Solution

Data Communication (CS 321) Class Test-1, Autumn 2016

Duration: 50 minutes Full Marks: 20
Answer all questions.
1. Suppose that the spectrum of a channel is between 3 MHz and 4 MHz and
SNRdB=24dB. Find the number of signalling levels assuming that the limit of channel
capacity is achievable. [4]
Bandwidth, B = 4 MHz - 3 MHz = 1 MHz
SNRdB = 24 dB = 10 log10(SNR)
SNR = 251
Using Shannons formula,
channel capacity, C = 106 log2(1 + 251) = 106 8 = 8Mbps
This is a theoretical limit and, as we have said, is unlikely to be reached. But
assume we can achieve the limit. Based on Nyquists formula, how many signaling
levels are required? We have
C = 2B log2M, where M is the number of signal levels.
8 106 = 2 (106) log2M
4 = log2M
M = 16
2. A digital signalling system is required to operate at 9600 bps.
a) If a signal element encodes a 4-bit word, what is the minimum required bandwidth
of the channel? [2]
b) Repeat part (a) for the case of 8-bit words. [2]
By Nyquists formula, C = 2B log2M,
a) Given C=9600bps, and log2M=4
B=C/(2 log2M)=9600/(24)=1200Hz.
b) Given C=9600bps, and log2M=8
B=C/(2 log2M)=9600/(28)=600Hz.
3. PCM encoder accepts a signal with a full-scale voltage of 10 V and generates 8-bit
codes using uniform quantization. The maximum normalized quantized voltage is
1-2-8. Determine (a) normalized step size, (b) actual step size in volts, (c) actual
maximum quantized level in volts. [4]
(a) A total of 28 quantization levels are possible, so the normalized step size is 28
= 0.003906.
(b) The actual step size, in volts, is: 0.003906 10V = 0.03906V.
(c) The maximum normalized quantized voltage is 128 = 0.9961. Thus the actual
maximum quantized voltage is: 0.9961 10V = 9.961V.

Solution
4. Which is preferable among AM and FM in terms of bandwidth and transmission
power requirements? [2].
In terms of bandwidth AM is preferable to FM since FM requires higher bandwidth
than AM.
In terms of transmission power FM is preferable to AM since transmission power of
AM is greater than that of FM.

5. What advantage does PSK have over ASK and FSK? How does QAM overcome the
limitations of PSK? [2]
For a given baud rate PSK can achieve higher bit rate than ASK and FSK.
In PSK as the number phase shift values increases the ability of the equipment to
distinguish small differences in phase limits the potential bit rate. To overcome this
QAM technique combines ASK and PSK it is possible to obtain higher data rate.
ab QAM combines a amplitude values each having b phase values. This overcomes
the limitation of ab PSK.to distinguish small differences in phase.

6. Write pseudo codes in C language for generating NRZ-L and Bipolar-AMI signals.
[4]

#define high_level 5.0f//+5.0V

#define low_level -5.0f //-5.0V
#define no_line 0.0f// 0.0V
NRZ_L(boolean bit_stream[], int len, int delay)
{
int i,t;
float signal;
for(i=0;i<len;i++)
{
signal=(bit_stream[i]==0)?high_level:low_level;
for(t=0;t<delay;t++) // a delay for which the signal will maintain a certain level
{
printf(%f,signal);
}
}
}

Solution

Bipolar_AMI(boolean bit_stream[], int len, int delay)

{
int i,t;
boolean preceding_one=0;//initially considering preceding 1 bit as low level
float signal;
for(i=0;i<len;i++)
{
if(bit_stream[i]==0)
signal=no_line:
else
{
signal= (preceeding_one==0)?high_level:low_level;
preceding_one=~preceding_one;// toggle the level of preceding one
}
for(t=0;t<delay;t++) // a delay for which the signal will maintain a certain level
{
printf(%f,signal);
}
}
}