11/10/2015

Introduction

ENCV600101 - Perancangan Struktur

Beton 1

Serviceability

The limit state design:

The ultimate limit state;
Serviceability limit state

Sjahril A. Rahim
Departemen Teknik Sipil FTUI
2014

Serviceability Limit States

A statement of the limit state causing the
problem. Typical serviceability limit states (SLS)
include deflection, cracking, vibration, and so on.
One or more load combination to be used in
checking the limit state;
A calculation procedure to be used to check the
limit state: elastic analysis;
A criterion to be used to judge whether the limit
state exceeded

Elastic analysis of stresses in beam sections

At service loads, the distribution of stresses in the compression zone of a
cracked beam is close to being linear, as shown n the following slides, and the
steel is elastic.

Elastic calculation gives good estimate of the concrete and steel stresses at
service loads.

Straight line theory analysis:

- Stiffness EI at service load;
- deflection calculations;
- steel stresses;
- crack width

11/10/2015

Teori lentur untuk beton bertulang:

Perilaku lentur

Moment curvature diagram:

Distribution of strains and stresses

in test beam at service load:

Calculation of EI
Modulus of Elasticity and Modular Ratio:
Concrete:

Ec wc 0,043 f c'
1,5

Ec 4700 f

'
c

MPa
For normal weight concrete

Steel: Es = 200.000 MPa

The modular ratio, n = Es/Ec
Transformed Section:

11/10/2015

Transformed Section
At service loads, the beam is assumed to act elastically, The basic assumptions in elastic
bending are:
Strains are linearly distributed over the depth of the member;
Stresses can be calculated from the strains by the relationship =E x . This leads to
the elastic bending stress equation, =My/I
When a beam made of two materials is loaded, the different values of E for the two
materials lead to different stress distribution, since one material stiffer and accepts
more stress for a given strain than other. However, the elastic beam theory can be
used if the steel-concrete beam is hypothetically transformed to either an all-steel
beam or an all-concrete beam. This is done by replacing the area of steel with an
area of concrete having the same axial stiffness AE. Because n=Es/Ec, the resulting
area of concrete will be nAs. When the steel in compression zone or in uncracked
tension zone, its transformed area is nAs, but it displaces an area of concrete equal
to As. As a result, compression steel is transformed to an equivalent concrete area of
(n-1)As. If the creep taking into consideration, compression steel was transformed to
an equivalent area of (2n-1)As.
The neutral axis: c=kd below the top of the section.
For an elastic section, the neutral axis occurs at the centroid of the area, which is
defined as that point at which
Aii = 0

Transformed Crack Section, Double

Reinforcement
Ay
i

- Locate the neutral axis of transformed section

- Compute the corresponding moment of inertia

As

c=kd
(n-1)As
d
(n-1)As

(n-1)As
Centroid of uncracked
section

nAs

Centroid of cracked
section

As

(a) Cross section

(b) Uncracked transformed (c) Cracked transformed

section
section

Transformed Crack Section, Double

Reinforcement

bc 2
(n 1) As ' (c d ' ) nAs (c d ) 0
2
Substituting c kd and As / bd and ' As ' / bd result sin
b(kd ) 2
(n 1) ' bd (kd d ' ) nbd (d kd ) 0
2
Dividing by bd 2
b(kd ) 2 2( n 1) ' bd (kd d ' ) 2 nbd (d kd ) 0
d'
) 2 n(1 k ) 0
d
d'
k 2 (2( n 1) '2 n)k (2(n 1) ' 2 n) 0
d
solving for k ,
k 2 2(n 1) ' (k

Transformed Sections

1
d'
(2( n 1) '2n) 2 4( 2( n 1) ' 2 n) ((n 1) ' n)
2
d
1 3
c 2
2
I cr bc bc( ) ( n 1) As ' (c d ' ) nAs (c d ) 2
12
2
Substituti ng c kd and As / bd and ' As ' / bd
k

1
( kd ) 3
b(kd )3 b
( n 1) ' bd ( kd d ' ) nbd (kd d ) 2
12
4
1
I cr b( kd ) 3 ( n 1) ' bd ( kd d ' ) 2 nbd ( kd d ) 2
3
I cr

1
d'
(2(n 1) '2 n) 2 4( 2(n 1) ' 2 n) ((n 1) ' n)
2
d

11/10/2015

Transformed Crack Section, Single

Reinforcement

Ay
i

Stress distribution in straight-line theory

b

fc

bc
nAs (d c ) 0
2
Substituting c kd and A / bd results in
s
b( kd ) 2
nbd ( d kd ) 0
2
Dividing by bd 2 and solving for k ,

kd
d
As

kd/3
C
jd

fs

k 2 n ( n ) n

Service-Load Stresses in a Cracked Beam

The total commpressive force is
f cbkd
2
This force act at the centroid of the triangular stress block , kd / 3
C

Example-1 Calculation of the Transformed

Section Properties
The beam shown in Figure 1 is built of 30-MPa concrete. Compute the location
of the centroid and the moment of inertia for both the uncracked section and
the cracked section.

kd
k
d (1 )
3
3
If the moment at service loads is M s ,
jd d

M s Cjd

f c bkd
jd
2

and
2M s
fc
jkbd 2
Similarly, taking moments about C yields

300 mm

d'=65 mm

2D25 mm

(n-1)As
d=535 mm

(n-1)As

M s Tjd f s As / jd

(n-1)As

Centroid of cracked
c=kd
section

Centroid of uncracked
section

nAs

and
fs

Ms
As jd

4D25 mm

11/10/2015

Solution problem

See attachment: Example -1

Example-2 Calculation of the Service-Load

Steel stress
Example-2: Calculation of the Service-Load Stress in a Rectangular Beam
A rectangular beam has b=250 mm, d=500 mm, three D25 mm Grade-420
bars, and fc'=20 MPa. Compute fs at service loads if the service live-load
moments is 70 kN-m and the service dead-load moments is 90 kN-m.

1. Compute k and j
fc 20 db 25 mm b 250 mm
d 500 mm
4

Ec 4700 fc
Ec 2.102 10
Es 200000 MPa
Es
n
n 9.515
Ec
Ab

db
4

Ab 490.874
3

As 3 Ab As 1.473 10
As

0.012
b d
2

2 n n n
k
j 1
j 0.875
3

MPa

mm

k 0.374

2. Compute fs and Ms
Ms 90 70 Ms 160 kN m
Ms
fs
1000 1000
fs 248.294 MPa
As j d
The steel stress at service loads is fs 248.294 MPa

11/10/2015

Cracking
Types of Cracks:
Tensile stresses induced by loads, moments, and shears cause distinctive
crack patterns, as shown in Figure:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)

Cracking
Types of Cracks:

Direct tension
Bending width or without axial load
Shear
Torsion and shear
Bond cracks
Concentrated load

Heat-of-hydration cracking
A frequent cause of cracking in structures is restrained contraction resulting
from the cooling down to ambient temperatures of very young members that
expanded under the heat of hydration which developed as the concrete as
the concrete was setting. This most typically occurs where a length of wall is
cast on a foundation cast some time before. A typical heat-of hydration
cracking pattern is shown in the following figure. Such cracking can be
controlled by controlling the heat rise due to heat of hydration and the rate of
cooling, or both; by placing the wall in short lengths; or by reinforcement
considerably in excess of normal shrinkage reinforcement.

Other types of cracks

Which occurs as newly
placed concrete bleeds
and the surface dries,
result in settlement cracks
along the reinforcement

Random cracking
pattern

Solution: Proper mix

design
and by preventing rapid
drying of the surface
during the first hour or so
after placing.

Effect of
corrosion

11/10/2015

Development of Cracks due to Loads

Cracking starts when the tensile stress in
the concrete reach the tensile strength of
the concrete

Cracking of an axially loaded prism

Cracking starts when the tensile

stress in the concrete, ft, reach
the tensile strength of the
concrete, ft
At the crack, the entire force in
the prism is carried by the
reinforcement.
Bond gradually builds up the
stress in the concrete on either
side of the crack until, with
further loading, the stress
reaches the tensile strength at
some other section, which then
cracks.

Stresses in concrete and steel in a cracked

prism
The total width, w, of a given
crack is the difference in the
elongation of the steel and the
concrete over a length A-B
equal to the crack spacing:

Cracking at the bar deformations

Bond stresses are transferred from steel to concrete by means of forces
acting on the deformation lugs on the surface of the bar. These lead to
cracks in the concrete adjacent to the ribs, as shown in the following
Figure.

w ( s c )dx
A

where s and c are the

strains in the steel and
concrete at a given location
between A and B and x is
measured along the axis of
the prism.
The crack spacing, s, and the variation in s and c are difficult to calculate in
practice, and the empirically equation are generally used to compute the crack
width.

11/10/2015

Reasons for controlling cracks widths

Cracks widths are concern for three main
reason:
Appearance;
Leakage; and
Corrosion

Limits on Crack Width

Prior to 1999, the ACI Code crack-control limits were based on a

maximum crack of 0.40 mm for interior exposure and 0.33 mm for
exterior exposure. These limits were based on the Gergely-Lutz
equation which related the maximum crack width w at the tensile
surface of a beam or slab and the cover to
(a) the stress fs in the steel at service load
(b) the distance dc from the extreme concrete fiber to the centroid of
the bar closet to the tension fiber, and
(c) the area A of the prism of concrete concentric with the bar.
Two limiting crack widths were considered: w=0.40 mm for interior
exposure and w=0.33 for exterior exposure. The resulting equation
tended to give unacceptably small bar spacings for bar covers
greater than 63.5 mm. For this reason, the Gergely-Lutz equation
was replaced in the ACI Code. This equation was obtained by fitting
a straigh line to Gergely-Lutz equation for a flexural crack width of
0.40 mm.

Corrosion is most apt to occurs if one or

more the following circumstances occurs:
Chlorides or other corrosive substances are
present;
The relative humidity exceeds 60 percents
Ambient temperature are high, accelerating the
chemical reaction;
Ponded water and wetting and drying cycles
occur that cause the concrete at the level of the
steel to be alternately wet and dry;
Stray electrical currents occur in the bars.

Limits on Crack Width

ACI Sections 10.6.3 to 10.6.7 handle crack widths
indirectly by limiting maximum bar spacing and bar
covers for beam and one-way slab.
s=95,000/fs-2.5cc (in MPa), but not greater than
300(252/fs), where s is the bar spacing in mm, fs is the
service-load bar stress in MPa, and cc is the clear cover
from the nearest surface of the concrete in the tension
zone to the surface of the flexural tension reinforcement,
in mm. This equation based on the limiting crack width
for interior exposure only.
The steel stress fs can be computed via (9.5).
Alternatively, ACI allows the value of fs at service loads
to be taken as fs/(1.4/0.9) 0.64fy

11/10/2015

Example 9.3 Checking the Distribution of

reinforcement in a Beam
Example 9-3 Checking the Distribution of reinforcement in a Beam
A the point of maximum positive moment, a beam contains the reinforcement shown in Figure
9-9. The reinforcement has a yield strength of 420 MPa. Is this distribution satisfactory ?.

Example 9.4 Checking the Distribution of

reinforcement in a One-Way Slab
An 200 mm-thick slab has No13M bars at a spacing s. The bars have fy=420
MPa and a minimum clear cover of 20 mm. Compute the maximum value of s.
We have
fy 420

Assume that fs=0.6 fy = 252 MPa. Let cc be the clear cover from the nearest surface of the
concrete in tension to the surface of the flexural tension reinforcement in mm. Then
fy 420

cc 49.5

mm

s
fs 0.6 fy
s

95000
fs

49.5 mm

2.5 cc
252

fs

smax 300

s 253.234

smax 300

mm

49.5 mm

3 D 25 mm bars

mm

Since the bar sacing in Figure is clearly less than 253 mm, the steel distribution
is acceptable.

Shrinkage and temperature Reinforcement

fs 252

cc 20

MPa

cc 40 9.5

MPa

fs 0.6 fy

ACI Section 7.12 requires reinforcement perpendicular to the span

in one-way slabs for tensile stresses resulting from restrained
shrinkage and temperature changes. If the reinforcement is intended
to replace the tensile stresses in the concrete at the time of cracking
the following simplified analysis suggests that an amount equal to
Asfy=ftAg
is needed to replace the tensile stress lost when the concrete
cracks.
s,t=As/Ag=ft/fy
and
s,tft/fy
For Grade-420 steel and 27.5-MPa concrete, s,t is between 0.005
and 0.005. This is three times the amount of shrinkage and
temperature reinforcement specified in ACI Section 7.12.2.1(b).

95000
fs

MPa

mm
2.5cc

252

smax 300

fs

s 326.984
smax 300

mm
mm

A bar spacing less than or equal to 300 mm satisfies 10.6.4. The bar spacing
must also satisfy ACI Section 7.6.5, which limits s to three times the slab
thickness, or 500 mm.

Web Face Reinforcement

In beams deeper than 900 mm, the width of flexural
cracks may be as large, or larger, at points above the
reinforcement than they are at the level of the steel, as
shown in Fig. 9-3b.
To control the width of these cracks, ACI Section 10.6.7
requires skin reinforcement uniformly distributed along
both face of the web for height of d/2 measured from the
centroid of the longitudinal tension reinforcement toward
the neutral axis.
The maximum spacing, sk, of the skin reinforcement
shall not exceed the smallest of d/6 mm, 300 mm, and
1000Ab/(d-750) mm, where Ab mm 2 is the area of one
bar.

11/10/2015

Web Face Reinforcement

Deflection: Response of Concrete Beams

sk d/6 mm
300 mm
1000Ab/(d-750) mm

compression
neutral axis

h
sk h/2

w2 w1

w1
Tension

As

Main reinforcement

(a) Side Face Cracking

(Exaggerated)

Load deflection Behavior of a Concrete

Beam
Flexural Stiffness and Moment of Inertia
Effective Moment of Inertia
Instantaneous and Additional Sustained
Load Deflection
Instantaneous Deflection

(b) Crack Control Skin Reinforcement

for Deep Beams

Load deflection Behavior of a Concrete

Beam

Load deflection Behavior of a Concrete

Beam

Initially, the beam is uncracked and is stiff (O-A)

With further loading, cracking occurs when the moment at the ends
exceeds the cracking moment. When a beam section cracks, its
moment of inertia decreases, leading to a decrease in the stiffness
of the beam. This cause a reduction in stiffness (A-B) in the load
deflection diagram;
Cracking in the midspan region causes a further reduction of
stiffness (Point B);
Eventually, the reinforcement would yield at the ends or at midspan,
an effect leading to large inrepresented by point C. The beam is
essentially elastic at point C, the nonlinear load deflection being
caused by a progressive reduction of flexural stiffness due to
increased cracking as the loads are increase;
With time, the service-load deflection would increase from C to C,
due to creep of the concrete. (Instantaneous and long-time
deflection)

10

11/10/2015

Flexural stiffness and moment of inertia

Section before and after cracking

Deflection of a beam is calculated by integrating the curvature along

the length of the beam;
The curvature, 1/r=M/EI, where EI is the flexural stiffness of the
cross section. For RC, however, three different EI values must be
considered. The slope of any radial line through the origin in such a
diagram is M/=EI.
Before cracking, uncracked moment of inertia, EI corresponding
radial line O-A;
The cracked-section EI is less than the uncracked EI and
corresponds relatively well to the curvature at loads approaching
yield, as shown by radial line O-B;
At service load, points C1 and C2, The EI values are between these
two extremes. The actual EI at service load levels varies
considerably, as shown by the difference in the slope of the lines OC1 and O-C2, depending on the relative magnitudes of the cracking
moment Mcr, the service load moment Ma, and the yield moment My.

Moment-Curvature Diagram

Variation of EI along the length of the beam

EI

Uncracked EI
Moment, M
A C1

Cracked EI

C2

Slope=M/=EI

Moment-curvature diagram

Cracked EI

Curvature,
A
C1

Left support
C2

EI

Cracked moment
Mcr

Moment

Midspan

Right support

Variation in EI with moment

The above figure shows the distribution of EI along the beam shown in Figure 9-10b.
The EI varies from uncracked value at point where the moment is less than the
cracking moment to a partially cracked value at points of high moment.
Since the use of such a distribution of EI values would make the deflection calculations
tedious, an overall average or effective EI value is used.

11

11/10/2015

Effective Moment of Inertia

The slope of line OA is approximately EIgt,
referred as the gross-transformed moment of
inertia;
The slope of line OB is approximately EIcr,
referred as crack moment of inertia;
At points between cracking (point A) and yielding
of the steel (point B), intermediate values of EI
exist. Branson derived the following equation to
express the transition from Igt to Icr that is
observed in experimental data:

Average value of Ie

For a continues beam, the Ie values may be quite different in the

negative- and positive- moment regions. In such a case, the
positive-moment value may be assumed to apply between the points
of contraflexure and the negative-moment values in the ends region.
ACI Section 9.5.2.4 suggests the use of the average Ie value.
Beams with two ends continuous:
average Ie = 0.70Iem+0.15(Ie1+Ie2)
Beam with one end continuous:
average Ie = 0.85Iem+0.15(Ie

contineous ends)

Effective Moment of Inertia

a
M
M
I e cr I gt 1 cr
M a
Ma

I cr

Mcr = cracking moment = frIg/yt

Igt = moment of inertia of the reinforced concrete section
fr = modulus of rupture =0.7fc
yt = distance from centroid to extreme tension fiber
Ma = maximum moment in the member at the loading stage for which deflection is being
computed or at any previous loading stage
a = 4 for region constant moment
= 3 for simply supported beam
Simplicity:

M
I e cr
Ma

3
M

I g 1 cr
M a

M
I e I cr ( I g I cr ) cr
Ma

I cr

Instantaneous and Additional Sustained

Load Deflections
When a concrete beam is loaded, it
undergoes a deflection referred to as an
instantaneous deflection, I;
If the load remains on the beam, additional
sustained-load deflections occur due to
creep.

Iem, Ie1 , and Ie2 are the values of Ie at midspan and the two ends of
the beam, respectively.

12

11/10/2015

w/m

Instantaneous deflections

5 wl n
5 M posln

384 EI
48 EI
2
4
1 wl n
128 M pos ln
c

185 EI 1665 EI
2
4
1 wl n
1 M posln
c

384 EI 16 EI
2
3
1 Pl n
1 M posl n
c

192 EI
24 EI
2
3
6 Pl n
5 M pos ln
c

684 EI
72 EI
2
4
1 wl n
1 M neg l n
tip

8 EI
4 EI
2
3
1 Pl n
1 M neg ln
tip

3 EI
3 EI
2
1 Mln
c
16 EI
c

Equation for calculating the instantaneous

deflections of the beam for common cases
are summarize in the following page.

P
P

M
ln

Calculation of deflection for a beam with

unequal end moments

Calculation of deflection for a beam with

unequal end moments
0 1 2
2

M1

M2

0
+
1

M1
+
M2

5 M 0 ln
3 M 1ln
3 M 2 ln

48 EI
48 EI
48 EI
M1 M 2
Mm M0

Mm=midspan moment
2
2
2
l
5

n 5M m M 1 M 2 3M 1 M 2
48 EI
2

5 ln
M m 0.1M1 M 2
48 EI

5 ln
1.2M m 0.2M 0
48 EI

or

13

11/10/2015

Sustained-Load Deflections

Under sustained loads, concrete undergoes creep strains and the

curvature of a cross section increase;
Because the lever arm is reduced, there is a small increase in the steel
force, but for normally reinforced sections, this will be minimal. At the
same time, the compressive stress in the concrete decrease slightly,
because the compression zone is larger.
If compression steel is present, the increased compressive strains will
cause an increase in stress in the compression reinforcement, thereby
shifting some of the compressive force from concrete to the compression
steel. Resulting in reduced creep strains.
The total instatenteneous and sustained load deflection is
=(1+)I, where

Effect of creep on strains and curvature

Instantaneous strains
i

Strains after creep

after creep

and ' As ' / bd

1 50 '

is a factor between 0 and 2, depending on the time period over which

sustained load deflections are interest. = As/bd at midspan for simple
and continues beams and at the support for cantilever beam.

Multipliers for long-term deflection,

Consideration of Deflection in Design

Visual Appearance:
Damage to non structural elements
Disruption function
Damage to Structural Elements

14

11/10/2015

Visual Appearance:
Total sustained load deflection
Deflection limitation:1/250 span
Loading combination 1.0D+1.0H+1.0Pre+0.4L
S (1 ) iD iLS

where iD, and iLS are instantaneous

deflections due to the dead load, and the
sustained portion of the live load, respectively.
is the value of based on =2.0.

Allowable Deflections

Damage to non structural elements

Excessive deflections can cause cracking of partitions or malfunction

of doors and windows;
Such problems can be handled by limiting that deflections that occur
after installation of the non structural element by delaying their
installation;
A frequent limit on deflections that cause damage is deflection of
l/480 occurring after attachment of the non structural element. This is
the sum of the instantaneous deflection due to live loads plus the
sustained portion of the deflection due the dead load and any
sustained live load; that is

iL t 0, iD iLS
where iD, iL, and iLS are instantaneous deflections due to the dead
load, live load, and the sustained portion of the live load,
respectively.
t0, is the value of based on the value of at the time t0 when the
partitions and so on are installed.

Deflection Control by Span-to-Depth Limits

The relationship between beam depth and deflections is
given by

l
C
l
d

Where the term C allows for the support condition, and

the grade, and amount of steel.

For a given desired /l, a table of l/d values can be

derived. ACI Table 9.5(a) is such a table and gives
minimum thickness of beams and one-way slabs unless
deflections are computed. This table is frequently used to
select member depth.
If the member supports, or attached to, partitions or other
construction likely to be damaged by large deflections,
The ACI code requires calculation of deflections.

15

11/10/2015

Example 9-5 Calculation of Immediate

Deflection
Effective width = 1575 mm
125 mm
450 mm

250 mm

3.6 m

(a) Section

3.6 m

(b) Elevation

B
A

C
ln = 6300 mm
l = 6.7 m

(c) Possibility location

(d) of neutral axis

Example 9-5 Calculation of Immediate

Deflection
The T beam shown in the Figure supports unfactored
dead and live loads of 15.5 kN/m and 17 kN/m,
respectively. It is built of 20-MPa concrete and Grade420 reinforcement. The moment used in the design of
the beam were calculated from the moment coefficients
in ACI Section 8.3.3 or SNI 03-2847-2002 Section
10.3.3. Calculate the immediate midspan deflection.
Assume the construction loads did not exceed the dead
load.

1575 mm
nAs
c
d=385 mm

d=385 mm
c
nAs
250 mm

(e) Transformed section at B. (f) Transformed section at C.

16

11/10/2015

Example 9-6 Calculation of Deflection

Occurring after Attachment of Nonstructural
Elements

Solution Problem

The beam considered in Example 9-5 will be assumed to

support partitions that would be damaged by excessive
deflections. Again it support a dead of 15.6 kN/m and a
live load of 17 kN/m, 25 percent of which is sustained.
The partitions are installed at least 3 months after the
shoring is removed. Will the computed deflections
exceed the allowable in the end span ?.

Please see the attachment

Reference:

Solution Problem
The controlling deflection:

iL t 0, iD iLS
iD L 6.82 mm
M D 38.3 kN m
M D L 86.5 kN m

The immediate live-load deflection:

Twenty-five percent of this results from
the sustained live loads.
The immediate dead-load deflection based
on Ie, which is effective when both dead
and live loads are acting
The creep multipliers are give by

The deflection occurring after the partitions

are in place:
The maximum allowable deflection is ln/480= 13.96 mm,
Therefore, the deflections of this floor are satisfactory.

M L M D L M D 86.5 38.3 48.2 kN

ML
48.2
iL iD L
6.82
3.8 mm
M D L
86.5
iLS 0.25 iL 0.95 mm
iD 6.82

MD
38.3
6.82
3.02 mm
M D L
86.5

1 50 '
2 .0

2 .0
1 0
2 .0 1 .0
t 0 ,
1 .0
Note: t0=3 months
1 0
iL t 0, iD iLS

James G MacGregor and James K Wight,

Reinforced Concrete Mechanics and
Design, Fourth Edition in SI Units,
Pearson Prentice Hall
ACI 318M-05
SNI 03-2847-2002

3.8 1.03.02 2 0.95 8.72 mm

17