.366 of Absolute Average Percent Error (AAE%) respectively versus
Standing and Katz chart and experimental data. The output of this correlation can be directly assumed or be
used as an initial value of other implicit correlations. In addition, this correlation is valid for gas coefcient of
isothermal compressibility (cg) calculations. The new method for viscosity accounts for the presence of
heptane plus and non-hydrocarbon components. This model was derived from 1260 experimental
measurement of gas viscosity of eleven different mixtures with AAE% of 2.083. This model is simpler and
more efcient than published correlations, and the comparisons indicate superiority of the proposed model
over other methods.
2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Natural gas is a subcategory of petroleum that occurs naturally,
and it is composed of complex mixtures of hydrocarbons and a minor
amount of inorganic compound. Natural gasses physical properties,
and in particular, their variations with pressure, temperature, and
molecular weight are of great importance in petroleum and gas
engineering calculations.
Petroleum engineers need to predict pVT properties of petroleum
uids at given conditions of temperature and pressure. This can be
determined through pVT analysis of uid sample tests or can be
calculated by using Equations of State (EoS) based on computer codes
if the uid composition is known. This information is often
unavailable particularly at the early stage of eld development or
needs to be veried, supported and supplemented during the course
of eld development. Then it is the task of empirical correlations to
estimate the petroleum uid properties as a function of the reservoir's
readily available characteristics (Ahmed, 1989).
In the oil and gas industries, natural gas compressibility factor (zFactor) and viscosity are two of the most important parameters in
upstream and downstream and their importance cannot be overemphasized in material balance, gas reserve evaluation, gas reservoir
simulation, gas well testing and gas processing calculations. The
experimental measurements, EoS and empirical correlations are the

Corresponding author. Tel.: + 98 918 336 0389.

E-mail address: heidaryan@engineer.com (E. Heidaryan).
0920-4105/$ see front matter 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.petrol.2010.05.008

most common sources of z-Factor calculations. Occasionally when

data become unavailable; viscosity is estimated using empirical
correlations as function of gas density, temperature, composition
and the gas viscosity at low pressure or pressure. The purpose of this
study is to develop the two new accurate simple explicit correlations
for rapid estimating z-Factor and viscosity.

2. Natural gas compressibility factor (z-Factor)

2.1. Background
The calculation of natural gas volume, density and viscosity at
elevated pressures and temperatures requires values of z-Factor. All
the Equations of State (EoS) are implicit in terms of the z-Factor; this
means that the z-Factor should be solved as a root of the EoS. In
general, EoSs are not easy to use, not only because of the numerous
calculations involved, but also basically due to the lack of knowledge
to calculate critical properties, acentric factors of plus-fraction's
components, and the binary interaction parameters. To conquer this,
Li and Guo (1991) modied the original Peng and Robinson-EoS to
predict properties of natural gases by introducing 33 constants. The
modication increases the numerical computations and makes the
equation inconvenient for engineering proposes. In addition, EoSs
could be used to predict density or physical properties of pure
hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon mixtures, whether reliable models or
correlations to predict these properties are available. However,
Elsharkawy (2004) showed that EoSs have poor ability to predict
hydrocarbon gas mixtures volumetric properties.

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E. Heidaryan et al. / Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 73 (2010) 6772

The most often EoS used by petroleum engineers is:

1

pV = znRT:

In which p is the absolute pressure, V is the volume, T is the

absolute temperature, z is the compressibility factor, n is the number
of moles of the gas, and R is the universal gas constant. The ratio of the
actual volume to the ideal volume of real gas, which is a measure of
the amount the gas deviates from perfect behavior, is called the
compressibility factor. It is also called the gas deviation factor and is
denoted by the symbol z.
z=

VActual
VIdeal

Standing and Katz have developed a chart (SKC) according to the

theory of corresponding states (Standing and Katz, 1942) for
calculating the z-Factor which is reliable for natural gas and gas
condensate mixture too (Rayes et al., 1992).

Fig. 1. z-Factor, plotted as a function of the pseudoreduced pressure for isotherms data
from (Poettmann and Carppenter, 1952).

T
TC

two independent variables, the multiple rational regression equation

was correlated with pPr and reciprocal of TPr as follow:

p
pr =
pC


1
z = f pPr ;
TPr

Tr =

The principle of corresponding states, applies to single component

gases, but by applying average molar weight (Kay, 1936) it was
extended to gas mixtures.
TPr =

T
n

i=1

p
n

0
1
A5
A9
A11
2
BA1 + A3 lnpPr + T + A7 lnpPr + T 2 + T lnpPr C
B
C
Pr
Pr
Pr
z = ln B
C:
A8
A10
@
A
A4
2
1 + A2 ln pPr + T + A6 lnpPr + 2 +
ln pPr
Pr
TPr
TPr
8

TPC = yi TCi
pPr =

pPC = yi pCi
i=1

There are more than twenty correlations available with two

variables for calculating the z-Factor from tting SKC values in noncubic EoSs (Londono et al., 2005; Hall and Iglesias-Silva, 2007) or just
through tting techniques (Papy, 1968; Heidaryan et al., 2010).
However, these correlations are more complex which require initial
value, complicated and longer computations or have magnitude error.
This should be noticed that validation of all of SKC's correlations is for
pure hydrocarbon mixture with Mwa less than 40 (Standing and Katz,
1942; Standing, 1981). For pseudocritical properties of natural gases
with specic gravity more than 0.75, instead of average molar weight
(Kay, 1936) the Sutton's (1985) combination rule should be used. For
non-hydrocarbon impurities, Wichert and Aziz (1972) developed a
correction correlation for pseudocritical properties. For gas system
with unknown composition there are some accurate correlations for
predicting pseudocritical properties form gas specic gravity such as
Standing (1981), Elsharkawy et al. (2001), Londono et al. (2005), and
Sutton (2007).
2.2. The new developed natural gas z-Factor correlation
The SKC has been digitalized by Poettmann and Carppenter (1952)
in range of 0.2 pPr 15 and 1.05 TPr 3. Fig. 1 illustrates the plot of
this data. The 1220 points of this data in range of 0.2 pPr 15
and1.2 TPr 3 have been considered for developing the new z-Factor
correlation. Multiple regression analysis attempts have been carried
out to explain the relationships between the independent variables
and a dependent variable (Heidaryan et al., 2010). When there are

For more accuracy two set of tuned coefcients (Table 1) were

introduced for proposed correlation (A1 through A11) which were
determined by minimizing the sum of squares of the residuals of
Eq. (8). These tuned coefcients are changed if more accurate data in
sensitive region of SKC are available by proposed numerical method.
3. Natural gas viscosity
3.1. Background
As most laboratories do not have the required equipment for the
measurements of gas viscosities, the prediction of gas viscosity is
particularly important. Guo et al. (1997) presented two viscosity
models based on PR-EoS and PT-EoS. They found that their EoS-based
viscosity model is capable of satisfactorily describing pure component
hydrocarbon viscosity, but poorly predicts the viscosity of hydrocarbon mixtures (Guo et al., 2001). Jeje and Mattar (2006) declared that
Lee et al.'s (1966) correlation is the most reliable correlation for

Table 1
Tuned coefcients of Eq. (8).
Coefcient

Tuned coefcient 0.2 pPr 3

Tuned coefcient 3 b pPr 15

A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
A9
A10
A11

2.827793 10+ 00
4.688191 10 01
1.262288 10+ 00
1.536524 10+ 00
4.535045 10+ 00
6.895104 10 02
1.903869 10 01
6.200089 10 01
1.838479 10+ 00
4.052367 10 01
1.073574 10+ 00

3.252838 10+ 00
1.306424 10 01
6.449194 10 01
1.518028 10+ 00
5.391019 10+ 00
1.379588 10 02
6.600633 10 02
6.120783 10 01
2.317431 10+ 00
1.632223 10 01
5.660595 10 01

E. Heidaryan et al. / Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 73 (2010) 6772

69

Table 2
Compositions natural gas mixtures collected for developing Eq. (10).
Comp.

No. 1

No. 2

No. 3

No. 4

N2
CO2
He
C1
C2
C3
n-C4
i-C4
C5
C6
C+
7
Total

0.21
0.23

97.8
0.95
0.42
0.23

0.09
0.06
0.03
100

5.2
0.19

92.9
0.94
0.48
0.18
0.01
0.06
0.06

100

0.55
1.7

91.5
3.1
1.4
0.5
0.67
0.28
0.26
0.08
100

0.04
2.04

88.22
5.08
2.48
0.58
0.87
0.41
0.15
0.13
100

No. 5

No. 6

3.2

86.3
6.8
2.4
0.48
0.43
0.22
0.1
0.04
100

0.67
0.64
0.05
80.9
9.9
4.6
1.35
0.76
0.6
0.39
0.11
100

No. 7

No. 8

No. 9

No. 10

No. 11

4.8
0.9
0.03
80.7
8.7
2.9
1.7

0.13
0.06
0.03
100

1.4
1.4
0.03
71.7
14
8.3
1.9
0.77
0.39
0.09
0.01
100

0.3

95.6
3.6
0.5

100

0.6

73.5
25.7
0.2

100

15.8

0.8
73.1
6.1
3.4
0.6
0.2

100

1






Mwa
Mwa
2
3
+
B
+
B
B
+
B

+
B

+
B

B 1
C
2
3
4
5
6
T
T
B
C
= ln B









C 10
@
A
Mwa
Mwa 2
Mwa 3
+ B8
1 + B7
+ B9
+ B10
T
T
T

determining the viscosity of natural gases. Londono et al. (2005) by

applying nonparametric regression and multiple regression analyses
introduced a new procedure for calculating the viscosity of natural
gases. Sutton (2007) used the Lucas (1981) low-pressure gas viscosity
in order to modify Lee et al.'s (1966) correlation. Shokir and Dmour
(2009) used genetic programming based model for nding the
viscosity of pure and hydrocarbon gas mixtures. A practical issue
pertinent to all density-based gas-viscosity models is that an estimate
of gas density must be known. Therefore, the accuracy of viscosity
calculations is dependent on the accuracy of z-Factor estimation.

In which is density, g/cm3; is gas viscosity, cp; T is temperature,

F and Mwa is apparent molar weight. B1 through B10 (Table 3) are
temperature, density and molecular weight independent tuned
coefcients. The validity ranges for Eq. (10) can be found in Table 4.

3.2. The new developed natural gas-viscosity correlation

4. Results and discussion

In the present study, a large number of data for a variety of natural

gases have been used (Lee, 1965; Gonzalez et al., 1970) for developing
new viscosity correlation. These data contain 1260 viscosity data point
of eleven different gases. A complete description of the data is
reported in Table 2. The nonparametric regression algorithm (Xue
et al., 1997) showed that natural gas viscosity is a strong function of
the density, apparent molecular weight and reciprocal of temperature.
The multiple rational regression equation was correlated using , Mwa
and reciprocal of T.

Fig. 2 shows the accuracy of Eq. (8) in compression with 4395 data
point of Poettmann and Carppenter's (1952) data in range of
0.2 pPr 15 and 1.2 TPr 3. Fig. 3 shows the Absolute Percent
Relative Error (AE%) contour plot of z in percent for Eq. (8). Statistical
parameters of Eq. (8) versus Poettmann and Carppenter's (1952) data
for each isotherm are showed in Table 5. Eq. (6) is not recommended
for predicting of z-Factor when TPr b 1.2, but its value could be used for
other implicit methods which are accurate in the vicinity of critical
isotherm. Another parameter that can be calculated through using zFactor correlations is gas coefcient of isothermal compressibility (cg)
(Ghedan et al., 1993). As it appears in Fig. 3, Eq. (8) is always valid for
cg calculations in its validity range.


1
= f ; ; Mwa
T

cg =
Table 3
Tuned coefcients of Eq. (10).
Coefcient

Tuned coefcient

B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
B7
B8
B9
B10

1.022872 10+ 00
1.651432 10+ 00
5.757386 10+ 00
7.389282 10 02
8.389065 10 02
2.977476 10 01
1.451318 10+ 00
4.682506 10+ 00
1.918239 10+ 00
9.844968 10 02


1 V
V p T

11

Table 4
Validity ranges of Eq. (10).
Property

Max

Min

Pressure (psia)
Temperature (F)
Density (g/cm3)
Mwa
Viscosity (cp)

9580
340
0.3906
22.305
0.0543

116
77.7
0.0038
16.607
0.01042

Fig. 2. Accuracy of Eq. (8) versus 4158 point of data (Poettmann and Carppenter, 1952)
in range of 0.2 pPr 15 and 1.2 TPr 3.

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E. Heidaryan et al. / Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 73 (2010) 6772

Fig. 4. AE% of various methods in calculating natural gas z-Factor as function of

cumulative frequency.

Fig. 3. Absolute Percent Relative Error contour of z in percent for this study versus 4158
point of data (Poettmann and Carppenter, 1952) in range of 0.2 pPr 15 and
1.2 TPr 3.

Table 7
Statistical parameters for each z-Factor correlation versus experimental data.

Table 5
Statistical parameters of Eq. (8) versus SKC.
Isotherm (TPr)

APE%

AAE%

ERMS

1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
Total

0.537
0.059
0.421
0.245
0.247
0.184
0.106
0.116
0.185
0.150
0.084
0.000
0.042
0.106
0.009

1.070
0.678
0.673
0.392
0.479
0.424
0.267
0.246
0.254
0.247
0.243
0.186
0.177
0.294
0.402

1.334
0.898
0.932
0.514
0.596
0.528
0.351
0.322
0.333
0.278
0.309
0.230
0.222
0.351
0.514

cg =


1 1 z

p z p T

12

In other to compare accuracy of proposed correlation versus

experimental data, 347 compressibility factor data points of eighteen

Correlation

APD%

AAE%

ERMS

r2

Eq. (8)
Hall and Iglesias-Silva (2007)
Londono et al. (2005)
Heidaryan et al. (2010)
Papy (1968)

0.73258
1.06918
0.83831
0.3992
8.11641

1.366745
1.614423
1.791433
3.256481
8.724819

2.225004
2.541089
3.236726
3.999567
17.71223

0.979
0.977
0.956
0.951
0.899

different mixtures have been provided from literature (Satter and

Campbell, 1963; Buxton and Campbell, 1967; Hall and Yarborough;
1973; Li and Guo, 1991); Table 6 summarized detail of this data. Fig. 4
shows the AE% of proposed z-Factor correlation and other methods
(Papy, 1968; Londono et al., 2005; Hall and Iglesias-Silva, 2007;
Heidaryan et al., 2010) as a function of cumulative frequency of zFactor experimental data. In addition the statistical parameters for
each correlation are showed in Table 7. By assuming an acceptable
engineering error is 5%, this gure indicates that proposed method
successfully estimated the z-Factor for 95% of experimental data and
its error never exceed 9%. According to Fig. 4, Eq. (8) is more accurate
than four common explicit and implicit correlations. Fig. 5 shows AE%
of the proposed correlation and other viscosity methods (Lee et al.,
1966; Londono et al., 2005; Sutton, 2007; Shokir and Dmour, 2009) for
estimating the viscosities of the data (Lee, 1965; Gonzalez et al., 1970)
as function of cumulative frequency. As it can be seen in these gures

Table 6
Compositions of experimental data for checking Eq. (8) and other z-Factor correlations.
Comp.

No. 1a

No. 2a

No. 3a

No. 4a

No. 5a

No. 6b

No. 7b

No. 8b

No. 9b

No. 10b

No. 11c

No. 12c

No. 13c

No. 14c

No. 15c

No. 16d

No. 17d

No. 18d

H2S
N2
CO2
C1
C2
C3
n-C4
i-C4
C5
C6
C+
7
Total

0. 53
5.06
89.77
4.64

100

0.57
10.13
85.2
4.1

100

0.52
20.16
74.58
4.74

100

10.91
75.93

13.16

100

12.92
58.41
28.67

100

6.5

87.1
6.4

100

9.8

83.1
7.1

100

4.7

83.6
11.7

100

9.3

80
10.7

100

19.7

71.3
9

100

0.28
0.4
98.5
1.3

100

0.56
0.52
94.53
0.96
1.55
0.79
0.3
0.41
0.24
0.144
100

6.77
10.6
81.83
0.96
1.55
0.25
0.05
0.07
0.26
0.11
100

2.09
4.52
76.01
4.94
6.49
2.89
1.21
1.18
0.54
0.13
100

2.15
1.05
68.8
9.41
12.54
3.76
0.78
1.28
0.24
0.09
100

0.19
0.92
75.12
8.57
4.53
1.28
1.71
1.07
0.87
5.74
100

24.19
11.91
8.49
38.36
6.29
2.61
1.54
1.23
0.98
0.67
3.73
100

40
9.43
6.72
30.36
4.98
2.07
1.22
0.97
0.77
0.53
2.95
100

a
b
c
d

Buxton and Campbell (1967).

Satter and Campbell (1963).
Li and Guo (1991).
Hall and Yarborough (1973).

E. Heidaryan et al. / Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 73 (2010) 6772

71

for z has better statistical parameter than four common z-Factor

correlations against experimental data in addition it has 0.402 of AAE%
against Standing and Katz chart and also has 1.341of AAE% against
experimental data. This correlation is also valid for gas coefcient of
isothermal compressibility (cg) calculations. Moreover in this work an
efcient and simple numerical method has been presented for
calculation of the viscosity of natural gases when experimental
measurements are not available. This model was derived from 1260
experimental measurements of gas viscosity of eleven different
mixtures with AAE% of 2.083. The comparison indicates superiority
of the proposed correlation over other proposed methods.
6. Statistical formulas
Percent Relative Error (ER)
Fig. 5. AE% of various methods for estimating natural gas viscosity as function of
cumulative frequency.

zCalculated
zObserved
i
i

ER =

zObserved
i

i = 1; 2; 3; ::::; Nd
Absolute Percent Relative
Error (AE%)

jz

Calculated
zObserved
i
i
zObserved
i

AE % =

100

i = 1; 2; 3; ::::; Nd
Nd

zCalculated
zObserved
i
i

i=1

zObserved
i

Average Percent Relative

Error (APE%)

100

APE% =

!
100

Nd
Nd

Average Absolute Percent

Relative Error (AAE%)

AAE% =

Root Mean Square

Error (ERMS)

ERMS =

i=1

jz

Calculated
zObserved
i
i
zObserved
i

v
u Nd
u
u Ei2
t

Nd

!
100

i=1

Nd


2
exp
cal
zexp
zcal
1;i z1;mean
1;i z1;mean
i=1
!
!
2
2
Nd 
Nd 
exp
cal zcal
zexp
z
z

1;mean
1;mean
1;i
1;i
Nd

Correlation Coefcient

r2 =

i=1

Fig. 6. Accuracy of various methods for estimating natural gas viscosity.

the new correlation (Eq. (10)) is more accurate than other methods
and successfully estimated viscosity of 90% of experimental data. Fig. 6
shows the accuracy of each viscosity correlations at its validity ranges
in comparison with data (Lee, 1965; Gonzalez et al., 1970) and their
statistical parameters are showed in Table 8.
5. Conclusion
The simple accurate correlation based on the general gas
compressibility factor chart (SKC) was obtained for a quick estimation
of natural gas compressibility factor as a function of reduced pressure
and reduced temperature. The advantage of the proposed correlation
is that it is explicit in z and thus does not require an iterative solution
which is demanded by other methods developed from an EoS. The
outcome of this correlation can be directly assumed or be used for
initial value of other iterative correlations. Results of this correlation
were compared against experimental data. The proposed correlation

Table 8
Statistical parameters for each viscosity correlation versus experimental data.
Correlation

APE%

AAE%

ERMS

Eq. (10)
Sutton (2007)
Londono et al. (2005)
Lee, et al.(1966)
Shokir and Dmour (2009)

0.245
2.356
2.843
2.084
2.435

2.083
3.228
3.502
3.950
7.131

2.259
4.377
3.853
4.656
9.606

i=1

Nomenclature
A
tuning coefcient
B
tuning coefcient
cg
gas coefcient of isothermal compressibility, psi 1
Mwa
apparent molecular weight
n
number of moles of the gas
Nd
number of data points
p
pressure, psia
pC
critical pressure, psia
pPC
pseudocritical pressure, psia
pr
reduced pressure
pPr
pseudoreduced pressure
R
universal gas constant
T
absolute temperature, F
TC
critical temperature, R
TPC
pseudocritical temperature, R
Tr
reduced temperature
TPr
pseudoreduced temperature
V
volume, ft3
z
compressibility factor
yi
mole fraction of component i

density, g/ml

Viscosity, cp

Acknowledgements
The lead author would like to thank Dr. Thomas A. Blasingame and
Dr. Kenneth R. Hall for their insight, comments, and suggestions
regarding this work. The authors also wish to express their grateful

72

E. Heidaryan et al. / Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 73 (2010) 6772

appreciation for useful comments of the reviewers that led to

signicant improvement of the paper.
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