TSAUtility Survey Guidance Notes Issue 4 Low Res 1

The Essential Guide to
Utility SurveyS
Detailed guidance notes for
specifying a utility survey
Issue 4
OCTOBER 2011
10 TSA
Endorsed by:
TABLE OF contents
Section 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Objectives
1.2
Process
1.3 Definition
1.4
Benefits
1.5
What is involved in a utility survey
1.6
General considerations in procuring a utility survey
1.7
What one should look for in a utility survey contractor
Section 2
Equipment and techniques
2.1 Electromagnetic locators(EML)
2.2
Ground probing radar (GPR)
2.3 Other detection techniques
2.4
Closed circuit television (CCTV)
Section 3
Levels of survey
Section 4
Inputs from the client
Section 5
Outputs from the contractor (deliverables)
Section 6
Timescales
Section 7
Excavations/Ground truthing
Section 8
Accuracy/Confidence ratings/Limit of liability
Section 9
Traffic management
Section 10
Health and safety
Section 11
Manhole/node survey issues
Section 12
Environmental issues
Section 13
TRAINING
Section 14 Glossary of words, terms and acronyms associated

with utility surveys
Section 15
Bibliography and websites for further reading
Appendix 1
Chart showing levels of survey
Appendix 2 Flow chart with advice to clients for specifying a survey

Appendix 3 Suggested method of measurement
Appendix 4 Colour codes for buried utility assets, on site mark up,
marker post codes and drawing line types
Appendix 5 Examples of drawing outputs
Appendix 6 Detection capabilities of different techniques and
GPR resolution
Appendix 7 Commentary on GPR data collection and interpretation
from EuroGPR Association
Appendix 8
Professional Indemnity considerations
Appendix 9
Consultees and acknowledgements
The essential guide to Utility surveys

Issue 4 OCTOBER 2011 TSA
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1
Objectives
These notes have been written with two prime

objectives in mind:
1 To provide those commissioning utility
surveys with an understanding of
what is involved so that the process of
specifying, bidding, and executing utility
surveys is efficient and appropriate. The
client should have realistic expectations
of what can be achieved on site, what
timescales are likely to be involved
and the cost benefit of the chosen
methodology. This in turn enables the
client to quantify project risks associated
with existing utilities on the site and the
cost of mitigating these risks.
2 To provide practitioners with a yardstick
on what is best practice in this specialist
industry and set a framework within
which quality and appropriate surveys
can be carried out. By receiving
clear, well defined objectives and
parameters from the potential client,
the bids provided by contractors can be
compared knowing that they have been
priced on a like for like basis. It is not
intended that this document should be
used as a surveyors handbook nor
that it should replace structured training
of surveyors.
notes. Further, The Survey Association owes no

duty to those commissioning utility surveys.
1.2
Process
The document has been compiled after initial

consultations were made with practitioners in
the industry. The first draft was circulated widely
for comments from which amendments were
made from the replies received.
This process was repeated until the 8th draft
was finally adopted as the finished document.
It was felt that the process should tease out
what is recognised as best practice in the
industry so that the final document is accepted
and used with confidence widely by both clients
and practitioners alike. A list of consultees is
attached in Appendix 9.
1.3
Definition
The term Utility Survey refers to the location,

positioning and identification of buried pipes
and cables beneath the ground. Other terms
used for this type of survey include:
a.
Service Tracing
b.
Underground Utility Survey
c.
Underground Utility Mapping
d.
Utility Detection Survey
e.
CAT scan
f.
Radar survey or GPR survey
For the avoidance of doubt, this document

has been prepared solely for use as guidance
notes as to what is considered to be best
practice in the industry at the time of issue.
Practitioners should use and rely upon their
own professional training and judgment when
adopting any of the practices described in the
guidance notes. The Survey Association accepts
no responsibility or liability whatsoever for any
claims against practitioners arising as a result of
any practices included in the guidance

1.4
Benefits
There are many benefits which come from

a well executed utility survey including:
a.
The safety of the workforce and public
b.
Minimise utility damage
c.
Minimise project delays
d.
Save delay and damage costs
e. Designing and planning knowing

the constraints
f. Saving costs with producing as built
records
g. Promoting good relationships between
client and surveyor
1.5
What is involved in a utility survey
The successful detection and mapping of

buried utilities involves the combination of
several techniques, the results of which are
synthesised down to a single interpreted plot.
The techniques and methodologies used will
primarily depend upon the required outcome
for the survey, the site conditions and the type
of pipes or cables being targeted.
1.6 General considerations in procuring
a utility survey
A successful utility survey will rely on more
than just a methodical collection of data with
the techniques discussed below. A holistic
approach is needed to understand the networks
present within the survey area. Awareness of
other indicators such as reinstatement scars
should be part of the survey. This requires
experienced, well trained site staff.
When specifying a utility survey, it is essential
that the end requirement is fully understood
and explained to the survey organisations
tendering for the work. It is important that there
is no doubt about what is being purchased.
1.6.1 Limitations/Expectations/
Misconceptions
There is a perception held by many that all
buried pipes, cables and ducts can be detected
and mapped irrespective of their size, duty,
depth, location, material type, geology and
proximity to other utilities. A well designed
and executed survey should be able to detect
up to around 95% of utilities but it may not
be possible to achieve a 100% detection rate.
It should be noted that most utility surveys
are commissioned to map mains rather than
services to private properties (See section 14).
If services are to be included then this should
be made clear at the tendering stage (Section
4). Services to properties can be difficult to
detect particularly small diameter plastic gas
and water pipes laid at a depth of one metre
or more.
Due to the high cost associated with damage
to fibre-optic cables comment should be made
here on the detectability of this type of utility.
Larger fibre-optic cables are likely to have
metal sheathing making them detectable with
both EML and GPR (see Section 2). Unsheathed
cables laid within a duct should be detectable
with GPR but not with EML unless access to
the duct is possible with a tracer cable. Small
diameter fibre-optic cables laid directly into the
ground are likely to be undetectable.
A utility survey is not a condition survey.
However, the use of CCTV within gravity
drainage systems, or any accessible pipes
and ducts, as an addition to the survey would
provide useful information on the service and
structural condition of the pipes. Similarly trial
excavations dug to verify the results of a utility
survey would also provide verification of, for
example, the extent of corrosion of a cast iron
gas main.
It should be pointed out that utility companies

have a legal obligation under the Traffic
Management Act and the Transport (Scotland)
Act to record the location of existing apparatus
in three dimensions.

1.6.2 Survey intensity and the Law of

diminishing returns
To achieve the higher percentage detection
rates in complex environments discussed
above, it is likely that the survey would need
to be carried out with close-centred search
transects with all the usual techniques to an
established methodology (see Section 2 below).
If the survey area is large then the total cost of
such a survey may also be high. Consideration
should therefore be given to targeted sampling.
Such sampling would involve varying levels and
intensity of survey for different areas within the
site. For example, on a school site, it would be
prudent to have a high level of survey around
the buildings and access road but a lower level
of survey may be justifiable over the playing
fields particularly if a records search suggests
no utilities are present within the playing fields.
A search of utility company records (see Level
1 Survey in Appendix 1 below) is an essential
part of the due diligence which should be
expected for all utility surveys. This search will
help identify high risk areas (for example where
complex, high density of plant is apparent) so
that the most appropriate level of survey can
be instructed for each area. Areas of new
build would normally also require a high level
of survey.
1.6.3 Depth ranges and determination
Depth can be determined using both EML
and GPR surveys (see glossary in Section 14).
The attached tables (see Appendix 6) are
an approximate appraisal of the capability
of depth range, depth determination and
minimum size of utility. Much will depend
on site conditions and equipment used. The
table showing the vertical resolution of GPR
in different materials for various antenna
frequencies are theoretical values and need
to be qualified with, amongst other things,
considerations of dielectric contrast between
the soil and its moisture content and the utility.
The American Society of Civil Engineers in
their Standard Guidance for the collection and
depiction of existing subsurface utility data
has a useful rule of thumb for GPR which in,
metric values, can be summarised as:
In good ground conditions and within the

depth range of two metres the ability to detect
a utility will reduce in diameter by 1mm for
each 10mm of depth. i.e. a 200mm pipe can be
detected at 2m and a 50mm pipe at 0.5m but
a 25mm plastic water service pipe to a house
cannot be detected at 1.2m with radar.
1.7 What one should look for in a utility
survey contractor
Ultimately it is the clients responsibility to
ensure their chosen contractor is competent
to carry out the task required. However, if the
survey contractor is a member of a recognised
institution or trade association, such as RICS,
CICES, TSA or the European GPR Association
then a clear commitment to quality can be seen
to have been made and provides the client
with recourse in the event of a poor quality of
survey. There are a number of factors which
can be considered when selecting a suitable
contractor. For example check that
the contractor:
has been accredited by a vetting
organisation such as UVDB Verify/
Achilles and achieved ISO 9001 etc.

has an understanding of utility drawings.
has an understanding of legal

requirements.
has an understanding of moral and
contractual obligations.
has a suitable level of public and
employers liability insurance and
professional indemnity (PI) cover.
has suitably trained staff.
(see Section 13)
can demonstrate experience of
satisfactorily carrying out similar types
of project including the provision of
references.
A list of surveyors is available on the
TSA website:
http://www.tsa-uk.org.uk/memberlist.php

2 equipment
And techniques
A number of techniques involving different
types of equipment can be part of a utility
survey as discussed below. It should be noted
that the use of EML in active mode and
GPR is restricted when working on railway
signalling cables.
2.1
Electromagnetic locators (EML)
This technology essentially forms the backbone

of a utility surveyors toolkit and is very effective
when in capable hands. Consisting of a
transmitter and a receiver, the technology has
two primary function modes, active
and passive.
Within these two modes are various methods

of deployment, each of which will potentially
provide a piece of the puzzle that is a utility
survey. These deployment methods, if used
in a logical order, will generally provide a
reliable picture of the utility networks within
a search area, with the exception being
inaccessible plastic pipes. It should be noted
that its reliability can be greatly affected in
densely populated utility network situations
by interference from other sources such as
high voltage substations, reinforced concrete
and difficult ground conditions. Above all,
as with the other technologies required to
perform a trustworthy utility survey, the skill

and experience of the operator is the key to
obtaining the most from this technology. The
main methods of deployment are described
below. Depth measurements are possible with
all methods except radio mode. This depth is
to the centre line of the utility being measured.
2.1.1 Direct Connection
Above and right: Two examples of EML equipment
The direct connection methodology involves

the transmitter being directly attached to a
stop valve tap or actually on to a metallic pipe
itself. The transmitter is earthed via another
connection to something metallic that is
partially buried. In an attempt to complete
the circuit, signals are drawn along the pipe
connected and the tracer cable is effectively

lit up as described previously. The receiver
system is then used to trace and mark its
position on the surface of the ground.
This methodology allows the accurate tracing
of accessible non-metallic utilities down to an
approximate depth of around 2m. It must be
stressed that detection depths are affected
by the interference caused by other nearby
services and adverse ground conditions.
2.1.3 Sonde
Above: Passive tracing with EML
in an effort to reach the earth point. This

effectively lights up the pipe in question and
a receiver unit can then be used to follow
and mark the pipe along the ground surface.
The further, at right angles, the earth point
is from the main signal connection point, the
greater the traceable distance on the utility
will be. Experience in operating the systems
is essential here as the signal will jump to a
better conductor at every opportunity, giving
a potentially false location of the service
being traced. An experienced operator would
normally be able to isolate these situations
and ensure that the line marked corresponds
to the targeted pipe being traced. The direct
connection methodology is fundamental in any
site based utility search, as it lets the operator
identify and trace different services
in sequence.
2.1.2 Tracer Cable
This method of application is virtually the
same as described above; however, instead
of connecting to a pipe, the transmitter
is connected to the end of a conductive
cable. Prior to this connection being made,
the conductive cable is threaded along an
accessible duct or drainage pipe to the
required distance. The transmitter is then
7
The Sonde is an actual transmitter which is

attached to the end of a flexible cable and
then threaded along a pipe. Periodically the
Sonde is left stationary, within the pipe or duct,
and its position located and marked on the
ground surface using a receiver. The Sonde is
then pushed further along the pipe and again,
located and marked from the surface. The result
is a series of marks along the ground that can
be joined to represent the position of the pipe
being traced. Sondes are available in many
different sizes; however, they are especially
useful in providing positional information on
deeper drainage pipes; indeed some Sondes
are rated to 10m plus with regards to depth
range. Allowance must be made when tracing
large diameter pipes for the ability of the
Sonde to move sideways across the pipe.
2.1.4 Clamp
Another essential method of deployment,
where a visible cable is present, is the cable
clamp system. Essentially a clamp is placed
around a visible cable and connected into
the transmitter unit. The clamp allows the
transmitter to induce a signal into the cable
(through its protective outer casing) and results
in the receiver being able to actively trace the
cables position from the surface of the ground.
Where electricity cables particularly high
voltage cables are being clamped extra
care is needed as well as obtaining the
necessary permission.
2.1.5 Induction
As the name suggests, this method of
application consists of the transmitter being
placed at strategic locations around the site,
whilst emitting signals directly down into the
ground. These signals will travel along the
nearest conductors which will normally be
metallic pipes or cables. The receiver is then
used to circle the transmitter (at a suitable
distance to prevent airborne feedback) to

locate any metallic utilities that pass through

the area. This method is also handy when a
direct connection trace has faded due to a
break or weakness in the conductor such as a
joint. The transmitter can be placed directly
over the end of trace position and often the
utility in question can be pursued a great
distance by repeating this method. Again,
experience is essential here as this method
will reveal the better conductors in the area
and it is easy to end up following a completely
different service if the operator lacks the skill in
the use of this technology. Inductive searches
(also known as parallel sweeps) are a good
technique for locating unknown lines. Induction
methodology should be employed following
the Direct Connection, Tracer Cable, Sonde
and Clamp methods so that the utilities already
detected can be discounted from the search.
In power mode, the receiver can detect the

presence of active electric cables by detecting
the electro-magnetic field surrounding them.
The deployment is relatively simple with
the receiver being used in a grid format to
traverse the search area looking for signs of
features that have been missed using the
previous methods of deployment. Once a
signal is detected, the utility concerned can
be followed through the area. It should be
noted that metallic water pipes can often be
mistaken for active power cables and with some
location devices will appear to be the same.
Obviously, a mis-identification could have
serious consequences. It is therefore essential
that a proven methodology is employed by
experienced personnel to limit the possibilities
of such mistakes. One such way of avoiding
this situation is to have previously traced all the
water pipes by the direct connection method,
thus allowing them to be discounted from the
passive search results. It should also be noted
that whilst the passive methodology will locate
most live power cables, it will tend to indicate
the position of the highest energy emitter. In
other words, you may end up tracing a single
line that represents the left handside of a
20-way bank of power cable ducts! A well
balanced high voltage cable will generate
only a small electro-magnetic field so caution
is needed when working with such power
distribution systems. Similarly, live pot-ended
cables are not detectable in power mode.
The radio mode allows the receiver to pick up
very low frequency radio signals that are reradiated from conductors within the ground,
namely metallic pipes or cables. Using the
same system of work described previously,
buried metallic utilities can be located, traced
and marked in the same way. The length of
buried conductor needs to be at least 10m long
in order for this technique to work.
2.1.7 Frequencies
Above: Locating with an EML
2.1.6 Passive
The passive detection method is usually the
last to be employed within a site based utility
survey. It has two effective modes - Power
and Radio.
Most of the EML systems available today offer

the user multiple frequency options to use in
tracing utilities. An experienced operator will
know which frequency ranges will suit the given
application best; however, it is essential that
both the transmitter and receivers are using the
same settings! It is also worth noting that only
certain frequencies on certain makes of EML
systems are approved for use in
sensitive locations.

2.1.8 Positioning
As with all survey methodologies, there is no
point in accurately tracing utilities if they are
not positioned correctly when permanent
records are required. If the EML system is being
used for the clearance of a borehole position,
then it could be argued that marking the
ground is sufficient and adequate. But in the
event of a subsequent utility strike during the
drilling process it would benefit the surveyor
if documented records could be produced of
what had been found and marked out on the
ground. Such a procedure will give all parties
concerned an added confidence in the services
procured/rendered.
For the borehole situation an indicative plan
with a few dimensions from above ground
features is most likely adequate. After all,
what is important is that the borehole is drilled
in a clear area, not actually where the services
are. Generally, however, the positions of the
traced utilities need to be accurately portrayed
within an accurate representation of the site
area. Otherwise, once the paint marks fade,
the remaining drawing will only be indicative
at best. This would not be of any use on city
based civil engineering projects where space
within the already over congested subsurface
environment is very limited. With designers
basing the positioning of new build or essential
utility diversions on the location of existing
utilities provided through utility surveys it is
essential that everything is thoroughly traced
and that every located utility is topographically
positioned to a common survey grid.
2.2 Ground penetrating (or probing)
radar (GPR)
Depth measurement using GPR depends on an

assessment of the radar velocity being made
where an accuracy of +/- 10% is normal. i.e.
the actual depth can vary by up to +/-10% of
the calculated amount. The depth is to the top
of the utility. This accuracy can be improved
through calibration using targets of known
depths, for example, close to manholes.
The main draw backs are the inability to
identify a utility type, and the necessity of an
experienced user to operate the equipment
effectively. GPR will not deliver useable results
if applied to the wrong situation and in the
wrong manner. It is important to be sure that
the survey contractor has appropriate GPR
accreditation and experience; for example,
membership of the European GPR Association
(www.eurogpr.org) and holds a valid licence
from OFCOM for work within the UK.
Radar systems can be divided into six
categories as shown in the table below.
Each has advantages and disadvantages a
brief synopsis of which is given below. A very
approximate indication of relative cost of the
equipment is given by the number of signs.

Single
frequency
Multi
frequency
Single scan
line (per pass)
Multi scan lines

(per pass)
High density
arrays
2.2.1 GPR Technology

GPR is an established technology that has
recently become widely accepted within the
utility surveying market. It is not as conclusive
as the EML system; however, when used in
conjunction with the EML technology, a very
accurate picture of the subsurface environment
can be realised. The main benefit of these
systems is that they can work in areas with high
ambient background noise, such as electric
sub-stations. They can detect virtually anything
that contrasts to the surrounding underground
environment, such as plastic pipes. They
are also effective in detecting larger utilities
where made ground has increased the depth
of burial, beyond the normal range of EML,
through the use of lower frequency antennas.

2.2.2 Single scan line,

single frequency systems
2.2.3 Single scan line,

multiple frequency systems
These systems are the lowest in cost and

are usually the easiest to learn and operate.
They are compact and can therefore be easily
transported to site and quickly set up at the
start of a survey and can access restricted
areas. They lend themselves to on site
mark out surveys (Level 4 in the schedule in
Appendix 1). These systems can also be used
to collect close-centred transects allowing a
full 3D matrix to be compiled in the same way
as multichannel systems. However, this does
require a considerable amount of off-site data
processing time. Different frequency antennae
can be selected for single channel systems
so that deeper searches can be carried out or
higher resolution shallow searches as needed.
The selection of the correct frequency would
be up to the operator unless it can be safely
predetermined within the survey brief.
These systems are similar to the single channel

single frequency systems but have either two
complementary frequencies or wide band
frequencies offering both lower resolution but
greater penetration and higher frequency with
improved resolution but limited depth range.
Above and below: Two single scan line,

multiple frequency systems
Above and below: Two single scan line/single frequency systems

from different manufacturers
10

2.2.4 Multi-scan line with either single

or multi-frequency systems
2.2.5 High density single frequency

array systems
These systems have the ability to collect

swathes of data in one pass. Systems are
available that allow up to eight channels to
be collected at around 0.3m centres
providing a reasonably high density data
set. Both lower and higher frequencies are
collected maximising both depth and resolution
in the acquired data set. The equipment
is higher in cost and larger in size making
them less manoeuvrable on site. Collecting
complex data sets means that results cannot
be easily achieved on site and normally need
post-processing and analysis in an office
environment.
These systems are more expensive to purchase

but have the capability of collecting large
densely sampled data sets in a relatively short
time. Being closely sampled the data sets
can be analysed as a matrix slicing it in three
dimensions in order to abstract the information
contained within them. These systems are
most beneficial in wide open spaces or within
carriageways. Due to their nature they will
often need supporting by smaller systems
if an entire area is to be comprehensively
mapped. Some systems allow arrays of different
frequencies to be pre-selected prior to the
survey being carried out.
Above and below: Two different multi-scan line,

multi-frequency systems
Above and below: Two high density single

frequency array systems
11

2.2.6 High density arrays,

multi-frequency systems
2.3.1 On-site data analysis interpretation

and markout
These systems have close centred multiple

scan lines with frequency ranges from 100MHz
to 2GHz. They offer the similar capabilities to
the high density single frequency arrays but
with the added advantage of a wide frequency
range providing both good resolution of the
near surface and greater depth range but with
lower resolution.
This method relies on the competency of the

operator supplemented where possible with
suitable on board software. It involves the radar
being deployed over a given area. It is either
scanned systematically or used to scan around
surface indications of a non metallic pipe,
such as a stop valve. The radar will show the
position of buried objects which the user needs
to identify. Pipes, if crossed at or near a right
angle, give a response in the radar in the form
of a hyperbola (known as a diffraction).
If, when marked out
on the ground, the
detected diffractions
form a line then the
user is able to interpret
this as a linear feature
probably a pipe. Some
GPR systems are not
able to retain a record
of the data collected
but most allow an
assessment of depth
to be made. The lines
of detected utilities
when marked out can
be recorded using
topographic survey
techniques to provide
a record of the survey
results which can be
reproduced as drawings.
Above and below: High density

multi-frequency array systems
Above and below: Two examples of

GPR diffractions from buried pipes
2.3 GPR methodologies

The main methods of deployment are on-site
data analysis, interpretation and markout &
office analysis and interpretation involving
post processing (N.B. A commentary on GPR
methodologies provided by the European GPR
Association is included in Appendix 7).
12

2.3.2 Data collection with offsite

analysis interpretation involving
post processing
Here the data is collected in a systematic
manner over the designated survey area.
In areas where high densities of services are
expected the radar transects will typically
be collected orthogonally at 0.5m centres.
The transect centres will widen in less
complicated areas as discussed in Section
1.6.2. The coordinates for the start and finish
of each transect are recorded along with
the radargram itself. It is also possible to
use GPR systematically with simultaneous
recording of GPS, particularly useful where
the above ground environment contains a
number of obstacles which might otherwise
impede systematic data collection. Where high
buildings may obscure line of sight to satellites
robotic total stations would be an alternative.
Once the data has been collected, it is
transferred to an office environment where it
is analysed. This will involve post-processing
the data where both 2D (vertical scans) and
a 3D data block can be made. Detailed
analysis of the information collected can
then be made. Though this methodology
is time consuming it will allow complicated
underground environments to be more
accurately understood. From this analysis linear
patterns can be exported into CAD where they
can be recognised as the routes of possible
utility pipes or cables. Both line and depth are
determined from the radar data but not its
use. This has to be determined where possible
from other data such as record drawings or
surface features such as valve covers. Some
service providers offer on site analysis and
interpretation within the survey vehicle to help
speed up the turn round of reporting.
13
2.4
Other detection techniques
There are a number of other techniques

which can be used to detect buried utilities.
These vary in cost and effectiveness and
may only be applicable in limited special
circumstances. It is not felt necessary to go into
these in detail here as they are not commonly
used in utility surveying but some of these
techniques are listed below:
a.
Gyro based pipe location logging
b.
Magnetics
c.
Ground conductivity
d.
Earth resistance
e.
Metal detectors
f.
Infrared (thermal imaging)
g.
Seismics
h.
Optical (laser)
i.
Microgravity
j.
Acoustic
k.
Drain tracing dye
2.5
Closed Circuit Television (CCTV)
The use of CCTV is a well established technique

used to assess both the structural and service
condition of gravity drainage systems and, to a
lesser extent, ducts. Used in conjunction with
utility mapping it can provide useful additional
information on diameter, line and material of
construction that geophysical techniques alone
would not provide.
The provision of a simple camera on a push rod
system as a supplement to utility mapping can
help determine the reason for sonding surveys
(see 2.1 above) being prematurely terminated
at say a pipe blockage or collapse. This will
help in planned maintenance of the system
rather than just reporting an end of trace
(EOT) on the drawing.


3 levels of survey
The table given in Appendix 1 lays out a
suggested stepped approach to carrying
out buried utility surveys. The levels increase
in complexity from a relatively simple
reconnaissance survey to a comprehensive
search with the greatest likelihood of
detecting all the services within the survey
area. By specifying the level required for a
survey at the time of tendering, the client
can compare prices and have confidence
that any survey commissioned will be fit for
purpose. It is important, however, to specify
the maximum survey transect spacing to
ensure the density of the data is adequate
for the survey requirements. The connectivity
between detected, potential pipes becomes
less effective and less accurate with increased
spacing. This sample interval will also help
determine the difference between buried rocks/
debris and pipes. In complicated environments
a close spacing is essential (0.5m or less)
whereas, in areas that contain just a
few services that travel consistently along,
say, a road a larger interval would suffice
(1m or more).
14

4 inputs
from the client
As part of a successful survey a good brief from
the client is needed. It is the intention of these
guidance notes to provide sufficient information
for a client to be able to draw up such a brief
particularly with reference to the schedule
in Appendix 1. Advice on the preparation of
such documents will be given in Appendices 2
and 3 which are still in preparation. However,
as part of the brief, the client should provide
information to the tenderer particularly where
that information is already to hand. Examples
are given below
4.1
Topographic Survey
Good mapping is needed onto which the

results of the survey can be placed. This
mapping should have been mapped at an
appropriate scale. In complex areas such as
found in an inner city, the mapping should
be at a maximum scale of 1:200. If no such
mapping is available it may be appropriate
to commission the mapping from the utility
survey contractor assuming they have suitable
in-house capability. Costs will be reduced if the
topographical survey depicts utility inspection
covers. Cover levels are also useful and will
allow pertinent information such as invert
levels to be calculated from measured depths
for drainage systems present within a search
area. With regards to scale, up to 1:200 would
be the expected scale of a professionally
conducted topographical survey. It is possible
that professional surveys are supplied at 1:500
although this would normally be the case
in larger rural areas. In areas of dense utility
population, it may be necessary to reduce the
scale of a supplied survey to 1:100 or lower to
allow room for the required explanatory notes
and utility related text, such as depths.
15
4.2
Survey Control Points
Unless the utility surveyor is to carry out a

topographic survey as part of the contract the
client should provide information on survey
control points to which the utility survey should
be referenced.
4.3
Records
If a records search has already been obtained

from statutory undertakers and owners of
existing mains then this information should
be passed to the tenderers and certainly to
the commissioned surveyor. A list of the utility
companies and owners contacted should
be included. The records held by these
organisations normally only cover mains so
that services onto private properties will not
be shown.
4.4
Access
Access to the site and permission to enter

is normally arranged by the client. Work in
the highway, where closures etc are needed,
can also be facilitated early on by the client
to reduce delays whilst notice periods are
run down (see Sections 6 and 9 below). If
carriageway works are required it is essential
that the survey contractor is qualified to do
so, and that an approved methodology is
being used to ensure a (legally) safe working
environment will be established. Where the
work is on private land details of the landowner,
tenant and agent should be provided.
4.5
Known Hazards
Information on hazards known to the client

such as contaminated land should be provided
to all tenderers as well as to the successful
survey contractor.

4.6 Restrictions on the use of spray paint

(see also Section 12)
The survey contractor is to be made aware of
areas were the use of spray paint is prohibited
or restricted.
4.7 CAD drawing and drawing
conventions (see also Appendix 5)
Details of what line types, colours and
conventions to be used in deliverable CAD
drawings are to be agreed by the client
together with the number of copies needed.
In addition the client should specify whether
hard copies or simply digital copies are
needed. If digital copies are required, what
format is needed? The scale required should be
specified carefully as it will have a direct effect
on the number of individual prints supplied
should the hard copy option be needed.
Generally a workable scale for a supplied
topographical survey would be 1:200. If the
area is over congested with utilities, then the
resulting drawings should be supplied at 1:100,
allowing adequate room for the required text
without over confusing the drawing.
4.8
Insurances
The level and duration of public liability,

employers liability and professional indemnity
insurance required are to be advised and
agreed by the client.
16

5 outputs from
the contractor
(deliverables)
5.1
Mark Out Survey
If the contract requires an on site mark up of

the utilities found then no permanent record
is provided. However, in order to protect the
survey contractor it is strongly recommended
that some sort of paper record of what was
detected and mapped onto the ground should
be made and submitted to the client together
with photographs of the marked up survey.
This may be required by the professional
association to which the contractor belongs and
is, in any case, good practice. (NB An OFCOM
licence requires a log of the location, date, and
antenna frequency of all GPR surveys to be kept
and made available for inspection if required)
5.2
Recorded Survey
Where a full record of the survey results are to

be supplied this can be done either digitally
or on paper or both. The format of the plots
should be agreed with the client. This should
address such matters as size, keys, title boxes
etc. Examples from previously completed
surveys would help with this process.
A written report on the work carried out can be
supplied as an option if required, but it should
be made clear at the time of specifying.
Other submissions such as processed GPR data
or copies of site note books may be requested.
17


6 timescales
The client should be aware of time scales
and constraints involved in carrying out utility
surveys. Apart from the time needed to carry
out the field work and the reporting, other
factors may well extend timescales for delivery
of the final survey results. These can include
utility record searches where several weeks
may elapse before requests for information are
received and approval of traffic management
proposals particularly where road closures
are involved.
A typical programme should include the
following key stages:
1. Pre-fieldwork preparation including
search of utility companies records
(if appropriate).
2.
Commencement of fieldwork.
3.
Completion of fieldwork.
4.
Commencement of reporting.
5. Completion of reporting and submission

of draft drawings for approval by the
client if required.
6.
18
Submission of final approved drawings.

7 excavations/
ground truthing
Excavation of hand-dug trial holes or smaller
intrusions made using vacuum excavation are
the safest ways to confirm an accurate depth
and position on a utility where there is not
already access via a manhole or inspection pit.
This technique can also be used as a quality
assessment of work carried out by a contractor.
Any intrusive work should be carried to the
requirements of HSG 47 (see Section 15).
It should be pointed out that reinstatement of
the trial hole may be an appreciable part of the
cost particularly if it lies within the carriageway
or areas of quality landscaping.
19

8 accuracy/
confidence ratings/
limit of liability
8.1 Accuracy
8.2
Accuracy will depend on a number of

factors including:
This is a measure of the confidence the

surveyor / CAD draughts person in the
interpretation of a specific utility. For example,
if the only indication of a buried object is from
one old record drawing then the confidence
rating would be shown as low. However, if the
object is not only shown on records but has also
been detected with both EML and GPR with a
reinstatement scar over it then the confidence
rating would be shown higher. The highest
rating of confidence is when the pipeline has
been confirmed by ground truthing through
excavation or inspection at access points.
a) The accuracy with which the survey grid

is established and recorded (mainly
affects any GPR survey).
b)
The accuracy of the base mapping.
c) The resolution of the instrumentation

used.
d)
The skill of the operator(s).
e) The accuracy of the topographic

surveying used to record detected
utilities such as measuring with tape,
total station or survey grade GPS.
It is never acceptable to estimate or
pace distances.
f) The accuracy of the CAD / GIS
draughting.
g)
The calibration of the equipment used.
In Appendix 6 two charts are reproduced

showing the expected resolution, depth
range and limitations for both EML and GPR
techniques.
It should be emphasised that depths
determined by EML are to the centre of the
utility. If the diameter cannot be measured
then the depth of burial to the top will not be
known. Where depths have been determined
by GPR this will be the depth to the top of the
utility. Wherever possible depths should be
given to the top of the utility. If departing from
this norm a note to that effect should be made
on the drawing
Measurements during intrusive work should
be taken by a survey technician - not the
excavator driver!
20
Confidence ratings
The confidence should be categorised into five

ratings. These intentionally correspond with the
quality levels defined in the ASCE Standard
Guideline for the collection and depiction of
existing subsurface utility data. An example
of how to show these confidence ratings is
illustrated in Appendix 5. Confidence levels
may well vary along the length of a utility.
Rating A (The highest confidence rating)
Horizontal and vertical position of utility
confirmed by excavation or from viewing within
a manhole or chamber. Where a trial hole has
been dug to verify the location of a detected
utility a high level rating can be given for the
whole of that section of utility
if the survey results are proved correct.
Where the information is derived from access
to an existing manhole the high level rating
can only extent to a zone of about 1m from the
manhole as bends etc would not be visible.
Rating B (Medium high confidence rating)
Utility position detected by two or more remote
techniques but not excavated.

Rating C (Medium confidence rating)

Utility position detected by only one remote
technique such as sonding, direct application
of a signal or GPR diffractions producing a
linear target over a number of transects.
Rating D (Medium low confidence rating)
Utility position detected by only one remote
technique such as a passive contact or
induction of a signal from the surface.
Rating E (Low confidence rating) Position
of utility only known from record drawings.
Though it is recommended that confidence
levels are shown on the final drawings the
client may wish to consider instructions for their
omission to avoid clutter on the drawings and
reduce costs. The inclusion of confidence levels
would normally involve extra cost.
8.3
The utility survey contractor is responsible

for tracing and in most cases mapping the
detectable utilities within a defined search
area. As previously described, there are
situations where the technologies employed
will not be effective due to the immediate
environment. When encountered it is the survey
providers obligation to make this clear to the
client at the earliest opportunity. In purchasing
a utility survey the client should expect accurate
information which can be physically measured
on site i.e. depths to a pipe that is visible within
a chamber or the positions in which depth
measurements have been recorded (depending
on the type of survey). They should expect
that everything which is detectable should be
detected and, if required, is mapped given the
constraints of the agreed methodology.
Limit of liability
With the exception of Confidence Rating A the

depiction of the position of all utilities relies to
a great extent on the use of instrumentation.
Even when carried out diligently and to the
best of the operators ability there will be
inaccuracies and omissions if some lines are
undetectable. It is therefore the responsibility
of the client or the user of the survey results to
confirm the actual position of detected utilities.
In the case of design works where it may not
be possible to carry out intrusive work prior
to construction starting, the designer should
take into consideration the confidence rating
shown on the plans. (eg trenchless technology
or piling).
A statement of liability including a suitable note
on the drawings should be included with each
survey report (See Appendix 8)
21

9 traffic
management (TM)
All work in the highway needs to be carried
out in accordance with the Traffic Management
Act 2004 and the Traffic (Scotland) Act.
Traffic management needs to address
pedestrian traffic as well as vehicular traffic.
In deciding on the scale of TM needed the
following should be considered:
a) The intrinsic health and safety of all
those involved in the survey work and
all who may come into contact with it
(eg pedestrian and motorists)
b) Consultation with the highway authority
and police
c) In the case of major TM consultation
should also be made with residents and
local traders
d)
Suspension of parking
e)
Bus diversions
f)
Night or week-end working
g)
Notices to the highway authority etc.
h) Implications on cost to the survey

and timescales
22

10 health & safety

This document is not intended to provide
detailed guidance in respect of the health and
safety requirements that may be applicable.
Nonetheless, it is worthwhile to list a number
of general considerations to be taken into
account when commissioning to ensure that the
contractors health and safety plan addresses
them properly. These would typically include:
a) Safe working in carriageways and
footways - traffic management
(see Section 9 above)
b) Hazards associated with accessing
confined spaces (e.g. toxic gas,
oxygen deficiency).
c) Manual handling when lifting covers
(see Section 11 below)
d) Hazards associated with underground
services (e.g. live cables, pressurised
pipes, health hazards, and fast flows in
gravity systems)
e) Protecting the public (e.g. pedestrians,
property owners, vulnerable groups)
f) Working in dangerous atmospheres
such as oil refineries. Most EML and
GPR systems are not intrinsically safe.
g) Appropriate training of staff
(see Section 13)
The client should also be aware of their
responsibilities and liabilities regarding the
safe execution of the works. All parties should
be aware of their potential duties under
the Construction (Design & Management)
Regulations (CDM). Further information may
be found in HSE Publications L144 Managing
Health and Safety in Construction and HSG47
Avoiding Danger from Underground Services,
and on the HSE website (see Section 15).
23

11 manhole/
node survey issues
The water drainage industry has well
established procedures for the recording of
drainage manholes. However, the results of
these surveys are often not available to survey
contractors carrying out utility surveys. It is
therefore wise to include lifting the covers on
all manholes, inspection pits and valve etc
within the survey area. Additionally it may be
advisable to include the lifting of covers of
the next manhole on run or within a buffer
zone of say 5m around the survey area to
allow a better understanding of utilities to
which there is no access within the survey area.
Consideration should be given to following a
utility to the next available access point outside
of the survey area if its position is known from
record drawings.
Entry into manholes requires confined space
entry training and equipment. Most utility
survey organisations do not, as a matter of
course, carry such trained personnel and so
are unable to enter manholes. It is therefore
assumed here that the information to be
recorded is that which can be obtained from
ground level. If it is felt that man entry into a
particular manhole is needed then this may well
require a separate mobilisation and pricing.
If manholes are obstructed by, for example,
parked cars then the contractor should advise
the client so that the obstruction can be
removed. Similarly difficult to lift or broken
covers should be reported so that they can be
eased or replaced. This would require a revisit
by the contractor for which re-imbursement
should be made.
It is the responsibility of the contractor to
obtain any permission necessary to lift manhole
and inspection pit covers.
This is particularly important if photographs

are to be taken:
a)
Cover position
b)
Cover dimensions
c)
Cover material
d)
A cover photo
e)
Chamber dimensions
f) Cover levels and chamber depth from

which invert levels can be calculated
g) Entry and exit pipes / ducts / cables with
their depth size position and duty
h)
Duty of manhole / node
i)
A photo of the chamber
j) A schematic drawing of the chamber

and its contents
Other considerations should be
i. Collection of invert levels and pipe
sizes from manholes outside the buffer
zone to give anticipated pipe sizes and
invert levels up to the site boundary by
interpolation.
ii.
Safe lifting of covers
iii. A limit to the time to lift a cover beyond

which it is recorded as Unable to lift
iv. A policy on gaining access to manholes
/nodes with UTL covers
v. Confined space entry on deep
manholes.
vi. A policy on the use of CCTV within
gravity systems to supplement the
survey.
The manhole / node survey should record the

following information but it is up to the client
to decide which are to be recorded and how
the results are to be shown within the drawings.
24

12 environmental
issues
One of the most common environmental issues
associated with utility surveys is the use of
spray paint. Spray paint is used extensively to
mark up the results of the search onto (mainly)
hard surfaces.
Consideration should be given to:
1) Colour codes for the different types of
located utilities (see Appendix 4).
2) Good practice in the use of paint sparingly and discretely (ie length and
width of each line sprayed. Gap distance
between each line sprayed)
3) Use of bio-degradable paints,
wax crayon or French chalk.
4) Marking out of GPR survey grids which
can involve large amounts of paint
marking transect start and finish points
5) Policy on cleaning off paint particularly
in footways / pedestrian areas.
6)
Safe disposal of empty cans
Other environmental issues may include

i. Sound pollution particularly from
night work
ii.
Fuel spillage from generators
iii.
Exhaust fumes from vans and generators
25

13 Training
Utility location & mapping has been in
existence for many years but due to some
poor working practice and a lack of consistent
training, it has gained a varied reputation
within the wider community, even though it
plays a vital role in the mitigation of risk from
service strikes.
for a surveyor to be approved to open their

manholes or inspection chambers.
A utility surveyor will constantly find himself or

herself in different environments such as inner
cities, highways, footways, power stations,
water treatment plants, residential properties,
commercial properties, factories, railway sites,
airports, construction sites, adjacent to water,
coastal sites to name a few. Different site
conditions give rise to varying complexities and
volumes of utilities present as well as changing
the effectiveness of the detection equipment
being used. For these reasons the training
and experience of the utility surveyor is of
paramount importance.
An overview of Health & Safety can be found

in Chapter 10.
Health & Safety Training is of primary

importance. The utility surveyor should hold the
following accreditation or certificates, if working
within the stated environment:
New Roads and Street Works Act 1991
(NRASWA) qualification for working in
highways.
Construction Skills Certificate Scheme (CSCS)
qualification for working on construction sites.
The above is not an exhaustive list but is

intended to demonstrate that the working
environment gives rise to Health & Safety
training requirements.
Equipment
All manufacturers of utility detection equipment
offer training in the use of their equipment.
This varies from informal demonstrations to
a formal certificated course. It is essential
that a utility surveyor fully understands the
equipment, including the theory behind the
technology, the practical application and its
limitations in certain environments, in order to
achieve the best results.
Topographic Equipment
The use of Total Stations and GPS will be
required to spatially record the position of
detected utilities and features. Manufacturers
again offer training or more formal training is
available from private training providers such as
The Survey Association survey training courses
at The Survey School (www.surveyschool.co.uk)
or Universities.
First Aid.
Confined Space.
Gas Detection.
Manual Handling.
Working at Height.
Site specific training will sometimes be
required. For example Personal Track Safety
(PTS) for rail sites or Electric Sub Station
Safety Training. Construction sites require any
operative to undertake a site specific induction.
Some utility companies require specific training
26

Survey Processing, Radar Data Interpretation

and Computer Aided Draughting
All of these disciplines are required to
produce utility survey drawings. Providers
of software offer training on their products
and generic CAD training is widely available
through Technical Colleges or Universities.
Radar data interpretation is an area where
adequate training and experience is required
to understand and interpret the often complex
scan outputs.
Utility Survey Training
There are now a small number of private
training establishments who have developed
or are developing utility survey courses.
The objective is to provide a formal training
framework covering all aspects of utility
detection and mapping. In terms of the
methodologies, some courses are limited to
electromagnetic survey methods whilst others
cover this together with ground probing radar.
It is currently up to the individual or their
company to determine how to procure
their training.
27

14 glossary of
words, terms
and acronyms
Word
Definition
Active Mode A term applied to electromagnetic locator

surveying where a signal is directly connected
or induced onto a pipe or cable. This term also
includes the tracing of accessible pipes and
ducts through the insertion of a sonde or line
threader (see also Passive mode)
ASCE
American Society of Civil Engineers
Base mapping Mapping often supplied by the client at an

appropriate scale in vector format onto which
the results of the survey can be overlaid
Cable A line normally to conduct electricity and so
contains metal which can be detected with an
electromagnetic locator
CAD Computer Aided Draughting often used
to overlay the results of the survey onto
base mapping
CAT & Genny An acronym for a locator being a Cable
Avoidance Tool and signal generator
Designating
An American term for Locating
Diffraction A GPR term used to describe the hyperbolic

shape seen in a radargram caused by the
reflections from a buried pipe
(see Section 2.3.1)
Drainage A network of pipes and channels to collect both
foul and surface water and carry it to an outfall
Duct A pipe (normally relatively small diameter)
installed to carry cables or other utilities
EM Electromagnetic - the principle behind the
operation of locators
EML
Electromagnetic locator
EOT End of Trace with a reason why. Other terms

such as unable to trace UTT or signal lost
SL are also used
28

Word
Definition
EuroGPR
European GPR Associationn
Excavation (hand) A trial pit or trench temporarily dug by hand

to expose utilities to confirm their position
Excavation (vacuum) A trial pit or trench temporarily dug by high
pressure air or water and the spoil removed
by vacuum to expose utilities to confirm
their position
Fibre Optic A telecommunication line using optical
fibres for the transmission of data. Unless
reinforced the line will not contain metal so is
undetectable with an EM locator
Geophysics The measurement of physical properties of
the ground. Anomalies in the data can be
used to determine the position and size of
buried features
GPR Ground probing radar
(also Ground penetrating radar)
GPS Global Positioning System NB This acronym
has been used throughout this document in
its colloquial sense. More accurately it should
be the generic Global Navigation Satellite
System (GNSS) which would also cover other
positioning systems such as GLONASS and
GALLELAIO.
Gravity systems A drainage system which relies on gravity to
convey the water. Access is therefore possible
via manholes and can be traced with Sondes or
line tracers and inspection using CCTV
Guidance notes A document giving guidance to those wishing
to commission a utility survey. This can also
be used to establish best practice for survey
contractors
Inspection chamber A chamber affording access onto a utility
- often too small to allow a person to enter
Line code A means of labelling a utility line on a drawing
to show its duty, depth and confidence level,
This may also include other information such as
size and material of construction if known (see
Appendix 4)
Line threading The use of a rod or sonde that emits a signal
allowing its route to be detected and traced at
ground level
Locator An electro-magnetic device for locating buried
metal utilities
29

Word
Definition
Main The principal utility conveying liquid, gas,

telecommunications or power as part of a
distribution or collection system. This would
normally lie beneath part of a highway.
(See also Service)
Manhole An access onto a utility line large enough
for man entry. Mainly associated with
drainage systems
Network A complex system of connected utilities - either
of one or multiple types made up of mains
and services distributing or collecting liquids,
gases, telecommunications or power to a
neighbourhood or region
Node An identifiable point on a network. This may
be an access point, valve, junction or meter.
Notation A symbol representing a line type
(see Appendix 4)
Overhead Common usage describing the position of a
utility if not buried
Passive mode A term applied to electromagnetic locator
surveying where passive signals emitted by a
pipe (power and radio modes) are detected and
traced on the ground (see also Active mode)
Pipe A conduit mainly used for gases and liquids.
Can be made from metallic and non-metallic
materials
Pit Viz. an inspection chamber - often associated
with telecommunications
Radargram The output trace from a GPR unit along a
transect. It is made up of a series of individual
point scans to form an apparent continuous
image. Also referred to as a B Scan
(See Sample interval)
Sample interval The density at which scans are collected along
the line of travel of the radar (see Radargram)
Scar A scar on the ground surface indicating where a
utility may have been buried. This is often in the
form of road surface reinstatement
Search A general term used to describe the process of
carrying out a utility survey
Service
The connection from a utility main to a property
Signal generator A device used to generate an electromagnetic

signal that can be induced or directly
connected to a conductor
30

Word
Definition
Sonde A small self contained device emitting a signal

that can be inserted into a conduit and then
traced at ground level
Survey (utility) The process of carrying out the detection
location and mapping of buried utilities
Survey area The area defined by the client within which
the survey is to be carried out
Trace The detection of a signal associated with a
utility. It is implied that the line is also marked
onto the ground surface
Transmitter
See Signal generator
Transect A line or swept width along which a search is

carried out - often associated with GPR surveys
Transect interval The space between adjacent EML or GPR
transects. (sometimes referred to as the y-value
in GPR surveys)
Trench A temporary hole dug to visually locate and
measure the position a utility
Trench (cable) A permanent linear excavation used to carry
a number of cables. Usually lined sides and
covered by a lid
Trench (service) A permanent linear excavation used to carry
a number of utilities. Usually lined sides and
covered by a lid
Underground A term used to describe a buried utility as
opposed to overhead
Utility A generic term used to describe the
distribution or collection of a type of service
eg. gas or electricity
UTL/UTR Unable to lift/Unable to raise - usually referring
to manhole covers etc. Some contractors
may also use this to mean Unable to locate
referring to a lost or buried manhole cover.
31

15 bibliography
and websites for
further reading
The Survey Association
http://www.tsa-uk.org.uk
Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS)
Surveys of Land, Buildings and Utility Services at Scales of 1:500 and larger
Client Specification Guidelines - 2nd Edition 2003
ISBN 0-84506-539-3
American Society of Civil Engineers
Standard Guideline for the collection and depiction of existing subsurface utility data
(CI/ASCE 38-02) 2002
ISBN 0-7844-0645-6
Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors (CICES)
http://www.ices.org.uk
Health and Safety Executive
Avoiding Danger from Underground Services
HSG47 2000
ISBN 0-7176-1744-0
http://www.hse.gov.uk/
HMSO London
New Roads and Street Works Act 1991
ISBN 0-1054-2291-6
Radiodetection Ltd
abc & xyz of locating buried pipes and cables for the beginner and specialist
Downloadable pdf from: http://en.radiodetection.com/Document_links.asp?sec_id=2726
Ofcom Ground Probing Radar Licence 603010
http://www.ofcom.org.uk/radiocomms/ifi/wtf/#gp_radar
European GPR Association (EuroGPR)
http://www.eurogpr.org
National Underground Assets Group (NUAG)
http://www.nuag.co.uk/
32

National Joint Utilities Group (NJUG)

http://www.njug.org.uk/
NJUG Publication Volume 1 Issue 4 08.01.2009
Guidelines on the positioning and colour coding of underground utilities apparatus
British Standard BS 1710:1984 (1991)
Specification for identification of pipelines and services
(This standard generally applies to above-ground building and process services)
Highways Authorities & Utilities Committee (HAUC (UK))
http://www.hauc-uk.org.uk/
Mapping the Underworld Project
http://www.mappingtheunderworld.ac.uk
Der Glserne Untergrund (The Transparent Ground)
The geophysical inspection of the ground delivers information to the pipeline engineer which
is relevant as well as required for successful and optimized work. The underground becomes
transparent, it becomes clear ground.
This book for pipeline engineers has been written by a group of experts for engineering
geophysics. The different geophysical survey methods are explained by avoiding complex
theoretical formalism in order to keep the essentials as clear as possible.
Many examples of case histories illustrate the use of the different methods during the
planning, construction as well as the running of pipelines or ground infrastructure networks.
Recommendations for designing tenders inquiring geophysical services as well as advice for
quality management round up the contents of this valuable and useful book.
Author: Andreas Kathage
Publisher: Vulkan Verlag Essen
ISBN: 978-3-8027-5399-2
http://www.oldenbourg-industrieverlag.de/produkt.php?index=books&gruppe=B&nummer=53992
Being an Intelligent Client
Author: Richard Groom
Publisher: PV Publications Ltd
ISBN: 0-9467-7999-6
33

appendix 1
Chart showing Levels of Survey
Levels of Survey
Maximum survey
transect spacing
Typical application
Limitations
Level 1
N/A
Low cost assessment

of site to demonstrate
extent of services.
If carried out by the
client then this should
be made available to
the survey contractor
Low level of accuracy

may totally omit some
types of utilities and
may be in schematic
format. Old or
redundant utilities are
likely not to be shown.
Utilities on private
land such as schools
& hospitals also not
usually shown
N/A
Such a reconnaissance
survey will advise the
client on the most
appropriate way to fulfil
the survey objectives.
It will allow the
methodology of any
further survey work to
be carefully determined
using the most
appropriate techniques
so making the follow
up detailed survey cost
effective and timely
This is an advisory
survey only so no
on site mark up or
CAD plans would be
produced. However,
photographs are
usually taken during
the visit which should
be submitted with the
report
Desk top survey

involving a search
of existing utility
records. This can be
consolidated onto
one plan in CAD and
overlain onto base
mapping as an option.
Can be used to target
more detailed fieldwork
Level 2
A visual walk-over
survey carried out as
a site visit. This would
normally be in addition
to a Level 1 survey and
act as a reconnaissance
on large projects to
advise on the letting of
the main utility survey.
The site visit would be
much enhanced if the
results of the Level 1
survey were to hand for
the walk over survey
34

Levels of Survey
Maximum survey
transect spacing
Typical application
Limitations
Level 3
EML passive transects

to be defined by the
client but ideally 0.5m
centres orthogonally
or less in busy urban
contexts, 1m centres
orthogonally in
suburban situations
and 2m centres
orthogonally in rural
locations
A lower cost site

assessment mainly
useful for locating
cables, ferrous pipes,
ducts and gravity
drainage. Useful for
siting trial trenches or
boreholes
Will not detect

inaccessible nonmetallic mains and
services. Unless
specified, record plans
of survey results may
not be produced
Electro-magnetic
location survey in
passive and active
mode with located
services being marked
onto ground surface.
Includes cover lifting
to allow line threading
/ sonding. Recorded
manhole survey can be
added as an option.
Advisable to have
Levels 1 & 2 surveys
carried out in addition
EML active tracing

will be determined by
the number of utilities
within the area and the
access available
The surveying of the

perimeters of large
brownfield and rural
sites will allow an
assessment to be made
of what utilities are
entering the site
A corridor along the

perimeter of large
sites may be surveyed
using EML techniques
to determine utility
entry and exit points
Level 4
A Level 3 survey but
with the addition of
ground probing radar
(GPR) in stake out
mode to supplement
EML results. Advisable
to have Levels 1 & 2
surveys carried out in
addition
EML transects as Level

3 above
GPR transects should
be orthogonal at
spacings of 0.5m in
busy urban junctions
and 1m on linear
urban roads. In rural
locations GPR should
be deployed using 1m
centres across and 1m
along the highway. In
open areas such as
parks and playing fields
orthogonal spacing can
be increased to 5m
To be used as above
but where non-ferrous
pipes may be expected
Increased likelihood of
detecting non-ferrous
pipes and ducts.
Unless specified record
plans of survey results
may not be produced
The perimeters of large

sites may be surveyed
using GPR with at least
three parallel transects
0.5m apart to locate
non-metallic utility
entry and exit points
35

Levels of Survey
Maximum survey
transect spacing
Typical application
Limitations
Level 5
EML as Level 3 above
Better understanding of
complex areas as close
centred GPR being
deployed
Not all areas being

covered by close
centred GPR
The most
comprehensive level
of survey
Highest expectation of
picking up all services
and other underground
obstructions. Intrusive
investigation on
selected targeted areas
will verify results

with recorded close
centred GPR over an
agreed % of the whole
site complete with
post data collection
processing, analysis
and interpretation.
Line & depth marked
onto digital site plans
in CAD
GPR to be maximum
0.5m centres
orthogonally in busy
urban situations
down to 2m centres
highways. In open
spaces such as parks
and playing fields
orthogonal spacing can
be increased to 5m but
client to determine %
coverage with GPR and
where it is to
be located
Level 6
EML as Level 3 above

with the addition
of recorded GPR
survey over 100%
of the site with post
data collection
processing, analysis
and interpretation.
Line & depth marked
onto digital site plans
in CAD. Intrusive trial
holes to verify results
can be added as an
option
GPR to be maximum
0.5m centres
orthogonally in busy
urban situations
down to 2m centres
highways. In open
spaces such as parks
and playing fields
orthogonal spacing
can be increased to
5m. All with 100% area
coverage
Key
Level 1
& Level 2
Preliminary/
reconnaissance levels
of survey
Level 3
& Level 4
Moderate cost surveys

with limited detection
and reporting capability
Level 5
& Level 6
The most
comprehensive levels
of survey and reporting
36

appendix 2
Flow chart with advice to clients for specifying a survey
Need for utility

survey identified
What sort
of survey do you
require?
A low cost assessment

of the potential utilities
on your site
A budget survey to mark

out utilities eg site
investigation or landscaping
work involving excavations
A comprehensive and
detailed survey of the
utilities on site
Level 1 or 2
survey needed.
Go to page 38.
Level 3 or 4
survey needed.
Go to page 39.
Level 5 or 6
survey needed.
Go to page 40.
Please Note
These flow charts are not a step by step procedure for procuring a utility survey but provide a series of notes giving
guidance as to what to consider during the process
The flow starts at the point of identifying a need for a utility survey and ends when enquiries (tenders) have been sent
out to bidding survey contractors
It assumes the general prodedure for obtaining competitive tenders is familiar to the users of the guide
37

Level 1 or 2 Survey
identified as appropriate
Do you wish to carry

out the Level 1 utility
search yourself?
Yes
Compile list of utility companies who

potentially may have plant in the area
(beware that they may not have records
of plant on private land). There are
specialist providers of this service
No
Select and contact two or three
contractors offering this service
to get competitive quotes
(TSA can help with this)
Send out enquiries complete with

site map and site co-ordinates.
Utility company may charge a fee
If you consider a site visit and

report (the difference between
a Level 1 and Level 2 survey)
would be useful include this
in scope of works
Collate and consolidate all results

and combine into one CAD plot
Define survey area and access

details and send off to selected
contractors to get quotes
Upon receipt of quotes decide

on best value for money and
acceptable timescales before
placing order
38
Finished survey report

Level 3 or 4 Survey
Level 3 survey
would suffice
No
Do you need to
find non-metallic pipes
and cables?
Yes
Level 4 survey needed

ie includes ungridded GPR
(NB in large areas this may
include both Level 3 and
Level 4 coverage)
Prepare plans showing

area where Level 3
survey needed
Prepare plans showing

area where Level 4
survey needed
If you think additional

information on MHs is
needed include this in
the brief/specification
If you require CAD drawings

in addition to site mark out
then include this in the
brief/specification
Select and contact two or

three contractors offering
this service to get
competitive quotes
Please Note
It is advisable to have at least a Level 1 survey carried out in advance of any fieldwork
39

Level 5 or 6 Survey
Decide what does require

close centred GPR
(may be based on %)
Show area on plans where

Level 5 survey is required
No
Does the whole

area need to be gridded
GPR survey?
Yes
Show area on plans where

Level 6 survey is required
Decide on centres needed

for GPR survey (can vary
within survey area)

information on MHs is
needed include this in
the brief/specification

information such as
confidence levels needed
then add this into
the brief
Select and contact two or

three contractors offering
this service to get
competitive quotes
Please Note
It is advisable to have at least a Level 1 survey carried out in advance of any fieldwork
40

appendix 3
Appendix 1 lays out the various levels of survey that can be considered by the client to obtain
the best value for money in commissioning a utility survey. Appendix 3 sets out a corresponding
method of measurement that should accompany a specification using the levels of survey.
There are options included within the method of measurement that are not mentioned in
Appendix 1. These options are suggested to add value to the survey so taking advantage of the
costs incurred in mobilising a survey team to site. As an example a series of options are suggested
to enhance the manhole surveying so exploiting the lifting of its cover.
An Excel version of this method of measurement can be downloaded from TSA website to help
configuring it to specific needs and incorporation into tender documents.
41

Section A
Summary of Scope of Works
Item
No
Description
Included in
scope
Unit
Total survey area
(m2)
Number of locations/survey areas
No.
Level 1 survey area
(m2)
Level 2 survey area
(m2)
Level 3 survey area
(m2)
Level 4 survey area
(m2)
Level 5 survey area
(m2)
Level 6 survey area
(m2)
Quantity
Rate
Total
Quantity
Rate
Total
Section B
Level 1 Survey
Item
No
Description
Included in
scope
Area of search
(m2)
Compile list of utility companies with

plant within survey area
Item
Send out enquiries to utility

companies
Item
Allow for survey charges from utility

companies
Item
Compile report of search results
Item
Consolidation of search results into

one drawing record in CAD
Yes/No
Unit
Item
Total
Draft Method of Measurement

To be completed by the client
To be completed by the tenderer
Element predetermined by level category
42

Section C
Level 2 Survey
Item
No
Description
Included in
scope
Unit
Mobilise surveyor to site
Item
Walk over site survey
(m2)
Record onto schematic observations
Yes/No
Item
General photographs and detail

photographs as required
Yes/No
Item
Preparation of report and

recommendations
Consolidation of report with results

of Level 1 survey if appropriate*
Quantity
Rate
Total
Item
Yes/No
Item
Total
* Requires Level 1 survey to have been carried out
Section D
Level 3 Survey
Item
No
Description
Included in
scope
Mobilise survey team to site
Item
Carry out EML survey in both active

and passive modes
(m2)
MH/node survey
a) Visit MH/node
b) Photograph cover
Unit
Yes/No
Number
Yes/No
Number
e) P
roduce schematic of MH
chamber including all
connections*
Yes/No
Number
f) R
ecord depth to invert of all
connections*
Yes/No
Number
g) C
arry out active EML survey
(sonding/line tracer)*
Mark out results onto ground surface
Incorporate results into drawings
Total
Number
d) P
hotograph interior
of chamber*
Rate
Number
c) Lift cover
h) Incorporate results of MH
survey into drawings*
Quantity
Number
Yes/No
Number
Item
Yes/No
Item
Total
* Requires item 5 to be included in scope

43

Section E
Level 4 Survey
Item
No
Description
Included in
scope
Item

and passive modes
(m2)
MH/node survey
a) Visit MH/node
b) Photograph cover
Unit
Number
Yes/No
Number
e) P
connections*
Yes/No
Number
f) R
connections
Yes/No
Number
g) C
(sonding/line tracer)*
Search with GPR in mark out mode

over whole area
Incorporate results into drawings
Total
Number
d) P
hotograph interior
of chamber*
Rate
Number
Yes/No
c) Lift cover
survey into drawings*
Quantity
Number
Yes/No
Number
(m2)
Item
Yes/No
Item
Total
* Requires item 6 to be included in scope

44

Section F
Level 5 Survey
Item
No
Description
Item

and passive modes
(m2)
MH/node survey
Included in
scope
Unit
a) Visit MH/node
Number
b) Photograph cover
Number
c) Lift cover
Number
d) P
hotograph interior
of chamber
Number
e) P
connections
Number
f) R
connections
Number
g) C
(sonding/line tracer)
Number
survey into CAD drawings
Number
(m2)
GPR orthogonal gridded survey

a) Nominal maximum transects
@ 0.5m centres
Yes/No
(m2)
b) Nominal maximum transects

@ 1.0m centres
Yes/No
(m2)
c) Nominal maximum transects

@ 2.0m centres
Yes/No
(m2)
d) Nominal maximum transects

@ 5.0m centres
Yes/No
(m2)
Incorporate results into CAD drawing
Yes/No
Quantity
Rate
% of whole
area
Item
Item
Total

45

Total
Section G
Level 6 Survey
Item
No
Description
Item

and passive modes
(m2)
MH/node survey
Included in
scope
Unit
a) Visit MH/node
Number
b) Photograph cover
Number
c) Lift cover
Number
d) P
hotograph interior
of chamber
Number
e) P
connections
Number
f) R
connections
Number
g) C
(sonding/line tracer)
Number
survey into CAD drawings
Number
(m2)
GPR orthogonal gridded survey

a) Nominal maximum transects
@ 0.5m centres
Yes/No
(m2)
b) Nominal maximum transects

@ 1.0m centres
Yes/No
(m2)
c) Nominal maximum transects

@ 2.0m centres
Yes/No
(m2)
d) Nominal maximum transects

@ 5.0m centres
Yes/No
(m2)
Incorporate results into CAD drawing
Yes/No
Quantity
Rate
100% of whole
area
Item
Item
Total

46

Total
Section H
Other Requirements/Options
Item
No
Description
Included in
scope
Unit
Carry out topographic survey of site

to provide base mapping for utility
survey
Yes/No
(m2)
Traffic management
Yes/No
Item
Confidence levels to be included

on drawings
Yes/No
Item
CCTV of drainage
Yes/No
Linear
metres
Service connections to be included
Yes/No
(m2)
Excavation of trial holes (client to

specify depth)
Yes/No
Number
Report on other features found by

gridded GPR
Yes/No
(m2)
Site meeting with client
Yes/No
Number
Removal of spray paint
Yes/No
Item
10
Provide written report on survey

results in addition to drawings
Yes/No
Item
Quantity
Rate
Total

47

Total
appendix 4
Colour codes for on site mark up and drawing line codes
Despite carrying out extensive enquiries no published guidance appears to be available advising
on the colours and line-styles to be used in both marking up the detected lines of utilities on
site nor for the depiction of such utilities in drawings. However, the National Joint Utilities
Group (NJUG) Publication Volume 1 Issue 4 Guidelines on the positioning and colour coding
of underground utilities apparatus published in 8th January 2009 provides information on the
colours used for buried ducts, pipes, cables and marker/warning tapes. These NJUG guidelines
have been used as a basis for the schedule below. As most survey suppliers only stock seven
different colours of spray paint and wax crayon (namely black, green, orange, red, blue, white and
yellow) it is pragmatic to limit the on-site mark up to seven colours.
Utility
Buried
Duct
Buried
Pipe
Buried
Cable
Buried
Warning
Tape
On Site
Mark-up
CAD
Drawing
Line Colour
Gas
Yellow
(or pale
green)
Yellow or
yellow with
brown stripe
N/A
Yellow
with black
legend
Yellow
Yellow
(see Note
1 below)
Water
Blue or
grey
Blue
Blue
Blue
Blue
Non potable water
N/A
Black with
green stripes
N/A
N/A
Blue
Blue (with
note)
Water fire fighting
N/A
Black with red

stripes
N/A
N/A
Blue
Blue (with
note)
Water for special

purposes such as
contaminated land)
N/A
Blue with
brown stripes
N/A
Blue or
blue/black
Blue
Blue (with
note)
Oil/fuel pipelines
N/A
Black
N/A
Various
Black (see
Note 2 below)
Black (with
note)
Sewerage including
foul, surface water,
combined and
pumping mains
Black
Not specified
N/A
N/A
Black (see
Note 2 below)
Brown
Electricity (HV)
Black or
red tile
N/A
Black or
red
Yellow with
black and
red legend
Red
Red
Electricity (LV)
Black or
red
N/A
Black or
red
Yellow
with black
legend
Red
Red
Telecommunications
Grey,
white,
green,
black or
purple
Light grey
or black
Various
White
Magenta
48

Highways
Authority Services
Buried
Duct
Buried
Pipe
Buried
Cable
Buried
Warning
Tape
On Site
Mark-up
CAD
Drawing
Line Colour
Street lighting
England and
Wales
Black or
orange
N/A
Black
Yellow
with black
legend
Red
Red
Street lighting
Scotland
Purple
Purple
Yellow
with black
legend
Red
Red
Traffic control
Orange
Orange
Yellow
with black
legend
Green
Green
Street furniture
Black
Black
Yellow
with black
legend
Green
Green
Telecommunications
Purple/
orange
Black
Various
White
Magenta
Motorways
Buried
England and Wales Duct
Buried
Pipe
Buried
Cable
Buried
Warning
Tape
On Site
Mark-up
CAD
Drawing
Line Colour
Communications
Purple
Grey
Yellow
with black
legend
White
Magenta
Communications
power
Purple
Black
Yellow
with black
legend
Red
Red
Road lighting
Orange
Black
Yellow
with black
legend
Red
Red
Motorways
Scotland
Buried
Duct
Buried
Pipe
Buried
Cable
Buried
Warning
Tape
On Site
Mark-up
CAD
Drawing
Line Colour
Communications
Black or
grey
Black
Yellow
with black
legend
White
Magenta
Road lighting
Purple
Purple
Yellow
with black
legend
Red
Red
Notes
1. Yellow printed out on drawings is low contrast against a white background. If photocopied
in black and white yellow is likely not to reproduce and will not appear on the copy.
2. Black is not an ideal spray paint colour to use on blacktop and blue disappears at night
under sodium lighting.
3. It is recommended that orange is used for marking out the GPR survey grid on site and for
unknown utilities on drawings.
4. When drafting up the results of a survey in CAD it is recommended the base mapping is
greyed out to increase contrast with the utility lines and so improve clarity.
49

Codes for utility marker posts
Code for legend on marker plates

H = Hydrant
SV = Stop Valve
AV = Air Valve
WO = Wash Out Valve
Top number is the nominal pipe diameter in millimetre (old imperial markers will show inches)
Bottom number is the distance to the utility from the face of the marker in metres (old imperial
markers will show feet)
Simplified Key for Line Types in Interpretation Drawings
NB
Confidence rating levels are for all parameters of a utility not just depth
Depth to be to the top of the utility unless stated otherwise
If depth cannot be assessed then the code NK to be used where the depth normally is shown
Additional information such as size and material type can be added if known
50

appendix 5
Examples of output the following page shows an example of the results of a utility
survey using the key from Appendix 4.
51

52

appendix 6
Detection Capabilities of Different Techniques
Equipment
Electromagnetic
locators and
signal generators
Mode
Depth
Range
Depth
Determination
Minimum
Size
Notes
Passive
Up to 3m
No
N/A
Depth depends on
signal on service and
length of service.
May not detect well
balanced electricity
cables
Induction
Up to 3m
Yes
(+/-5% of depth
under normal
conditions)
N/A
Does not work

well in congested
environments. Signal
may jump to nearby
services
Connection
Up to 10m
depending
on signal
strength
Yes
(+/-5% of depth
under normal
conditions)
N/A
Signal may jump to

nearby services
Sewer
Sonde
Up to 15m
depending
on Sonde
type
Yes
(+/-5% of depth
under normal
conditions)
Depends
on Sonde
type.
Smallest
Sonde
diameter
15mm
Generally ducts and

gravity pipes only.
Other applications
possible
Up to 3-4m
depending
on ground
Yes
(+/-10%)
Sometimes
better in
good ground
conditions
25mm
(see note
in Section
1.6.3)
See resolution chart

(attached). It is possible
to detect a pipe with a
diameter 10% or larger
than the cover depth.
6m
No
0.7m
Suitable for detection

of underground
obstructions and large
services.
GPR
(100MHz to 1GHz)
Ground
Conductivity
(Geonics EM31)
53
Vertical
dipole

GPR vertical resolution for different antenna frequencies and soil conditions
Medium
Air
Concrete
Dry Soil
Damp Soil
Wet Soil
Er
14
25
Velocity m/nsec
0.3
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
25
12.00
3.00
4.80
1.20
4.00
1.00
3.20
0.80
2.40
0.60
50
6.00
1.50
2.40
0.60
2.00
0.50
1.60
0.40
1.20
0.30
100
3.00
0.75
1.20
0.30
1.00
0.25
0.80
0.20
0.60
0.15
200
1.50
0.38
0.60
0.15
0.50
0.13
0.40
0.10
0.30
0.08
400
0.75
0.19
0.30
0.08
0.25
0.06
0.20
0.05
0.15
0.04
900
0.33
0.08
0.13
0.03
0.11
0.03
0.09
0.02
0.07
0.02
1000
0.30
0.08
0.12
0.03
0.10
0.03
0.08
0.02
0.06
0.02
1500
0.20
0.05
0.08
0.02
0.07
0.02
0.05
0.01
0.04
0.01
Antenna
Frequency
MHz
Key
Wavelength= velocity/frequency
Resolution = wavelength/4
It is also worth looking at the following link to the Mapping the Underworld website where the
results of a questionnaire on accuracy of geophysical utility mapping are presented:
http://www.mappingtheunderworld.ac.uk/qupdate1.html
54

appendix 7
Policy on the use of GPR in utility detection
1. Survey Strategies
1.1 In theory, there are two basic (GPR) survey approaches for the detection of buried
utilities, namely
a) The use of a dense grid of orthogonal data which is then processed and interrogated back
in an office environment; and
b) On-site interpretation where the radar data is interrogated by the field surveyor during
data collection.
1.2 In the former case, the lines of utilities are established and incorporated into final CAD
drawings. In the latter case, the radar data is interrogated by the field surveyor during data
collection and the lines of utilities are marked on the ground for possible later topographic
survey and incorporation into CAD.
1.3 In reality, these two apparently radically different approaches extend into a range of survey
strategies, based primarily on one or the other of these two approaches.
1.4 For all survey strategies, the density of the survey data collected has a direct effect on the
likelihood of detection. The less dense the data set, the greater the risk of non detection.
2. Advantages of Off-Site Interpretation
2.1 This approach offers an increased potential to resolve multiple targets which is of increasing
importance in urban contexts.
2.2 Quality control, in terms of probability of detection can be appraised in a more rigorous
manner.
2.3 This strategy allows the use of different grades of personnel to collect and to interpret the
data, although this may not always be appropriate.
3. Advantages of On-Site Interpretation
3.1
Interpretation in-situ limits the cost of the survey.
3.2 This method also allows the detection of utilities within their context at the time of the
survey.
3.3
This approach should minimise potential loss of location information.
3.4
The operator is strongly motivated to monitor data quality during the survey.
4.
Disadvantages of Off-Site Interpretation
4.1 This approach potentially involves a greater input of time both in data collection and in
post survey processing and hence is potentially more costly.
55

5.
Disadvantages of On-Site Interpretation
5.1 It is difficult to ensure all utilities are detected reliably in a complex environment containing
multiple services.
5.2
There is a risk of misinterpretation in a complex environment containing multiple utilities.
5.3 There is a potential for loss of quality control which is heavily dependent upon the
experience of the GPR surveyor.
6. Guidance to EuroGPR Members
6.1 The European GPR Association recognises the importance of adequate data collection.
Survey parameters such as sampling intervals and area coverage will vary from one site
to another. It is therefore important to adopt an approach which recognises the risk and
outcomes of non-detection within the context of each individual survey.
6.2 While recognising that it may not be either practical, or, possibly, cost effective to adopt
rigorous full area coverage with off-site post processing in all cases, it is essential for
both the GPR survey provider and the survey client to be aware of the potential risks of
curtailment. The important underlying principle of the survey method adopted should be
to set out the level of service and any inherent risks resulting from that method. For this
reason, some members may choose to offer a tiered service.
6.3 The European GPR Association also recognises that survey clients may tend to focus on
the cost of the survey at the expense of the potential risks of the survey method. There is
a need for good detailed technical advice to those commissioning a GPR survey. EuroGPR
will co-operate with the Survey Association and other professional bodies who also interact
with our client groups in order to draw up and distribute this advice.
6.4 It is essential that the GPR survey provider is capable of demonstrating professional
competence. The Association expects that its members will be capable of justifying their
approach to the survey. They should also be capable of substantiating any technical claims
that they make for equipment or specialist software by demonstration or other appropriate
means.
Date Approved: 5th March 2009 (European GPR Association Meeting)
This policy was kindly supplied to TSA by Erica Utsi, Chair EuroGPR
56

appendix 8
Professional Indemnity Insurance Considerations
It is believed that utilising the methodologies outlined in the guidance notes will have a
positive impact on the utilities survey, both in avoiding problems and dealing with them if
they should arise.

A well executed utilities survey is less likely to attract a problem
Full understanding between the parties regarding the scope and limitations of the utilities
survey is likely to avoid problems due to perceived short comings or misunderstandings
regarding what is possible
Giving the client the choice of survey enables greater client understanding and buy in to
the results of the survey
In the event of a problem, greater clarity regarding type of work undertaken and clear
instructions from the client regarding the same assist in bringing clarity to the duties of the
surveyor in the performance of their appointment, and identifying whether there have been
any short comings in that performance

It ensures that a written agreement is drawn up between the surveyor and the client
The written agreement and greater clarity can assist in avoiding problems, or at worst,
prevent ambiguity from unnecessarily lengthening a claim and incurring costs as a result,
to the benefit of both sides
The surveyor must ensure that their administrative procedures (terms of business
agreements, recorded instructions including verbal communications, etc) are clear
and unambiguous
Above all they must be demonstrable (i.e. provable) as this area will be under intense
scrutiny and question in the event of a claim
Clients should be aware of the following Disclaimer (echoing considerations set out earlier in the
guidance notes):
Please note that not all buried pipes, cables and ducts can be detected and mapped in
consideration of their depth, location, material type, geology and proximity to other utilities.
Even an appropriate and professionally executed survey may not be able to achieve a 100%
detection rate.
57

IMPORTANT
Utilities surveyors should be aware that they are not relieved of their duty of care to their client.
Appropriate advice would still need to be given, even if the client is insistent on a particular level
of utilities survey, and no matter what disclaimers are used. Surveyors may deem it appropriate to
limit their liability.
An appropriate clause may be inserted into the surveyors contracts: (example)
Our Liability under this agreement shall be limited to << XXXX >> for any one claim or series of
claims arising out of any one source or originating cause.
Reference should be made to the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 in setting the applicable limit
within the clause and the reasonableness of the same to the sums involved. A court may set aside
a limitation provision if they deem it to be unreasonable.
Clients should ensure that the surveyor carries adequate professional indemnity insurance, so
that funds are available to meet any losses should there be a problem. Whilst the purchase of
professional indemnity insurance is not mandatory for the land surveyors profession, clients of
members of The Survey Association have the reassurance that this organisation makes purchase
of professional indemnity insurance mandatory and has an exclusive member arrangement
through Lockton Professions.
21st May 2009

TSA acknowledge with thanks this note from Jonathon Bogan
Jonathan Bogan
Associate Director
National Professional Risk Solutions
A Division of Lockton Companies International Ltd
North Quay
Temple Back
Bristol BS1 6FL
58

appendix 9
The primary author of this document was Peter Barker. It was developed by The Survey Association
Technical Committee under the Chairmanship of Graham Mills. We would like to thank all
members of the Technical Committee and TSA Council for their contribution.
Consultees and Acknowledgements
An early draft of the document was widely distributed to many organisations associated with
the utility survey industry. Of these, 17 companies and organisations responded with constructive
comments, some of them at some length. A list of these consultees is given below. Our thanks go
to all of them for their time and thought. It is much appreciated.
Particular thanks is due to Mark Dawson of the Health and Safety Executive for his input as well
to RICS and CICES.
Giovanni Alli
Pete Bevils
Jonathon Bogan
Nadia Boukhelifa
Gerry Bowditch
Mike Bushell
Peter Crouch
Dr Martin Cullen
Jes Galtress
Ray Hanney
Alan Jones
Nigel Knowles
Mike Langton
James Lewis
Guido Manacorda
Martin Shaw
Craig Simmonds
Alan Thunhurst
Erica Utsi
59

The Survey Association is also grateful to the following manufacturers for the use of the images
illustrating EML and GPR equipment in this section:
3D Radar
C Scope International Ltd
GSSI
IDS
Mal Geoscience
Pipehawk
Radiodection Ltd and
Utsi Electronics
Document Revision History

Issue 1
Issue 2
Issue 3
Issue 4
60
November 2009
Original document
June 2010
Addition of Appendix 3
March 2011 Change of title to The Essential Guide to Utility
Surveys and addition of revision history
October 2011 Addition of Appendix 2 and minor additions to
Section 15

Endorsed by:
The Survey Association

Northgate Business Centre
38 Northgate Newark-on-Trent
Nottinghamshire NG24 1EZ
Tel 01636 642 840
www.tsa-uk.org.uk

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The Essential Guide to

Inputs from the client

Outputs from the contractor (deliverables)

Accuracy/Confidence ratings/Limit of liability

Health and safety

Manhole/node survey issues

Section 14 Glossary of words, terms and acronyms associated

Bibliography and websites for further reading

Chart showing levels of survey

Appendix 2 Flow chart with advice to clients for specifying a survey

Professional Indemnity considerations

Consultees and acknowledgements

The essential guide to Utility surveys

These notes have been written with two prime

notes. Further, The Survey Association owes no

The document has been compiled after initial

The term Utility Survey refers to the location,

Underground Utility Survey

Underground Utility Mapping

Utility Detection Survey

Radar survey or GPR survey

For the avoidance of doubt, this document

The essential guide to Utility surveys

There are many benefits which come from

The safety of the workforce and public

Minimise utility damage

Minimise project delays

Save delay and damage costs

e. Designing and planning knowing

What is involved in a utility survey

The successful detection and mapping of

It should be pointed out that utility companies

The essential guide to Utility surveys

1.6.2 Survey intensity and the Law of

In good ground conditions and within the

has an understanding of utility drawings.

has an understanding of legal

The essential guide to Utility surveys

Electromagnetic locators (EML)

This technology essentially forms the backbone

Within these two modes are various methods

perform a trustworthy utility survey, the skill

Above and right: Two examples of EML equipment

The direct connection methodology involves

connected and the tracer cable is effectively

Above: Passive tracing with EML

in an effort to reach the earth point. This

The Sonde is an actual transmitter which is

The essential guide to Utility surveys

locate any metallic utilities that pass through

In power mode, the receiver can detect the

Above: Locating with an EML

Most of the EML systems available today offer

The essential guide to Utility surveys

Depth measurement using GPR depends on an

Multi scan lines

2.2.1 GPR Technology

The essential guide to Utility surveys

2.2.2 Single scan line,

2.2.3 Single scan line,

These systems are the lowest in cost and

These systems are similar to the single channel

Above and below: Two single scan line,

Section 14 Glossary of words, terms and acronyms associated

Appendix 2 Flow chart with advice to clients for specifying a survey

e. Designing and planning knowing

1.6.2 Survey intensity and the Law of

has an understanding of legal

2.2.2 Single scan line,

2.2.3 Single scan line,

2.2.4 Multi-scan line with either single

2.2.5 High density single frequency

2.2.6 High density arrays,

2.3.1 On-site data analysis interpretation

2.3.2 Data collection with offsite

4.6 Restrictions on the use of spray paint

5. Completion of reporting and submission

a) The accuracy with which the survey grid

c) The resolution of the instrumentation

e) The accuracy of the topographic

h) Implications on cost to the survey

f) Cover levels and chamber depth from