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R1
R2
Pipe
Insulation
Fundamentals
(2)
Nomenclature
Ca
d0
FT
FN
FM
FD
h2
hc
hr
K
L
M
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(3)
(4)
Where:
Rs = 1/h2
h2 = hr + hc
(8)
(9)
(5)
(6)
(10)
30
(7)
Where:
d0 = surface diameter, in., = 2r2
= surface emissivity (1)
20
15
10
25
Ca = Cost, $/ft
5
0
0.5
1.5
2
2.5
Insulation thickness, in.
3.5
Figure 2. The cost of mineral wool depends on the pipe size. The data can be
approximated by the function Ca (Table 2)
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To summarize thus far, the costs for energy and insulation material, yp, is given by Equation (12).
(12)
Iron pipe
size, in.
Insulation
thickness, in.
9.867
1.0
5.133
6.727
7.383
8.167
9.256
1.5
8.500
9.613
10.927
11.813
12.620 13.000
2.0
11.607
13.607 16.440
17.247
19.143 19.900
3.0
20.340
21.600 23.167
25.660
28.450 31.283
6.0
42.800
44.020 47.591
52.394
58.038 66.793
Correlation coefficient, r2
7.6133
2.88
0.9933
7.5474
1.2648
0.9961
8.0272
0.5719
0.9906
8.8903
0.9476
0.9968
9.8596
1.1194
0.9922
11.05
2.2071
0.9888
(13)
(13a)
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To solve Equation (13a), it is necessary to use a numerical method. This is done by varying r2 until the expression on the left equals zero. But at the same time,
one must also vary T2 so that Equation (8) is equal to
Equation (9). When all of these conditions are met, the
value of r2 found is the optimum value, and thus gives
the optimal thickness (r2 r1).
Obviously, solving Equation (13') is not an easy task.
And this expression is very specific to mineral wool insulation for a 3-in. pipe. For other insulation materials,
it is necessary to find equations that give the price of
the material with thickness, as was done with mineral
wool (Table 2). To avoid this burdensome task, we have
developed a shortcut method to estimate the calculated
result. This shortcut is described below.
To develop the shortcut method, we start with a basecase scenario in which all variables are known. Then, several graphs are generated that show how a given variable
changes with respect to the others as they change from the
base case. Changing only one variable at a time enables us
to observe how the economic thickness behaves towards a
certain variable. With this information we can generate several adjustment factors, which can be applied to the base
case in order to get the values for the scenarios of interest.
october 2015
63
3.5
Table 3. Values of FM
Temperature
2 million Btu
3 million Btu
4 million Btu
6 million Btu
8 million Btu
350F
400F
450F
500F
Mineral wool
Calcium silicate
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.01
1.01
Fiberglass
1.02
1.04
1.07
1.08
1.1
1.11
Cellular glass
1.08
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.15
Perlite
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.03
1.03
1.02
2.5
FT
Material
2
1.5
1
200
Table 4. Values of FD
2 in.
3 in.
4 in.
5 in.
6 in.
Calcium silicate
0.98
0.88
0.77
0.8
0.81
Fiberglass
0.9
0.88
0.84
0.82
0.88
Cellular glass
0.91
0.87
0.9
0.81
0.85
Perlite
0.97
0.79
0.87
0.77
0.80
Thickness, in.
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
4
2 million Btu
3 million Btu
4 million Btu
6 million Btu
8 million Btu
1.4
Mineral wool
Fiberglass
Calcium silicate
Cellular glass
5
Cost, $/million Btu
1.2
1
1
1.5
2.5
3
3.5
4
Pipe nominal dia., in.
4.5
5.5
Figure 5. The adjustment factor for mineral wool, FD, for pipe sizes other than
the base case (1 in.)
temperature of 200F.
(14)
(15)
500
1.8
1.6
0.7
450
400
2.2
0.5
350
T1, F
2.4
FN
1 in.
Mineral wool
0.6
300
Figure 4. The adjustment factor for mineral wool, FT, for temperatures other
than the base case (200F)
Nominal
diameter
Material
250
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Yp, $/ft/yr
4.00
Authors
Alejandro Anaya Durand (Parque
Espaa No. 15b Col. Condesa,
C.P. 06140, Mexico,D.F. Email:
aanayadurand@hotmail.com) is a
professor of chemical engineering
at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), and has
over 56 years of experience in
projects and process engineering.
He retired from Instituto Mexicano
del Petroleo in 1998 after holding top positions. For 50
years he has been an educator in chemical engineering
at several universities in Mexico, and presently he is
also a consultant at several engineering companies. He
has published over 280 articles related to engineering
and education; is a Fellow of the AIChE; a member of
National Academy of Engineering; and has received the
main chemical engineering awards in Mexico. He holds
a M.S. in project engineering from UNAM.
Allan Ricardo Osornio Maldonado (Tizoc No. 5, San Miguel
Xochimanga, Zip Code 52927,
Atizapan Zaragoza, Estado Mxico, Mxico; Phone: +52 1
5535745303; Email: alan_richard15@hotmail.com) is a ninthsemester chemical engineering
honor student at UNAM.
canos Internacional.
Alexander
lvarez
Holly
(Avenida Acequia 30-1, Colonia
Villa Coapa Zip Code 14390, Delegacin Tlalpan, D.F., Mxico;
Phone:
+5219982133296;
Email: alexanderalvarezholly@
gmail.com) is a ninth-semester
honor student of chemical engineering at UNAM. Currently doing
an internship at Petroleos Mexi-
Chemical Engineering
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65