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Determination of
The degradation function (h(x,y))
Noise (x,y)
In restoration, estimate the image f ( x , y )
from the idea of degradation function and noise.
A better knowledge of h(x,y) and (x,y) yields
a closer estimate.
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g ( x , y ) = H [ f ( x , y )] + ( x , y )
H is some operator, that operates on the input image
f(x,y)
If the noise (x,y) = 0,
&
g ( x , y ) = H [ f ( x , y )]
g( x , y )
f ( x, y) =
H raj@bits-pilani.ac.in
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Let f2(x,y) = 0,
H [a f1 ( x , y )] = aH [ f1 ( x , y )]
This is the property of homogeneity of the linear operator H
g ( x , y ) = H [ f ( x , y )]
is said to be position invariant if,
H [ f ( x , y )] = g ( x , y )
*
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f ( x, y) =
f ( , ) ( x , y )d d
g ( x , y ) = H [ f ( x , y )]
= H f ( , ) ( x , y )d d
g( x , y ) =
H [ f ( , ) ( x , y )]d d
g( x , y ) =
f ( , ) H [ ( x , y )]d d
Define::
H [ ( x , y )] = h( x , , y , )
impulse response of H
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h(x,
function (PSF)
,y,
) is also known as point spread
g( x , y ) =
f ( , ) h( x, , y, )d d
H [ ( x , y )] = h( x , y )
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g( x , y ) =
f ( , ) h( x , y )d d
g( x , y ) =
f ( , ) h( x , y )d d
+ ( x, y )
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g ( x , y ) = f ( x , y ) h( x , y ) + ( x , y )
A linear, spatially invariant degradation system with
additive noise can be modeled in the spatial domains
as the Convolution of the degradation function with an
image , followed by the addition of the noise.
G ( u, v ) = F ( u, v ) H ( u , v ) + N ( u , v )
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1 (z)2 / 2 2
p(z) =
e
2
z = gray level
= avg(z)
= SD
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b) Rayleigh noise
2
( za)2 / b
p(z) = (z a)e
za
b
=0
z<a
z = =a+
b
4
b( 4 )
=
4
2
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Periodic noise:
1.Estimation by observation
2.Estimation by experimentation
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Example:
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H ( u, v ) = e
k ( u 2 + v 2 )5 / 6
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Example::
Images get degraded (blurred) by uniform linear motion
of the object and the sensor.
T
g ( x , y ) = f [ x xo ( t ), y yo ( t )]dt
0
T = exposure time
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G ( u, v ) =
g( x, y )e
j 2 ( ux + vy )
dx dy
Substitute g(x,y)
T
j 2 ( ux + vy )
G ( u, v ) = f ( x xo( t ), y yo( t )) dt e
dx dy
0
j 2 ( ux + vy )
= f ( x xo( t ), y yo( t )) e
dx dy dt
0
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Recall
f ( x xo , y yo ) F ( u, v )e j 2 ( uxo + vyo )
T
G ( u, v ) = F ( u, v ) e
j 2 ( ux o ( t ) + vyo ( t ))
dt
0
T
= F ( u, v ) e
j 2 ( ux o ( t ) + vyo ( t ))
dt
Identifying
G ( u, v ) = F ( u, v ) H ( u, v )
T
H ( u, v ) = e
0
j 2 ( ux o ( t ) + vyo ( t ))
dt
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Example::
H ( u, v ) = e
j 2 ( ux o ( t ))
dt
T
jua
=
sin(ua )e
ua
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T
j ( ua + vb )
H ( u, v ) =
sin( ( ua + vb))e
( ua + vb)
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Inverse Filtering
An estimate of the original image is made by
G ( u, v )
F ( u, v ) =
H ( u, v )
We know::>
G ( u, v ) = F ( u , v ) H ( u , v ) + N ( u, v )
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On substitution
N ( u, v )
F ( u, v ) = F ( u, v ) +
H ( u, v )
Problems with Inverse Filtering:
1. We cannot recover the undegraded image EXACTLY
even if know the degradation function H(u,v) because
N(u,v) is random and whose Fourier transform is not
understood.
2. If H(u,v) is zero or very small value, the term
N(u,v)/H(u,v) contributes to a large value in F ( u, v )
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Solutions
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G(u,v)
H ( u, v ) = e
k (( u M / 2 ) 2 + ( v N / 2 ) 2 ) 5 / 6
G ( u, v )
F ( u, v ) =
H ( u, v )
k=0.0025
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e =E (f f)
2
H
(
u
,
v
)
S
(
u
,
v
)
f
G ( u, v )
F ( u, v ) =
2
S f ( u, v ) H ( u, v ) + S ( u, v )
2
1
H ( u, v )
=
G ( u, v )
H ( u, v ) H ( u, v ) 2 + S ( u, v )
S f ( u, v )
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Where
S ( u, v ) = N ( u, v )
S f ( u, v ) = F ( u, v )
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Example:
If the white noise is present; S(u,v) = constant
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