UNIT 13. Compound Words

! (compound words)
./!012 2 450 67
8
.
967
67!2:5; !
!7!67!2 <.7 
89
; 97 9
; 424 7= 
87= !

!> =4!/
4
. 17?
?;!.
?;7! (-) 
!!
7=
A.2
0

1.  !"#$%& (Compound Adjectives)

1.1 adjective + noun + ed --------- adjective
middle (=) + aged () + man () ---------- a middle-aged man =
two () + headed (7) + snake ( ) a two-headed snake  7
a bad-tempered manager
L /.
/!
a gold-framed mirror
/ 9
a kind-hearted boy

.O6/.

a long-haired woman
7>L!
on old-fashioned idea
!.
7O 1 !
2
a one-eyed giant

.

a four-footed animal

;
9
1.2 noun + adjective --------- adjective
nut (L=!
=?14O) + brown (
0=) + eyes () nut-brown eyes

0=
4!
a blood-red dress
<
1.
4!
the stone-cold floor
?0
O
7!?7
1.3 adjective + adjective --------- adjective
tall ( ) + dark (L=0) + man () a tallPdark man 2 L=0
bitter-sweet cake

O4!Q 7Q
brown-grey beard


0=
9
an evergreen tree
!
4
=.S
1.4 noun + noun --------- adjective
sound (

) + proof (!!T.) room (7) a sound-proof room
(7
O

)
waterproof cloth
L0 .12 L, L2!


 

 

 



1.5 adjective + noun --------- adjective

upper ( 2,  ) + class (0) + people () upper-class people

(

0 )
a five-act play
a heavy-weight boxer

9=9
;!
5 
!2
XY
;
9

1.6
noun
adjective ----------- + past participle --------- adjective
adverb
badly (!2.
(adv.) ) + typed (9
;!) + letter (/.7!)
a badly-typed letter (/.7!9
;!!2.
)
a hand-written report
9
;6
4
 !262!
a tailor-made suit
. 9.<.2
a well-educated man
9
;!
\5.

a leather-covered chair


0 7
a newly-crowned Miss Thailand 99
;
;/172. !_

2.   (Compound Nouns)

2.1 noun + noun --------- noun
tooth (Y`) + brush (1) toothbrush (1
Y`)
school (<

) + bus (T/9) school bus (T<

)
a bus-stop
aT/9
a mouse trap =  .7
a bookshelf
707?
a gun powder = .c
a lunchbox
=2627=
a trouser pocket 
d

tea pot
= 0
a police station T
/
a milk bottle = 4.!
89:;=9   47
87 /=9. s
!?;L! ?;O!
s 12
!7!4!/
8
/ 2
2
savings (
9
;
O .) + bank () savings bank (!)
goods () + train (TY) goods train (4 TY)
sport + shirt
=
a sports shirt

?0
e
mean + test
=
a means test
72!f!
=4


 

 

 



2.2 verb + ing (present participle or gerund) + noun --------- noun

swimming (20) pool (0) swimming pool (20)
boiling (
.?.) + water (0) boiling water (0
.?.)
a sewing machine
/
O L
a dancing girl
7>

a dining room
794
a walking stick
!
9
travelling expense
26/27 
.9
a frying pan
9
the following year
S2!
doll making
9g
2.3 noun + verb @erA @orA --------- noun
shop () + keeper (L ) shopkeeper (
/4)
woman (7>) + doctor (19) woman doctor (197>)
a bookseller
47?
a bus driver
4 T
!=
a hair dresser
29L!
a hair dryer

?;
hL!
an ice-cream vendor

24\
!
a matchmaker
2?;
a pencil sharpener
9
;
7=.
a tape recorder

?;
=2
9
2.4 noun + reposition (prepositional phrase) --------- noun
looker (L . ) + on ( ) looker-on (. )
man () + of (4) war (!) man-of-war (
? )
a passer-by
9
;>/!
a brother-in-law

;
4, 
4
a MGN-of war

?
2.5 adjective + preposition --------- noun
grown (
/>
 <) + up ( 450) grown-up (L 67>2)
pull (.5) + over (4 ) pullover (
?07= )


 

 

 



a close-up
4
O!7
take-off
 4504
?; 
look-outs
9.
a fly-over
=9
;T;
=CD&#$%&EF;FG=D;H root IJ affixes (prefixes, suffixes)
-  
!?;12!T
.!7!.2T 
2
maltreat =
9
mal
8 prefix
=
wrong, bad
1
8
treat k suffixl
=
do
.0/5\5 roots 1= affixes :5;1
8 *prefixes 1= *suffixes 67!
?;26
94 1=non67!
9;450
root (\9) 267>2!/
1==
?;26
!7!4 \9
Roots
Meaning
examples
=D;
 
aeronautics
Air
aero
!
/2
.
radioactive
to drive or do
ag, act
4
amplification
large
ampli

;
7=
;!L?L
rectangular
sharp
angle
 /
=
0=
aquarium
aqua, aque water
.\
astronomy
star
astro
7!
auditorium
to hear
audi
go seize,
cap
capture

45.., / !
to take hold of
(
=:) :5;!21

achromatic
color
chrom
4
;/
cyclist
circle, cycle
cycle
!12
density
to make thick
dens
67
4
!
dictate
to say, to speak
dict
<.
!
deduction
to lead
duc, duct
7=\
thermodynamic
power
dynamic
!.=
equilibrium
equa, equi equal
=
energy
work
erg
<, <
transfer
to carry, to bring
fer


 

 
Roots
flu, flux
geo
gen
grad
graph
helic
homo
hydro
iso

Meaning
to flow
earth
birth, race, kind
to step or walk
to write
spiral
same
water
equal

Examples
fluorescence
geology
generation
gradient
biography
helicopter
homophone
hydrozoan
isotherm

ject, jact
kine
liqu
lumin
lun
micro
mit, min
mut
neo

to throw or hurl
to move
to be liquid
light, source of light
moon
small
send
to change
new

eject
kinetic
liquor
illuminant
lunate
microscope
trasmit
commute
neologism

nomin

name

oscill
pend
petr
phon
plic
pon (pos,
posit)
potent

go swing
go hang
rook
sound
fold
put, place

nominate
nominal
oscillate
pendulum
petroleum
microphone
duplicate
deposit

powerful,capable of potentiality

 


=D;
1

9
;75;
99
;2Q =.450
 =

X=

!



7!?
0

 1L9
;< =2Q :5;!

!7
92

172
=?;7

671

8 ./9

0
=/=9\
2 (>>, 42)

=
;
667!27?!7!67!2
199
;
2


?;, 120
<.172

=?;!72/.
= !e
0!s<
=
!
!<<Y
9
 , 9

n (
6)
/ (=) 9
;1n 26


 

 
Roots
press
rect
sist

Meaning
go squeeze, press
straight, right
go cause to stand,
to put
solv, solut
to loosen
son
sound
spec, spect to look, to observe
ten (tin, tain, to hold, occupy,
tent)
belong to
distant, far off
tele
hot
therm
draw, drag
tract
to com
ven, vent
to happen
to turn
vert, vers

 



Examples
compressor
rectangle
insist

=D;
;9
;.=!,
?;.=!
 
;
7=
;!!!t
 .
,  .2712

dissolve
ultrasonic
spectator
retainment

=

O2


L !

O
, 

telescope
thermometer
attract
convention

=<99\

?;.7 !
.5. .!6/
!

converse

= , 4!

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////


 

 

 



Prefixes () 249

;
!47
?;67
.67!2 967!7!4\9
=
;
Roots
Meaning
examples
=D;
a, annot, without
amoral
!2!
\
=!
off, up
awake
=, ?;
afrom
alight
=/T
in
abed



abon
aside
4Q
aer (o)away, from, not
abnormal
L.
anteof aircraft
aeronaut
 
anti
before
antecedent

.4502, !2
opposite,
antibody
;2
?0<62
opposed to, against
astroof the stars
astronaut
 \
audioof hearing, of sound audio-visual


; <9\  
autoof oneself
autobiography
=!? =
:O
by oneself
autograph
befriend
967
8
?;
be967
8

2
bedevil
967 9677=9!
9;Q 7?
befog
=! .7! .7!
bitwice, two
bilingual
6 
bistwice, two
biscuit
4 `
bintwice, two
binocular
=2
chron (o)of time
chronology
>
1.;9
;
.450!=.
27=
circumcircumscribe

4

4

around
circucircumspect
. 2 
cotogether
co-education
7\5
comwith
compose
, 967 2., 
conconfide
! , 6/,  94
colcollaborate
.!2!!?


 

 
Roots
contracounterdedidifdis
eecefexenextrafor
fore_

Meaning
opposite to
against
negative
away, apart
different not
out of from
lacking

put in, on
outside
beyond
away
not
before
in front

hetero_

different

hom (o)_

the same

hydr (o)_

of water
over
beyond
in
not

hyper (o)_
iin_
il_
ir_

!7 b, p, m

!7 r

 



examples
contradictcounteract
defrost
divert
difficult
dissect
eject
eccentric
effect
exclaim
endanger
extraordinary

=D;
9
;4.1, 4!
4.4
9014O67==
7/ 7
7

./
4  2


0 !2=!
!
L=, L=
!
 26
L. L.!.

forgive
forget
foretell
foreleg
heterodoxy
heterogeneous
homogenous
homosexual
hydrant
hypercritical
hypersensitive
intake
incorrect
illegal
impolite
irresponsible

67 <967
=?!
=27
47
!
7O2
2.
=, .
.

!626
\
.


7

!
! !
=27 \
4
!2T 
L._7!
!2
!2 L.


 

 
Roots
inter_
intra, intro_
macro_
mal_
micro_
mis_
mono_
multi_
neo_
non_
out_
over_
para_
per_
pel_

Meaning
between,
from one to another
inside
relatively large
wrong, bad, not
relatively small
wrongly
a single, one
many
new, revived
not
beyond
ahead
across, above
beside
through,
very,
in a wrong
direction

post_

after

poly_

many

pre_

before

pro_
por_
pol_
pur_

forward
forth
before
for

 


examples

=D;

international



introspection
macrocosm
malcontent
microscope
misjudge
monorail
multicoloured
neoclassical
nonessential
outrun
outgrow
overwork
parallel

62>
/=
9
;!26/
=/=9\
.L., .
L.
T
.

7=

(T`!) 167!2

!2>
;
O2
<
2
9!


4

perceive
pellucid

1=
7O
46/

 
6, 1/2!1/

postscript
postpone
post mortal
polytechnic
premature
preface
previous
promote
portend
pollute
purport

`/t!=4

=?;
/ 7=
.. :5;7=Q 
27.
;9
;=22 
2

=?;\,
=?;0
?.!
967
7!!2


 

 
Roots
pseud (o)_

Examples
pseudonym
False
rejoin
review
again, back
re_
reform
backwards, behind retrospect
retro_
without, away,
se_
secure
apart, from
semi-final
semi-annual
half, partially,
semi,demi
demi-god
midway
subway
sub_, suf_
submarine
under, after
sug_, sum_
suffer
sup,sur,sus_
above, over
super_
supernatural
superior to
sharing with,
sym_
synchronize
together
syn_
telepathy
of linking across
tele
distance
to day
to_
tomorrow
transpose
across
trans_
ultrasonic
beyond
ultra_
unfair
unaware
vice-president
somebody who is
vice_
next in rank to and
may act for another

 



Meaning

=D;
!1n
= !!
/
0
x 
!7=
!;  .
 
=\
5;S
5;
/5;!
TY6.

?.0, 60
. ,  5
/O .

7?!
7
967!
967
4/7
<9/

0
2
0

=
;

O2


!2!
!2 , !29
,
 .

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////


 

 

 



Suffixes (`//)
8249

;
!47=
?;67
.67!2 96779
;4
=
;

2 / noun
8 adjective 12!/!2
=
;!7!
Roots
Meaning
examples
=D;
_able
transferable
<.
able to
peaceable

_ible
capable of being
visible
!T
7O.
_acious
tenacious

12, L, 717
full of
_icious
avaricious
<=
_acity
capacity
!/ !!T
quality
_icity
authenticity
=9
;19/
_acy
state condition
literacy
 7?
quality
_age
used to from a noun breakage
2

7
relating or
autumnal
172. 6 !2
_al
pertaining to
final
.9
belonging to
_an
pertaining to
human


; , 4!
engaged in
_ant
a person or
protestant
L 9
;.
thing that does
expectant
.2/!
.7!
_ent
potent
!
= !
/
_ary
connected with
dictionary
/!
literary


; 
_ate
make or cause
ameliorate
967.
450
to be
aspirate
 .!
_ation
, !
creation
 .y
foundation
y
_ative
!
=
8,  talkative
2 .   .
_cide
killing, killer
suicide
z2
_dom
state
kingdom
/
authority of
freedom



 

 
Roots
_ee
_eer
_en
_ence
_ance
_ency
_ancy
_er
_or, ar
_ess

Meaning
a person who
receives an action
a person or thing
that has to do with
cause make
act, quality,
state of
the quality or
state of, office
a person or thing
that does
feminine ending

_ful

full of, having the

quality of

_fy

make, become

_gamy
_gram

of marriage
something written
down
status, rank,
condition of life
of, relating to,
having the
!
=
9{.
!T{.
like

_hood
_ic
_ile
_in

 



examples
employee

=D;
= /

engineer

\

sharpen

96717=! !

resistance

9

agency
employer
sailor
princess
delightful
beautiful
playful
magnify
verify
testify
polygamy
telegram

19
/
=

?

/7>
2.

.!
2
=2
4
9.  /

8 67


!
7=
<9
=4

boyhood
childhood
basic
heroic
facile
puerile

!
8
.O

.O
?0y

7!?
 
2 9.2

7! .


 

 
Roots
_ine
_ing
_ion
_ation
_ism
_ist
_ish
_ite
_it is
_ity
_ty
_ive
_ize
_less
_let
_like
_ly
_ment

Meaning
pertaining to
(
84

; )
9
L=9
an action,
condition result of
a system, practice
or belief
a person who or
that which does
resembling
a native, a product,
a pat of rock
a mineral or rock
inflammation of
a state,
a condition
having the nature
or characteristic
of something
to make
not having, lacking
not ableto do,
little
resembling
having the quality
of resembling
the condition
of being

 



examples
feminine

=D;

7!?

; L 7>

painting
building
action
starvation
communism
Buddhism
dentist
violinist
childish
bauxite

9


9 ;9
;9
!.
 !!
\9
7!Y`
<=
1
.OQ
12= !

!

bronchitis

<7=.=!


relative
primitive

> L 

;4

212 .0
.!

criticize
nationalize
powerless
homeless
booklet
godlike
deeply
godly
entertainment

/
967
84
!2!
/
!2!
 2
7?
=2!
=O

7!?
/
2=5 (:50)
2
9
/
967


 

 
Roots
_meter
_ness
_ory
_ous

_scope

_ship

_some
_tude
_ure
_ward
_wise

_y

Meaning
a means,
of measuring
the condition of
being, quality
a place or thing for
of, full of, like
or having

 



examples
speedometer

=D;

?;.!
O

politeness
coldness
reformatory
dangerous

!
!7
O
<

...

O!.

luminous
means of observing microscope
showing
a state, qualify, rank leadership
friendship
hardship
condition
tiresome
denoting
quarrelsome
considerable
degree or quality
solitude
condition
legislature
act, process,
pressure
condition
backward
in the direction of
clockwise
manner
otherwise
<. 1
9
milky
like
windy ; handy
pertaining to

?1 91

=/=9\
!
8L 
!
8
?;
!= 
2
?;72
679
= =
9
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.
;
 >>

. !.
T7=, 7=
1 e
69?;

7!?!
!
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***********************************************************