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Author
Name:
Anthony Seneviratne
Name:
Justin Murphy
Justin Murphy
June 2014
Review Frequency **
3 yearly
June 2017
* Shall be the Process Owner and is the person assigned authority and responsibility for managing the whole
process, end-to-end, which may extend across more than one division and/or functions, in order to deliver agreed
business results.
** Frequency period is dependent upon circumstances maximum is 5 years from last issue, review, or revision
whichever is the latest. If left blank, the default shall be 1 year unless otherwise specified.
Revision Control
Revision
Date
Description
17/06/2014
Initial Document
STAKEHOLDERS
NOTIFICATION LIST
Operations
Page 2 of 47
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD .............................................................................................................. 7
1
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 8
1.1
General .................................................................................................................... 8
1.2
2.1
2.2
2.2.1
Planning ................................................................................................................................ 10
2.2.2
Equipment ............................................................................................................................. 10
2.3
2.3.1
2.3.2
Termites ................................................................................................................................ 11
2.3.3
2.4
Equipment Compatibility......................................................................................... 12
2.5
3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.2.4
MV Terminations ................................................................................................................... 14
3.2.4.1
3.2.4.2
3.3
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.3.4
3.3.5
3.3.6
3.4
3.5
3.5.1
3.5.2
3.5.3
3.5.4
3.5.5
4.1
4.1.1
4.2
4.2.1
4.3
4.3.1
General ................................................................................................................................. 21
4.3.2
4.3.3
4.3.4
4.4
4.4.1
4.4.2
4.4.2.1
5.1
5.2
Transformers .......................................................................................................... 24
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.3
Mixed Loads.......................................................................................................................... 25
5.2.3.1
Example 1 ........................................................................................................................................... 25
5.2.4
5.3
LV Network Design................................................................................................. 26
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.3.4
5.3.5
5.3.6
5.3.6.1
5.3.6.2
Utilisation/Loading ............................................................................................................................... 28
5.3.7
Page 4 of 47
5.3.8
5.3.9
5.3.10
5.3.11
5.4
MV Design .............................................................................................................. 29
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.4.2.1
5.4.2.2
5.4.3
Hybrid System....................................................................................................................... 30
5.4.3.1
5.5
Automation ............................................................................................................. 31
5.6
5.6.1
5.6.2
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.3.1
6.3.2
6.3.3
7.1
Introduction ............................................................................................................ 35
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.5.1
General ................................................................................................................................. 36
7.5.2
7.5.3
7.5.4
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
Page 5 of 47
STREET LIGHTING.................................................................................... 43
Page 6 of 47
FOREWORD
This volume is one in a series of five volumes, which together, form the Horizon Power
Distribution Design Manual. The DDM is intended to be a comprehensive reference manual
for distribution design work carried out by professional engineers and technical support staff.
The five volumes are:
Volume 1: Quality of Electricity Supply
Volume 2: Low Voltage Aerial Bundled Cable
Volume 3: Supply to Large Customer Installations
Volume 4: Underground Residential Distribution (URD)
Volume 5: Overhead Bare Conductor Distribution
The DDM will also serve to initiate "newcomers" to distribution work in Horizon Power
without them having to start from scratch. It serves to establish "standards" for design work
to ensure that we get the best value from our facilities - not only in terms of initial cost, but
also in terms of component availability, length of service life and cost-effective maintenance.
In addition to this, the DDM will also serve as a teaching aid for courses run by Horizon
Power.
This volume describes the engineering process involved in designing and providing
electricity supplies using underground cables.
It describes the design process in detail, making use of standardised design information for
use with routine work.
Page 7 of 47
INTRODUCTION
1.1
General
This document describes the engineering process involved in designing
distribution underground networks. These networks typically originate from Zone
substations as medium voltage feeders and are stepped down to low voltage
networks through distribution transformers. Low voltage distribution networks
then transmit power to customer installations, though some customers are
supplied directly from the medium voltage networks.
Although, underground cables do not account for a significant proportion of
Horizon Power's networks at present, Horizon Power's policy mandates
underground power supplies in all sub divisions including residential, rural
residential, commercial and industrial. There are variations to this policy in the
case of larger lot sizes greater than 10 hectares, which can be found in Horizon
Powers Underground Distribution Schemes Manual.
Underground assets are capital intensive, both for Horizon Power and its
customers and they need to be properly designed and constructed. It is
imperative that a high level of engineering is put into their designs, particularly
because cables are buried and are not visible. Effort expended during design
could avoid unnecessary expenses and ensure that the requirements (Horizon
Power's and its customers) are catered for.
Each cable network may require different design considerations, configurations,
layouts, etc. As such, there may be many different ways to approach a design.
The information contained in this manual will assist the designer to develop a
structured design approach, and ensure that the optimum configuration is
selected at all times.
1.2
Design Objectives
The objectives of underground cable design are to:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
Page 8 of 47
The following factors are to be considered before the design can commence:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
Note: The size and type of cable to be used will be dictated by the capacity
(load) to be carried by the cable during its lifetime together with voltage
drop, thermal rating and fault rating considerations.
Page 9 of 47
2.1
Safety in Design
Whenever design work is undertaken to construct new distribution network
assets, or modify existing assets, demonstration of due diligence with respect to
safety is required. This must cover the full life cycle of the asset that is created or
the remaining life of the modified asset and thought about early in the design
stage.
The essential elements covering a designers responsibility in ensuring the safety
of the asset during its life cycle are addressed in the document, Guideline
Safety in Design - HPC-2DC-17-0001-2014.
2.2
Network Requirements
Design shall take into account both present and future network requirements.
This information is typically covered in the relevant planning report, design
specification and equipment specifications.
2.2.1
Planning
For new distribution networks or extension to existing distribution networks,
planning is carried out during concept development stage. Details covered in the
planning reports that need to be considered include but not limited to:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
2.2.2
Load size;
Load distribution centres;
Load cycle;
Nature of load;
Required transfer capacity;
Potential interconnection point; and
Automation requirements.
Equipment
Design specification and equipment specifications play a role in capturing
requirements that need to be addressed during design. This includes the
following:
a)
b)
Equipment and cable rating for normal load, emergency load and for fault
conditions (selection of medium voltage cables as feeders based on
continuous current rating is covered in Appendix A);
Equipment or cable operating conditions (e.g. Broome versus Esperance);
Page 10 of 47
c)
d)
e)
2.3
Installation Requirements
Installation condition has a significant impact on the overall technical design of
an underground distribution network. Factors that must be considered by
designer include but not limited to the following:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
l)
2.3.1
Cable Route
Evaluate the terrain to determine issues with ground. For example, suppose a
medium voltage underground cable is to be constructed to supply a customer
remote from a zone substation, and the line route traverses an area of rock, it
would seem prudent for the designer to consider the issues involved in
embedding cables in rock and the associated cost.
2.3.2
Termites
Termite protection must be installed in all areas prone to termite attack.
2.3.3
Equipment Location
Equipment must be suitable for the environment in which it operates. For
example, a ground mounted transformer with open bushings may not be suitable
for use outside a cement plant or quarry, where the build-up of fly-ash or dust
may lead to nuisance tripping or a disproportionately high level of maintenance.
Others include mines sites, with open air blasting, etc.
Page 11 of 47
The location of ground mounted substations and other equipment shall take into
consideration access, fire separation, touch and step potential, and other related
issues. (Refer to Substation Installation Technical Requirements HPC-9DJ-230001-2012 and Distribution Line Earthing Standard HPC-9DC-08-0001-2012).
2.4
Equipment Compatibility
Standard equipment shall be used as much as possible. In certain cases
however, use of non- standard equipment may be required to deliver the
required outcome or to deliver the most cost-effective solution. In such cases,
equipment compatibility must be considered. Where unusual conditions or other
circumstances warrant using alternative equipment the disadvantages in terms of
readily available replacements and operational issues must be considered.
Cable accessories such as joints and terminations for example, can only be used
for cables within a certain size range. Other factors that need to be considered
include but not limited to:
a)
b)
2.5
Prior approvals are typically required to perform work at or close to these sites.
Where vegetation clearing is required, a permit shall also be obtained prior to
proceeding with the clearing.
Current statutory processes require a range of approvals to be obtained prior to
commencement of works. Due to the time taken to obtain these approvals, these
issues must be considered at the commencement of a project.
As per the Western Australian Distribution Connections Manual (WADCM
Section 6.12) environmental and heritage impacts must be investigated and
managed by the applicant for power supply and their agent.
Page 12 of 47
3.1
3.1.1
Indoor RMUs
Indoor compounds comprising brick enclosures with roof are used to house
RMUs and transformers. They are generally used to cater for larger loads
(> 630 kVA). Extensible and non-extensible MV RMUs are also installed within
buildings owned by customers.
3.2
3.2.1
MV Feeder Cables
(a)
(b)
3.2.2
3 x 1 core, 95 mm2, 185 mm2, 400 mm2 aluminium and 240 mm2 copper
XLPE insulated, PVC/HDPE sheathed cables are used on 22 kV networks.
3 x 1 core, 185 mm2 aluminium and 240 mm2 copper XLPE insulated,
PVC/HDPE sheathed cables are used in 33 kV networks.
MV Transformer Cables
(a)
(b)
Page 13 of 47
3.2.3
MV Cable Joints
Currently, all MV straight-through joints, including transition types, use heat
shrink materials, except where otherwise approved.
All cable joints shall be installed in accordance with details outlined in the
Underground Cable Installations Manual: HPC- 5DJ -03-0001-2012, and the
manufacturer's instructions supplied with joint kits. Where not published in
specific detail clarification shall be sought from the supplier. In any case, sound
engineering practice shall be used.
3.2.4
MV Terminations
All pole top cable terminations and some transformer terminations use heat
shrink materials, except where otherwise approved.
Separable insulated connectors (non-Ioad break type) are used for terminations
on transformers (satellite and ringmain), Modular Packaged Substations (MPS),
small single phase pad mount transformers (SPUDs) and ringmain switchgear
with integral bushings.
3.2.4.1
Non-Loadbreak Terminations
The MV connectors, bushings and apparatus used in Horizon Power's
underground system are shown in table below:
3.2.4.2
Type of Connector
Connector Function
Non-Load
Bushing
break
Non-Load
Elbow
break
of
Dead-End Plug
Dead-End
Receptacle
3.3
Types of Substations
Horizon Power may require that the supply arrangement to an installation be via
a particular "type" of substation, i.e.:
Page 14 of 47
b)
c)
Type and nature of loads within the installation (disturbing, passive, etc.);
d)
e)
f)
LV street feeds may be required to/from a substation for the following reasons:
3.3.1
3.3.2
a)
b)
There will be future developments and load growth in the immediate area;
c)
d)
Ease of maintaining equipment in the substation (e.g. with street feeds into
the substation, the customer's load can be partly met while the MV
switchgear is being maintained); etc.
MPSs are used only as District Substations. They are not used as Sole
Use substations and are not fire rated.
c)
Non MPS components are not installed as a single package. They can be
installed either as a cluster substation or in a fire rated enclosure (see
Section 6). In the latter case, the culvert and switchgear mounting frames
are not required.
Page 15 of 47
c)
3.3.3
The maximum load is greater than 630 kVA after allowing for future load
growth; or
3.3.4
3.3.5
Page 16 of 47
3.3.6
3.4
Service Pillars
Customer service pillars facilitate the connection of house services, customer
bulk supply cables or interconnections of main LV street cables. In dusk to dawn
street lighting areas, some may also provide supplies to streetlights. The service
pillars are of a dark-green, polyurethane construction, with base partly buried in
the ground. Figure 3-1 shows typical pillars.
2)
The universal pillar also contains tunnel terminals for service cables, as per
"mini" pillar.
Note: both "mini" pillars and "universal" pillars have provision for a fused
terminal for an adjacent lighting column.
3.5
3.5.1
LV Feeder Cables:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
3.5.2
neutral
neutral
neutral
LV Service Cable
25 mm2, 3 core, solid Copper conductor, Copper
(Wave Wound), 0.6/1 kV, XLPE insulated, PVC sheathed
3.5.3
neutral
screened
neutral
3.5.4
Other LV Cables
For minor branch and road crossing services use:
25 mm2, 3 core, solid Copper conductor, Copper screened
(Wave Wound), 0.6/1 kV, XLPE insulated, PVC sheathed cable.
Page 18 of 47
neutral
3.5.5
LV Cable Joints/Terminations
There are many variations of joints and terminations being used which are
summarised below:
1)
2)
3)
feeder cable pole terminations (to bare and LV ABC overhead conductors);
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Page 19 of 47
VOLTAGE REGULATION
4.1
4.1.1
4.2
2)
Distribution Transformer;
3)
4)
After a distribution system has been constructed, there are only two locations
where voltage levels can be adjusted:
a)
at the zone substation (bus-bar voltage set-point and the use of Line Drop
Compensators), and
b)
Thus to compensate for voltage drops caused by components in Table 4.1, the
Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR), Line Drop Compensator (LDC) and
distribution transformer taps are set accordingly.
Page 20 of 47
4.2.1
4.3
4.3.1
General
A three phase, four wire distribution system servicing a large proportion of single
phase residential loads together with three phase commercial/industrial loads is
subject to rapidly fluctuating currents. These currents produce corresponding
rapidly fluctuating voltages on the system.
4.3.2
4.3.3
Page 21 of 47
In practice, the location of the null point in the meshed portion of the network can
change as the loads on the meshed portion vary during the day. However, during
times of peak load, the location of the null point would be approximately at the
same position.
The location of the null point in the meshed portion of the network signifies that
the voltage drop from the transformer to either side of the null point is within the
maximum allowable limit. Hence, once the location of the null point is known, the
network can be assumed to be opened at this point and the cable sizes are
appropriate to ensure that the voltage drop to the null point (and hence to all
other points on the meshed portion of the network) remains within the maximum
allowable limits.
4.3.4
%
5.0
7.0
9.0
4.4
MV Voltage Regulation
4.4.1
Design Approach
The design approach is generally as follows:
4.4.2
(a)
(b)
For least cost option, check that voltage remains within limits for the
various loads.
(c)
(d)
Computer Modelling
In many instances the cable electrical data is entered into a suitable computer
program for analysis such as Horizon Powers Power Factory (Digsilent)
program. This calculates the voltage variations for each option. The designer still
needs to compare the options.
Page 22 of 47
4.4.2.1
Distribution Transformers:
Out of service manual tap changes of 2.5% and 5%.
(b)
In urban areas it has been standard practice to utilise the above two measures
only and choose appropriate conductor sizes and distribution transformer
location/quantity to provide satisfactory voltage regulation. These are covered in
Clause 5.3 - LV Network Design.
Where longer lines are used it can become uneconomic to increase the
conductor size. Additional forms of MV voltage control may become the lowest
cost option.
The three options usually considered are as follows:
a)
b)
c)
Page 23 of 47
5.1
Design Procedure
The Underground Distribution Schemes Manual (UDSM) sets out the procedure
for a subdivision that is to be supplied with electricity from Horizon Powers
network. The UDSM covers the policies, processes, practices, requirements and
equipment that are relevant to designing underground distribution systems and it
shall be referred to when designing Underground Distribution Schemes.
The challenge for the designer is to produce the most economical selection of
equipment, location and cable size that will adequately service the loads within
the constraints of achieving Horizon Powers "quality of supply" objectives.
(Refer to HPC-5DC-07-0001-2012: Distribution Design Manual Volume 1
Quality of Electricity Supply).
Section 6 Determination of Recommended Load Demand Values, provides
information about determining loads for underground distribution schemes.
General steps involved in design are summarised below:
5.2
Transformers
5.2.1
Initial Requirements
Count the lots in the development from which the total number of transformers
can be calculated (refer to HPC-3DC-07-0001-2012: Information Electrical
Design for Distribution Networks: After Diversity Maximum Demand).
Based on the number of lots to be serviced by a transformer, do a rough
grouping of the lots and select tentative transformer locations.
Relocate transformers after Step (b) to optimise loading on the LV distribution
cables available.
Identify non-residential loads such as pumps, shops, schools etc. Identify
discrete or sole use transformer loads.
The transformer substation should be located as near as possible to the
electrical load centre of a group of lots in order to best balance the loads
between feeders. This is achieved by locating the transformer close to road
intersections and junctions. The designer must be prepared to regroup lots and
change transformer locations as the design develops.
Standard transformer ratings used by Horizon Power for underground distribution
schemes are:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Page 24 of 47
5.2.2
Transformer Selection
The designer must also be aware of other factors that may affect transformer
selection and location unique to the subdivision under development, such as:
1)
5.2.3
Satellite substations;
2)
3)
4)
Mixed Loads
If the full utilisation of Horizon Power assets is to be achieved then mixed loads
are inevitable. Different peak load times for mixed loads must be taken into
consideration when selecting transformer ratings or grouping of lots.
5.2.3.1
Example 1
How many residential lots can be supplied from a substation feeding a high
school?
Available information:
School maximum demand is 220 kVA (clause 6.3.2)
School is supplied from a 315 kVA transformer
ADMD for Esperance is 3 kVA
Residential peak occurs between 5:30 and 6:30 PM.
School load has been measured at 20% peak during domestic peak.
Transformer kVA
and ultimately
An analysis of the above shows that certain options exist depending on the
particular circumstance of the subdivision requirements.
1)
2)
195 lots could be serviced now from a 630 kVA transformer saving the cost
of upgrade but incurring additional capital costs and early transformation
losses.
5.3
LV Network Design
5.3.1
Primary Aim
The primary aim when designing a LV network is to select and locate equipment
that will adequately service both present and future customer loads and also
satisfy the reliability and quality of supply standards stipulated by the Electricity
Industry (Network Quality and Reliability of Supply) Code 2005.
5.3.2
5.3.3
Page 26 of 47
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Selection of cable sizes to satisfy the voltage drop and current capacity
requirements; and
6)
5.3.6
1)
Voltage drops during peak network load times being within maximum
allowable limits (and during minimum load times being within minimum
allowable limits) - Refer to Section 4
2)
3)
Other cable current ratings (e.g. summer, winter) not being exceeded,
wherever applicable ( Refer to Appendix B and cable manufacturers data);
4)
Page 27 of 47
5.3.6.1
Proximity to Loads
The feeder route should be chosen such that it will start to be loaded as close
to the transformer as possible. This is facilitated by locating the transformer as
close to heavy load centres as possible or as close to the centre of gravity of a
group of loads.
Feeder routes where the feeder only picks up loads after a considerable
distance away from the transformer should be avoided (as this causes larger
voltage drops than necessary in the initial part of the feeder).
5.3.6.2
Utilisation/Loading
LV feeder routes must be chosen such that the transformer will service the
required number of loads determined on the basis of design load demand values
(refer to Section 6 Determination of Recommended Load Demand Values and
HPC-3DC-07-0001-2012 Electrical Design for Distribution Networks: After
Diversity Maximum Demand).
5.3.7
2)
Very long LV feeders should generally be avoided since this would only result in
medium voltage drops than necessary, cause improper operation and lead to
possible conductor burnouts.
Designs may require up to 500 m route lengths. However, route lengths in
excess of 400 m are unusual and may indicate poor substation location.
Cable routes should be selected so that feeders start to pick up load as close to
the substation as possible. This can be achieved by locating the substation close
to the electrical load centre of a group of residential loads or non residential
loads.
Cable routes that pick up loads at significant distances from the substation entail
substantial voltage drops to occur. This can impact adversely on conductor costs
and losses.
5.3.8
Page 28 of 47
5.3.9
5.3.10
Other Considerations
Sometimes, in order to mitigate the excessive voltage drops caused by large
motor starting currents, it may be necessary to connect up large motors (e.g.
large reticulation and sewerage pumps) via a dedicated LV feeder.
A similar requirement may be called for to mitigate any interferences caused by
potentially disturbing electrical loads to other customers on the same LV
feeder, e.g. light industrial customers with arc-welders, thyristor controlled motor
speed drives, large motors.
On the other hand, from the nature of the load itself, or due to special requests
from the customer for a more secure supply arrangement, certain loads may
need to be serviced via dedicated LV feeders or from sole-use transformers
(e.g. small hospitals, retirement villages, bulk cold food storages).
5.3.11
5.4
MV Design
5.4.1
MV Cable Requirements
When designing the MV layout, the shortest and most direct MV cable routes
should be selected.
If the design is for a large UDS:
a) a detailed and comprehensive study of the existing and proposed MV
feeders supplied from adjacent zone substations shall be carried out to
determine the effect of the new load on the overall MV network and
system security;
b) in the overall area concept plan, the location of all the transformers and
all existing MV mains adjacent to the subdivision (obtained from GIS)
shall be marked;
c) transformers that are to be supplied as "satellites" from the adjacent
overhead MV mains and the transformers that are to be "ring main"
Page 29 of 47
MV Network Systems
5.4.2.1
5.4.2.2
5.4.3
Hybrid System
Horizon Power has adopted a hybrid system approach in high density areas to
take advantage of the economic and the in-service benefits from both the radial
and ring main systems. MV distribution is by ring main normally open at one
point in the ring effectively producing two MV feeders. MV Ringmain Switchgear
units are "looped in" around the ring and typically will feed two distribution
transformer substations.
This system can be achieved by installing a 2+2 ring main switchgear unit
In-service benefits are gained from layout arrangements that allow sections of
the ring network to be isolated or reconnected in order to maintain supplies,
under fault and maintenance conditions.
5.4.3.1
Satellite Substations
The use of the Satellite Substations is an economic method of supplying small
"pockets" of UDS both at the edge of large subdivisions and inside extensive
overhead networks.
The satellite substation is radially connected from an overhead feeder protected
by drop out MV fuses (expulsion type). The fused tee-off is connected to a
satellite substation via 11 or 22 kV cable (3 x 1 core 35 mm2 XLPE).
In-line pole top switches should be added to the overhead feeder on each side of
the tee-off or in an economical arrangement to provide adequate isolation under
fault or maintenance conditions.
If the overhead feeder is likely to be undergrounded in the near future, the
designer may consider an alternative to the fused tee-off arrangement and
Page 30 of 47
Satellite Substation. This could be a cable "loop in, loop out" of the main feeder
circuit through a Ring Main Unit.
The 3 x 1 core XLPE cable would be sized to match the future feeder fault and
current ratings.
5.5
Automation
Automation facilitates the interconnection of adjacent feeders and switching of
loads during faults and under abnormal conditions. (Refer to DSM - 08 for
installation requirements)
5.6
Design Outputs
5.6.1
5.6.2
Page 31 of 47
6.1
6.2
6.3
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Tariff structure.
Whatever the ultimate design ADMD figures are, the designer must endeavour to
ensure that the system is not under/over designed for the reasons given in
clause 5.3.
Optimum design requires optimum choice of ADMD. In most cases, a designer
has to make a value-judgement as to what value of ADMD is most appropriate
for the particular distribution system, after having considered all relevant issues.
For most instances, the load demand can be estimated based simply on the
designers previous experience with similar developments. However, careful
thought must still be given to this crucial design parameter for each residential
development, rather than simply using highly conservative standard values.
It is not uncommon for a designer to find himself/herself in the position of having
to be a mixture of an engineer, an economist and even a prophet at the same
time!
Page 33 of 47
6.3.2
2)
3)
4)
5)
Pumps and other large 3-phase fixed equipment: obtain full load kVA from
equipment name-plate or specifications;
6)
7)
More information is available in Horizon Power document HPC-5DC-07-0032012 (Distribution Design Manual Volume 3 Supply to Large Customer
Installations).
6.3.3
Page 34 of 47
LV FEEDER PROTECTION
7.1
Introduction
Protection devices are installed on underground networks to prevent or to
minimise the risk of:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Horizon Power uses LV High Rupturing Capacity (HRC) fuses in its LV networks,
to protect against:
7.2
(a)
(b)
(c)
phase-to-neutral faults.
7.3
Page 35 of 47
7.4
7.5
7.5.1
General
For any given LV fuse/transformer combination, the maximum length of feeder
can be calculated such that if a zero resistance, phase-to-neutral fault were to
occur at the end of the feeder, the estimated fault current would be at least three
(3) times the LV fuse current rating.
This maximum feeder length is mainly dependent on the resistance (R) and
reactance (X) of the whole of the LV feeder, as well as the impedance of the
transformer.
Note:
The system fault level at the transformer also affects the maximum
length calculation. The equivalent MV system impedance, however, is usually
much smaller than the LV feeder and the transformer impedances. As such, its
overall effect on the calculated maximum LV feeder length is small.
Since the LV feeder can be made up of several sections, each of a different
conductor (with different resistances and reactances), the actual maximum
length of any particular feeder must be calculated individually1.
7.5.2
Horizon Power's LVDESIGN PC based computer programme has a Feeder Fuse/Protection Check
option which can be used to calculate the maximum feeder length for a given LV fuse/transformer
combination
Page 36 of 47
7.5.3
CONDUCTOR
CLASS / TYPE
EQUIVALENT LENGTH
CONDUCTOR SCALING FACTOR
25 mm COPPER
2.57
2.08
1.45
0.52
95 mm LV ABC
1.00
240 mm ALUM
UNDERGROUND
CABLES
LOW VOLTAGE ABC
185
mm
ALUM
120
mm
ALUM
Example
Suppose a LV feeder was constructed as follows:
1)
2)
Then, the "equivalent length" (of 95 mm" LV ABC) of the feeder is:
E.Length = (80 + 2.08) + (300 + 1.45) = 245 m
7.5.4
Transformer Size
(kVA)
1000
630
315
160
63
315 A
310
310
305
290
240
Page 37 of 47
100 A
980
980
975
965
940
When designing LV feeders, the network designer has to ensure that the LV
feeder's "equivalent length" (of 95 mm2 LV ABC) does not exceed the lengths
shown in Table 7.2.
LVDESIGN automatically calculates the equivalent length of the LV feeder.
Note:
7.6
From the above tables it is seen that 440 m of 120 mm2 feeder can be
protected by a 315 A fuse for 315 kVA and above transformers. This
means that lower rated fuses need rarely be considered on
underground schemes.
2)
7.7
Page 38 of 47
where:
where:
= resistance (/km) for conductor "i"
= length (km) of conductor "i''
where:
= reactance (/km) for conductor "i"
The transformer impedance values are as shown in Table 7-3.
Table 7-3: Typical Distribution Transformer Impedances
Transformer
Size (kVA)
1000
630
315
160
63
Impedance, Xt
(%)
5.5
4.0
4.0
4.0
3.3
()
0.01
0.011
0.022
0.043
0.09
Page 39 of 47
Note:
The transformer impedances are calculated as follows:
Xt() = {Xt(%) x 4152} {100 x Tx kVA}
The % impedances are from Horizon Powers current Technical Specification for
Transformers (HPC-8DJ-07-0001-2013).
The source or system impedance, Xs can be derived from the fault level at the
HV terminals of the transformer. In most instances, the source impedance is so
small compared to the transformer impedance that it can usually be ignored
altogether in the fault current calculations.
Example
If a feeder is fed from a 315 kVA transformer, and is constructed as follows:
100 m of 240 mm2 Al cable,
80 m of 185 mm2 Al cable and
40 m of 120 mm2 Al cable,
The (phase-to-neutral) fault current at the end of the feeder can be calculated as
follows:
1)
Total Resistance, R:
Total Reactance, X:
= 2497 amps
7.8
the magnitude of the fault current as a "multiple" of the fuse size can then
be determined.
(The "ideal" multiple of the fuse size is three (3) times. However, multiples
as low as 2.5 times may also be satisfactory for some circumstances).
2)
Page 40 of 47
The minimum curve is for a 63 kVA Tx, while the maximum curve is for
a 1000 kVA transformer.
Page 41 of 47
7.9
Page 42 of 47
INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS
Refer to the following documents:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
STREET LIGHTING
Refer to Section 13 of HPC-5DC-07-005-2012: Distribution Design Manual
Volume 5 Overhead Bare Conductor Distribution.
Page 43 of 47
Date
17/06/2014
Rev No.
A
Notes
Original Issue
Page 44 of 47
In air
Buried direct in ground at a depth of laying of 0.8 m to the top of cable or group of
cables
In a duct with depth of laying of 0.8 m to the top of the duct
The continuous current ratings of cables provided in cable manufacturers catalogues are
generally based on the following operating conditions:
a)
b)
c)
d)
300 mm2
300 mm2
0.6
1.0
1.0
0.8
0.98
0.97
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.97
0.96
0.99
0.98
1.0
0.96
0.95
0.98
0.97
1.25
0.95
0.93
0.96
0.95
1.5
0.93
0.92
0.95
0.93
1.75
0.92
0.91
0.94
0.91
2.0
0.91
0.90
0.92
0.89
Page 45 of 47
Single Core
Single Core
Three Core
Three Core
0.6
1.0
1.0
0.8
0.97
0.98
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.96
0.97
0.99
0.99
1.0
0.95
0.97
0.98
0.99
1.25
0.92
0.96
0.95
0.97
1.5
0.91
0.95
0.94
0.96
1.75
0.92
0.95
0.92
0.96
2.0
0.89
0.94
0.91
0.95
B.1.3 Rating Factors for variation in Thermal Resistivity (3 core cables laid
directly in the ground)
Conductor
size (mm2)
Up to 400
1.2
1.5
2.0
2.5
1.07
1.0
0.92
0.82
0.74
B.1.4 Rating Factors for variation in Thermal Resistivity (1 core cables laid
directly in the ground)
Conductor
size (mm2)
Above 400
1.2
1.5
2.0
2.5
1.08
1.0
0.90
0.79
0.71
B.1.5 Rating Factors for variation in Thermal Resistivity (3 core cables laid in
duct buried in the ground)
Conductor
size (mm2)
Up to 400
1.2
1.5
2.0
2.5
1.04
1.0
0.95
0.87
0.82
Page 46 of 47
B.1.6 Rating Factors for variation in Thermal Resistivity (1 core cables laid in
duct buried in the ground)
Conductor
size (mm2)
Above 400
1.0
1.2
1.5
2.0
2.5
1.06
1.0
0.93
0.84
0.77
25
35
40
45
50
55
1.14
1.05
1.0
0.95
0.89
0.84
15
20
25
30
35
40
1.07
1.04
1.0
0.96
0.92
0.88
Page 47 of 47