As 2067-1984 Switchgear Assemblies and Ancillary Equipment

Standards Australia
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Title: AS 2067-1984 Switchgear assemblies and ancillary equipment for alternating voltages
above 1 kV
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Date: 10 Apr 2003
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AS 20671984
Licensed to Ms N Callen on 10 Apr 2003. 1 user personal user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited.
Australian Standard
Switchgear assemblies and
ancillary equipment for alternating
voltages above 1 kV
[Title allocated by Defence Cataloguing Authority:
SWITCHGEAR ASSEMBLIES, ELECTRICAL AND ANCILLARY
EQUIPMENT, (A.C. Voltages above 1 kV)]
This Australian standard was prepared by Committee EL/7, Power Switchgear. It was
approved on behalf of the Council of the Standards Association of Australia on
31 May 1984 and published on 5 October 1984.
The following interests are represented on Committee EL/7:

Australian-British Trade Association
Australian Electrical Manufacturers Association
Electricity Supply Association of Australia
Institution of Engineers Australia
Railways of Australia Committee

Testing Authorities
Review of Australian Standards. To keep abreast of progress in industry, Australian Standards are subject
to periodic review and are kept up to date by the issue of amendments or new edit ions as necessary. It is
important therefore that Standards users ensure that they are in possession of the latest edit ion, and any
amendments thereto.
Full details of all Australi an Standards and related publications will be found in the Standards Australia
Catalogue of Publications; this information is supplemented each month by the magazine The Australian
Standard, which subscribing members receive, and which gives detail s of new publi cati ons, new edit ions
and amendments, and of withdrawn Standards.
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are welcomed. Noti fi cati on of any inaccuracy or ambiguity found in an Australian Standard should be made
without delay in order that the matter may be investigated and appropriate action taken.
This standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 83134.
AS 20671984
Australian Standard
Switchgear assemblies and
ancillary equipment for alternating
voltages above 1 kV
First publi shed (as AS C13, being endorsement of

BS 158:1961 wit h Austr alian amendment; AS C52,
being endorsement of BS 159:1957 wit h Austr alian
amendment: and AS C340, being endorsement of
BS 162:1962 wit h Austr alian amendment) . . . 1967
AS 2067 fi rst published . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1977
Second editi on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980
Thir d editi on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1984
PUBLISHED BY STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

(STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA)
1 THE CRESCENT, HOMEBUSH, NSW 2140
ISBN 0 7262 3446 X
AS 20671984
PREFACE
This edition of this standard was prepared by the Associations Committee on Power Switchgear as a
revision of AS 20671980. Revision of AS 20671980 was necessary in order to harmonize its
requirements with those of AS 26501983, High Voltage A.C. Switchgear and ControlgearCommon
Requirements, and Clauses 1 to 5 of this standard correspond to Clauses 1 to 5 of that standard.
Reference has been made to AS 1852, Chapter (441) for a number of terms to make their definitions
conform to those in International Electrotechnical Vocabulary.
The changes in this edition are as follows:
(a) Clause 5.1.12 requires voltage transformers, as appropriate, to comply with AS 1243 and the primary
connections thereto are required to be capable of carrying the maximum fault current for the operating
time of the protection.
(b) Clauses 5.1.14 and 7.5 require exposed terminals of control wiring to be shrouded where nominal
voltages to earth exceed 32 V a.c. or 115 V d.c.
(c) Table 9.1 has been amended to delete rated voltages and impulse withstand voltages not specified in
AS 2650 and some of the clearances specified in Table 10.1 have been deleted to line up with
amended Table 9.1.
(d) Clause 10.4 has been amended to cover both fences and solid walls for restriction of entry to outdoor
installations.
(e) The calculation of conductor size in the design of the earth electrode system, see Appendix C, has
been amended to provide for the determination of cross-sectional area on the basis of fault current and
its duration, conductor material and temperature rise, and a decrement factor taking into consideration
the system
is used to determine the symmetrical fault current level used in the calculation.
(f) Irregularity factor K i, in the formula for calculation of allowable touch voltage in earthing systems
in Appendix C has been amended.
(g) The circuit and wire identification code lettering and the typical application shown in Appendix D
have been amended to conform with AS 1103, Part 6.
(h) Appendix F gives revised recommendations regarding creepage distances.
(j) Many minor amendments have been made throughout this standard to clarify the meaning of clauses
in AS 20671980.
The referenced and relevant documents as shown in the Annex have been updated and references inserted
covering the determination of comparative tracking indices, installation and maintenance of batteries in
buildings and fire protection and recommendations for creepage distances.
This standard coordinates the requirements for indoor and outdoor switchgear assemblies for alternating
voltages above 1 kV, such as are employed in connection with the generation, transmission and distribution
of electric power. It also applies to the ancillary equipment used in conjunction with the switchgear.
In particular, this standard specifics requirements in regard to electrical clearances, the safety of personnel
during normal operation and maintenance of the equipment, the earthing of main circuits, substations and
fences. Basic requirements are specified for busbars, marking and identification of conductors and
terminals, colours of indicator lights and electrical and compressed air auxiliary systems.
The appendices include information to be given with enquiry and order, recommendations for the jointing
of busbars and connections, recommendations for the design of earthing systems, a typical system for
functional identification of small wiring and recommendations for the design of compressed-air systems.
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AS 20671984
CONTENTS
Page
1 SCOPE AND G ENERAL
1.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 Referenced and Relevant Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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2 SERVICE C ONDITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 DEFINITIONS
3.1 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 General Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3 Types of Switchgear . . . . . . . . .
3.4 Enclosures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5 Types of Control Panels . . . . . . .
3.6 Busbars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7 Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.8 Control and Ancillary Equipment
3.9 Electrical Characteristics . . . . . .
3.10 Clearances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 RATING
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5 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

5.1 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 Requirements for Enclosed-type Switchgear
5.3 Requirements for Open-type Switchgear . .
5.4 Busbars and Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.5 Safety Earthing of Main Electrical Circuits
5.6 Station Earthing System . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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6 MARKING AND I DENTIFICATION OF I NSULATED AND B ARE

CONDUCTORS AND T ERMINALS
6.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2 Correlation Between Alphanumeric Notation, Symbols and Colours
6.3 Alphanumeric Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.4 Identification of Conductors by Colours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.5 Marking of Control Wiring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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7 CONTROL , INDICATION AND RELAY EQUIPMENT

7.1 Control Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2 Indicator Lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3 Push-button Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4 Identification of Fuses and Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.5 Shrouding of Live Terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.6 Mounting of Instruments, Meters and Relays . . . . . .
7.7 Labelling of Control, Indication and Relay Equipment
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8 AUXILIARY SYSTEMS , ELECTRICAL AND AIR

8.1 Electrical Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.2 Compressed-air-Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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9 ELECTRICAL C LEARANCES FOR SWITCHGEAR ASSEMBLIES

9.1 Clearances in Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.2 Clearances for Neutral-earthing Switchgear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.3 Effect of Altitude on Clearances in Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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AS 20671984
10 CLEARANCES FOR SAFETY PURPOSES

10.1 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.2 Safety Clearances . . . . . . . . .
10.3 Work Sections . . . . . . . . . . .
10.4 Restriction of Entry . . . . . . . .
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11 TESTS
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
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Type Tests . .
Routine Tests
Tests at Site .
Other Tests . .
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APPENDICES
A Information to be Given with Enquiry and Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B Recommendations for the Jointing of Busbars and Connections . . . .
C Recommendations of the Design of Earthing Systems . . . . . . . . . . .
D Typical System for Functional Identification of Small Wiring . . . . .
E Recommendations for the Design of Compressed-air Systems . . . . .
F Recommendations Regarding Creepage Distances for Enclosed-type
Switchgear Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
G Notes on the Provision of Safety Clearances and Work Sections . . .
ANNEX .
REFERENCED
AND
R ELEVANT STANDARDS
AND
DOCUMENTS . . . . .
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AS 20671984
STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA

Australian Standard
for
SWITCHGEAR ASSEMBLIES AND ANCILLARY EQUIPMENT FOR ALTERNATING
VOLTAGES ABOVE 1 kV
1. SCOPE AND GENERAL

1.1
SCOPE.
This standard specifies the
requirements for indoor and outdoor switchgear
assemblies for alternating voltages above 1 kV such
as are employed in connection with the generation,
transmission and distribution of electric power. It also
applies to the ancillary equipment used in conjunction
with the switchgear.
It is not intended to cover the requirements for
specific apparatus for which separate Australian
standards may exist (see Clause 1.3), nor the
additional requirements for switchgear for use in
mines and explosive atmospheres.
It does not give any recommendations for
environmental requirements, but these should be
taken into consideration in the siting of the
installation.
1.2 APPLICATION. This standard should be read
in conjunction with AS 2650.
1.3
RE FE RE NCED AND RE LE VANT
DOCUMENTS. A list of documents referred to in
this standard is given in the Annex. A list of
standards not referred to but which may be relevant
to this standard is also given in the Annex.
2. SERVICE CONDITIONS
Clause 2 of AS 2650 applies.
This standard applies to high voltage switchgear
suitable for use on systems described in AS 1824,
Part 1.
3. DEFINITIONS
3.1 APPLICATION. For the purposes of this
standard, the relevant definitions in AS 1852 (441),
AS 2086, AS 2263 and in Clause 3 of AS 2650 apply.
Additional terms used in this standard are defined
below.
3.2 GENERAL TERMS.
3.2.1 Switchgear and controlgear. A general term
covering switching devices and their combination
with associated control, measuring, protective and
regulating equipment, also assemblies of such devices
and equipment with associated interconnections,
accessories, enclosures and supporting structures.
3.3 TYPES OF SWITCHGEAR.
3.3.1 Open-type switchgearswitchgear in which
the live parts are not provided with protective cover.
3.3.2
Enclosed-type switchgearswitchgear in
which all components are within a casing which may
be of metal or insulating material.
3.3.3 Cellular-type switchgearswitchgear in which

the component parts of the main electrical circuit are
assembled together in a separate compartment or cell,
with or without subdividing barriers, the cell being
integrated with the building fabric.
3.4 ENCLOSURES.
3.4.1 Kioska weatherproof enclosure which may
contain switchgear, transformer, control, terminal
equipment, etc, but which has little or no internal
operating space or passageway for occupation by an
operator.
3.5 TYPES OF CONTROL PANELS.
3.5.1 Control panela self-contained assembly which
may be part of the switchgear equipment or may be
separately located, comprising apparatus or devices for
one or more of the following duties: operation, control,
measurement and protection.
3.5.2 Control boardan assembly of panels separately
located from the associated switchgear on which are
mounted control and indicating devices.
NOTE: Control boards other than those associated with circuitbreakers may be designated according to their applications, e.g.
motor control board, boiler control board.
3.5.3 Metering panela self-contained assembly,

which may be part of the switchgear equipment or may
be separately located, on which is mounted tariff or
statistical metering equipment.
3.5.4
Metering boardan assembly of panels
separately located from the associated switchgear on
which are mounted tariff or statistical metering
equipment.
3.5.5 Relay boardan assembly of panels separately
located from the associated switchgear on which are
mounted relays associated with protection and operation.
3.6 BUSBARS.
3.6.1 Busbara relatively short conductor forming a
common junction between a number of circuits
connected separately thereto.
3.6.2 Busbar connectiona conductor that forms the
electrical connection between a busbar and an individual
piece of apparatus that is within reasonable proximity.
3.6.3 Open busbara busbar that is not provided with
a protective cover.
3.6.4 Enclosed busbara busbar that is contained in a
duct or casing of any material.
3.6.5 Outdoor busbar - an open busbar or an enclosed
busbar designed for use entirely out of doors.
3.6.6 Indoor busbaran open busbar or an enclosed
busbar designed for use entirely indoors.
3.6.7 Air-insulated busbara busbar which, except at
points of support, is designed with air at atmospheric
COPYRIGHT
AS 20671984
pressure as the principal dielectric. It may be covered

with insulating material.
3.6.8 Oil-immersed busbaran enclosed busbar that
is totally immersed in an insulating oil.
3.6.9
Compound-immersed busbaran enclosed
busbar that is totally immersed in a solid or semi-solid
insulating compound.
3.6.10 Encapsulated busbara busbar enclosed in
resin type materials, the casting of which may be
continuous or jointed.
3.6.11 Bushing-type busbaran enclosed busbar built
up of jointed sections of tubular or solid conductor, the
sections being covered with solid insulation with an
external earthed sheath. The joint between sections may
be air-insulated, or immersed in oil or compound. The
solid insulation of the sections may include coaxial
layers for the control of internal or external electrical
stresses.
3.6.12 Compressed-gas-insulated busbaran enclosed
busbar surrounded by air or other gas above atmospheric
pressure.
3.7 CONNECTIONS.
3.7.1 Connectionsconductors in switchgear which
carry current to and from an individual piece of
apparatus.
3.7.2 Main power connectionsconnections intended
for operation at the service voltage. The definition
includes neutral earthing connections.
3.7.3
Control wiringconnections within the
switchgear, control panels, relay or instrument panels,
and between individual pieces of apparatus mounted
thereon.
3.7.4 Control cablescable connections between the
switchgear and any remote apparatus or between two or
more separate switching installations for control,
protection, indication, metering and communication
circuits.
3.7.5 Auxiliary power cablescable connections in a
switchgear installation used primarily to provide low or
medium voltage power and lighting supplies for
operation, maintenance and inspection of the switchgear.
3.7.6 Circuit diagram (schematic diagram)a diagram
which depicts by means of symbols the components and
their interconnections concerned in the operation of a
circuit. Circuit diagrams do not necessarily depict spatial
relationships of the various components.
3.7.7 Wiring diagrama diagram showing the wiring
and connections between components of items of
equipment and may show their layout. The connections
between components or items of equipment may be
shown in tabular form.
3.8 CONTROL AND ANCILLARY EQUIPMENT.
3.8.1 Control devicea switching device which can
perform, through the medium of an electrical circuit or
circuits, a prescribed operation of another item of
equipment.
3.8.2 Local controlcontrol at a point at or adjacent to
the switching device itself by electrical or mechanical or
other means.
3.8.3 Remote controlcontrol at a point distant from
the switchgear by electrical or mechanical or other
means.
3.8.4 Supervisory control (telecontrol)control at a

point distant from the station by the transmission of
electrical signals through communications channels using
selective means to control one of a number of switching
devices.
3.8.5 Common air supplyan arrangement whereby
all the individual switchgear equipments are supplied,
either directly or after expansion, from a common source
of compressed air.
3.8.6 Unit air supplyan arrangement whereby each
individual switchgear equipment is provided with its own
source of compressed air.
3.9 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS.
3.9.1 Ratingthe characteristic values that together
define the working conditions upon which the tests are
based and for which the equipment is designed and built.
3.9.2 Rated peak withstand currentthe value of
peak current that a circuit or switching device in the
closed position can withstand under prescribed conditions
of use and behaviour.
3.9.3 Exposed installationan installation in which the
equipment is subject to over-voltage of atmospheric
origin.
NOTE: Exposed installations are usually such as are connected to
overhead transmission lines, either directly or through a length of
cable.
3.9.4 Non-exposed installationan installation in

which the equipment is not subject to over-voltage of
atmospheric origin.
NOTES:
1. Non-exposed installations are usually connected to cable
networks.
2. Where an installation is connected to the secondary side of a
transformer whose primary is in an exposed situation, the
insulation coordination requires special consideration.
3.9.5 Nominal voltage of a systemthe r.m.s. phaseto-phase voltage by which a system is designated and to
which certain operating characteristics of the system are
referred.
3.9.6 Touch voltagean r.m.s. voltage which may
appear, under earth-fault conditions, between an object
touched by hand and the ground beneath the feet.
3.9.7 Step voltagean r.m.s. voltage which may
appear, under earth-fault conditions, between the points
of contact of each foot with the ground, the feet being
spaced about 900 mm apart.
3.9.8 Transfer voltagean r.m.s. voltage which may
appear, under earth-fault conditions, on a connection
(usually insulated) between an earthing system and a
remote location.
3.10 CLEARANCES.
3.10.1 Electrical clearancesthe minimum distance
required between live parts and earthed material (earth
clearance) or between live parts at different potentials
(phase clearance) in order to prevent flashover.
3.10.2 Safety clearances - a general term applying only
to open-type switchgear and covering the distance in air
required for safety of personnel.
3.10.2.1 Non-flashover distance (N) the minimum
distance in air required between the live parts and
COPYRIGHT
earthed objects which ensures that there is no probability

of flashover at a prescribed maximum impulse voltage.
3.10.2.2 Ground safety distance (G)the minimum
distance required between the earthed end of any
exposed insulator carrying or containing live parts and
ground or the floor of permanent walkways used for
normal inspection and operational functions.
3.10.2.3
Section safety clearance (S) (section
clearance)the minimum distance required between
unscreened live parts and the ground, an operating
platform or the floor of permanent walkways used for
operational purposes, or the position to which access
may be given to carry out maintenance work on
equipment made dead for this purpose.
3.10.2.4 Horizontal work safety clearance (H)a
minimum distance which is less than the section safety
clearance and is measured horizontally between
unscreened live parts and the extremities of the object on
which maintenance work is to be carried out.
3.10.2.5 Vertical work safety clearance (V)a minimum
distance which is less than the section safety clearance
and is measured vertically between unscreened live parts
and the work plane.
3.10.2.6 Work planea horizontal reference plane
through the highest part of a piece of equipment on
which manual work is to be performed (the work object)
by a person standing at a convenient working level to the
reference plane.
3.10.2.7 Work sectiona defined space where a person
can work in safety provided that some part of him
always remains within that space.
4. RATING OF EQUIPMENT,
BUSBARS AND CONNECTIONS
Clause 4 of AS 2650 applies.
5. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

5.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS.
5.1.1 Safety. Switchgear assemblies shall be designed
throughout to secure safety during operation, inspection,
cleaning and maintenance and shall be so arranged to
minimize the risk of fire arising or spreading.
NOTE: The maintenance or electrical switchgear is dealt with in
AS 2467.
5.1.2 Earthing of metalwork. Precautions shall be

taken to safeguard from electric shock operators and
other personnel who may have access to any switchgear
equipment, and this shall be effected by adequate
bonding and/or effective insulation of all parts with
which they may come into contact. In all cases a suitable
earthing system shall be installed (see Clause 5.6).
5.1.3
Locks and interlocks.
Unless otherwise
specified, only locks which are integral with the
equipment shall be supplied by the manufacturer. Where
lock and interlocks associated with operation are
specified, the following requirements shall apply:
(a) Interlocks shall be preventive, as distinct from
corrective in operation.
(b) Means shall be provided for interlocking isolators
(including off-load selectors) so that they can be
AS 20671984
operated only if the associated circuit-breakers are

open (or closed in the case of bypass isolators) and
also for locking these devices in the open and
closed positions.
(c) Means shall be provided for interlocking onload
selectors with the appropriate circuit-breaker(s)
which couple the busbars.
(d) Means shall be provided for locking circuit-breakers
used for earthing duty or earthing switches in the
closed position. Further interlocks to facilitate safe
operation shall be subject to agreement between the
purchaser and the manufacturer.
5.1.4
Protection against vermin.
Switchgear
assemblies shall be so arranged as to minimize
interference from birds and vermin, with special regard
to the danger of flashover, both in the service and
isolated positions.
5.1.5 Interchangeability. All instruments, switches,
circuit-breakers, fittings, transformers and other
components which are respectively of the same design
and rating shall be interchangeable.
5.1.6 Mechanical strength. Switchgear assemblies and
their busbars and connections shall be so supported and
proportioned as to be capable of safely withstanding
stresses to which they may be subjected, including those
due to short-circuit, seismic disturbances (if applicable),
and climatic conditions.
Where other than commercial grade bolts are employed
they shall be clearly and permanently distinguishable.
5.1.7 Terminals. Switchgear shall be provided with
suitable mechanically strong terminals for connection of
incoming and outgoing conductors (see AS 2395). The
purchaser may specify the vertical and horizontal
maximum mechanical loadings on terminals and the type
of conductor making up the connection. Where these
conductors are cables, cable sockets or other appropriate
terminals shall be provided.
Cable terminals shall be so arranged that the incoming or
outgoing power and control cables are free from
unnecessary bends, preferably do not cross other
connections or apparatus, and can be readily terminated
and connected.
5.1.8 Labels. All necessary labels required for the safe
and convenient operation and maintenance of the
switchgear shall be provided for each panel and secured
thereon in visible positions by the manufacturer.
Where specified by the purchaser, labels shall be
provided to identify the voltage, circuit, the circuit
switchgear component and the phases.
Labels shall he indelibly and legibly marked and,
including their fasteners, shall be substantially noncorrodible and moisture resistant and suitable for the
specified service conditions. For outdoor equipment they
shall be of weatherproof material. Where labels are
provided to make clear the method of operation of the
equipment, the instructions shall be concise and
preferably diagrammatic in form.
Component labels shall be easily accessible even with
the equipment in the normal operating position. These
labels shall comply with relevant Australian standards
applicable to such components and shall bear the
information prescribed in those standards.
5.1.9 Phase sequence and polarity. The busbars and
connections shall be marked (see Section 6) to indicate
the order in which voltages of the phases should reach
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AS 20671984
their maximum values of the same polarity as illustrated

in the phasor diagram Fig. 5.1.
NOTE: These provisions enable the supply to be so connected to
switchgear as to obtain the correct operation of apparatus sensitive
to phase sequence, e.g. wattmeters and motors.
Fig. 5.1. PHASE SEQUENCE
5.1.10
Phase arrangement of busbars and
connections. The order of the busbars and connections
shall be Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, top-to-bottom, left-toright, back-to-front, all relative to the front of the
switchgear.
Where the system has a neutral connection, the neutral
connection shall occupy an outer position.
For installations where the front of the equipment cannot
be defined, e.g. outdoor open-type installations, the
purchaser should determine the viewpoint for designating
the phasing.
NOTE: Phasing problems in relation to the landing span of a
transmission line into a station may be avoided by using a double
circuit terminal tower at the station. By its vertical circuit
arrangement this terminal tower will permit transposition in the
landing span to any horizontal phasing required in the station.
5.1.11 Position indicating device. Clause 5.11 of

AS 2650 applies.
5.1.12 Voltage transformers.
(a) Voltage transformers, where specified, shall comply
with AS 1243.
(b) Voltage transformers associated with individual
circuits shall be connected to that side of the
circuit-breaker which is electrically remote from the
busbars, and preferably in the zone of the main
protection of the circuit.
(c) All voltage transformers shall be capable of being
disconnected from both primary and secondary
circuits.
(d) Fuses (or other protective devices) of suitable
breaking current shall be provided in the circuit
associated with the secondary winding of voltage
transformers and shall be mounted on or as close as
practicable to the voltage transformer.
NOTE: The voltage transformer secondary fuses or other
protective devices should be so situated as to be capable or
being rewired, replaced or reset, without the necessity for
isolating the voltage transformer or taking the circuit out of
service.
(e) The primary connections to a voltage transformer

shall be capable of carrying the maximum fault
current for the operating time of the protection.
(f) All secondary winding terminals and tappings of
voltage transformers shall be wired to terminal
blocks clearly marked in accordance with AS 1243.
5.1.13 Current transformers. Current transformers,
where specified, shall comply with AS 1675 and shall be
mounted within the switchgear equipments or on the
associate cables so as to enable their removal or
replacement when necessary with the minimum of
dismantling of apparatus.
Such current transformers shall be capable of
withstanding without damage the rated breaking, making
and short-time withstand currents of the circuit-breakers

with which their primary conductors are associated.
5.1.14 Control wiring and terminations.
(a) Control wiring shall be securely fixed in position
and where subject to movement in service shall
have stranded conductors and the insulation shall be
adequately protected against damage by abrasive
action or pressure.
(b) All control wiring shall be marked in accordance
with Section 6. When insulated connections are
used, the insulation shall have fire-retardant
properties (see AS 3116 and AS 3147). Bare
connections for control wiring may be employed in
suitable circumstances.
(c) All secondary winding terminals of current
transformers shall be extended by means of
adequately rated control wiring to terminals or
terminal boards, located on or adjacent to the
switchgear equipments and safely accessible with
the switchgear energized. The terminals provided
shall be of the shrouded type and such as to permit
the short-circuiting of the associated current
transformer secondary terminals by means of a
simple sliding link or plug device or suitable
bridging connection.
(d) Terminals and terminal boards for control wiring
shall be grouped and located for easy access.
(e) Terminals may be of the screw clamp or the spring
assisted screw type or the stud type and should, if
exposed, be shrouded for nominal voltages to earth
above 32 V a.c. or 115 V d.c. Not more than two
conductors shall be clamped in each termination.
Where looping is required, bridging pieces shall be
used between the terminals.
(f) Where clamp-type terminals are used, their size
shall be correctly matched to the range of wire sizes
being used. For situations where vibration is likely
to occur or where for other reasons high terminal
security is required, clamp terminals shall preferably
be of the spring assisted type.
(g) Flexible wires consisting of fine strands shall in all
cases be fitted with crimped sleeves. Where a stud
type termination is used, the end of each wire shall
be terminated in an approved compression lug of
the correct size to fit the wire and stud.
(h) Control wiring circuits, other than those supplied
from current transformers, shall be protected as near
as possible to the source of supply consistent with
maintaining accessibility. Control wiring circuits fed
from a supply common to a number of panels shall
be protected so that failure of a circuit in any one
panel does not prevent operation of other panels.
(j) Circuits of one panel shall be capable of isolation
for maintenance purposes without affecting other
circuits.
5.1.15 Diagrams.
(a) Diagrams of electrical connections shall be prepared
either as circuit diagrams (see Clause 3.7.6) or as
wiring diagrams (see Clause 3.7.7).
(b) Component references and device function
numbering shall be employed on all circuit and
wiring diagrams for identification purposes and to
indicate in a concise manner the type of component
and the function of all electrical devices, their
operating coils and contacts.
(c) All circuit diagrams should carry a statement of the
condition of the main contacts (circuit-breakers, etc:
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open or closed) and energy sources (air pressure,

etc) to which the diagram relates.
For further information on the preparation of circuit
and wiring diagrams refer to AS 1103.
(d) Where busbars and main connections are shown on
wiring diagrams, they shall be drawn, where
applicable, in accordance with the phase
arrangement referred to in Clause 5.1.10. In general,
the viewpoint shall be taken from the front of the
equipment. Where the order of multiphase
connections is not determined by the arrangement of
apparatus and the viewpoint as laid down in this
clause and Clause 5.1.10, the convention of Phase 1
to the top or to the left shall be applied.
For wiring diagrams of control and apparatus
cubicles, the viewpoint, where practicable, shall be
facing the wiring and terminal boards. Where
apparatus and/or terminal boards are mounted on
side screens or their equivalent, the diagram shall
show these drawn in developed form.
In all cases the viewpoint shall be stated on the
diagram.
(e) Where transformers, machines, etc, are shown on
wiring diagrams, the parts should be drawn in their
correct physical relationship, all necessary terminal
markings being included.
(f) Graphical symbols used on diagrams shall conform
to AS 1102.
5.2 REQUIREMENTS FOR ENCLOSED-TYPE
SWITCHGEAR.
5.2.1 General. Enclosed-type switchgear may be in the
form of metal-enclosed or cellular type depending on the
space available and the station building arrangement. Air
is the usual form of insulation between the main
electrical circuits and the enclosures, access to the
compartments or cells being obtained through doors,
screens or bolted covers.
Where space is limited, metal-enclosed switchgear is
employed, and oil, compound or other forms of
insulation are used to reduce the size of the
compartments and the complete switchgear equipments.
With this type of switchgear, access to the main
electrical circuits is not normally possible without
isolating the main components where isolating facilities
are provided, or dismantling the component parts.
Metal-enclosed switchgear is also employed outdoors
when space is limited, see AS 2086 and AS 2263 for
requirements for metal-enclosed switchgear.
5.2.2 Requirements for cellular type switchgear.
5.2.2.1 Enclosures. All live parts, including busbars,
connections, circuit-breakers, isolators, voltage
transformers, current transformers, etc, shall be suitably
enclosed under normal operating conditions.
The degree of protection should be specified in
accordance with AS 1939 to prevent as appropriate
(a) contact with live parts;
(b) the entry of objects which may lower the dielectric
strength of the air in the vicinity of live parts; or
(c) the entry of water or dust.
5.2.2.2 Housing in separate cells or compartments.
Where the various component parts, e.g. busbars,
circuit-breakers. instrument transformers, cable
terminations, are specified to be housed in separate cells,
each self-contained cell shall be fitted with fixed covers
AS 20671984
or hinged doors of steel plate or other suitable nonignitable material. Each cell shall be effectively sealed so
as to ensure that in the event of an arcing fault therein
all damage will be confined thereto and shall not spread
to adjacent cells or units.
The design shall provide the highest practicable degree
of protection to personnel operating the equipment in the
case of a fault leading to arcing and over-pressure inside
a cell.
Cells shall be arranged as follows:
(a) So that it is impossible to make accidental contact
with live parts enclosed therein.
(b) So that when any one is isolated for inspection and
maintenance, no live parts shall be accessible except
by the removal of covers or the opening of doors
leading therefrom to other cells.
5.2.2.3 Door fastenings and earthing of framework and
doors. All door fastenings shall be arranged for
operation without inserting the hand in the cell. All
framework, and doors if of metal, shall be effectively
connected to earth.
5.2.2.4 Busbars. Busbars shall be contained in a busbar
compartment or compartments containing, apart from the
necessary supports, no additional apparatus other than
busbar current transformers where such are required.
5.2.2.5 Main connections. Main connections, where
they pass through dividing barriers, shall be insulated by
means of ceramic or other suitable material.
5.2.2.6 Joints. All joints in chambers containing
insulating materials, other than air at atmospheric
pressure, shall be secured against leakage of the filling
material over the range of working temperatures, and the
chambers shall be so designed and filled as to allow for
the expansion or contraction of the filling material. Loss
of filling material by capillary action of the small wiring
shall not be possible.
5.2.2.7 Control wiring and auxiliary equipment. Special
attention shall be given to the arrangement and enclosure
of control wiring and auxiliary equipment within
compartments containing main connections to ensure that
as far as practicable (a) insulation failure or flashover of primary equipment
does not damage the auxiliary connections
concerned with the operation of protection;
(b) operation of contactors or fuses, or failures of small
wiring, do not cause breakdown of primary
insulation;
(c) fuses and other auxiliary apparatus requiring
attention when the equipment is in service are
accessible without exposing live main connections;
and
(d) wiring not relating to apparatus in a primary
compartment is not run in that compartment except
in a special duct.
5.2.3 Safety of access.
5.2.3.1 Means of access. Access to busbars, main
connections and other items of the equipment for normal
maintenance operations shall be by doors with locking
facilities.
5.2.3.2 Means of isolation. The means of isolation shall
be such that when an equipment or section of equipment
has been isolated for inspection and maintenance, no live
parts are accessible except by the opening of covers
which are provided with means of locking, or by the use
of tools.
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AS 20671984
10
5.2.4 Equipment in kiosks. Kiosks shall be designed

to prevent undue condensation. To restrict the entry of
vermin, ventilation and other apertures shall be
dimensioned to give a degree of protection of IP3X in
accordance with AS 1939.
Where kiosks are accessible to the public they shall be
secured against entry and shall be so designed that wire
of any length cannot be poked into the interior in such a
manner as to come into contact with or within arcing
distance of live parts.
NOTE: Kiosks which have been dustproofed to a degree of

protection IP6X of AS 1939 using flexible rubber gaskets may not
meet this requirement.
Apparatus for use in kiosks shall be designed to

withstand the conditions peculiar to this type of
enclosure.
Unless the apparatus be of the metal-enclosed type, it is
recommended that screens be provided for the
segregation of high voltage apparatus, low voltage
apparatus and power transformers, such that the
possibility of accidental contact with live equipment is
precluded.
All apparatus shall be so arranged that all normal
operations can be carried out with safety to the operator.
5.2.5 Electrical clearances. Electrical clearances for
enclosed-type switchgear shall be as given in Section 9.
5.3
REQUIREMENTS FOR OPEN-TYPE
SWITCHGEAR.
5.3.1
General.
Open-type switchgear is the
arrangement in which the busbars and main connections,
etc, consist of bare metal supported by suitable insulators
at the necessary height above the ground (or floor) on
structures of steelwork, concrete, or other appropriate
material. Circuit-breakers, instrument transformers or
other apparatus may be mounted on the ground (or
floor), or supported on pedestals or framework.
Open-type switchgear arrangements are normally
employed for outdoor installations, but they can be used
also in buildings of special design where site conditions
justify the additional cost of the overall enclosures.
5.3.2 Safety of access. For open-type switchgear
assemblies, access for all maintenance operations to
equipment normally alive requires the establishment of
safe access operating procedures by those responsible for
the equipment.
To enable suitable access procedures to be followed,
open-type switchgear assemblies shall comply with the
requirements of Section 10.
5.3.3 Electrical clearances. Electrical clearances for
open-type switchgear shall be as given in Section 9.
5.4 BUSBARS AND CONNECTIONS.
5.4.1 General. In addition to complying with Sections
3 and 4, busbars and connections shall comply with the
following requirements:
(a) All rigid busbars, their connections and their
supports shall be designed so as to prevent
permanent deformation or reduction in the minimum
allowable electrical clearance under seismic (if
applicable), short-circuit and simultaneous wind
load conditions.
(b) Strung busbars or connections and their supports
moving under the effect of wind, seismic (if
applicable) or short-circuit forces shall not permit
the busbars or connections to come so close

together or to earth as to cause flashover.
(c) Tubular busbar connections shall be designed so as
to reduce vertical wind and natural frequency
vibrations and lateral harmonic vibrations to an
acceptable level.
NOTE: Wind vibration can be effectively inhibited by
inserting a length of stranded conductor inside the tube and
attaching it at one end. A conductor having a mass in the
order of 1 kg/m would be satisfactory in most cases.
Formulas are available for determining effective measures
against natural frequency and harmonic vibrations.
(d) Busbars and connections for rated voltages above

145 kV shall be designed to minimize the incidence
of corona and radio interference voltages.
(e) Provision shall be made where necessary to allow
for expansion and contraction caused by temperature
variation of busbars and connections.
5.4.2 Joints in busbars and connections. All joints
shall meet the requirements of Sections 3 and 4 and shall
be constructed or treated to prevent deterioration in
service. Recommendations for jointing are given in
Appendix B.
5.5 SAFETY EARTHING OF MAIN ELECTRICAL
CIRCUITS.
5.5.1 Earthing devices.
5.5.1.1 Provision of earthing devices. For the purpose
of obtaining safe access to main connections, busbars,
circuit cables or lines, fixed or portable earthing devices
shall be provided.
The fixed or portable earthing device shall be constructed
to withstand the passage of the ultimate fault current for
its period of duration so that injury to personnel or
material damage to the equipment is prevented should an
energized circuit be inadvertently earthed or the circuit
be inadvertently energized during or after earthing.
5.5.1.2 Precautions against application to a live
connection. Where the earthing device has no rated
making capacity, special precautions shall be taken to
ensure that the earthing device will not be applied to a
live connection.
NOTE: Such precautions may include the provision of neon live
circuit indicator lamps.
5.5.1.3 Provision of earthing in selected locations.

Provision shall be made, as specified by the purchaser,
for earthing in selected locations in an installation so that
maintenance may be effectively carried out with the
minimum of switching operations and the maximum
safety to personnel. Typical selected locations are as
follows:
(a) Busbars. On each section of the busbar or on an
associated busbar connection. Where a section of
busbar is 30 m or more in length, provision shall be
made for two earthing devices for that section.
(b) Circuit-breaker. On the circuit-breaker side of each
isolator but not between the circuit-breaker and
current transformer (protection blind spot) except
in the case of a bypassed circuit where the current
transformer is on the line-side of the line isolator.
(c) Line, cable or other circuit. On the circuit side of
the circuit isolator.
NOTE: For outdoor open-type installations consideration should be
given to the provision of fixed earthing switches where the ultimate
phase-to-earth fault current is expected to exceed 40 kA.
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5.5.1.4 Fixed earthing switches. Where fixed earthing

switches are employed in open-type installations, it will
in general be necessary to provide portable earthing
devices to enable maintenance of the fixed earthing
switch to be carried out.
5.5.2
Requirements for outdoor open-type
installations.
Where fixed earthing-switches are
employed, the earthing-switch blades shall be connected
to a riser from the earth grid.
Where the portable earthing devices are employed,
attachment points shall be provided in convenient
locations on the main connections and on the earth
connections.
5.6 STATION EARTHING SYSTEM.
5.6.1 General. An electrical installation comprising
switchgear assemblies and ancillary equipment shall be
provided with an earthing system designed to protect all
personnel against electric shock under any conditions
which may arise in normal service or with an electrical
fault on the system.
The earthing system shall also be employed to earth the
neutral point of power transformers or generating plant
where such equipment forms part of the installation.
The earthing system shall comprise fixed earth electrodes
or a network of earth connections (earth grid) or both to
which all equipment metalwork shall be bonded.
The number and type of line overhead earth wires, cable
sheaths and neutrals of MEN systems connected to the
earthing system shall be taken into account.
Recommendations for the design of earthing systems are
given in Appendix C. For the earthing of electrical
installations for outdoor sites under heavy conditions
including open-cast mines and quarries see AS 3007,
Part 2.
5.6.2 Design of earthing system. The design of the
earthing system shall taken into account the following
factors:
(a) The voltage grading in and adjacent to the
installation shall be such that on the occurrence of
earth faults the step, touch and transfer
voltages will be limited to safe values.
(b) The resistance of the earth grid to the general body
of earth must be sufficiently low to ensure safe
values of step and touch voltages and
satisfactory operation of protective relay equipment
under earth fault conditions.
(c) The earth grid shall be capable of carrying the
maximum earth fault current for its period of
duration without mechanical damage, over-heating
or unduly drying out the surrounding soil.
(d) The cross-sectional area and all joints in any
earthing connection shall be such that when the
maximum earth-fault current is carried for the
specified time the temperature rise shall not cause
any damage.
NOTE: Temperature-rise values are given in Appendix C.
5.6.3 Earthing or fences for outdoor installations.

Where metallic fences are employed within the area of
an outdoor installation of switchgear equipments, they
shall be bonded by suitable earth connections to the
station earthing system.
Where boundary fences of the metallic type are used to
prevent unauthorized access to the installation (see
Clause 10.4), they shall also be bonded to the station
AS 20671984
earthing system and, in addition, shall be connected to

buried grading wires extending outside the fenced area;
provided, however, that where this arrangement is not
practicable, alternative provision shall be made as
described in Paragraph C3 of Appendix C.
Where a section of metallic boundary fence encloses an
undeveloped area or is located some distance from the
station earthing system network, alternative
arrangements may be made as described in Appendix
C.
5.6.4 Earthing requirements for protection against
lightni ng. Outdoor electrical installations and buildings
associated with them or with indoor electrical
installations shall be protected against lightning by
metal structures or overhead earth-wires or both which
shall be connected to the earthing system.
NOTES:
1. There are several effective ways of achieving this protection and
for basic design criteria reference may be made to the
following:
(a) AS 1768
(b) Electrical Transmission and Distri bution Reference Book,
Westinghouse Electric Corporation, 1950
(c) McCrae, B.P. and Hromas, A.V. A New Approach to
Shielding Against Direct Lightning Strikes, Institutio n of
Engineers Australia, Electrical Engineering Transactions,
Vol EE7(2), September 1974, pp 33 to 34.
2. Recommendations regarding connections to the station earthing
system are given in Appendix C.
6. MARKING AND
IDENTIFICATION OF
INSULATED AND BARE
CONDUCTORS AND TERMINALS
6.1 GENERAL. Busbars, busbar connections and
terminals, whether insulated or bare, shall be identified
in accordance with this Section by means of an
alphanumeric notation or by colours. A uniform system
of identification will reduce the possibility of errors and
thereby increase safety.
The correlation between the various means of
identification shall be recorded on the associated
drawing or document.
Where the construction of switchgear equipment does
not permit the physical application of conductor
identification or terminal marking, the location of the
conductor or terminal and its corresponding
identification shall be recorded on an associated
drawing or document. This drawing or document must
be executed in such a way that the relative positions of
terminals can be determined easily and without risk of
error.
6.2
C OR RE LAT IO N B ET WE E N
ALPHANUMERIC NOTATION, SYMBOLS AND
COLOURS. The relationship between the different
means of identification is shown in Table 6.1.
6.3
ALPHANUMERIC NOTATION.
The
alphanumeric notation shall employ latin alphabetical
characters and arabic numerical characters.
The letters I and O shall not be used.
6.4 IDENTIFICATION OF CONDUCTORS BY
COLOURS.
6.4.1 Colours to be used. Where colours are used for
identification purposes they should comply with
column 3 of Table 6.1.
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AS 20671984
12
The colours given in column 4 are identical with

IEC 446 and may be adopted where there is no
possibility of confusion with an established colour code
of conductors.
In all cases where colours are used for identification
purposes, they shall comply with AS K 185 and shall be
the colour number given in parentheses in Table 6.1.
6.4.2 Colour combination green/yellow. The colour
combination green/yellow shall be used for identifying
the protective conductor and for no other purpose. For
identification of bare conductors used as protective
conductors, the colours shall be applied as equally broad
green and yellow stripes, 15 mm up to 100 mm wide,
close together, in each section or unit or accessible
position.
For insulated conductors, the combination of the colours
green and yellow shall be such that, on any 15 mm
length of insulated conductor, one of these colours
covers at least 30 percent and not more than 70 percent
of the surface of the conductor, the other colour covering
the remainder of that surface.
6.4.3 Colour light blue. The colour light blue shall not
be used for identifying any conductor where confusion
might arise. Where the light blue conductor is used for
any other purpose than the neutral or midwire, its
purpose shall be clearly indicated.
In the absence of a neutral or mid-wire conductor in a
multi-core multi-colour cable, light blue conductors may
be used for other purposes except for protective
conductors.
For the identification of bare conductors that are used as
neutral or mid-wire conductors, the colour shall be
applied by light blue stripes 15 mm to 100 mm wide in
each section or unit or accessible position.
6.5 MARKING OF CONTROL WIRING.
6.5.1 General. The control wiring shall be coloured
black unless otherwise specified by the purchaser.
6.5.2 Identification of separate wires or cores. Where

the equipment necessitates the use of wires of such small
size that the use of ferrules is impracticable,
identification by colour combinations alone may be
adopted, otherwise all wires shall have at both ends a
numbered or lettered ferrule or such other means of
permanent identification as may be agreed between the
purchaser and the manufacturer (see AS 1102 and
AS 1103).
Identification ferrules should be of white insulating
material having a glossy finish to prevent adhesion of
dirt. Ferrules and markings shall be durable and not
affected by climatic conditions or oil and the characters
shall be clearly and permanently marked in black or a
contrasting colour.
Identification ferrules coloured red may be used to
identify the wires used for important trip circuits for
switches and circuit-breakers, but no other identification
colours for ferrules shall be employed.
NOTE: It may be required to identify a wire according to its
function. A system which covers functional identification is
described in Appendix D and such functional identification may be
engraved on the identification ferrules referred to above.
7. CONTROL, INDICATION AND RELAY

EQUIPMENT
7.1 CONTROL DEVICES.
7.1.1 Design of control devices. Control devices shall
be designed to withstand many repeated operations
without failure of parts, return springs or contact
assemblies.
The contact assemblies should be fully enclosed to
prevent the entry of dust and the contacts should have an
action that ensures minimum resistance.
7.1.2 Direction of operation.
7.1.2.1 Devices with turn handles. Control devices
employing operating handles which have to be turned to
TABLE 6.1
CORRELATION BETWEEN ALPHANUMERIC NOTATION,
SYMBOLS AND COLOURS
1
Designation of conductors
Alpha-numeric
notation
4
Colour (see Note)
Australian
IEC
practice
Alternating current system

Phase 1
Supply Phase 2
Phase 3
L1
L2
L3
Red
White*
Blue
Neutral
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
N
U
V
W
Black
Red
White*
Blue
Apparatus
(537)
Brown
(166) preferred
Light blue
(414)
(112)
(537)
Brown
(166) preferred
(414)
Direct current system

Positive
Negative
Mid-wire
Protective conductor or earth
Noiseless (clean) earth
L+
LM
PE or E
TE
Red
(537) Brown
(414)
Blue
(166) preferred
Black
Light blue
(112)
Green/yellow
Green/yellow
(221)/(309)
(221)/(309)
Not specified
* White is preferred, however, the phase colour YELLOW (309) is admitted as an alternative to WHITE.
NOTE: The numbers in parentheses in column 3 and 4 are the colour reference numbers given in AS K 185.
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13
initiate an electrical function shall comply with the

following requirement:
(a) Turn clockwise to close, start, raise or put in the
on position.
(b) Turn anti-clockwise to open, stop, lower or put in
the off position.
The handles of such control devices shall be vertical, or
in the corresponding plane where mounted on a sloping
panel, when in the neutral or non-initiating position.
7.1.2.2 Discrepancy lamp semaphore switches. Where
discrepancy lamp semaphore switches mounted in mimic
diagrams are used to initiate electrical functions, they
shall comply with the requirements of Clause 7.1.2.1(a)
and (b) above.
7.1.2.3 Devices controlled by upwards or downwards
switching. Control devices employing a handle, lever,
dolly or operating rod which has to be moved in an
upwards or downwards direction shall comply with the
following requirement:
(a) Move upwards to close, start, raise or put in the
on position.
(b) Move downwards to open, stop, lower or put in the
off position.
7.1.2.4 Exceptions. Where it is not practicable for a
device to comply with the requirements of
Clauses 7.1.2.1 to 7.1.2.3, as applicable, e.g. because of
an existing widespread practice, the control devices shall
be provided with labels or other indications specifying
clearly the status of the device or the direction of the
effect corresponding to the action on the device.
7.1.3 Mechanical locking devices. Control devices
used for important functions, and which are only
AS 20671984
operated occasionally, may be provided with a

mechanical locking device designed to prevent
inadvertent or unauthorized operation. A clear indication
shall be given of the method of unlocking, e.g. to pull
may be indicated by a dot in a circle; to push by a cross
in a circle.
7.2 INDICATOR LIGHTS.
7.2.1 Colours of indicator lights. Indicator lights shall
be coloured in accordance with Table 7.1 and these
colours shall be employed for the typical applications
nominated in the table.
NOTE: The information contained in columns 1, 2 and 3 of
Table 7.1 is identical with the requirements of AS 1431, Part 2,
which in turn is identical with IEC 73, Colours of Indicator Lights
and Push-buttons.
7.2.2 Position of indicator lights. Where red and green

indicator lights are employed as defined in Table 7.1 to
indicate two states of the same equipment they shall be
positioned as follows:
Redon the top or to the right
Greenat the bottom or to the left.
7.2.3 Alarm indications. A steady illumination is
normally used for indicator lights. For the purposes of
attracting immediate attention, a flashing light may be
used for an alarm condition or a condition requiring
urgent action, or to show a discrepancy between the
indicated state and the related actual state.
A flashing light may be accompanied by an audible
signal which can be silenced by pressing a push-button
whereupon the flashing light will go steady.
7.3 PUSH-BUTTON SWITCHES.
7.3.1 Application of push-button switches. Push-
TABLE 7.1
COLOURS OF INDICATOR LIGHTS AND THEIR APPLICATION
1
Colour
RED
2
Meaning
Danger or alarm
YELLOW
(amber)
Caution
GREEN
Safety
BLUE
Specific meaning
assigned according
to the need in the
case considered
WHITE
No specific meaning
(neutral)
3
Explanation
Warning of conditional danger
or a situation which requires
immediate action
Change, or impending change,
of conditions
4
Specific meaning
Equipment alive
(Danger)
Indication of a safe situation

OR
Authorization to proceed,
i.e. clear way
Blue may be given any specific
meaning which is not covered by
the colours RED, YELLOW
and GREEN
Circuit disconnected
(Conditional safety
see Note 1)
Any meaning may be used whenever

doubt exists about the
application of the three colours,
RED, YELLOW and GREEN
and, for example, for confirmation
Abnormal condition
requiring action
Automatic trip
Used in conjunction
with or as an alternative
to WHITE for a normal
condition and to give
information
Confirmation of
expected change
5
Typical applications
Circuit-breaker or switch closed
Turbine valve open CO2 equipment
in service
Conditions outside normal operating
limits (temperature, pressure, etc)
Abnormal circuit conditions causing
operation of protective devices and
disconnection
Circuit-breaker or switch open
Turbine valve closed CO2 equipment
locked off
Indication of remote control Selector
switch in set up position
Indication of position or state

(isolators, starters, etc)
Used to indicate a
Equipment working
normal condition and to Motor or machine running
give information
Synchronizing lamps
NOTE:
1.
The use of the colour GREEN does not necessarily indicate a safe situation for access to equipment which may still be alive.
2.
Because it is more clearly seen, the colour WHITE should be used in preference to BLUE.
3.
The colour WHITE may be employed in preference to YELLOW for alarm innunciators on central alarm panels labelled as alarm indications,
to enable the annunciation to be more easily read.
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AS 20671984
14
button switches may be employed for various control

functions, but because of the relative ease with which
inadvertent operation can take place it is
recommended that they are not employed for vital
functions unless suitably guarded.
The push-button may be self-coloured or may
incorporate indicator lamps of different colours.
7.3.2 Colours of push-buttons. The colours of selfcoloured push-buttons and typical applications are
given in Table 7.2, which is identical with the
requirements of AS 1431, Part 2.
7.3.3 Illuminated push-buttons. Push-buttons may

be of the type incorporating indicator lamps which
serve as annunciators, or show that operation of the
push-button is required or has been taken. The
illumination may also be provided in different
colours.
Because of the possible confusion which could arise
between the application of colours to illuminated
push-buttons and the meaning of the colours of
indicator lamps, it is recommended that where
illuminated push-buttons are used only white or blue
are employed.
Emergency stop push-button switches shall not be of
the illuminated type.
7.3.4 Position of push-button switches. Where two
push-button switches are used together to operate the
same equipment they should be positioned as follows:
(a) To close, start, raise or put in the on
positionto the right or at the top.
(b) To open, stop, lower or put in the off
positionto the left or at the bottom.
7.4 IDENTIFICATION OF FUSES AND LINKS.
Fuses and isolating links shall be provided with
suitable circuit identification and fuse rating, where
applicable. Where colours are used for identification
purposes, black shall be used for fuses and white for
isolating links.
7.5 SHROUDING OF LIVE TERMINALS. Where

the nominal voltage to earth of any exposed terminals
exceeds 115 V d.c. or 32 V a.c. in control cubicles or in
other equipment where access may be obtained with the
equipment alive and in operation, particular attention
should be given to shrouding these terminals.
7.6 MOUNTING OF INSTRUMENTS, METERS
AND RELAYS. On switchgear assemblies where
frequent operation of the circuit-breaker is not required,
it is customary to mount indicating instruments, meters
and protective relays on the front panels of the individual
circuit-breaker units. Where power operation of the
circuit-breaker is employed, it may be necessary to
mount the more sensitive equipment on shock absorbers
or on separate cubicles or racks located outside the area
subject to shock forces.
Where meters or relays are mounted on panels, it is
desirable that the bottoms of the meters and relays be not
lower than 500 mm above floor level and that the tops
be not higher than 2000 mm above floor level.
Relays functionally associated with each other shall be
grouped together.
7.7 LABELLING OF CONTROL, INDICATION
AND RELAY EQUIPMENT.
All control and
indicating devices, instruments, meters and relays shall
be clearly labelled as to their function. All control
devices shall be labelled to show clearly the direction of
operation.
The labelling of all control equipment can be carried out
by incorporating the inscriptions on the device itself, on
the instrument scale face, or on a nameplate.
Alternatively, separate labels can be provided.
Where device function numbers are employed on the
circuit or wiring diagrams, these function numbers may
be used on labels to identify all equipment. Where such
equipment is mounted on control or relay panels, the
device may be additionally labelled with its function
number on the rear of the panel when facing the control
wiring.
Labels shall also comply with Clause 5.1.8 where
applicable.
TABLE 7.2
COLOURS OF PUSH-BUTTONS AND THEIR APPLICATION
1
Colour
RED
2
Meaning of colour
Action in case of
emergency
Stop or Off
YELLOW
(amber)
GREEN
Intervention
BLUE
Any specific meaning not

covered by RED, YELLOW
and GREEN
No specific meaning
assigned
BLACK
GREY
WHITE
Start or On
3
Typical applications
Emergency stop (see Note)
Fire fighting
General stop
To stop one or more motors
To stop a part of a machine
To open a switching device
Reset combined with stop
Interventions to avoid danger of unwanted change
General start
To start one or more motors
To start a part of a machine
To close a switching device
A meaning not covered by the colours RED,
YELLOW and GREEN, can be allocated to this
colour in particular cases
May be used for any function except for buttons with
the sole function of stop or off
NOTE: For emergency stop, it is recommended that RED mushroom-head push-buttons be used.
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15
8. AUXILIARY SYSTEMS,
ELECTRICAL AND AIR
8.1 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS.
8.1.1 Rated auxiliary supply voltages. Rated supply
voltages shall be in accordance with Table 4 of AS 2650.
8.1.2 Supplies from batteries. The discharge capacity
of the battery for its service life shall be sufficient for
both normal and emergency conditions and shall take
into account the following factors:
(a) Total continuousconnected load including
emergency lighting and other standby necessary for
plant operation when a.c. supply is lost.
(b) Period of discharge with no a.c. supply to the
chargers.
(c) Minimum battery voltage required at end of the
discharge period in order to perform momentary
closing, tripping or other functions.
(d) An ageing factor depending upon the life
expectancy of the battery.
The discharge period (b) may vary depending upon the
importance of the installation and the expected time for
restoration of supply. Unless otherwise specified, the
discharge period shall be 5 h.
Where, in respect of (c) above, the batteries must supply
circuit-breaker tripping and closing requirements in
addition to a continuous load, the battery shall be
capable, at the end of the specified discharge period, of
supplying momentary discharge associated with
circuit-breaker operation such that the voltage at the
operating device is not less than that specified in the
appropriate equipment specification for the device.
In determining the capacity required to supply these
momentary discharges, allowance should be made for the
voltage drop in the connections between the battery and
the most remote circuit-breaker, the required number of
circuit-breaker operations, minimum operating voltage of
the device and a battery ageing factor. A value of 1.1 is
suggested for this factor.
8.1.3 Battery chargers.
8.1.3.1 General. Battery chargers may be of either the
constant-current trickle charge type or the constantvoltage type and shall be suitable for operating under the
service conditions in Clause 2 with a.c. supply voltage
variations of 5 percent unless otherwise specified, and
with voltage transients regularly impressed on both input
and output terminals.
8.1.3.2 Constant-current chargers. Constant-current
chargers are generally applied to batteries which have
little or no continuous connected load and are required to
provide only a small trickle charge sufficient to maintain
the battery at the recommended float voltage. Such
chargers should be provided with an adjustable charging
current which may be varied between 0.05 percent and
2.0 percent of the battery discharge current at the
10-hour rate.
8.1.3.3 Constant-voltage chargers. Constant-voltage
chargers are usually selected for important battery
installations and for installations where there is an
appreciable constant load such as communication and
supervisory systems. The charger capacity should cover
the standing load of the battery with sufficient reserve to
AS 20671984
allow recharging of the battery from its endpoint at the

10-hour rate whilst supplying the standing load where the
battery is not duplicated. In important stations,
consideration should be given to the provision of a
standby battery charger. Normally the chargers will be
provided with two modes of operation, one for float
charging and one for boost charging.
(a) Float charging.
During float charging the
regulation of the charger shall, unless otherwise
specified, be such that the output voltage remains
constant with a permissible variation of 1 percent
for output currents from zero to rated full load. The
output voltage shall be capable of adjustment in a
continuous range from 95 percent to 105 percent of
the rated float voltage of the battery. It is
recommended that the peak voltage of any output
transient not exceed 10 percent of the rated float
voltage with the battery connected.
(b) Boost charging. During boost charging the same
characteristics shall apply as for float charging
except that the output voltage should be capable of
adjustment in a continuous range from 95 percent to
125 percent of rated float voltage.
The peak value of the combined ripple, noise and
hum content in the output of the charger should not
exceed 0.1 percent to 0.5 percent of the rated output
voltage depending upon the nature of the load
supplied from the battery, e.g. communication
equipment or general station supplies. The ripple
voltage shall be measured with the battery
connected and the charger delivering rated boost
current.
During boost charging the d.c. supply voltage may
be considerably higher than the nominal voltage of
the auxiliary circuits. Where duplicate battery banks
are provided, simple changeover facilities shall be
provided to enable either bank to be removed from
service during boost charging. Where, however,
only one battery bank is provided, consideration
should be given to methods of reducing excessive
voltage application to auxiliary circuits especially
where solid state type equipment is supplied from
the battery. Such methods may involve end-cell
switching, use of counter e.m.f. cells, or
voltage-regulating devices on the d.c. busbars
supplying voltage-sensitive equipment.
Manual switching from float charging to boost charging
shall be provided unless otherwise specified.
8.1.4 Ventilation. Ventilation shall be provided in
accordance with AS XXXX.
8.1.5 Supplies from rectifiers. Where rectifiers are
used for circuit-breaker closing functions, they shall have
a capacity such that the circuit-breakers may be operated
within the limits specified in the appropriate equipment
specification. Rectifiers embodying solid state techniques
shall be suitable for operating under the conditions set
out in Clause 8.1.3.1.
Rectifiers designed solely for the purpose of circuitbreaker operation may be designed for intermittent duty
only.
8.1.6 Supplies from a.c. sources. It is preferred that
50 Hz supplies be derived from within the station,
subject to the security of that supply being adequate.
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AS 20671984
16
Where 50 Hz supplies are derived from sources outside

the station, careful consideration shall be given to
providing isolating transformers in this supply to avoid
the possibility of high voltages appearing between
earthed station equipment and any remote earth
associated with the 50 Hz supply (see Section 5).
NOTE: Consideration should be given to installing stand-by power

sources in major installations for emergency supply.
8.2 COMPRESSED-AIR SYSTEMS.

8.2.1 Air supply. A compressed-air system for
switchgear operation shall employ either a common air
supply (see Clause 2.7.5) or a unit air supply (see
Clause 2.7.6), as may be agreed between the purchaser
and the manufacturer.
For standard pressures see Clause 4.10 of AS 2650.
8.2.2 General requirements.
8.2.2.1 Components to be included in system. The
system shall include all necessary components such as
air compressors, coolers, filters, water and oil separators,
air dryers, air receivers, safety valves, pipework, stop
valves, pressure gauges and fusible plugs to ensure a
reliable supply of air to each switching equipment and to
safeguard personnel.
8.2.2.2 Compliance with relevant standards. Safety
valves, fusible plugs, pressure gauges and other fittings
(where applicable) shall meet the requirements specified
in AS 1210, AS 1349 and AS 1271.
8.2.2.3 Design pressure. A components of the system
shall have a design pressure, as defined in AS 1210, not
less than the pressure at which the safety valve is to be
set to operate. Safety valves shall reseal at pressures
within the limits specified in AS 1271.
8.2.2.4 Location of safety valves. A safety valves shall
be so located, preferably above head height, that there
will be no hazard to personnel during their operation.
8.2.2.5 Positioning of valves, discharge ports and
similar. Valves, discharge ports, etc, shall be so
positioned that high pressure air discharge will not cause
injury to personnel.
8.2.2.6 Protection against corrosion and scale build-up.
Parts in contact with compressed air shall be either of
non-rusting material or so protected as to minimize the
formation of rust. The interior of all pipes or passages
and receivers shall be thoroughly cleaned before
assembly. The installation of the system shall be so
carried out as to minimize the possibility of scale or
foreign matter entering or remaining in the air system.
8.2.2.7 Air system for air-blast circuit-breakers. For
air-blast circuit-breakers, the air system shall be designed
and constructed to delivery dry clean air into the
circuit-breaker compressed-air receiver.
8.2.2.8 Indication of abnormal pressure. Adequate
provision shall be made for indication of abnormally low
or high pressure.
8.2.3 Air compressors.
8.2.3.1 Provision for dust, water and oil. Adequate
safeguards shall be provided to prevent the entry of dust
into the compressors and the air intake shall be fitted
with a removable and renewable filter. Each compressor
shall be provided with devices for automatically
discharging precipitated water from each stage of the
compressor. If specified, oil and water separators shall be
incorporated at the outlets to prevent, as far as possible,
the passage of liquid to the connected receiver and they

shall drain automatically each time the compressor shuts
down. The design and location of separators shall permit
easy dismantling and cleaning.
8.2.3.2 Safety valve and pressure gauge. A safety valve
shall be supplied and arranged to protect the compressor
or compressors. Pressure gauges shall be provided to
indicate intercooler and discharge air pressure.
8.2.3.3 Automatic operation. The normal operation of
the air compressor shall be automatic and shall be
governed by the air pressure in the connected air
receiver.
8.2.3.4 Continuous operation and air capacity. The
compressors shall be capable for continuous operation
and shall have a capacity sufficient to make up the
normal system leakage and conditioning air requirements
and to charge the air receivers under the conditions
specified by the purchaser.
8.2.3.5 Provisions for starting. Automatic unloading of
the compressor when starting shall be provided unless
the compressor unit is designed to start against full load.
Automatic unloading devices shall discharge outside the
compressor sump.
8.2.3.6 Automatic counters. Automatic counters shall be
provided to record the total running times and number of
starts of each compressor.
8.2.3.7 Driver motor. Unless otherwise specified, each
compressor shall be driven by an induction motor
suitable for direct on-line starting. The rating of each
motor shall be not less than 10 percent higher than the
maximum power required at the compressor shaft under
normal service conditions.
8.2.4 Air receivers.
8.2.4.1 Compliance with AS 1210. All air receivers and
necessary fittings shall comply with AS 1210, and the
requirements of the Statutory Inspecting Authority.
8.2.4.2 Requirements where more than one receiver is
required. Where more than one receiver is required, the
receivers should preferably be connected in series to
allow for maximum deposition of free moisture. Where
receivers are connected in series, bypass facilities shall
be included where stop valves for the isolation of
individual receivers are provided; otherwise there shall
be no intervening valves. Where receivers are connected
in parallel, each receiver may be fitted with an inlet and
an outlet stop valve.
8.2.4.3 Pressure gauge and drain valve. Each receiver,
however connected, shall be fitted with a pressure gauge
and a drain valve, except that receivers connected
together without intervening valves may be fitted with a
common pressure gauge.
8.2.4.4 Safety valve and non-return valve. Each receiver
(or group of receivers, if connected together without
intervening stop valves) shall be fitted with a safety
valve unless each supply from a compressor, reducing
valve or other source which can discharge into the
receiver is fitted with a safety valve capable of limiting
the discharge pressure to the receiver to the maximum
working pressure of the receiver and connected in such
a way that it cannot be taken out of service without
cutting off the supply from the source.
The air supply to each common or unit air receiver or
group of air receiver shall pass through a non-return
valve and any safety valve provided on the receiver
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17
shall be fitted on the receiver side of the non-return

valve.
8.2.4.5 Facilities for inspection. Air receivers shall be
so installed as to facilitate inspection both internally and
externally.
8.2.4.6 Provision against blockage by freezing of
blow-down valves and drain points. Blow-down valves
and drain points shall be so arranged as to minimize the
possibility of blockage by freezing.
8.2.4.7 Protection against corrosion. The interior
surface of air receivers shall be treated in such a manner
that the steel is protected against rusting and
deterioration in service. Where possible, each receiver
should be internally and externally hot-dip galvanized
(see also Appendix E).
8.2.4.8 Storage capacity. The storage capacity of the
common high pressure receivers shall be agreed between
the purchaser and the manufacturer.
8.2.5 Pipework.
8.2.5.1 Materials. All pipework shall be of copper or
stainless steel unless otherwise agreed between the
purchaser and the manufacturer.
All couplings and fittings shall be made of a material
resistant to corrosion resulting from the presence of
moisture, e.g. brass, bronze or stainless steel.
8.2.5.2 Layout of pipelines. The layout of pipelines
shall obviate places at which moisture can collect and
cause obstruction when frozen. Main runs of pipelines
should be sloped downwards to moisture drain valves
located at suitable points in the system. Means shall be
provided to allow for expansion and contraction of the
pipework due to changes in ambient temperature. Where
necessary for maintenance of equipment, stop valves
shall be provided in the run of the main and branch
pipelines.
The layout shall be so arranged that flashover to earth
from any live equipment to pipework cannot take place.
8.2.5.3 Earthing of pipework. Pipework shall be
effectively earthed so as to dissipate any static charges
that may arise due to high pressure air discharge from
parts of the system.
8.2.5.4 Position of inlet and outlet connections to air
receivers. The inlet connection to air receivers shall be
kept as low as possible and the outlet kept as high as
possible.
8.2.5.5 Joints and couplings. Unless otherwise agreed
between the purchaser and the manufacturer, all joints
and couplings shall be of the sleeve-coupled type,
incorporating a hardened sealing ring which cuts into the
piping, and thus effects a seal, as the nut is progressively
tightened. Such couplings shall be of a type listed in
SAA Doc 1200 R as being suitable for the application.
Copper pipes shall not be annealed at joint positions as
this may affect the efficiency of the seal.
8.2.5.6 Valves. Valves shall be of high quality and of
a design that minimizes air leakage. The design may
incorporate some form of back seating so that air
sealing does not depend on the spindle packing whilst
the valve is in the open position, but where spindle
packing is employed the air seal shall be effected by the
use of O-rings.
Valves shall be opened by anti-clockwise rotation and
closed by clockwise rotation and suitable markings to
this effect shall be provided.
NOTE: Recommendations for the design of compressed-air systems
are given in Appendix E.
AS 20671984
9. ELECTRICAL CLEARANCES FOR

SWITCHGEAR ASSEMBLIES
NOTE: In Clauses 9.1 and 9.2 the clearances specified are not
intended to apply to individual equipment covered by separate
Australian standards or to assemblies which are subject to impulse
voltage type tests.
9.1 CLEARANCES IN AIR.

9.1.1 General. The minimum clearances in air to earth
for switchgear assemblies shall be not less than those
specified in Table 9.1.
The clearances refer to a simple distance through an air
space without consideration of surface sparkover voltage
along a leakage path; see Appendix F for
recommendations regardingcreepage distances for indoor
switchgear assemblies. The clearances shall apply to
switchgear assemblies, equipments with their busbars,
busbar connections and connections between equipments
as installed and shall apply in all circumstances.
The clearances specified in Table 9.1 are for use on
three-phase systems, and are related to the impulse
withstand voltage level specified for individual
equipment and chosen in accordance with AS 1824,
Part 1.
The clearances to earth between live parts and earthed
material apply to any structure or surface substantially at
earth potential, including any fixed or portable screens
which may be provided. Earthed material includes a poor
conductor such as concrete.
9.1.2 Flexile conductors. Where the method of
suspension permits swinging of flexible conductors, the
clearance shall be maintained for the maximum
amplitude of swing, taking into account variations of sag.
9.1.3 Clearances in air between phases or between
conductors of the same phase separable electrically
from each other. The minimum clearances in air
between phases or between conductors of the same phase
separable electrically from each other should be at least
15 percent greater than the values given in column 4 of
Table 9.1 for voltages up to and including 245 kV.
At 300 kV and above, phase-to-phase clearances may
need to be more than 15 percent greater than phase-toearth clearances.
NOTE: This requirement may be modified on account of IEC 71-3
and pending amendments to AS 1824, Parts 1 and 2.
9.1.4 Conditions for reduction or clearances. The

clearances specified are for bare conductors only and
they shall not be reduced except under one of the
following conditions:
(a) Where a barrier of solid insulation is interposed and
the clearance distances as measured by a taut string
between conductors or to earth are not less than the
values specified in Clause 9.1.3 and Table 9.1. Such
insulation shall be capable of withstanding for
1 min the full power frequency test voltage
specified in Table 1 or Table 2, as applicable, of
AS 2650 for the rated voltage of the equipment, the
test being made in accordance with the relevant
Australian standard for the material. Where there is
no such standard, the relevant British standard shall
be used.
(b) Where appropriate conductors are covered with
insulation capable of withstanding the rated
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AS 20671984
18
1-minute power-frequency test withstand voltage

specified in Table 1 or Table 2, as applicable, of
AS 2650 for the rated voltage of the equipment.
(c) Where the space between the conductors and the
space between the conductors and earth is
completely filled with insulating material other than
air at atmospheric pressure, as in oil-filled,
compound-filled, or gas-filled switchgear, capable
of withstanding the rated 1 min power frequency
test withstand voltage specified in Table 1 or
Table 2, as applicable, of AS 2650 for the rated
voltage of the equipment.
9.2 CLEARANCES FOR NEUTRAL-EARTHING
SWITCHGEAR. For determining the clearances of
neutral-earthing switchgear, the rated voltage shall be

equal to the rated voltage on the three-phase system
divided by 3. Clearances appropriate to the next highest
standard value for the rated voltage as given in Table 9.1
shall apply.
9.3 EFFECT OF ALTITUDE ON CLEARANCES IN

AIR. Where switchgear assemblies not subject to
impulse test are intended for service at an altitude
exceeding 1000 m, the clearances in air as given in
Table 9.1 shall be increased by 1 percent for each 100 m
in excess of 1000 m above sea level.
TABLE 9.1
CLEARANCES IN AIR TO EARTH OF SWITCHGEAR ASSEMBLIES
1
Rated voltage
kV r.m.s.
Up to 3.6
(see Note 3)
7.2
12
24
36
(see Note 6)
72.5
123
145
245
300
362
525
(765)
(see Note 7)
2
Rated lightning
impulse
withstand voltage
kV peak
3
Rated switching
impulse
withstand voltage
kV peak
40
60
75 (95)
(see Note 4)
125(150)
170(200)
325
450
550
550
650
850
950
1050
950
1050
1050
1175
1425
1550
1800
2100
4
Minimum
phase-to-earth
clearance
(see Notes 1 and 2)
mm
60
90
120 (160)
(see Note 5)
220 (280)
320 (380)
750
850
850
950
1050
1175
1300
1425
630
900
1100
1100
1300
1700
1900
2100
1700
1900
1900
2200
2600
3100
3600
4200
NOTES TO TABLE 9.1:

1.
The phase-to-earth clearances given in column 4 for rated voltages up to and including 245 kV r.m.s. are for
unfavourable configurations of live and earthed parts, i.e. the rod-structure arrangement, and may be used
for determining clearances to earth from live parts of any configuration.
2.
The phase-to-earth clearances given in column 4 for 300 kV r.m.s. and above are for conductor-structure
configurations normally employed at the higher voltages. For further information on electrode configurations,
refer to Electra No 29, Phase-to-ground and Phase-to-phase Air Clearances in Substations (CIGRE).
3.
The values in the table are derived from AS 1824, Part 1 and Part 2.
(AS 1824, Parts 1 and 2 are in course of revision to cover both phase-to-earth and phase-to-phase insulation
coordination).
4.
The higher values shown in parentheses in column 2 are included to cover those distribution installations
which may be severely exposed to over-voltages; for other installations the lower values are preferred.
5.
The values shown in parentheses in column 4 correspond to the rated lightning impulse withstand voltages
shown in parentheses in column 2.
6.
For voltages below 36 kV r.m.s., it may be desirable to increase the phase-to-earth and phase-to-phase
clearances where the presence of birds or vermin could cause a hazard or for constructional or other reasons.
7.
The value shown in parentheses in column 1 is not an Australian standard voltage and is included only to
designate additional impulse withstand voltages available.
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10. CLEARANCES FOR SAFETY PURPOSES

10.1 APPLICATION. The application of clearances
for safety purposes applies only to open-type switchgear
assemblies indoors and outdoors.
The provision of safety clearances is intended to give
effective protection as follows:
(a) To operators against dangerous approach to live
conductors and equipment when carrying out normal
operation or inspection of apparatus from
established permanent access ways.
(b) To personnel carrying out maintenance or other
work on equipment within the installation where
specific access has been granted.
The application of safety clearances is primarily intended
for design purposes and they are the minimum
requirements which would enable safety rules to be
complied with in service. The proper employment of
safety clearances must be supplemented by the safety
rules of the authority responsible for the operation of the
installation.
Detail information and illustrations on the application of
safety clearances to open-type switchgear assemblies are
given in Appendix G.
10.2 SAFETY CLEARANCES.
10.2.1 General. Safety clearances are the minimum
unimpeded distances in air which shall be provided
between access ways at ground level, operating platforms
or work platforms, ladders, or earthed equipment which
is out of service and being worked upon and the nearest
adjoining live conductors or other live parts and their
supporting insulators.
In all cases, a safety clearance is the sum of
(a) a non-flashover distance which is related to the
impulse withstand voltage of the open-type
switchgear assembly under consideration; (this
distance is also known as the danger zone around
the live equipment); and
(b) a safety clearance which is related to the extremes
of reach of a man at ground level, or of a workman
using small hand tools, or to the movement of
vehicles or plant to be used for work within the
station, and within which distance there is no
danger from electrical flashover.
Several categories of safety clearances are employed (see
Clause 3.10) according to the type of access required to
the equipment.
10.2.2 Access for operational purposes. The design
shall provide safe access at ground or floor level and to
all operating positions at all times for operation or
inspection of equipment. Safety clearance from all live
material to ground or floor level and to all operating
positions are therefore required except where screens or
divisions around live equipment or conductors are
provided (see Clause 10.2.3).
The design shall also ensure that the earthed end of all
exposed insulators carrying or containing live parts is
mounted at a safe height above ground level, access
ways or operating platforms.
The section safety clearance (S) is the safety clearance
required for access for operational purposes and is the
sum of
(a) the non-flashover distance (N); and
(b) the ground safety distance (G).
The section safety clearance is the minimum taut-string
distance between ground or floor used for normal foot
AS 20671984
traffic or an operating platform, and the nearest live parts

of the main circuits.
The section safety clearance shall be in accordance with
Table 10.1 and shall be applied to all three phase
systems irrespective of the arrangement of the neutral
earthing. Safety clearances shall also be provided in
open-type neutral-earthing switchgear assemblies except
that in these cases the clearances shall correspond to the
impulse withstand voltage level of the neutral-earthing
switchgear itself.
Further information on the application of safety
clearances for operational purposes is given in
Appendix G.
10.2.3 Fixed safety screens. Where the provision of
safety clearances in air to live parts is not practicable,
fixed earthed metal screens or other form of permanent
barrier shall be employed.
The barriers or fixed safety screens shall be of
substantial construction and suitable for the environment
in which they are located and shall be such that they
limit the approach of personnel carrying out routine
inspections or operations to a safe distance from the
nearest live parts. The design shall allow any normal
operations to be carried out without removal of the
screen or barrier or any part thereof.
Fixed safety screens shall also be employed in the
installation where it is necessary to prevent personnel
who have been given access to one part for maintenance
work from approaching adjacent conductors which may
be live and which, for physical or economic reasons,
cannot be separated by the appropriate work safety
clearance (see Clause 10.2.4).
In all cases where fixed safety screens are employed, the
minimum height shall be 1300 mm and the total
taut-string distance measured from the foot level to the
top of the screen and thence to the nearest live parts
shall not be less than the appropriate section safety
clearance given in Table 10.1.
10.2.4
Access for maintenance work.
Where
maintenance work that is to be carried out on any
normally alive equipment necessitates leaving ground
level or departing from the permitted movement of
operating personnel, provision shall be made in the
design of the installation for the subdivision and isolation
of equipment unless the whole installation can be made
dead and earthed. In addition, the equipment so isolated
shall be earthed and a work section established (see
Clause 10.3) which will provide safe access and space
for the maintenance work which may have to be carried
out from ground level, from a ladder, from equipment or
from a temporary platform.
From any point in the installation to which access for
work is to be given, an appropriate physical separation
from any live conductors and any exposed insulating
material remaining alive, either by air gap alone or by air
gap supplemented with screens or otherwise occurring
divisions, e.g. walls or fences, shall be provided.
The separation of air gap alone from live conductors is
defined as the work safety clearances which shall
comprise the section safety clearance, the horizontal
work safety clearance or the vertical work safety
clearance according to the arrangement of the equipment
on which work is to be undertaken.
The application of the work safety clearances as given in
Table 10.1 and as supplemented by Appendix G shall be
in accordance with the following:
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AS 20671984
20
(a) Section safety clearance (S in Table 10.1). Where

work is to be carried out from the ground, walkway
or work platform or on top of equipment, the
section safety clearance shall be applied from the
foot position vertically and from the foot position
over guard rails or screens by taut-string
measurement, and from the extremities of the work
object in any direction, to the nearest live parts of
the main circuit.
(b) Horizontal work safety clearance (H in Table 10.1).
Where work is to be carried out from a ladder or
from on the equipment, the horizontal work safety
clearance shall be applied from the extremities of
the work object horizontally to the nearest live parts
of the main circuit.
(c) Vertical work safety clearance (V in Table 10.1).
Where work is to be carried out from a ladder, the
vertical work safety clearance shall be applied from
the highest parts of the work object (the work
plane) vertically to the nearest live parts of the main
circuit.
The work safety clearances are related to the dimensions
of a tall workman using only light hand tools or
materials up to 300 mm in length. Where provision must
be made for work with larger hand tools or maintenance
equipment, or for the dismantling of parts, the work
safety clearances shall be applied for each case on the
basis of the profile dimensions of the work activity.
It will be appreciated that while horizontal and vertical
clearances are derived from the extremities of a mans
reach, the angle of application of such clearances may

vary depending on the configuration of adjacent live
conductors, see Fig. 4(a) in Appendix G.
10.3
WORK SECTIONS.
The design of the
installation shall allow for the establishment of work
sections (see Clause 3.10.2.7) whose boundaries shall
clearly define the space within which safe access may be
given for the carrying out of maintenance or other work
within the vicinity of live equipment.
The section and work safety clearances shall apply to the
defined limits of the work section and to the positions a
man may occupy in carrying out the work except where
fixed safety screens are employed and taut string
measurements are applicable.
The work section may be any convenient subdivision of
the installation and may include one or more items of
equipment. The arrangement shall allow any part of the
equipment on which work is to be carried out to be
isolated from adjoining live equipment, and to be earthed
before access is permitted. In addition, adjacent live
equipment shall be arranged so that it may also be
isolated and earthed unless it is already physically
separated by the prescribed work safety clearances.
The boundary of the work section shall include any entry
corridor from the nearest defined walkway or roadway
for the movement of personnel, equipment, plant or
vehicles into the work section.
The work section shall be clearly defined by a marked
boundary line beyond which no one is allowed to pass
TABLE 10.1
CLEARANCES IN AIR FOR SAFETY PURPOSES
1
Minimum
phase-to
earth
clearance
Non-flashover
distance
(See Note 2)
Ground
safety
distance
(see Note 1)
60
90
120
160
220
280
320
380
630
900
1100
1300
1700
1900
2100
2200
2600
3100
3600
4200
N
66
100
130
175
240
310
350
420
695
990
1210
1430
1800
2010
2230
2330
2760
3290
3820
4450
2440
millimetres
4
5
6
Safety clearances for operational
purposes and maintenance work
Section
Horizontal
Vertical
safety
work safety
work safety
clearance
clearance
clearance
(N + G)
S
H
V
2506
1966
1406
2540
2000
1440
2570
2030
1470
2615
2075
1515
2680
2140
1580
2750
2210
1650
2790
2250
1690
2860
2320
1760
2035
3135
2595
2890
2330
3430
2550
3650
3110
3330
2770
3870
4240
3700
3140
4450
3910
3350
4670
4130
3570
4770
4230
3670
5200
4660
4100
5730
5190
4630
6260
5720
5160
6890
6350
5790
NOTES TO TABLE 10.1:

1.
In applying this table, the minimum phase-to-earth clearance must first be determined from Table 9.1 using the lightning and/or switching
impulse levels selected for the installation.
2.
The non-flashover distances given in column 2 include a margin of 10 percent up to an air clearance of 1300 mm in column 1 and 6 percent
for 1400 mm and above to allow for variations in construction dimensions. This margin may be deleted when the conditions for carrying out
the work are adequate to ensure that the minimum phase-to-earth air clearance is observed in all cases.
3.
If considered desirable, the section safety clearance given in column 4 may be increased to 3000 mm as a minimum for air clearances up to
380 mm, in column 1.
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and suitable barriers and danger notices shall be

employed for this purpose.
10.4 RESTRICTION OF ENTRY. All installations
shall be so located or enclosed as to be accessible only
to authorized persons. Provision shall also be made for
secure locking of the whole installation.
Outdoor open-type installations shall be effectively
enclosed by manproof fences or solid walls extending at
least 2500 mm above external ground level. The upper
500 mm may consist of horizontal strands of galvanized
steel or aluminium barbed wire approximately 150 mm
apart, supported on suitable risers and preferably canted
outwards.
Where high-security open-mesh type fences are used, the
mesh shall be strong galvanized steel or aluminium
construction with no aperture exceeding 50 mm and of
height not less than 2000 mm above external ground
level topped by a further 500 mm of horizontal strands
of galvanized steel or aluminium barbed wire
approximately 150 mm apart and preferably canted
outwards. If necessary a continuous concrete base plinth
shall be provided beneath the fence. The gap between the
lowest part of the fence or access gates and finished
ground level or plinth shall not exceed 50 mm. The
fence shall be earthed in accordance with Clause 5.6.3.
To allow for adequate maintenance work on the
boundary fence or wall while adjacent electrical
equipment is live, the section safety clearance as given
in Table 10.1, shall be provided from any part of the
boundary fence or wall around the installation to live
parts and exposed insulators, except that, if owing to site
limitations it is necessary to employ a clearance less than
the section safety clearance stated in Table 10.1, the
safety rules of the authority responsible for the operation
of the installation will determine the extent to which the
electrical equipment will be screened or made dead
during maintenance of the boundary fence or wall.
In all circumstances, the section safety clearances given
in Table 10.1 shall be maintained between any part of
the fence or wall and the nearest parts of electrical
equipment which may be alive in those locations along
the fence or wall where the public or an adjoining
neighbour has access to the outside of the fence or wall.
AS 20671984
(a) Compressed-air equipment and its component

fittings shall be inspected and tested in accordance
with the requirements of AS 1210, and the
requirements of the Statutory Inspecting Authority.
(b) Output tests on the compressor and its driving
motor to prove the compressor has the guaranteed
rated output capacity at the guaranteed output
pressure and that the motor has the guaranteed
rating.
(c) All gauges and pressure switches shall be tested for
calibration.
11.3 TESTS AT SITE.
11.3.1.
Power-frequency voltage tests.
Power
frequency voltage tests shall be carried out in accordance
with AS 2650. The test voltage shall be applied for
1 min and shall be 90 percent of the value given in
columns 4 and 5 of Table 1 or columns 7 and 8 of
Table 2 of AS 2650 as appropriate, or as agreed between
the purchaser and the manufacturer and/or contractor, as
applicable.
If for any reason it is impracticable to apply the value of
test voltage specified or the duration of the test is
required to exceed 1 min, then the relationship between
the duration of the test and the test voltage shall be in
accordance with Table 11.1 or as agreed between the
purchaser and the manufacturer and/or contractor, as
applicable. The test voltage shall not be less than the
rated voltage of the equipment except by agreement
between the purchaser and the manufacturer and/or
contract or, as applicable.
TABLE 11.1
POWER-FREQUENCY VOLTAGE TESTS
AFTER ERECTION ON SITE
1
Durati on of test
min
1
2
3
4
5
10
15
11. TESTS
11.1 TYPE TESTS. Type tests on switchgear
assemblies, components, ancillary equipment, busbars
and busbar connections shall be carried out by the
manufacturer and/or contractor as applicable in
accordance with AS 2650 and other Australian standards,
as appropriate, or as agreed between the purchaser and
the manufacturer and/or contractor, as applicable.
11.2 ROUTINE TESTS.
11.2.1
General.
Routine tests on switchgear
assemblies, components, ancillary equipment, busbars
and busbar connections shall be carried out by the
manufacturer and/or contractor, as applicable, in
accordance with AS 2650 and other Australian standards
as appropriate, or as agreed between the purchaser and
the manufacturer and/or contractor, as applicable.
11.2.2 Test on compressed-air equipment. Where
appropriate, tests shall be carried out by the manufacturer
on the components of the compressed-air equipment as
follows:
2
Test volt age expressed as percentage
of the appropriate rated 1-minute
power frequency withstand test voltage
in columns 4 and 5 of Table 1, or
columns 7 and 8 of Table 2 of AS 2650
as appropriate
90
75.2
67.5
63
60
54
52
11.3.2 Phasing test.

Where the nature of the
installation is such that an incompatibility of phasing
may occur, a phasing check shall be carried out prior to
commissioning the equipment.
11.3.3 Tests on compressed-air equipment on site.
After erection on site, the air system complete with all
main receivers, reducing and other valves and pipework
shall be tested by raising the system to normal working
pressure. During this test, all circuit-breaker isolating and
conditioning air valves shall be closed and all other
interconnecting valves shall be open wherever
practicable. The loss of pressure due to leakage shall not
exceed 2 percent/h of the pressure as measured at the
main storage receivers.
The delivery rate of the compressor shall be checked by
filling a vessel of known volume to a specified pressure,
e.g. a main air receiver. The tests shall demonstrate also
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AS 20671984
22
The tests shall include operation tests to demonstrate the

proper functioning of compressed-air plant control,
protective and alarm devices.
11.4 OTHER TESTS. Any other specific tests shall be
subject to agreement between the purchaser and the
manufacturer, and/or contractor, as applicable. For d.c.
test voltages refer to AS 1026 and AS 1429.
the air make-up time under the specified conditions of

make-up.
Tests shall be carried out to prove that the capacity of all
safety valves meets the requirements specified in
Clause 8.2.2. Safety valves, non-return valves, reducing
valves and air-pressure switches shall be tested for
correct operation at the specified pressures.
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AS 20671984
APPENDIX A
INFORMATION TO BE GIVEN WITH ENQUIRY AND ORDER

PARTICULARS OF THE SYSTEM.
Highest voltage of system.
Frequency.
Number of phases.
Colouring of phases (see Table 6.1).
Method of earthing system neutral.
SERVICE CONDITIONS IF OTHER THAN STANDARD (See Clause 2 of
2650).
Ambient and maximum and minimum temperatures.
Altitude.
Unusual exposure to steam or vapour, moisture, ice, fumes, explosive gases, excessive
dust, salt air, birds or vermin.
(d) Wind pressure (refer to AS 2650 and AS 1170, Part 2).
(e) Earth tremors (see AS 2121 and Note).
(f) Abnormal frequency of operation.
A1
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
A2
AS
(a)
(b)
(c)
NOTE: Agreement should be reached between the purchaser and the manufacturer in cases where earth tremors
can be expected. Reference should be made to the paper Design of HV Power System Plant and Equipment in
Areas of Low Seismic Activity by McRae and White, IE Australia Transactions, EE9 (1 and 2), 1973.
A3
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(j)
(k)
(l)
(m)
(n)
PARTICULARS OF SWITCHGEAR.
Type of switchgear.
Number of poles.
Indoor or outdoor.
Special features, e.g. phase segregation.
Rated voltage.
Rated normal currents.
Exposed or non-exposed.
Insulation level.
Short-circuit rating, where applicable.
Particulars of switching devices for each circuit.
Instrumentation and metering.
Particulars of protection for each circuit.
For high-voltage open-type switchgear, electrical clearances if not in accordance with
the requirements of Section 9.
(o) For high-voltage open-type switchgear, particulars relevant to the provision of safety
clearances and work sections if not in accordance with the requirements of Section 10.
NOTE: Where possible a single-line diagram should be included which may include much of the above
information.
A4 PARTICULARS OF AUXILIARY SYSTEMS.

(a) Method of operation of equipment.
(b) Auxiliary supply voltage.
(c) Direct current, or alternating current and frequency.
(d) Number and type of auxiliary switches additional to manufacturers requirements.
(e) Details of wiring number system to be used.
A5 GENERAL INFORMATION. Where applicable, the following additional information
should be supplied:
(a) Extent of work to be done, and conditions under which work is to be carried out,
including information on any regulations or rules which must be complied with.
(b) Drawings showing layout, space available and any other limiting conditions.
(c) Facilities for transport, delivery and erection (including provision of auxiliary power
and capacity of lifting tackle).
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AS 20671984
24
(d) Information about any drawings required with tender, or subsequent to acceptance of
tender.
NOTES:
1. The enquiry should give information of any special conditions not included above that might influence the
tender or order, and also all information called for in relevant individual specifications.
2. Attention is drawn to the requirements of AS 2124 and AS 2128.
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APPENDIX B
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE JOINTING OF BUSBARS

AND CONNECTIONS
B1 SCOPE. This Appendix gives information and recommendations for the preparation
and making of joints for busbars and connections of copper and aluminium.
B2 TYPES OF CONDUCTORS. Mechanical joints may be required to be made between
conductors of different materials and forms as follows:
Materials of conductors
Copper to copper
Aluminium to aluminium
Copper to aluminium
Forms of conductors joined

Stranded/stranded
Stranded/rigid
Rigid/rigid
Stranded aluminium/stranded copper
Stranded aluminium/rigid copper
Stranded copper/rigid aluminium
B3 TYPES OF JOINTS.
B3.1 Stranded conductors. For the jointing of stranded conductors, the fittings and
methods employed in overhead transmission line practice may be used and proprietary
brands of clamp assemblies can be obtained for this purpose. For the jointing of stranded
copper to stranded aluminium conductor, special clamps designed to cater for the bi-metal
joint are available.
For the jointing of stranded to rigid conductors, similar types of clamp assemblies provided
with flat palms for bolting or welding to flat bar conductors are available. Another method
of making such joints with aluminium is to employ a thimble type fitting into which the
conductor is inserted and puddle welded, but because of the heat applied, the conductor
strands are liable to fatigue failure when subjected to continuous movement. Such fittings
should normally only be employed indoors.
The compression type fitting is the most commonly used form of joint between stranded
conductors, particularly when the conductors to be jointed are of aluminium.
B3.2 Flat bar conductors.
B3.2.1 General. Jointing of flat bar conductors may be effected by welding, riveting,
clamping or bolting. Soldered joints should not be used unless they are reinforced with
rivets or bolts as the heating of such joints under abnormal service conditions may render
them electrically and mechanically unsound.
The most commonly used method of jointing flat bar conductors is by clamping or bolting,
but for aluminium conductors designed to carry 2000 A or more, welding of the joints is
more frequently employed as this obviates the need to specially prepare the joint surfaces
and there is no deterioration of the joint or change in conductivity in service. In this latter
case, consideration must be given to the means for dismantling conductors with welded
joints should the need arise for repair or replacement.
B3.2.2 Clamped joints. Where clamps are used to secure the joint in flat bar conductors,
precautions must be taken on a.c. circuits to prevent steel magnetic loops being formed
around the conductors particularly where high currents are involved, as otherwise
undesirable amounts of heat from induced currents will be generated. Attention must also
be paid to the mechanical design of the clamp to provide distributed pressure over the whole
joint contact area without distortion of the clamps during tightening. Where a substantial
differential expansion between the conductor and the clamp assembly is likely to occur,
special precautions may need to be taken in the design of the clamp.
Clamps may be secured by the use of suitable bolts and nuts with locking plates or tab
washers. The bolts should be tightened up to the equivalent torque recommended by the bolt
manufacturer or to a torque which will produce 50 percent of the safe bearing stresses of
the clamping surfaces of the conductor, whichever is the lesser.
B3.2.3 Bolted joints. Where possible the use of bolted joints is recommended for joining
flat bar conductors and for connecting the palms of conductor fittings to flat bar conductors
or equipment terminals. However, certain precautions should be taken to ensure that a bolted
joint remains satisfactory in service and that correct contact pressures are maintained under
all conditions (see AS 2395).
The design of bolted joints should take into account the load-bearing properties of the
conductor material and the method by which the joint pressure will be maintained in service.
In this regard it should be remembered that pure aluminium has a low yield stress.
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AS 20671984
AS 20671984
26
A suitable method of maintaining joint pressure employs large flat washers or pressure
plates under the heads of the bolts and nuts with the bolts tightened to a predetermined
tension. For aluminium, the bolt tension should be so arranged that it produces rated joint
pressure at the minimum temperature. Large increases in bolt tension will occur at high joint
operating temperatures and the bolt strength and pressure under the washers must be
considered for these conditions.
Another method of maintaining the joint pressure employs Belleville type washers, and in
such an assembly a flat washer is placed under the head of the bolt and a Belleville type
washer under the nut. A second flat washer between the conductor and the Belleville type
washer may be used. A correctly specified and manufactured Belleville type washer is
essential to regulate the joint pressure to approximately 10 percent of rated joint pressure
over a wide operating temperature range of the joint.
Additional securing of the joint is not necessary when a Belleville type washer is used. In
other cases locking plates, tab washers or helical spring lock washers may be used.
B3.2.4 Welded joints. Where joints are to be made in aluminium conductor for the higher
carrying capacities, welding is recommended either by the gas tungsten arc welding
(GTAW) or the gas metal arc welding (GMAW) processes. The GTAW process may be
used for the smaller sections of material although the GMAW process can be employed for
all sizes of joints.
The welding of aluminium is a specialized process and reference should be made to
AS 1665 or to information on welding procedures from the suppliers of the aluminium or
the welding equipment.
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APPENDIX C
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE DESIGN OF EARTHING

SYSTEMS
C1 SCOPE. This Appendix provides information on the design of earthing systems to
comply with the requirements laid down in Clause 5.6.
C2 DESIGN OF EARTH ELECTRODE SYSTEM.
C2.1 General. The design of the earth electrode system will depend on a number of
factors including the type of switchgear installed, whether indoor or outdoor, the extent of
the area involved, the nature and condition of the ground and soil resistivity and the number
and type of overhead earth wires and cable sheaths connected to the earthing system.
For small installations and where the ground is suitable, driven or buried rods may be used
for the earth electrodes.
For large installations it may be more appropriate to bury lengths of conductor direct in the
ground, these being joined together to form a buried earth electrode system (earth grid).
Earth rods may be used in conjunction with a buried earth electrode system if there are
resultant advantages.
C2.2 Earth rods. To avoid electrolytic corrosion, buried earth rods should be of the same
material as the buried earth grid. This will also apply to buried counterpoise earths of
transmission line towers in the immediate vicinity of switchyards. However, stainless steel
rods are electrolytically compatible with copper earth grids.
Driven rods should be used where possible with facilities for connecting to the earthing
conductor just below finished ground level in an accessible enclosure. Where ground
conditions are unfavourable for driven rods, holes of at least twice the diameter of the earth
rods or strips (or larger for longer electrodes) should be drilled to the required depth, the
rods or strips inserted and, with provision allowed for connecting purposes, the hole filled
with a mixture of bentonite and gypsum or other suitable material. Alternatively, if suitable
equipment is available, smaller holes may be drilled and the mixture poured in prior to the
insertion of the rod or strip.
C2.3 Buried earth grid system. For outdoor switchgear installations a buried earth grid
system can be the most economical arrangement because the conductor performs the dual
function of providing the earthing busbar for all switchgear equipment and metalwork, and
the earth electrode system at the same time. General practice is to employ copper conductors
for the buried earth grid, but for the larger outdoor installations, consideration may be given
to the employment of an earth grid of galvanized steel.
It is desirable to ensure that dissimilar metals in the form of water pipes, conduits, etc are
not buried within or in the immediate vicinity of the earthing grid, but if this is not possible,
such pipes should be completely isolated from the earthing system.
For hydro-electric power station installations where the earth electrode system is within a
short distance of the steel pressure pipelines and the systems are joined together by direct
connections such as overhead earth wires, the use of galvanized steel may be essential to
avoid the possibility of electrolytic action between the pipelines and buried copper.
However, before galvanized steel is considered for an earth grid the chemical composition
of the ground and particularly the pH value should be established to determine whether the
soil is naturally aggressive to galvanized steel.
Aluminium shall not be used for a buried earth grid system.
The buried conductor may be annealed strip or stranded conductor. A short tee or loop riser
connection should be provided from the buried earth grid to all metal work of equipment
to be earthed, so as to ensure two directions of current flow in the earth grid under earth
fault conditions.
C2.4 Earthing conductor sizes. The sizes of conductor to be employed for the earthing
system should be chosen on the basis that when carrying the maximum earth-fault current,
the temperature rise will not exceed the required maximum for the specified time period.
The time period specified depends on the system protection employed and the possible fault
duration and should have regard to the inaccessible and irreplaceable nature of the earth grid
system.
All risers from the buried earth grid to above ground level should be suitable for carrying
the maximum earth fault current for the specified time period (normally back-up clearance
time plus a suitable margin if desired).
Where multiple current paths are provided in the buried earth grid as in Paragraph 2.3
above, conductors designed to carry 70 percent of the maximum earth-fault current
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may be used where it is established that this reduction can be effected without an increase
in the temperature rise.
The cross-sectional area of a conductor for use in the earthing system may be calculated
from Deans equation, as follows:
(a) For copper:
(b) For aluminium:
(c) For steel:
where
A =
I =
t =
=
cross-sectional area of conductor, in square millimetres (see Note 5)

maximum fault current flowing in earthing system, in amperes r.m.s. (see Note 2)
fault current duration, in seconds (see Note 3)
temperature rise, in degrees Celsius (see Note 3)
NOTES:
1. The ambient temperature is taken as 40C.
2. The maximum fault current flowing in the earthing system (I) equals the maximum symmetrical fault level
of the installation multiplied by a decrement factor which is dependent upon the system X/R ratio at the
location (see Fig. C1). The decrement factor provides for the effect of d.c. offset and the attenuation of a.c.
and d.c. transient components of the fault current, see also IEEE Std. 80-1976, p 14.
3. Typically the temperature rise () might be taken as:
(a) For no margin on back-up clearance time copper250C, aluminium 300C.
(b) For suitable margin on back-up clearance timecopper 450C, aluminium 400C.
(c) Galvanized steel 350C.
4. The adoption of 3(a) or 3(b) above should depend upon which alternative results in the more economical
earthing system. However, consideration will need to be given to the melting point of any jointing material
used.
5. As compared with the equations used in AS 1136, the equations shown allow for the increase of conductor
resistance with temperature. This is recommended for temperature rises of the magnitude accepted for
substation earthing design.
As a guide, for copper earthing conductors it is recommended that, from the point of view
of mechanical security and effective connection, the size should be not less than the
following:
(a) For buried conductors, risers and main earth connections62.5 mm 2 (25 mm
2.5 mm).
(b) For control panel earth bars62.5 mm2 (25 mm 2.5 mm).
(c) For fence grading conductors40 mm 2 (16 mm 2.5 mm).
C2.5 Earth electrode resistance value. General practice should aim at an earth electrode
resistance value such that the rise of voltage of the earthing system is less than 2000 V
above true earth potential. For large installations where the fault level is of a high order, this
value of limiting voltage is often exceeded. However, in all practical cases of large
installations, the earth electrode system should first satisfy the safety considerations with
respect to touch voltage (see Paragraph C2.6) and an earth grid or rod electrode system
should not be laid which is more extensive than that required for safe grading.
As an approximation the electrode resistance value is given by the following formula:
where
= average resistivity of soil, in ohm metres.
= area of station, where the station has a rectangular shape, in square metres.
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FAULT DURATION
Fig. C1. DECREMENT FACTOR
More exact formulas* are available which will enable the earth electrode resistance to be
more accurately determined in relation to the length of buried conductor, depth of grid,
length and breadth of station, grid spacing and conductor width. Other formulas are
available which allow the estimated resistance of a rod bed or a combined earth grid and
rod bed to be calculated.
C2.6 Transfer, touch and step voltages. To prevent the transfer of the earthing
system voltage under fault conditions to a remote point, it will be necessary to isolate from
the earthing system any metallic pipes or conductors which leave the station.
The touch and step voltages determine the effectiveness, and therefore the safety, of the
earthing system of the installation. The earthing system including all grading wires shall be
designed and arranged such that the system is safe for all stages of development of the
installation.
It has been established that if the touch voltages for the installation are safe, then it is
generally true that the step voltages are safe also. Formulas* are available if it is desired
to calculate the equivalent step voltages.
The maximum allowable touch voltage below the threshold of ventricular fibrillation is
given by the following formula:
where
t = time of exposure or fault clearance time, in seconds
s = average resistivity of surface layer of soil, in ohm metres
The calculated value of touch voltage which is dependent on grid configuration and fault
current flowing into earth directly from the grid should always be well below the allowable
value of touch voltage derived from above.
The calculated touch voltage is given by the following formula:
*
Swan, G.A.H. and McRae, B.P., Eart hing of High Voltage Substati ons, Insti tuti on of Engineers,
Australi a, Electri cal Engineeri ng Transacti ons, Vol. EE2 No. 1, March 1966, pp 31-49.
This formula virt uall y corr esponds to curve C in Appendix A of SAA MP30. See also IEEE Standard
801976, pp 8-10 and Dalziel, Electri c Shock Hazards, IEEE Spectrum, February 1972, pp 22-24.
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where
Ki =
=
I
=
L =
=
irregularity factor
1.5 or 2.2 for usual earthing arrangement*
portion of earth fault current flowing into earth directly from grid, in amperes
length of buried grid conductor, in metres
average resistivity of soil, in ohm metres
NOTE: Care must be taken to use a value of soil resistivity appropriate to the driest conditions which may
occur.
Km =
The number of terms in the second log term is equal to (n-2) where
n
= the number of parallel and usually lateral buried earth grid conductors (the second
log term can be obtained from Table C1)
S
= spacing between lateral buried earth grid conductors, in metres
D = depth of buried earth conductor below surface, in metres
d
= diameter of circular conductor, in metres or equivalent diameter for strip, in
metres = 0.44 W, where W = strip width, in metres).
C2.7 Jointing of earthing conductors. It is recommended that all joints in the earthing
system be lapped and made permanent by brazing or welding except at the places where
disconnection is required for test purposes (see Paragraph C2.8).
Copper-to-copper joints may be soldered and riveted or preferably brazed using a
phosphor-copper brazing alloy B2 to AS 1167. For copper-to-steel and steel-to-steel brazing,
a silver brazing alloy A10 to AS 1167 should be used with a suitable silver brazing flux.
The recommendations of the manufacturer of the brazing alloy should be observed in
carrying out the jointing of earthing conductors.
Following the brazing or welding of joints in galvanized steel, a coating of bitumastic paint
or its equivalent should be applied to the finished joints to give protection and prevent rust
occurring.
Where aluminium conductor is employed aboveground, joints should be lapped and brazed
with filler wire of alloy 4043 for conductor alloy 6063 and of alloy 1100 for conductor
alloy 1445. Aluminium-to-copper joints should be of the bolted type made in accordance
with the recommendations in Appendix B (See AS 1665 and AS 1865 for details of alloys).
C2.8 Removable connections for testing purposes. In designing the earthing system,
provision should be made for the testing of the earth electrode resistance and for the
isolation of the earth electrode resistance and for the isolation of the earthing connection
from apparatus which may have to be subsequently tested in situ.
Where earth rods are employed, arrangements can be made for disconnection of the earthing
conductor or conductors from the earth rod connection system by means of bolted joints to
allow measuring of the earth electrode resistance to be carried out.
TABLE C1
VALUES OF SECOND LOG TERM IN FORMULA FOR
CALCULATION OF K m
n
n
etc
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0
-0.092
-0.150
-0.192
-0.226
-0.253
-0.277
-0.297
-0.316
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
n
etc
-0.332
-0.347
-0.360
-0.373
-0.384
-0.395
-0.405
-0.415
-0.424
-0.432
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
etc
-0.440
-0.448
-0.455
-0.462
-0.469
-0.475
-0.482
-0.488
-0.493
-0.499
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
*For furt her informati on refer to IEEE Standard 801976 pp 22-24.
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n
etc
-0.504
-0.509
-0.514
-0.519
-0.524
-0.529
-0.533
-0.537
-0.542
-0.546
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
etc
-0.550
-0.554
-0.557
-0.561
-0.565
-0.568
-0.572
-0.575
-0.579
-0.582
31
Where a buried earth grid system is employed, measurement of the resistance of the whole
earth electrode system can be made, provided that the installation can be isolated from any
other earthing point. For outdoor installations where overhead transmission lines with earth
wires are terminated at the installation, arrangements may be made to provide insulators at
the terminating point of all earth wires with removable bridging conductors.
The neutral points of all transformers should be connected to the earthing system through
a removable connection or bolted links.
C3 EARTHING OF BOUNDARY FENCES.
C3.1 Grading wire outside fence. Metallic fences employed to prevent unauthorized
access to the switchgear installation should be connected to the station earth electrode
system. A grading wire should be buried at a depth of not less than 0.5 m in the ground and
at a distance of l m outside the fence. The fence should be bonded to the grading wire and
to the station earth electrode system at intervals not exceeding the distance S used in
calculating the touch voltage in Paragraph C2.6.
C3.2 Grading wire buried beneath fence. Conditions may arise where physical or other
restrictions prevent the installation of a grading wire outside the fence in which case the
whole fence should be isolated from the station earth electrode system, a grading wire
buried beneath the fence and the fence bonded to the grading wire at regular intervals. The
grading wire should effectively cover gate opening areas. If there is a risk of live conductors
coming into contact with the fence, the buried grading wire should be supplemented by the
use of earth rods placed at intervals not exceeding 30 m. This arrangement should only be
adopted when the recommendations in Paragraph C3.1 cannot be applied.
C3.3 Earthing when site is only partially developed. Where the site is only partially
developed leaving large open spaces within the boundary fence, and there is otherwise no
need to extend the earthing system into this area, alternative arrangements for earthing the
fence are permissible. The section of fence bounding the undeveloped area may be isolated
from the rest of the boundary fence by insulating units of suitable material. The design of
the insulating units must be such that there is no risk of personnel bridging the insulation.
This isolated section of fence should be bonded to a single grading wire buried beneath the
fence and isolated from the station earthing system. If there is a risk of live conductors
coming into contact with the fence, the buried grading wire should be supplemented by the
use of earth rods placed at intervals not exceeding 30 m. Alternatively, the boundary fence
may be continuous, but should be provided with buried grading wires both inside and
outside the fence suitably bonded to the station earthing system.
C3.4 Boundary fence isolated from station earth electrode system. When the boundary
fence is isolated from the station earth electrode system, the prospective touch voltages
should be carefully checked. Also, the practicability of maintaining complete metallic
separation of an isolated section of fence from the station earthing system must be
considered. Where it is impracticable to follow the above methods, the isolated section of
boundary fence should be constructed of non-metallic materials.
C4 EARTHING OF BUILDINGS. Where the switchgear installation is contained within
a building and the provision of a separate outdoor earth electrode system is not required,
arrangements may be made to bury earthing conductors around the perimeter of the building
with the conductors connected to the building steel reinforcement at suitable intervals.
Selected steel reinforcement in concrete floors and walls of all parts of the building should
be bonded together by welding during construction with the ends brought out from the
surface of the concrete at suitable intervals to which the earthing system may be connected.
Alternatively, steel strips welded to the embedded reinforcement may be used to effect the
external connection.
Where high tensile steel reinforcement is employed, welding is not permitted and suitable
ties or clamps shall be used.
C5 EQUIPMENT EARTHING CONNECTIONS.
C5.1 Earth mats. Galvanized mesh or steel plate earth mats should be employed to ensure
safety of personnel who are required to operate the handles or wheels of equipment
mechanisms. Arrangements should be made to ensure that the earth mat remains above the
level of the ground and is not inadvertently covered by the surface material. Alternatively,
an earth grid conductor loop may be buried at a depth of approximately 150 mm below the
surface.
The mat or loop should be located in such a position that the operator must stand thereon
to effectively operate the equipment and the mat or loop should be directly connected to the
operating handle or wheel by a copper strip having an adequate cross-section and a suitable
flexible braid or wiping contact.
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C5.2 Outdoor equipment and structures. Where equipment is supported on steel

structures, it is usually sufficient for the base of the structure to be connected to the
equipment riser from the earth grid by one or more steel bolts. If a foundation bolt is
employed for this purpose, the earth connection should be made on an extension of the
fixing under a separate nut and washer.
A similar method of earthing should apply to lightning protection structures. Overhead
earth wires should be earthed via their metal supporting structures or through separate
copper conductors connected directly to the earth electrode system.
Earthing-switch blades should be connected by a copper conductor of suitable crosssection direct to the station earth electrode system.
Where surge diverters are used to protect power transformers, the earthing connection
between the surge diverter and the transformer tank or earthing terminal should be of
minimum length and as free from bends and deviations as practicable. Where power
transformer neutrals are to be solidly earthed they should be connected through a
bolted link or removable conductor (see Paragraph C2.8) direct to the earth electrode
system with a minimum of bends and deviations.
Where control cables are employed in installations with rated voltage in excess of
100 kV, consideration should be given to providing the cables with a metallic screen
to prevent the build-up of static overvoltages particularly for current transformer and
voltage transformer circuits.
Careful attention should be paid to the earthing of metal sheaths or screens of power
and multicore control cables laid in outdoor switchgear installations. The metal sheaths
or screens should preferably be earthed at both ends although other factors may have
to be considered as follows:
(a) Safety of maintenance personnel.
(b) The ability and requirement of the sheaths or screens to carry fault current.
(c) The need to avoid the interconnection of separate earthing systems.
(d) Power cable ratings due to sheath circulating currents.
C5.3 Indoor switchgear equipments. For all types of indoor switchgear, a main
earth busbar of adequate cross-section should be provided of adequate length to
accommodate all earth connections and connected electrically to the framework of each
equipment and panel and also connected in at least two places to the earth electrode
system. All items of apparatus on the switchgear requiring a connection to earth are
joined to this earth bar including the metal sheaths of cables.
Where frame earth leakage protection is provided on metal-clad switchgear
installations, two main bars are required. The frame earth bar interconnecting the
framework of the switch units is connected to the true earth bar through a current
transformer and bolted links for test purposes. The true earth bar should be run
separately from the frame earth bar in a position convenient for cable sheath earthing
and for earthing equipment. Where the true earth bar is mounted on the switch units
it should be insulated from them and capable for withstanding a test voltage of
2 kV r.m.s. for 1 min. The insulation of the cable sheaths from the switch unit frames
should withstand the same test.
Earthing in control rooms shall consist of copper strips or stranded copper conductors
brought into the panel trenches via the cable trenches and connected to the earth bar
which is bolted to the panels (see Paragraph C2.4 for recommended minimum sizes for
copper strips).
Connections to the earth bar from current and voltage transformer links, general
purpose outlets and similar equipment shall be not less than 7/0.67 stranded copper
conductor.
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APPENDIX D
TYPICAL SYSTEM FOR FUNCTIONAL IDENTIFICATION

OF SMALL WIRING
D1 SCOPE. To assist in the preparation of diagrams and for the purposes of
checking circuits, fault finding and modification work, the ends of each wire should
be identified by suitable marking to show its function (see Clause 6.5).
Each function, e.g. current transformer for primary protection; control circuit for
circuit-breaker, can be defined by a distinctive code consisting of numbers or a
combination of numbers and letters. There are a number of different codes in existence
established by the various supply authorities. This Appendix sets out one typical
system which is based on the use of letters and numerals and complies with the
requirements of this standard.
D2 WIRE NUMBERING CODE.
D2.1 Identificationgeneral. Every branch of any connection should bear the same
identification mark. Where, however, it is necessary to identify branches which are
connected to a common point, e.g. current-transformer leads, different numbers for the
branches may be employed only if they are connected through links, or are connected
to separate terminals which are then joined by removable connections.
D2.2 Identification according to function. A system of marking providing
functional identification is described below and summarized in Table D1. Fig. D1 is
a diagram illustrating this system.
(a) Each wire should have a letter to denote its function, e.g. control of circuitbreaker, current transformer for primary protection, voltage for instruments,
metering and protection.
(b) Each wire should have a suffix number identifying the individual wire and its
function. This may consist of one or more digits as required. For functions A-G,
H, J and M, the suffix numbers should be as given in the column under Wire
numbers. Direct-current supplies from a positive source should bear odd numbers
and d.c. supplies from a negative source should bear even numbers commencing
from the source of supply. Where coils or resistors are connected in series the
change from odd to even should be made at the coil or resistor lead nearest to the
negative supply.
(c) Where a number of similar leads from separate units are taken to a common panel,
e.g. bus-zone protection, summation metering, suffixes A, B, C, etc should be
used to distinguish them. Where two associated equipments are mounted on one
panel, e.g. generator and unit transformer, HV and LV sides of one transformer,
all leads of the subsidiary or lower-voltage equipment of the two should be
distinguished by adding 500 to the numbers of wires in the common panel and
associated interconnecting cores only.
(d) Where more than one function is covered by common apparatus, the first of the
appropriate function letters in the table should be used. This applies only to
parallel circuits, and where these circuits split at a separate contact, e.g. fuse-link,
switch or relay contact, the function letter should change if necessary from the
splitting point onwards.
(e) Where relays are employed, the coil and the contact circuits do not necessarily
bear the same function letter, which should be determined by the function of the
individual circuit containing them, e.g. the coil circuit of an interposing relay
should be W but the contact circuits may bear letters such as K, L, or N,
as appropriate.
(f) Current and voltage-transformer function letters should follow through any
interposing and auxiliary current and voltage transformers, including such
transformers when used for light-current circuits. Where an a.c. supply reflecting
the primary quantities and derived from a current or voltage transformer is
rectified for the operation of instruments or relays, the d.c. circuit should carry
the same function letter as the a.c. circuit.
(g) Circuits having functions not included in the function letter table should not have
prefix letters.
(h) Where the manufacturer has been unable to ascertain from the purchaser the
function letters and numbering to be assigned to equipment wiring by the time that
wiring is required, the manufacturer should himself provide wire numbers prefixed
by the letter O. Where the appropriate function letter only can be determined,
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it should be preceded by an 0 and followed by the manufacturers own number.

The same procedure may be applied in the case of equipment or parts of
equipment not assigned to specific contracts at the time of manufacture, subject
to the purchasers approval and to the use of ferruling in accordance with
approved standard diagrams to the extent that those diagrams apply.
(j) Light-current equipment, e.g. telephone-type or electronic signalling equipment,
may require numbering schemes differing from the above for complete
identification. In such cases, where connections from such equipment are
associated with power equipment wired in accordance with this Appendix, the
numbering of such connections should include the appropriate prefix letter (J, W,
X, or Y) to distinguish them.
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AS 20671984
TABLE D1
CIRCUIT AND WIRE IDENTIFICATION CODE
Lett er
A
F
G
Curr ent transformers for pri mary protection,

excluding overcurrent
Curr ent transformer for busbar protection
Curr ent transformers for overcurrent protection
(i ncluding combined earth-f ault protecti on and
instruments)
Curr ent transformers for instr uments, metering
volt age contr ol
Reference volt age of instr uments, metering and
protecti on
Reference volt age for volt age control
Reference volt age for synchronizing
a.c. and a.c./d.c. supplies
B
C
D
E
d.c suppli es
K
L
Closing and tri pping control circuits

Alarms and indications init iated by auxili ary swit ches
and relay contacts, excluding those for remote selective
control and for general indication equipment
Auxili ary and contr ol motor devices, e.g. governor
motor, rheostat motor, generator automatic volt age
regulator contr ol, spring-charging motors, transformer
cooler-motor contr ol, motors for isolator operati on
Tap-change contr ol including automatic volt age
control, tap posit ion and progress indicati ons
An indication that the ferr uling is not in accordance
with the general scheme and that if it is not altered
double ferr uling wil l be required for coordinati on wit h the
remaining equipment in the station
(see Paragraph D2.2(h))
d.c. tri pping circuits used solely for busbar protecti on
Interl ock cir cuit s not covered above
d.c. instr uments and relays, exciter and field circuits
for generators
Pilot conductors (i ncluding directly associated
connecti ons) between panels, independent of the
distance between them, for pil ot-wir e protection, for
inter- tr ipping or for both
Spare cores and connections to spare contacts
M
Wi re numbers *
(see paragraph D2.2(b))
Circuit functi on
N
O
P
R
S
T
W
X
Y
Connecti ons to and from light current control equipment

Alarms and indications to and from general indication
and remote selecti ve control equipments
Telephones
10-29
30-49
50-69
70-89
Red phase
White phase
Blue phase
Residual circuits and neutr al
curr ent transformers
90
Eart h wir es directly connected to the
eart h bar
91-99 Test windings, normally
inoperative
1-69 Swit chgear and generators

70-99 Transformers
1-69 Swit chgear and generators
70-99 Transformers
Any number from 1 upwards
1-19 Swit chgear
20-69 Generators
70-99 Transformers


Spare cores should be numbered
fr om 1 upwards in each cable, and
should be so arr anged that they can
be readil y identi fi ed on sit e wit h the
cable containing them. This should
be achieved by suitable grouping,
and unless the locati on of each group
is clear from the diagram, the groups
should be labell ed. Alternatively the
core number should be preceded by
the cable number.
If , for functi ons A-G and for functions H, J and M, more numbers are requir ed, add multi ples of one hundred, e.g. 10-29
may be extended to 110-129, 210-229.
The term r emote selective contr ol denotes control at a point distant fr om the switchgear by the transmission of electri cal
signals through common communicati ons channels using selective means to operate one of a number of switching
devices.
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Fig. D1. TYP ICAL AP PLICATION OF WIRE NU MBER ING CODE
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APPENDIX E
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE DESIGN OF

COMPRESSED-AIR SYSTEMS
E1 SCOPE.
This Appendix supplements the requirements of Clause 8.2 and gives
recommendations for the provision of air compressor pumping capacity, air storage and distribution
for pneumatically operated devices in a switchgear installation. The demands on the compressed-air
supply for switching operations, air conditioning of electrical insulation and the loss of compressed
air by leakage are also covered.
These recommendations, which are based on satisfactory service experience, refer in the main to
systems based on a common air supply.
E2 TYPE OF AIR SUPPLY. The type of air supply, i.e. common or unit, will depend on the
general layout of the switchgear installation, the extent of the compressed-air services required, and
the type of circuit-breaker employed.
Many circuit-breakers other than the air-blast type incorporate their own complete unit
compressed-air supply system. Where required, this unit system can often be used to supply, for
example, adjacent pneumatically operated isolators.
E3 COMPRESSORS.
E3.1 Capacity and number of compressors. Where circuit-breaker operation is infrequent, the
capacity of the compressor plant is determined primarily by the running time of the compressors
when supplying the normal leakage in the compressed-air system, the conditioning air if required,
and the period desired between overhauls of the compressors. The compressor capacity should be
designed to cater for the estimated leakage and conditioning air requirements on the basis of each
compressor running for approximately 4 h each day. Consideration should also be given to any
limit imposed on the time required to restore the air receivers to normal working pressures after
complete loss of stored air.
Where circuit-breaker operation is frequent, the compressor capacity should be selected so that the
pressure in the common air receivers can be raised from half to full value within a suitably short
period of time.
It is recommended that a minimum of two compressors be employed in any installation to allow
for one unit being out of service for maintenance, in which case it is usual to assume that the rated
capacity of the one compressor is sufficient to meet the specified times for restoration of air
pressure for normal conditions of operation.
Automatic operation of the compressors should be provided by starting and stopping the driving
motors under control from preset pressure-control switches. The pressure-control switches should
be so located that they are not affected by pressure waves from the compressors. Provision should
also be made for supplementary manual control.
The compressor pressure-control switches should be set in such a manner as to give a minimum
running time of 10 min to allow the compressor to reach working temperature.
The pressure-control switches should be set to provide sequential starting of the compressors so
that one or more compressors are called upon to operate depending on the extent of the pressure
drop in the common air receivers. Provision should be made for the starting sequence to be
changed at regular intervals to ensure that the duty is shared as equally as possible between all
compressors.
The compressor motor should be protected by carefully set overload protection. If a blockage due
to a faulty valve occurs on the pressure side of the compressor, the torque increases and gives rise
to high temperatures in the compressor cylinders. Care should be taken to ensure that air
temperatures in the compressors and the compressed-air system do not exceed safe limits leading
to a dangerous condition. Fusible plugs should be employed where necessary.
By the use of recording devices as specified in Clause 8.2.3.6, indication of the number of starts
and running time of the compressors gives warning of the loss of air by excessive leakage or
inefficient pumping by the compressors, and such indications may also act as a guide for
compressor maintenance.
Where compressors are located in a separate compressor house in which high temperatures, i.e.
above outside ambient temperature, are likely to occur, it is advantageous to arrange for the air
inlets to the compressors to be located outside the building.
The effective pumping capacity of a compressor decreases with increased altitude and account
should be taken of this in the assessment of compressor output.
E3.2 Filters. In certain locations where excessive dust or other pollutants are present in the
atmosphere, the air intake filter normally provided with a compressor may be inadequate for the
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conditions. If special precautions are required, they should be agreed between the purchaser and
the manufacturer.
Oil and water separators should be placed between the compressor (or the after-cooler if provided)
and the common air receiver and should be provided with automatic draining facilities.
E3.3 Location of compressors. For indoor switchgear installations, the compressors should be
located inside the building in a well-ventilated area and in a position central to the compressed-air
supply system.
For outdoor installations, it is usual to provide a separate building to house the compressor and
central air receivers, and located as near as possible to the centre of the air supply system in order
to minimize pressure drops in the pipework and reduce the cost of compressed-air reticulation.
The compressor house should have the floor and walls treated to prevent dust and the building
should be adequately ventilated to ensure that excessively high temperatures cannot arise in service.
Where compressors incorporate cooling fans, consideration should be given to exhausting the hot
air directly to the outside of the building.
In locations where sub-zero temperatures are likely to occur, thermostatically controlled heating
should be provided to ensure that there is no possibility of moisture freezing in the compressed-air
system when the compressors are not running.
E4 COMMON AIR RECEIVERS.
E4.1 Storage capacity. The storage capacity of the common air receivers should normally be
based on the maximum number of circuit-breakers likely to operate simultaneously. It may also be
necessary to consider the capacity required to restore an empty circuit-breaker receiver to a pressure
which permits satisfactory operation and also the capacity needed to meet special testing
requirements.
One method of determining the storage capacity of the common air receivers is to allow for two
complete make-break operations simultaneously for the maximum number of circuit-breakers which
may be connected to any one section of busbar or the total quantity of air required for 25
make-break operations, whichever is the lesser. This quantity of air is to be supplied from the
common storage, starting from the compressor starting pressure and finishing at the pressure of the
automatic master shut-down valve, or other agreed pressure dictated by satisfactory maintenance
of the air expansion ratios and without make-up air from compressor operation.
Depending on the number of air receivers to be installed, the above determination may also be
qualified by stipulating that one air receiver is out of service for maintenance.
E4.2 Arrangement of air receivers. When a number of common air receivers are provided, they
should be divided into groups connected together in series or parallel, each group being associated
with a separate air compressor, so that an adequate supply of air may be available for operation
of the switchgear equipments while a receiver or receivers are out of service for inspection or
maintenance.
Receivers connected in series have the advantage that the air delivered from the last receiver is
somewhat drier than air delivered from receivers in parallel.
Fig. E1 illustrates different arrangements of air receivers, each arrangement having the required
flexibility to allow a receiver or receivers to be taken out of service as required. The series
arrangement (a) illustrated requires more valves than the parallel arrangements (b) and (c). Where
considered justified, two series as in (a) may be connected in parallel to provide the most efficient
and flexible installation.
E4.3 Location of air receivers. Common air receivers should be located as near as possible to
the air compressors with which they are associated. For indoor switchgear installations, receivers
can be located together with the compressors in the area set aside for this purpose.
For outdoor switchgear installations, a separate compressor house is normally required (see
Paragraph E3.3) in which case it is recommended that common air receivers be located outdoors
on the cool side of the building in a well ventilated position and sheltered from sunlight.
Depending on the shape and size of the air receivers, they may be mounted on the incline or
vertically such that all moisture can be conveniently drained off periodically from the lowest point
of the receiver. For air-blast circuit-breaker installations, consideration should be given to the
provision of automatic periodic draining of the air receivers.
Adequate provision must be made for access to inspect the receivers both externally and internally.
E4.4 Finish of air receivers. The finish of the interior of air receivers requires special attention
to ensure that under the arduous service conditions the steel will be protected against rust and
deterioration over long periods.
The preferred finish for air receivers is that they be internally and externally hot-dip galvanized to
a minimum average thickness of 0.09 mm.
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If hot-dip galvanizing is not feasible the interior surface requires special treatment such as the
application of epoxy paint in accordance with the following schedule:
(a) Abrasive sandblasting.
(b) One coat of phosphoric and rust neutralizer etch primer directly after sandblasting.
(c) One coat of zinc-rich galvanizing paint.
(d) Two coats of coal tar epoxy paint.
(e) One coat of air drying, cold-cure epoxy resin paint.
In installations where separate air drying equipment is employed, an alternative to the epoxy paint
finish is the coating of the inside of the air receiver with one of the proprietary brands of
rust-preventative protective fluids.
NOTE: AS 2312 provides further information on the corrosion protection of steel.
E5 DRYNESS OF COMPRESSED AIR. For the operation of circuit-breakers other than

air-blast and any other types of pneumatic operating mechanisms, dry air is desirable to reduce the
possibility of corrosion and freezing of moisture in sub-zero temperatures, but, if the arrangement
of equipment and the conditions of use preclude such risks, special arrangements for air drying may
be omitted.
For air-blast circuit-breakers, dry air in the circuit-breaker local receiver is of paramount
importance to ensure that electrical breakdown will not occur due to the presence of moisture. The
compressed-air storage and supply system must be designed therefore such that under operating
conditions no drop in ambient temperature likely to occur in service will cause precipitation of
moisture in the circuit-breaker local receiver.
The most common and convenient method of drying the air is by expanding it from a higher
pressure in the common air receivers to the lower operating pressure; this is known as the
two-pressure system. For effective drying by this method, the high pressure air before expansion
should not be at a temperature appreciably higher than the air in the lower pressure system and
should be substantially free from entrained moisture. In this respect the location of the air receivers
is of importance (see Paragraph E4.3).
In hot climates, the conditions for satisfactory operation of the two-pressure system may not be
realized without taking special precautions such as the use of air drying agents or extraction of
moisture by refrigeration.
For two-pressure systems, the ratio of expansion is chosen with regard to climatic conditions as
follows:
(a) A 2:1 ratio should ensure that water condensation will not occur in the circuit-breaker
provided that the temperature does not fall more than 10C below the ambient temperature
which prevailed when the circuit-breaker received the air.
(b) A 4:1 ratio should ensure a similar safeguard up to a temperature drop of 20C below the
ambient temperature which prevailed when the circuit-breaker received the air.
Fig. E1. ARRANGEMENT OF AIR RECEIVERS
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E6 VALVES AND FITTINGS. Safety valves connected in pipe runs are liable to hunt during
operation as a result of the sudden drop in pressure and the time lag in pressure restoration. Where
possible, safety valves should be located on air receivers but if connected in pipe runs should be
provided with a small buffer reservoir.
Consideration should be given to the installation of an automatic master shut-down valve on the
outgoing side of common air receivers immediately before the reticulation reducing valve, to
prevent total loss of air storage in the event of excessive consumption or blow-out of pipework.
The valve is manually reset and allows air to be supplied to the system immediately the system is
restored and the compressors are running. The pressure setting assigned to the automatic master
shut-down valve is determined by the degree of dryness desired in the air supplied to the
reticulation system immediately after the emergency. For air-blast circuit-breakers, it should be set
to maintain a minimum expansion ratio of 2:1. For other applications the pressure setting should
be at least equal to or higher than the rated pressure of the air-consuming plant to provide the
feature of make-up supply being immediately available and to avoid gross precipitation of moisture
in the air-consuming plant.
Special attention should be paid to the design and capacity of the pressure-reducing valves between
the common high pressure air receivers and the low pressure supply system. The capacity of the
reducing valves should be adequate for the flow of compressed air as recommended in
Paragraph E7.
E7 COMPRESSED-AIR PIPEWORK.
E7.1 Reticulation of compressed air. Except for the small and compact installation, it is
recommended that alternative supplies of compressed air be reticulated to the switchgear equipment.
The most usual arrangement is the provision of a ring system of pipework so that any one
pneumatically operated device can be supplied from either end of the ring. The ring system may
be divided by stop valves such that sections of pipework and equipment can be taken out of service
for maintenance or repair without cutting off the supply of compressed air to other apparatus.
Different arrangements of pipework to meet the above requirements are shown in Fig. E2. The
arrangement shown in Fig. E2(b) is an effective application of the ring system employing the
minimum number of stop valves. For large e.h.v. outdoor installations, the double-ring system
shown in Fig. E2(c) may be adopted.
E7.2 Arrangement of pipework. All pipework should be arranged on a slope of not less than
1 in 100 with drain valves provided at the lowest points of the pipework system for the removal
of any collected moisture. The drain valves should be connected to the main pipework system by
short lengths of pipe to act as reservoirs for the decanted moisture and should be placed in
convenient and accessible positions for periodic operation.
The pipework should be supported by suitable brackets or clamps such that expansion and
contraction can take place without stress on couplings and joints and, where necessary, expansion
loops should be provided particularly in long straight runs exceeding 20 m.
Bends in copper piping should be of large radius carried out cold on a suitable machine as the
application of heat will anneal the copper and reduce the pipe strength. Where possible, bends
should be avoided by the use of suitable right-angle pipe fittings.
For outdoor switchgear installations, it is preferred that the pipework be supported on the side of
cable trenches and clear of contact with any metal covers. Short runs of pipework may be laid
directly in the ground.
E7.3 Air pipe sizes. To determine the pipe diameters for the compressed-air reticulation system,
consideration must be given to the following factors:
(a) For air-blast circuit-breakers, the local storage capacity is normally specified in terms of a
number of cycles of operation starting with the local receiver at a stated operating pressure.
For example, it may be specified that the local receiver must have sufficient capacity after 6
hours non-availability of air supply to provide two make-break operations. It is then required
that the local air receiver is recharged to 95 percent of the normal maximum operating
pressure in a specified time and from this information the pipe diameter may be calculated.
The calculation should be based on the circuit-breaker which is located at the furthest distance
from the common air receivers and with the complete pipework system in service.
In calculating pipe diameters, some allowance should be made for pressure drops due to stop
valves and other fittings in the reticulation system.
As a guide, suitable restoration times for recharging the circuit-breaker air receiver to
95 percent of the normal maximum operating pressure are given below:
(i) Complete ring system in service
One make-break operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 min.
Two make-break operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 min.
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(ii) Ring system not complete, i.e. air supply as a radial feed
One or two make-break operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 min.
(b) For pneumatically operated equipment not provided with local air receivers, the diameter
of the air supply pipe must be sufficient to ensure that pressure is maintained during the
flow of operating air to the device.
(c) Where pneumatically operated devices are to be employed requiring a lower operating
pressure than the main reticulation system, consideration should be given to the use of
orifice plates in the supply pipe adjacent to the pneumatic mechanism.
Fig. E2. RE TICU LATION OF COMPRE SS ED AIR
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APPENDIX F
RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING CREEPAGE

DISTANCES FOR INDOOR SWITCHGEAR ASSEMBLIES
The determination of suitable creepage distances over supporting insulators or separators used
for conductors in air insulated indoor switchgear assemblies involves consideration of a large
number of factors and for this reason minimum creepage distances cannot be safely specified
in this standard.
The following conditions need to be met:
(a) The minimum creepage distance must be sufficient to meet the rated lightning impulse
and switching impulse withstand voltages in Table 9.1.
(b) Continuous application of the power frequency operating voltage stresses must not cause
degradation of the insulation under the conditions of service during the life of the
equipment.
While moderate distances may be satisfactory with dust deposits free from carbon or metal
in a dry state, considerably greater distances or altered configurations are needed if moisture
is also present. The minimum creepage distance to satisfy condition (b) above will depend
on a number of factors, notably
(i) the degree of protection from dust and damp;
(ii) the configuration of the parts;
(iii) the nature of the insulating material;
(iv) the resistance of the insulation surfaces to tracking (comparative tracking index, see
IEC 112); and
(v) the absence of localized voltage stresses parallel and normal to the insulation surface of
sufficient magnitude to cause tracking under the conditions of service.
For further guidance see IEC 664A.
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APPENDIX G
NOTES ON THE PROVIS ION OF SAFETY CLEARANCES

AND WORK SECTIONS
G1 SCOPE. This Appendix supplements the information given in Section 10 and illustrates
the principles adopted in the application of safety clearances and work sections to both outdoor
and indoor open-type switchgear assemblies.
With indoor open-type installations, as distinct from outdoor arrangements, extensive use is
usually made of walls, floors and fixed screens to provide separation between circuits and parts
of a circuit and between live parts and access walkways.
G2 BASIS OF SAFETY CLEARANCES.
G2.1 Safety clearances for operational purposes. Safety clearances for operating personnel
are based on the extreme dimensions of a tall operator as shown in Fig. G1. The ground safety
distance given in column 3 of Table 10.1 is derived from Fig. G1 (b).
The ground safety distance together with the non-flashover distance (the danger zone) give the
section safety clearance which is applied in various ways to the design of open-type switchgear
assemblies to allow safe access for operating personnel.
Clause 10.2.2 requires that all parts which can be made live must be situated at not less than the
section safety clearance above ground level, access ways or operating positions, to allow for safe
movement of operators while carrying out their normal duties. It is also required that the earthed
end of all insulators carrying or containing live parts must be situated at not less than the ground
safety distance above ground level, access ways or operating platforms. Typical applications of
these safety clearances are shown in Fig. G2(a).
Where items of electrical equipment normally alive cannot conveniently be mounted at a suitable
level to maintain the safety clearances referred to above, fixed screens may be employed of such
dimensions that the section safety clearance is obtained to the enclosed live parts.
The application of safety clearances to the use of fixed screens is shown in Fig. G2(b). It is
recommended that the height of any screen used for this purpose should not be less than
1300 mm.
The application of the principles set out in this Paragraph apply only if the operator
(a) always remains at ground level or adheres to permitted access ways;
(b) does not open or remove any permanent screens surrounding live equipment; and
(c) does not use tools or materials exceeding 300 mm in length.
G2.2 Safety clearances for maintenance work.
G2.2.1 General. The provisions covered by Paragraph G2.1 will also allow maintenance work
to be carried out at ground level without the apparatus being taken out of service and without
the necessity for further precautions, provided always that the maintenance personnel
(a) remain at ground level or adhere to permitted access ways and operating positions;
(b) do not open or remove any permanent screens surrounding live equipment; and
(c) do not use tools or materials exceeding 300 mm in length.
Maintenance work which involves leaving ground level, deviating from permitted access ways
or infringing the provisos set out above, requires that the apparatus concerned is made dead and
earthed. It is recommended that, wherever possible, the disposition of equipment should be such
as to provide the necessary section safety clearances and ground safety distances throughout the
installation to enable as much as possible of routine maintenance to be carried out in safety on
nominated items of equipment while all the remaining equipment remains alive.
In the simplest case where no provision has been made for the subdivision of an installation for
the purpose of maintenance work, the whole of the installation including any incoming circuits
must be made dead and earthed before it is safe to work on any of the equipment. For
operational reasons this procedure is seldom practicable and it is usual to allow for subdivision
by isolation of equipment to be worked on, by the provision of work safety clearances and for
the creation of work sections.
It is required that the design of the installation provides for work safety clearances to all adjacent
conductors which might be alive at the time of access to the work object, whether on the same
circuit or on an adjacent circuit. The extent to which surrounding equipment has to be made dead
and earthed is dictated by the space required to do the intended work, and the preservation of
work safety clearances around the work object.
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The work safety clearances are derived from the dimensions of a tall workman as shown in
Fig. G1 and applied as shown m Fig. G3. Typical applications of the section safety clearance,
the horizontal work safety clearance and the vertical work safety clearance to equipment to
be maintained are shown in Fig. G4.
In applying the work safety clearances certain provisions should be made according to
Paragraphs G2.2.2 to G2.2.4 depending on the type of maintenance work to be undertaken.
G2.2.2 Section safety clearance. The section safety clearance should be applied in the
general case from all foot positions where access for maintenance work may be given. It
should also be applied as the distance between the extremities of equipment where a separate
work platform is used to reach the work object.
If the maintenance work entails removing or handling long parts while on the work platform,
such parts must be kept within the confines of the platform area and suitable precautions
taken such as the display of warning notices, otherwise the section safety clearance must be
increased accordingly.
The different applications of the section safety clearance as defined in Clause 10.2.4 are
illustrated in Fig. G4.
For maintenance work in certain specific situations, distances less than the section safety
clearance may be employed as set out in Paragraphs G2.2.3 and G2.2.4.
G2.2.3 Horizontal work safety clearance. Where the maintenance work is to be carried
out from a ladder or from the top of equipment, the horizontal work safety clearances given
in column 5 of Table 10.1 may be used.
This horizontal work safety clearance is derived from the extremes of a mans horizontal
reach, provided that he is not holding a tool or materials exceeding 300 mm in length.
Figs G4(a) and G4(b) illustrate the situations in which the horizontal work safety clearance
may be applied.
G2.2.4 Vertical work safety clearance. Where the maintenance work can be carried out
while standing on a ladder and the workman may not stand higher than 1100 mm below the
work plane, the vertical work safety clearances given in column 6 of Table 10.1 may be used.
It is also required that the man does not use tools or materials exceeding 300 mm in length.
Fig. G4(a) illustrates the situation in which the vertical work safety clearance may be applied.
Where the arrangement of the equipment on which the maintenance work is to be undertaken
is such that a man may stand on top of the apparatus, then the section safety clearance will
be applied from the foot position always provided that the workman does not have to climb
higher to reach the work object. Should he have to climb higher to reach the work object then
the vertical work safety clearances should be applied from the work plane. Fig. G4(b)
illustrates the situation for work from the top of equipment.
G3 MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES AND MAINTENANCE PLANT. Where provision for
the entry of vehicles and maintenance equipment such as of elevating platforms into an
open-type switchgear assembly is to be made, defined accessways should be provided along
which the vehicles or other plant may pass with the equipment alive. Safety clearances must
be maintained while the vehicle moves along any part of the accessway. The section safety
clearance will apply between the highest point on a vehicle where a man may be expected to
sit or stand and any live conductor under which the vehicle may pass or be close thereto. The
horizontal work safety clearance will apply from the extremities of the vehicle when against
the kerb line on either side of the accessway to live parts and exposed insulators.
Notwithstanding the above, the non-flashover distance between vehicle extremity and live
parts or exposed insulators shall apply as a minimum at all times. Such a condition would
need to be in accordance with the safety rules or procedures of the authority concerned and
will require close supervision.
In the higher voltage installations, the clearances provided as part of the design usually allow
for the incorporation of an accessway without unduly increasing the extent and area of the
site for the installation. However, for installations at the lower voltages, care must be taken
in the design in locating the position of the roadway and providing the required safety
clearances.
It is clearly necessary for the authority operating the installation to define the maximum size
and profile of any vehicle or item of plant which may be allowed into the installation and one
which the layout and application of the safety clearances have been based. Safe limit markers
for the movement of vehicles or plant on established roadways within an installation can be
provided laterally by permanent painted raised markers and vertically by a limit profile gauge
at vehicle entry points to the installation. Similarly, the carrying of ladders by personnel
using defined walkways must be strictly controlled.
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The movement of vehicles or other items of plant off a defined accessway road must not be
allowed except under close supervision and then only into areas where maintenance work is to
be carried out and where safe movement is clearly determined by the provision of work sections
(see Paragraph G4.4).
G4 ACCESS TO EQUIPMENT FOR MAINTENANCE WORK.
G4.1 General. As referred to in Paragraph G2.2, an open-type switchgear assembly is usually
designed such that the equipment can be isolated into subdivisions to allow maintenance work
to be carried out while the remainder of the station remains alive and in service.
The nature and extent of the division will depend on how much the station can, for operational
reasons, be taken out of commission at any one time having regard also to the frequency of the
particular maintenance work required. For example and depending on the normal duty of the
equipment, it is usual to provide isolators on both sides of a circuit-breaker to allow inspection,
repair or replacement of operating mechanisms, contacts and interrupting parts without the
necessity to isolate or make dead any other part of that circuit. However, where it is necessary
to clean insulators of isolators, it can be expected that a greater division of the circuit will be
required to make safe access possible because the isolator is usually located at the common point
of two different work sections.
To obtain access to any one busbar isolator would require that the whole section of busbar
connected to that isolator be taken out of commission and earthed. Such circumstances may
require (amongst other reasons) that duplicate busbars be provided to allow the installation to
continue in service.
The extent to which the equipment has to be isolated and earthed to allow the necessary
maintenance work to proceed also determines the area and boundaries of the work sections which
must be established and defined before access for maintenance work is given.
G4.2 Isolation and earthing. Unless the whole installation can be made dead and earthed, it
is required that provision shall be made for isolating and earthing the apparatus on which
maintenance work is to be carried out (see Clause 5.5). It is also necessary to establish that the
design has allowed for work safety clearances to be given to all adjacent conductors which may
be alive, taking into account the use of ladders, platforms and other items of plant necessary for
the carrying out of the maintenance operation, as otherwise isolation and earthing of those
adjacent circuits will also be required.
G4.3 Use of safety screens. Where the appropriate work safety clearances to adjoining
conductors which may be alive cannot be given for physical or economic reasons, it is required
that fixed safety screens be provided as part of the design of the installation (see Clause 10.2.3).
Such screens, for, example, can be located on vertical columns of structures where it is necessary
to climb past live conductors or between different circuits on the horizontal members of
structures supporting overhead strung conductors as shown in Fig. G4(b). Access can be given
to one part of the structure, for, say, cleaning insulators, with the adjoining circuits alive but to
which access is barred by the presence of the screen.
G4.4 Work sections. Provision of work sections and the establishment of their clear line of
demarcation is an essential part of the process of giving safe access for maintenance work on
equipment adjacent to live conductors.
It is required that the design of the installation allows for the provision of work sections of
sufficient dimensions to cover access at ground level including the area of approach from the
nearest defined roadway or walkway, the movement of ladders, plant and equipment into the
work area, and the positions a man may occupy in carrying out the work. It is also required that
work safety clearances apply to the defined limits of the work section except where fixed safety
screens are employed.
Where maintenance work on a circuit-breaker involves access by ladder, built-up scaffolding or
a platform assembly supported from the circuit-breaker itself, work sections bounded by the
adjacent isolators are sufficient, provided always that inadvertent access by ladder to the adjacent
isolators is clearly prevented.
In higher voltage installations employing air-blast circuit-breakers it may be necessary to bring
in special maintenance plant to handle the parts, in which case the whole circuit may haveto be
isolated and earthed and the bay up to the busbar side isolator then designated as the work
section.
Where provision must be made for the use of vehicles or plant in the maintenance work to be
undertaken, the boundary of the work section should take into account the horizontal and vertical
work safety clearances which must be maintained in each case on the basis of the profile
dimensions of the vehicle or maintenance plant. If driving movements are anticipated during the
course of the work, an additional 700 mm should be provided in the direction of movement as
a margin for inaccuracy in control.
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The boundaries of the work section should be formed and clearly defined by the use of temporary
screens, guard rails, ropes or coloured tapes. Suitable flags and danger warning notices should be
placed at frequent intervals on the boundary line and also on fixed screens and permanent structures
which are part of the work section boundary. Where temporary screens have to be used frequently,
the provision of permanent fixing sockets for supporting uprights is recommended.
G4.5 Division of an installation into work sections. The principles involved in the division of
an installation into work sections with the appropriate safety clearances are illustrated in the
following examples.
Some work sections are easily defined and the area for them is self-evident as, for example, that
for a circuit-breaker where it is provided with means of isolation on either side and is separated
from adjacent live parts, when isolated, by section and work safety clearances.
Other work sections containing isolators, busbars and connections are less obviously defined. As
alternative arrangements for access are possible, greater care will be required in defining such work
sections.
Fig. G5 shows a simplified bay of a single-busbar feeder circuit where three work sections are
envisaged for work from a ladder on the
(a) circuit-breaker;
(b) busbar including the busbar isolator; or
(c) feeder line circuit including the line isolator and line equipment.
For work on the circuit-breaker, both the busbar and line isolators must be open and horizontal
work safety clearance H a provided as shown in Fig. G5.
Work on the busbar isolator must involve the shutdown of the busbar, and therefore there is no
need to provide work safety clearance from the busbar isolator to the busbar. Similarly, since
maintenance of the busbar supporting insulators again involves the shutdown of the busbar, work
safety clearances are not required from the busbar supporting insulators to the busbar isolators.
However, in both cases the horizontal work safety clearance H b to the line isolator will be required
as the feeder line may be alive from the remote end and the line isolator must be open.
Work on the feeder line circuit including the isolator and line equipment requires that the busbar
isolator be open and the horizontal work safety clearance H c provided.
Additionally for work on the line isolator, horizontal work safety clearance H must be provided to
any adjoining circuit.
Fig. G5 also illustrates the boundary of a typical work section as applied for access to and
maintenance work on the circuit-breaker only.
A typical duplicate-busbar installation with bypass facilities is shown in Fig. G6. This arrangement
can be separated into five work sections as follows:
(a) Circuit-breaker including current transformers.
(b) Busbar isolator No 1 involving the shutdown of No 1 busbar.
(c) Busbar isolator No 2 involving the shutdown of No 2 busbar.
(d) Feeder line circuit including the line, line isolator, bypass isolator and the lineside equipment.
(e) Circuit overhead connections and insulators involving the shutdown of No 1 busbar.
Following the principles laid down for the simplified arrangement shown in Fig. G5, the required
work safety clearances for work from a ladder are indicated in Fig. G6 applicable to the different
work sections (a) to (e).
For maintenance work on the circuit-breaker with the bypass circuit alive, both the line and
circuit-breaker isolators must be open and the work section defined accordingly. The vertical work
safety clearance V required above the circuit breaker is shown in Fig. G6.
To carry out maintenance work on the busbar isolator of a particular circuit, it is necessary to
shutdown that circuit and the whole of the busbar adjacent to the isolator. It is also convenient at
the same time, to carry out maintenance work on each bay set of busbar insulators in conjunction
with the busbar isolator maintenance, while the busbar is out of service and the circuits are taken
out of service one at a time. Work on the feeder line circuit requires that the line be earthed and
both busbar isolators be open.
For maintenance work on the overhead strung conductors and insulators at the busbar end, the line
isolator, the bypass isolator and both busbar isolators must be open and the No 1 busbar shutdown.
It will be appreciated that none of the work safety clearances illustrated in Figs G5 and G6 should
be less than the appropriate value for the voltage concerned in Columns 5 and 6 of Table 10.1.
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NOTE: Extreme dimensions include an allowance for small hand tools.
Fig. G1. DIMENSIONS OF TALL OPERATOR OR WORKMAN
(a) Dimensions for access at ground level
G =
N =
S =
ground safety distance (2440 mm)

non-flashover distance
section safety clearance (G + N)
(b) Dimensions for fixed safety screens
Fig. G2. SAFETY CLEARANCES FOR OPERATIONAL PURPOSES
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(a) Work from a ladder
(b) Work from a platform
NOTE: The more onerous condition in each case (a) and (b) to be satisfied.
DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES
Fig. G3. DIMENSIONS FOR MAINTENANCE WORK
(a) Work from a ladder
(b) Work from top of equipment
(c) Work from a platform

G
H
N
V
S
=
=
=
=
=
ground safety distance (2440 mm)

horizontal work safety clearance
Non-flashover distance
Vertical work safety clearance
section safety clearance (G + N)
Fig. G4. SAFETY CLEARANCES FOR MAINTENANCE WORK

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TOP VIEW
FRONT VIEW
H = horizontal work safety clearance
Fig. G5. WORK SECTIONS IN SINGLE BUSBAR INSTALLATION
H
V
= horizontal work safety clearance

= vertical work safety clearance
Fig. G6. WORK SECTIONS IN DUPLICATEBUSBAR INSTALLATION
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ANNEX
REFERENCED AND RELEVANT DOCUMENTS

REFERENCED DOCUMENTS.
AS 1026
Impregnated Paper Insulated Cables for Electricity Supply at Working
Voltages up to and Including 33 kV
AS 1102
Graphical Symbols for Electrotechnology
AS 1103
Diagrams, Charts and Tables for Electrotechnology
AS 1136
Switchgear and Controlgear Assemblies for Voltages up to 1000 V a.c.
AS 1167
Alloy Filler Rods for Brazing
AS 1170
SAA Loading Code
Part 2Wind Forces
AS 1210
SAA Unfired Pressure Vessels Code
AS 1243
Voltage Transformers for Measurement and Protection
AS 1271
Valves, Water Gauges and Other Fittings for Boilers and Unfired Pressure
Vessels
AS 1349
Bourdon Tube Pressure and Vacuum Gauges
AS 1429
Polymeric Insulated Cables for Electricity Supply at Working Voltages
1.9/3.3 kV up to and Including 19/33 kV
Part 1Cables Having Individual Screened Cores
Part 2Under consideration; will specify 12.7/22 kV cables without
semiconductive conductor or insulation screens but protected by a
metallic covering, and cables with collective screen for all voltages
up to and including 12.7/22 kV.
AS 1431
Control Switching Devices for Voltages up to 650 V a.c. and 250 V d.c.
Part 2Push-button and Related Control Switches (Including Indicator
Lights)
AS 1665
SAA Aluminium Welding Code
AS 1675
Current Transformers for Measurement and Protection
AS 1768
Manual on Lightning Protection
AS 1824
Insulation Coordination
Part 1Basic Principles, Standard Insulation Levels and Test Procedures
Part 2Application Guide
AS 1852
International Electrotechnical Vocabulary
1852 (441)Switchgear and Controlgear
AS 1865
Wrought Aluminium and Aluminium Alloy Drawn Wire, Rod, Bar and Strip
for General Engineering Purposes
AS 1931
High Voltage Testing Techniques
Part 1General Definitions, Test Requirements, Test Procedures and
Measuring Devices
AS 1939
Classification of Degrees of Protection Provided by Enclosures for Electrical
Equipment
AS 2034
Flameproof Electric Lighting Fittings for Explosive Atmospheres
AS 2086
Metal-enclosed Switchgear and Controlgear for Rated Voltages Above 1 kV
up to and Including 72.5 kV
AS 2121
Design of Earthquake Resistant Buildings
AS 2124
General Conditions of Contract
AS 2128
Progress Certificate
AS 2263
Metal-enclosed Switchgear for Rated Voltages of 72.5 kV and Above
AS 2312
Guide to the Protection of Iron and Steel Against Exterior Atmospheric
Corrosion
AS 2395
Terminals for Switchgear Assemblies for Alternating Voltages Above 1 kV
AS 2467
Maintenance of Electrical Switchgear
AS 2650
High Voltage a.c. Switchgear and ControlgearCommon Requirements
AS 3000
SAA Wiring Rules
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AS 3007
AS 3116
AS 3147
AS XXXX
AS K185
SAA MP30
SAA Doc
1200 R
IEC 71
Electrical Installations for Outdoor Sites Under Heavy Conditions (Including

Open-cast Mines and Quarries)
Part 2General Protection Requirements
Approval and Test Specification for Elastomer Insulated Electric Cables and
Flexible Cables for Working Voltages of 0.6/1 kV
Approval and Test Specification for PVC Insulated Electric Cables and
Installation and Maintenance of Batteries in Buildings*
Colours for Specific Purposes
Report on Effects of Current Passing Through the Human Body
Rulings to the SAA Boiler Code

Insulation Coordination
Part 3Phase-to-phase Insulation Coordination Principles, Rules and
Application Guide
IEC 112
Methods for Determining the Comparative Tracking Indices of Solid
Insulating Materials Under Moist Conditions
IEC 446
Identification of Insulated and Bare Conductors by Colours
IEC 664
Insulation Coordination Within Low-voltage Systems Including Clearances
and Creepage Distances for Equipment
IEC 664A
First Supplement
IEEE No 80 Guide to Safety in Substation Grounding
RELEVANT STANDARDS.
Batteries
AS 1981
Stationary Batteries of the Lead-acid Pasted Plate Type
BS 440
Stationary Batteries (Lead-acid Plant Positive Type) for General Electrical
Purposes
BS 683
Alkaline Train-lighting Accumulators
Bushings
AS 1265
Bushings for Alternating Voltages Above 1000 V
Cables
AS 3155
Approval and Test Specification for Neutral-screened Cables
AS 3158
Approval and Test Specification for Fibrous Insulated Electric Cables and
AS 3178
Approval and Test Specification for Silicon Rubber Insulated Electric Cables
and Flexible Cables for Working Voltages of 0.6/1 kV
AS 3187
Approval and Test Specification for Mineral-insulated Metal-sheathed Cables
AS 3198
Approval and Test Specification for XLPE Insulated Electric Cables for
Working Voltages of 0.6/1 kV
Cable glands and terminations
AS 1828
Cable Glands for Explosive Gas Atmospheres
AS 3188
Approval and Test Specification for Terminations and Glands for
Mineral-insulated Metal-sheathed Cables
AS C56
Electric Cable Soldering Sockets (for Cables 0.003 to 1.000 sq in Sectional
Area)
AS C169
Approval and Test Specification for Quick-connect Tab and Receptacle
Connectors
Circuit-breakers
AS 2006
High Voltage Alternating Current Circuit-breakers
Compressed-air installations
AS 1135
SAA Non-ferrous Pressure Piping Code Conductors (bare) for overhead lines
Conductors (bare) for overhead lines
AS 1220
Aluminium Conductors Steel Reinforced for Overhead Power Transmission
Purposes
Part 1Galvanized Steel Reinforced (ACSR/GZ)
* In the course of preparati on (see DR 82074).
In course of revision.
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Part 2Aluminized Steel Reinforced (ACSR/AZ)

Part 3Aluminium-clad Steel Reinforced (ACSR/AC)
AS 1531
Aluminium Conductors for Overhead Transmission Purposes
Part 1All-aluminium Conductors (AAC)
Part 2All-aluminium Alloy Conductors (AAAC)
AS 1746
Hard-drawn Copper Conductors for Overhead Power Transmission Purposes
Control equipment
AS 1431
Control Switching Devices for Voltages up to 650 V a.c. and 250 V d.c.
Part 1General Requirements
Part 3Rotary Switches
Part 4Contactor Relays
Part 5Position Switches
Part 6Pilot Switches
AS 1795
Insulating Panels for Electrical Purposes (at Power Frequencies)
Part 2Dimension of Switchboard Insulating Panels
Fences
AS 1725
Galvanized Rail-less Chainwire Security Fences and Gates
Fire protection
ESAA
Doc. D(b)29 Fire Protection of Electricity Substations
Fuses
AS 1033
High-voltage Expulsion and Similar Fuses
AS 1034
High-voltage Current Limiting Fuses
AS 2005
Fuses with Enclosed Fuse-links (up to and Including 1000 V a.c. and
1500 V d.c.)
Part 1General Requirements
Part 2Fuses for Industrial Application
AS 3135
Approval and Test Specification for Semi-enclosed Fuses for a.c. Circuits
Instruments
AS 1024
Direct Recording Electrical Measuring Instruments and their Accessories
AS 1042
Direct-acting Indicating Electrical Measuring Instruments and their
Accessories
Insulating materials
AS C320
Classification of Insulating Materials for Electrical Machinery and Apparatus
on the Basis of Thermal Stability in Service
Insulating oil
AS 1767
Insulating Oil for Transformers and Switchgear
AS 1883
Guide to Maintenance and Supervision of Insulating Oils in Service
Insulators and fittings for overhead lines
AS 1137
Insulators
Part 1Porcelain and Glass Insulators for Overhead Power Lines (for
Voltages Greater than 1000 V a.c.)
Part 2Porcelain and Glass Pin and Shackle Insulators for Overhead
Power
Lines (for Voltages not Exceeding 1000 V a.c.)
Part 3Porcelain and Glass Indoor and Outdoor Station Post Insulators
(for
Voltages Greater than 1000 V a.c.)
Part 4Porcelain Stay Insulators
AS 1154
Insulator and Conductor Fittings for Overhead Power Lines
Part 1Performance and General Requirements
Part 2Dimensions
Meters
AS 1284
Electricity Meters
Part 1Alternating Current Watthour Meters, Classes 0.5 and 2.0
Part 2Portable Alternating Current Rotating Standard Watthour Meters
Part 3Alternating Current Watthour Meters of Two-rate and Energy
Demand Types
Paints
AS 1433
Paint Colours for Building Purposes
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Relays
AS 2481
All-or-nothing Electrical Relays (Instantaneous and Timing Relays)
Rotating machines
AS 1359
General Requirements for Rotating Electrical Machines
AS 1360
Rotating Electrical Machines of Particular Types or for Particular
Applications
Part 11Dimensions and Performance of Small Power Electrical Machines
Small wiring (see cables)
Stairways and ladders
AS 1657
SAA Code for Fixed Platforms, Walkways, Stairways and Ladders
Surge diverters
AS 1307
Surge DivertersNon-linear Resistor Type*
Switchgear
AS 1025
High Voltage Switches
AS 1306
High Voltage Isolators (Disconnectors) and Earthing Switches*
AS 2024
High Voltage Fuse/Switch and Fuse/Circuit-breaker Combinations
AS 2264
Insulation-enclosed Switchgear for Voltages Above 1 kV up to 38 kV*
Transformers
AS 2374
Power Transformers
Ventilation
AS 1668
SAA Mechanical Ventilation and Airconditioning Code
Part 1Fire Precautions in Buildings with Air-handling Systems
Part 2Ventilation Requirements.
* In course of revision.
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The following interests are represented on Committee EL/7:

Railways of Australia Committee

This standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 83134.

First publi shed (as AS C13, being endorsement of

PUBLISHED BY STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

Copyri ght STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

5 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

6 MARKING AND I DENTIFICATION OF I NSULATED AND B ARE

7 CONTROL , INDICATION AND RELAY EQUIPMENT

8 AUXILIARY SYSTEMS , ELECTRICAL AND AIR

9 ELECTRICAL C LEARANCES FOR SWITCHGEAR ASSEMBLIES

10 CLEARANCES FOR SAFETY PURPOSES

STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA

1. SCOPE AND GENERAL

3.3.3 Cellular-type switchgearswitchgear in which

3.5.3 Metering panela self-contained assembly,

pressure as the principal dielectric. It may be covered

3.8.4 Supervisory control (telecontrol)control at a

3.9.4 Non-exposed installationan installation in

earthed objects which ensures that there is no probability

5. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

5.1.2 Earthing of metalwork. Precautions shall be

operated only if the associated circuit-breakers are

their maximum values of the same polarity as illustrated

Fig. 5.1. PHASE SEQUENCE

5.1.11 Position indicating device. Clause 5.11 of

(e) The primary connections to a voltage transformer

and short-time withstand currents of the circuit-breakers

open or closed) and energy sources (air pressure,

5.2.4 Equipment in kiosks. Kiosks shall be designed

NOTE: Kiosks which have been dustproofed to a degree of

Apparatus for use in kiosks shall be designed to

the busbars or connections to come so close

(d) Busbars and connections for rated voltages above

5.5.1.3 Provision of earthing in selected locations.

5.5.1.4 Fixed earthing switches. Where fixed earthing

5.6.3 Earthing or fences for outdoor installations.

earthing system and, in addition, shall be connected to

The colours given in column 4 are identical with

6.5.2 Identification of separate wires or cores. Where

7. CONTROL, INDICATION AND RELAY

Alternating current system

Direct current system

initiate an electrical function shall comply with the

operated occasionally, may be provided with a

7.2.2 Position of indicator lights. Where red and green

Indication of a safe situation

Any meaning may be used whenever

Indication of position or state

button switches may be employed for various control

7.3.3 Illuminated push-buttons. Push-buttons may

7.5 SHROUDING OF LIVE TERMINALS. Where

Any specific meaning not

allow recharging of the battery from its endpoint at the

Where 50 Hz supplies are derived from sources outside

NOTE: Consideration should be given to installing stand-by power

8.2 COMPRESSED-AIR SYSTEMS.

the passage of liquid to the connected receiver and they

shall be fitted on the receiver side of the non-return