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Title: AS 2067-1984 Switchgear assemblies and ancillary equipment for alternating voltages
above 1 kV
Licensee: Ms N Callen
Date: 10 Apr 2003
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AS 20671984
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Australian Standard
Switchgear assemblies and
ancillary equipment for alternating
voltages above 1 kV
[Title allocated by Defence Cataloguing Authority:
SWITCHGEAR ASSEMBLIES, ELECTRICAL AND ANCILLARY
EQUIPMENT, (A.C. Voltages above 1 kV)]
This Australian standard was prepared by Committee EL/7, Power Switchgear. It was
approved on behalf of the Council of the Standards Association of Australia on
31 May 1984 and published on 5 October 1984.
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Review of Australian Standards. To keep abreast of progress in industry, Australian Standards are subject
to periodic review and are kept up to date by the issue of amendments or new edit ions as necessary. It is
important therefore that Standards users ensure that they are in possession of the latest edit ion, and any
amendments thereto.
Full details of all Australi an Standards and related publications will be found in the Standards Australia
Catalogue of Publications; this information is supplemented each month by the magazine The Australian
Standard, which subscribing members receive, and which gives detail s of new publi cati ons, new edit ions
and amendments, and of withdrawn Standards.
Suggesti ons for improvements to Australi an Standards, addressed to the head off ice of Standards Australia,
are welcomed. Noti fi cati on of any inaccuracy or ambiguity found in an Australian Standard should be made
without delay in order that the matter may be investigated and appropriate action taken.
AS 20671984
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Australian Standard
Switchgear assemblies and
ancillary equipment for alternating
voltages above 1 kV
AS 20671984
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PREFACE
This edition of this standard was prepared by the Associations Committee on Power Switchgear as a
revision of AS 20671980. Revision of AS 20671980 was necessary in order to harmonize its
requirements with those of AS 26501983, High Voltage A.C. Switchgear and ControlgearCommon
Requirements, and Clauses 1 to 5 of this standard correspond to Clauses 1 to 5 of that standard.
Reference has been made to AS 1852, Chapter (441) for a number of terms to make their definitions
conform to those in International Electrotechnical Vocabulary.
The changes in this edition are as follows:
(a) Clause 5.1.12 requires voltage transformers, as appropriate, to comply with AS 1243 and the primary
connections thereto are required to be capable of carrying the maximum fault current for the operating
time of the protection.
(b) Clauses 5.1.14 and 7.5 require exposed terminals of control wiring to be shrouded where nominal
voltages to earth exceed 32 V a.c. or 115 V d.c.
(c) Table 9.1 has been amended to delete rated voltages and impulse withstand voltages not specified in
AS 2650 and some of the clearances specified in Table 10.1 have been deleted to line up with
amended Table 9.1.
(d) Clause 10.4 has been amended to cover both fences and solid walls for restriction of entry to outdoor
installations.
(e) The calculation of conductor size in the design of the earth electrode system, see Appendix C, has
been amended to provide for the determination of cross-sectional area on the basis of fault current and
its duration, conductor material and temperature rise, and a decrement factor taking into consideration
the system
is used to determine the symmetrical fault current level used in the calculation.
(f) Irregularity factor K i, in the formula for calculation of allowable touch voltage in earthing systems
in Appendix C has been amended.
(g) The circuit and wire identification code lettering and the typical application shown in Appendix D
have been amended to conform with AS 1103, Part 6.
(h) Appendix F gives revised recommendations regarding creepage distances.
(j) Many minor amendments have been made throughout this standard to clarify the meaning of clauses
in AS 20671980.
The referenced and relevant documents as shown in the Annex have been updated and references inserted
covering the determination of comparative tracking indices, installation and maintenance of batteries in
buildings and fire protection and recommendations for creepage distances.
This standard coordinates the requirements for indoor and outdoor switchgear assemblies for alternating
voltages above 1 kV, such as are employed in connection with the generation, transmission and distribution
of electric power. It also applies to the ancillary equipment used in conjunction with the switchgear.
In particular, this standard specifics requirements in regard to electrical clearances, the safety of personnel
during normal operation and maintenance of the equipment, the earthing of main circuits, substations and
fences. Basic requirements are specified for busbars, marking and identification of conductors and
terminals, colours of indicator lights and electrical and compressed air auxiliary systems.
The appendices include information to be given with enquiry and order, recommendations for the jointing
of busbars and connections, recommendations for the design of earthing systems, a typical system for
functional identification of small wiring and recommendations for the design of compressed-air systems.
AS 20671984
CONTENTS
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Page
1 SCOPE AND G ENERAL
1.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 Referenced and Relevant Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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2 SERVICE C ONDITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 DEFINITIONS
3.1 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 General Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3 Types of Switchgear . . . . . . . . .
3.4 Enclosures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5 Types of Control Panels . . . . . . .
3.6 Busbars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7 Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.8 Control and Ancillary Equipment
3.9 Electrical Characteristics . . . . . .
3.10 Clearances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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4 RATING
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AS 20671984
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11 TESTS
11.1
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Type Tests . .
Routine Tests
Tests at Site .
Other Tests . .
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APPENDICES
A Information to be Given with Enquiry and Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B Recommendations for the Jointing of Busbars and Connections . . . .
C Recommendations of the Design of Earthing Systems . . . . . . . . . . .
D Typical System for Functional Identification of Small Wiring . . . . .
E Recommendations for the Design of Compressed-air Systems . . . . .
F Recommendations Regarding Creepage Distances for Enclosed-type
Switchgear Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
G Notes on the Provision of Safety Clearances and Work Sections . . .
ANNEX .
REFERENCED
AND
R ELEVANT STANDARDS
AND
DOCUMENTS . . . . .
23
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37
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50
AS 20671984
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2. SERVICE CONDITIONS
Clause 2 of AS 2650 applies.
This standard applies to high voltage switchgear
suitable for use on systems described in AS 1824,
Part 1.
3. DEFINITIONS
3.1 APPLICATION. For the purposes of this
standard, the relevant definitions in AS 1852 (441),
AS 2086, AS 2263 and in Clause 3 of AS 2650 apply.
Additional terms used in this standard are defined
below.
3.2 GENERAL TERMS.
3.2.1 Switchgear and controlgear. A general term
covering switching devices and their combination
with associated control, measuring, protective and
regulating equipment, also assemblies of such devices
and equipment with associated interconnections,
accessories, enclosures and supporting structures.
3.3 TYPES OF SWITCHGEAR.
3.3.1 Open-type switchgearswitchgear in which
the live parts are not provided with protective cover.
3.3.2
Enclosed-type switchgearswitchgear in
which all components are within a casing which may
be of metal or insulating material.
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AS 20671984
3.9.5 Nominal voltage of a systemthe r.m.s. phaseto-phase voltage by which a system is designated and to
which certain operating characteristics of the system are
referred.
3.9.6 Touch voltagean r.m.s. voltage which may
appear, under earth-fault conditions, between an object
touched by hand and the ground beneath the feet.
3.9.7 Step voltagean r.m.s. voltage which may
appear, under earth-fault conditions, between the points
of contact of each foot with the ground, the feet being
spaced about 900 mm apart.
3.9.8 Transfer voltagean r.m.s. voltage which may
appear, under earth-fault conditions, on a connection
(usually insulated) between an earthing system and a
remote location.
3.10 CLEARANCES.
3.10.1 Electrical clearancesthe minimum distance
required between live parts and earthed material (earth
clearance) or between live parts at different potentials
(phase clearance) in order to prevent flashover.
3.10.2 Safety clearances - a general term applying only
to open-type switchgear and covering the distance in air
required for safety of personnel.
3.10.2.1 Non-flashover distance (N) the minimum
distance in air required between the live parts and
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4. RATING OF EQUIPMENT,
BUSBARS AND CONNECTIONS
Clause 4 of AS 2650 applies.
AS 20671984
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AS 20671984
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5.1.10
Phase arrangement of busbars and
connections. The order of the busbars and connections
shall be Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, top-to-bottom, left-toright, back-to-front, all relative to the front of the
switchgear.
Where the system has a neutral connection, the neutral
connection shall occupy an outer position.
For installations where the front of the equipment cannot
be defined, e.g. outdoor open-type installations, the
purchaser should determine the viewpoint for designating
the phasing.
NOTE: Phasing problems in relation to the landing span of a
transmission line into a station may be avoided by using a double
circuit terminal tower at the station. By its vertical circuit
arrangement this terminal tower will permit transposition in the
landing span to any horizontal phasing required in the station.
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AS 20671984
or hinged doors of steel plate or other suitable nonignitable material. Each cell shall be effectively sealed so
as to ensure that in the event of an arcing fault therein
all damage will be confined thereto and shall not spread
to adjacent cells or units.
The design shall provide the highest practicable degree
of protection to personnel operating the equipment in the
case of a fault leading to arcing and over-pressure inside
a cell.
Cells shall be arranged as follows:
(a) So that it is impossible to make accidental contact
with live parts enclosed therein.
(b) So that when any one is isolated for inspection and
maintenance, no live parts shall be accessible except
by the removal of covers or the opening of doors
leading therefrom to other cells.
5.2.2.3 Door fastenings and earthing of framework and
doors. All door fastenings shall be arranged for
operation without inserting the hand in the cell. All
framework, and doors if of metal, shall be effectively
connected to earth.
5.2.2.4 Busbars. Busbars shall be contained in a busbar
compartment or compartments containing, apart from the
necessary supports, no additional apparatus other than
busbar current transformers where such are required.
5.2.2.5 Main connections. Main connections, where
they pass through dividing barriers, shall be insulated by
means of ceramic or other suitable material.
5.2.2.6 Joints. All joints in chambers containing
insulating materials, other than air at atmospheric
pressure, shall be secured against leakage of the filling
material over the range of working temperatures, and the
chambers shall be so designed and filled as to allow for
the expansion or contraction of the filling material. Loss
of filling material by capillary action of the small wiring
shall not be possible.
5.2.2.7 Control wiring and auxiliary equipment. Special
attention shall be given to the arrangement and enclosure
of control wiring and auxiliary equipment within
compartments containing main connections to ensure that
as far as practicable (a) insulation failure or flashover of primary equipment
does not damage the auxiliary connections
concerned with the operation of protection;
(b) operation of contactors or fuses, or failures of small
wiring, do not cause breakdown of primary
insulation;
(c) fuses and other auxiliary apparatus requiring
attention when the equipment is in service are
accessible without exposing live main connections;
and
(d) wiring not relating to apparatus in a primary
compartment is not run in that compartment except
in a special duct.
5.2.3 Safety of access.
5.2.3.1 Means of access. Access to busbars, main
connections and other items of the equipment for normal
maintenance operations shall be by doors with locking
facilities.
5.2.3.2 Means of isolation. The means of isolation shall
be such that when an equipment or section of equipment
has been isolated for inspection and maintenance, no live
parts are accessible except by the opening of covers
which are provided with means of locking, or by the use
of tools.
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AS 20671984
6. MARKING AND
IDENTIFICATION OF
INSULATED AND BARE
CONDUCTORS AND TERMINALS
6.1 GENERAL. Busbars, busbar connections and
terminals, whether insulated or bare, shall be identified
in accordance with this Section by means of an
alphanumeric notation or by colours. A uniform system
of identification will reduce the possibility of errors and
thereby increase safety.
The correlation between the various means of
identification shall be recorded on the associated
drawing or document.
Where the construction of switchgear equipment does
not permit the physical application of conductor
identification or terminal marking, the location of the
conductor or terminal and its corresponding
identification shall be recorded on an associated
drawing or document. This drawing or document must
be executed in such a way that the relative positions of
terminals can be determined easily and without risk of
error.
6.2
C OR RE LAT IO N B ET WE E N
ALPHANUMERIC NOTATION, SYMBOLS AND
COLOURS. The relationship between the different
means of identification is shown in Table 6.1.
6.3
ALPHANUMERIC NOTATION.
The
alphanumeric notation shall employ latin alphabetical
characters and arabic numerical characters.
The letters I and O shall not be used.
6.4 IDENTIFICATION OF CONDUCTORS BY
COLOURS.
6.4.1 Colours to be used. Where colours are used for
identification purposes they should comply with
column 3 of Table 6.1.
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AS 20671984
12
TABLE 6.1
CORRELATION BETWEEN ALPHANUMERIC NOTATION,
SYMBOLS AND COLOURS
1
Designation of conductors
Alpha-numeric
notation
4
Colour (see Note)
Australian
IEC
practice
L1
L2
L3
Red
White*
Blue
Neutral
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
N
U
V
W
Black
Red
White*
Blue
Apparatus
(537)
Brown
(166) preferred
Light blue
(414)
(112)
(537)
Brown
(166) preferred
(414)
L+
LM
PE or E
TE
Red
(537) Brown
(414)
Blue
(166) preferred
Black
Light blue
(112)
Green/yellow
Green/yellow
(221)/(309)
(221)/(309)
Not specified
* White is preferred, however, the phase colour YELLOW (309) is admitted as an alternative to WHITE.
NOTE: The numbers in parentheses in column 3 and 4 are the colour reference numbers given in AS K 185.
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AS 20671984
TABLE 7.1
COLOURS OF INDICATOR LIGHTS AND THEIR APPLICATION
1
Colour
RED
2
Meaning
Danger or alarm
YELLOW
(amber)
Caution
GREEN
Safety
BLUE
Specific meaning
assigned according
to the need in the
case considered
WHITE
No specific meaning
(neutral)
3
Explanation
Warning of conditional danger
or a situation which requires
immediate action
Change, or impending change,
of conditions
4
Specific meaning
Equipment alive
(Danger)
Circuit disconnected
(Conditional safety
see Note 1)
Abnormal condition
requiring action
Automatic trip
Used in conjunction
with or as an alternative
to WHITE for a normal
condition and to give
information
Confirmation of
expected change
5
Typical applications
Circuit-breaker or switch closed
Turbine valve open CO2 equipment
in service
Conditions outside normal operating
limits (temperature, pressure, etc)
Abnormal circuit conditions causing
operation of protective devices and
disconnection
Circuit-breaker or switch open
Turbine valve closed CO2 equipment
locked off
Indication of remote control Selector
switch in set up position
Used to indicate a
Equipment working
normal condition and to Motor or machine running
give information
Synchronizing lamps
NOTE:
1.
The use of the colour GREEN does not necessarily indicate a safe situation for access to equipment which may still be alive.
2.
Because it is more clearly seen, the colour WHITE should be used in preference to BLUE.
3.
The colour WHITE may be employed in preference to YELLOW for alarm innunciators on central alarm panels labelled as alarm indications,
to enable the annunciation to be more easily read.
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TABLE 7.2
COLOURS OF PUSH-BUTTONS AND THEIR APPLICATION
1
Colour
RED
2
Meaning of colour
Action in case of
emergency
Stop or Off
YELLOW
(amber)
GREEN
Intervention
BLUE
BLACK
GREY
WHITE
Start or On
3
Typical applications
Emergency stop (see Note)
Fire fighting
General stop
To stop one or more motors
To stop a part of a machine
To open a switching device
Reset combined with stop
Interventions to avoid danger of unwanted change
General start
To start one or more motors
To start a part of a machine
To close a switching device
A meaning not covered by the colours RED,
YELLOW and GREEN, can be allocated to this
colour in particular cases
May be used for any function except for buttons with
the sole function of stop or off
NOTE: For emergency stop, it is recommended that RED mushroom-head push-buttons be used.
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8. AUXILIARY SYSTEMS,
ELECTRICAL AND AIR
8.1 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS.
8.1.1 Rated auxiliary supply voltages. Rated supply
voltages shall be in accordance with Table 4 of AS 2650.
8.1.2 Supplies from batteries. The discharge capacity
of the battery for its service life shall be sufficient for
both normal and emergency conditions and shall take
into account the following factors:
(a) Total continuousconnected load including
emergency lighting and other standby necessary for
plant operation when a.c. supply is lost.
(b) Period of discharge with no a.c. supply to the
chargers.
(c) Minimum battery voltage required at end of the
discharge period in order to perform momentary
closing, tripping or other functions.
(d) An ageing factor depending upon the life
expectancy of the battery.
The discharge period (b) may vary depending upon the
importance of the installation and the expected time for
restoration of supply. Unless otherwise specified, the
discharge period shall be 5 h.
Where, in respect of (c) above, the batteries must supply
circuit-breaker tripping and closing requirements in
addition to a continuous load, the battery shall be
capable, at the end of the specified discharge period, of
supplying momentary discharge associated with
circuit-breaker operation such that the voltage at the
operating device is not less than that specified in the
appropriate equipment specification for the device.
In determining the capacity required to supply these
momentary discharges, allowance should be made for the
voltage drop in the connections between the battery and
the most remote circuit-breaker, the required number of
circuit-breaker operations, minimum operating voltage of
the device and a battery ageing factor. A value of 1.1 is
suggested for this factor.
8.1.3 Battery chargers.
8.1.3.1 General. Battery chargers may be of either the
constant-current trickle charge type or the constantvoltage type and shall be suitable for operating under the
service conditions in Clause 2 with a.c. supply voltage
variations of 5 percent unless otherwise specified, and
with voltage transients regularly impressed on both input
and output terminals.
8.1.3.2 Constant-current chargers. Constant-current
chargers are generally applied to batteries which have
little or no continuous connected load and are required to
provide only a small trickle charge sufficient to maintain
the battery at the recommended float voltage. Such
chargers should be provided with an adjustable charging
current which may be varied between 0.05 percent and
2.0 percent of the battery discharge current at the
10-hour rate.
8.1.3.3 Constant-voltage chargers. Constant-voltage
chargers are usually selected for important battery
installations and for installations where there is an
appreciable constant load such as communication and
supervisory systems. The charger capacity should cover
the standing load of the battery with sufficient reserve to
AS 20671984
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AS 20671984
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AS 20671984
18
TABLE 9.1
CLEARANCES IN AIR TO EARTH OF SWITCHGEAR ASSEMBLIES
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1
Rated voltage
kV r.m.s.
Up to 3.6
(see Note 3)
7.2
12
24
36
(see Note 6)
72.5
123
145
245
300
362
525
(765)
(see Note 7)
2
Rated lightning
impulse
withstand voltage
kV peak
3
Rated switching
impulse
withstand voltage
kV peak
40
60
75 (95)
(see Note 4)
125(150)
170(200)
325
450
550
550
650
850
950
1050
950
1050
1050
1175
1425
1550
1800
2100
4
Minimum
phase-to-earth
clearance
(see Notes 1 and 2)
mm
60
90
120 (160)
(see Note 5)
220 (280)
320 (380)
750
850
850
950
1050
1175
1300
1425
630
900
1100
1100
1300
1700
1900
2100
1700
1900
1900
2200
2600
3100
3600
4200
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TABLE 10.1
CLEARANCES IN AIR FOR SAFETY PURPOSES
1
Minimum
phase-to
earth
clearance
Non-flashover
distance
(See Note 2)
Ground
safety
distance
(see Note 1)
60
90
120
160
220
280
320
380
630
900
1100
1300
1700
1900
2100
2200
2600
3100
3600
4200
N
66
100
130
175
240
310
350
420
695
990
1210
1430
1800
2010
2230
2330
2760
3290
3820
4450
2440
millimetres
4
5
6
Safety clearances for operational
purposes and maintenance work
Section
Horizontal
Vertical
safety
work safety
work safety
clearance
clearance
clearance
(N + G)
S
H
V
2506
1966
1406
2540
2000
1440
2570
2030
1470
2615
2075
1515
2680
2140
1580
2750
2210
1650
2790
2250
1690
2860
2320
1760
2035
3135
2595
2890
2330
3430
2550
3650
3110
3330
2770
3870
4240
3700
3140
4450
3910
3350
4670
4130
3570
4770
4230
3670
5200
4660
4100
5730
5190
4630
6260
5720
5160
6890
6350
5790
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21
AS 20671984
min
1
2
3
4
5
10
15
11. TESTS
11.1 TYPE TESTS. Type tests on switchgear
assemblies, components, ancillary equipment, busbars
and busbar connections shall be carried out by the
manufacturer and/or contractor as applicable in
accordance with AS 2650 and other Australian standards,
as appropriate, or as agreed between the purchaser and
the manufacturer and/or contractor, as applicable.
11.2 ROUTINE TESTS.
11.2.1
General.
Routine tests on switchgear
assemblies, components, ancillary equipment, busbars
and busbar connections shall be carried out by the
manufacturer and/or contractor, as applicable, in
accordance with AS 2650 and other Australian standards
as appropriate, or as agreed between the purchaser and
the manufacturer and/or contractor, as applicable.
11.2.2 Test on compressed-air equipment. Where
appropriate, tests shall be carried out by the manufacturer
on the components of the compressed-air equipment as
follows:
2
Test volt age expressed as percentage
of the appropriate rated 1-minute
power frequency withstand test voltage
in columns 4 and 5 of Table 1, or
columns 7 and 8 of Table 2 of AS 2650
as appropriate
90
75.2
67.5
63
60
54
52
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AS 20671984
APPENDIX A
A1
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
A2
AS
(a)
(b)
(c)
NOTE: Agreement should be reached between the purchaser and the manufacturer in cases where earth tremors
can be expected. Reference should be made to the paper Design of HV Power System Plant and Equipment in
Areas of Low Seismic Activity by McRae and White, IE Australia Transactions, EE9 (1 and 2), 1973.
A3
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(j)
(k)
(l)
(m)
(n)
PARTICULARS OF SWITCHGEAR.
Type of switchgear.
Number of poles.
Indoor or outdoor.
Special features, e.g. phase segregation.
Rated voltage.
Rated normal currents.
Exposed or non-exposed.
Insulation level.
Short-circuit rating, where applicable.
Particulars of switching devices for each circuit.
Instrumentation and metering.
Particulars of protection for each circuit.
For high-voltage open-type switchgear, electrical clearances if not in accordance with
the requirements of Section 9.
(o) For high-voltage open-type switchgear, particulars relevant to the provision of safety
clearances and work sections if not in accordance with the requirements of Section 10.
NOTE: Where possible a single-line diagram should be included which may include much of the above
information.
AS 20671984
24
(d) Information about any drawings required with tender, or subsequent to acceptance of
tender.
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NOTES:
1. The enquiry should give information of any special conditions not included above that might influence the
tender or order, and also all information called for in relevant individual specifications.
2. Attention is drawn to the requirements of AS 2124 and AS 2128.
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APPENDIX B
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Copper to aluminium
B3 TYPES OF JOINTS.
B3.1 Stranded conductors. For the jointing of stranded conductors, the fittings and
methods employed in overhead transmission line practice may be used and proprietary
brands of clamp assemblies can be obtained for this purpose. For the jointing of stranded
copper to stranded aluminium conductor, special clamps designed to cater for the bi-metal
joint are available.
For the jointing of stranded to rigid conductors, similar types of clamp assemblies provided
with flat palms for bolting or welding to flat bar conductors are available. Another method
of making such joints with aluminium is to employ a thimble type fitting into which the
conductor is inserted and puddle welded, but because of the heat applied, the conductor
strands are liable to fatigue failure when subjected to continuous movement. Such fittings
should normally only be employed indoors.
The compression type fitting is the most commonly used form of joint between stranded
conductors, particularly when the conductors to be jointed are of aluminium.
B3.2 Flat bar conductors.
B3.2.1 General. Jointing of flat bar conductors may be effected by welding, riveting,
clamping or bolting. Soldered joints should not be used unless they are reinforced with
rivets or bolts as the heating of such joints under abnormal service conditions may render
them electrically and mechanically unsound.
The most commonly used method of jointing flat bar conductors is by clamping or bolting,
but for aluminium conductors designed to carry 2000 A or more, welding of the joints is
more frequently employed as this obviates the need to specially prepare the joint surfaces
and there is no deterioration of the joint or change in conductivity in service. In this latter
case, consideration must be given to the means for dismantling conductors with welded
joints should the need arise for repair or replacement.
B3.2.2 Clamped joints. Where clamps are used to secure the joint in flat bar conductors,
precautions must be taken on a.c. circuits to prevent steel magnetic loops being formed
around the conductors particularly where high currents are involved, as otherwise
undesirable amounts of heat from induced currents will be generated. Attention must also
be paid to the mechanical design of the clamp to provide distributed pressure over the whole
joint contact area without distortion of the clamps during tightening. Where a substantial
differential expansion between the conductor and the clamp assembly is likely to occur,
special precautions may need to be taken in the design of the clamp.
Clamps may be secured by the use of suitable bolts and nuts with locking plates or tab
washers. The bolts should be tightened up to the equivalent torque recommended by the bolt
manufacturer or to a torque which will produce 50 percent of the safe bearing stresses of
the clamping surfaces of the conductor, whichever is the lesser.
B3.2.3 Bolted joints. Where possible the use of bolted joints is recommended for joining
flat bar conductors and for connecting the palms of conductor fittings to flat bar conductors
or equipment terminals. However, certain precautions should be taken to ensure that a bolted
joint remains satisfactory in service and that correct contact pressures are maintained under
all conditions (see AS 2395).
The design of bolted joints should take into account the load-bearing properties of the
conductor material and the method by which the joint pressure will be maintained in service.
In this regard it should be remembered that pure aluminium has a low yield stress.
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AS 20671984
AS 20671984
26
A suitable method of maintaining joint pressure employs large flat washers or pressure
plates under the heads of the bolts and nuts with the bolts tightened to a predetermined
tension. For aluminium, the bolt tension should be so arranged that it produces rated joint
pressure at the minimum temperature. Large increases in bolt tension will occur at high joint
operating temperatures and the bolt strength and pressure under the washers must be
considered for these conditions.
Another method of maintaining the joint pressure employs Belleville type washers, and in
such an assembly a flat washer is placed under the head of the bolt and a Belleville type
washer under the nut. A second flat washer between the conductor and the Belleville type
washer may be used. A correctly specified and manufactured Belleville type washer is
essential to regulate the joint pressure to approximately 10 percent of rated joint pressure
over a wide operating temperature range of the joint.
Additional securing of the joint is not necessary when a Belleville type washer is used. In
other cases locking plates, tab washers or helical spring lock washers may be used.
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B3.2.4 Welded joints. Where joints are to be made in aluminium conductor for the higher
carrying capacities, welding is recommended either by the gas tungsten arc welding
(GTAW) or the gas metal arc welding (GMAW) processes. The GTAW process may be
used for the smaller sections of material although the GMAW process can be employed for
all sizes of joints.
The welding of aluminium is a specialized process and reference should be made to
AS 1665 or to information on welding procedures from the suppliers of the aluminium or
the welding equipment.
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APPENDIX C
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AS 20671984
AS 20671984
28
may be used where it is established that this reduction can be effected without an increase
in the temperature rise.
The cross-sectional area of a conductor for use in the earthing system may be calculated
from Deans equation, as follows:
(a) For copper:
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where
A =
I =
t =
=
NOTES:
1. The ambient temperature is taken as 40C.
2. The maximum fault current flowing in the earthing system (I) equals the maximum symmetrical fault level
of the installation multiplied by a decrement factor which is dependent upon the system X/R ratio at the
location (see Fig. C1). The decrement factor provides for the effect of d.c. offset and the attenuation of a.c.
and d.c. transient components of the fault current, see also IEEE Std. 80-1976, p 14.
3. Typically the temperature rise () might be taken as:
(a) For no margin on back-up clearance time copper250C, aluminium 300C.
(b) For suitable margin on back-up clearance timecopper 450C, aluminium 400C.
(c) Galvanized steel 350C.
4. The adoption of 3(a) or 3(b) above should depend upon which alternative results in the more economical
earthing system. However, consideration will need to be given to the melting point of any jointing material
used.
5. As compared with the equations used in AS 1136, the equations shown allow for the increase of conductor
resistance with temperature. This is recommended for temperature rises of the magnitude accepted for
substation earthing design.
As a guide, for copper earthing conductors it is recommended that, from the point of view
of mechanical security and effective connection, the size should be not less than the
following:
(a) For buried conductors, risers and main earth connections62.5 mm 2 (25 mm
2.5 mm).
(b) For control panel earth bars62.5 mm2 (25 mm 2.5 mm).
(c) For fence grading conductors40 mm 2 (16 mm 2.5 mm).
C2.5 Earth electrode resistance value. General practice should aim at an earth electrode
resistance value such that the rise of voltage of the earthing system is less than 2000 V
above true earth potential. For large installations where the fault level is of a high order, this
value of limiting voltage is often exceeded. However, in all practical cases of large
installations, the earth electrode system should first satisfy the safety considerations with
respect to touch voltage (see Paragraph C2.6) and an earth grid or rod electrode system
should not be laid which is more extensive than that required for safe grading.
As an approximation the electrode resistance value is given by the following formula:
where
= average resistivity of soil, in ohm metres.
= area of station, where the station has a rectangular shape, in square metres.
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29
AS 20671984
FAULT DURATION
More exact formulas* are available which will enable the earth electrode resistance to be
more accurately determined in relation to the length of buried conductor, depth of grid,
length and breadth of station, grid spacing and conductor width. Other formulas are
available which allow the estimated resistance of a rod bed or a combined earth grid and
rod bed to be calculated.
C2.6 Transfer, touch and step voltages. To prevent the transfer of the earthing
system voltage under fault conditions to a remote point, it will be necessary to isolate from
the earthing system any metallic pipes or conductors which leave the station.
The touch and step voltages determine the effectiveness, and therefore the safety, of the
earthing system of the installation. The earthing system including all grading wires shall be
designed and arranged such that the system is safe for all stages of development of the
installation.
It has been established that if the touch voltages for the installation are safe, then it is
generally true that the step voltages are safe also. Formulas* are available if it is desired
to calculate the equivalent step voltages.
The maximum allowable touch voltage below the threshold of ventricular fibrillation is
given by the following formula:
where
t = time of exposure or fault clearance time, in seconds
s = average resistivity of surface layer of soil, in ohm metres
The calculated value of touch voltage which is dependent on grid configuration and fault
current flowing into earth directly from the grid should always be well below the allowable
value of touch voltage derived from above.
The calculated touch voltage is given by the following formula:
*
Swan, G.A.H. and McRae, B.P., Eart hing of High Voltage Substati ons, Insti tuti on of Engineers,
Australi a, Electri cal Engineeri ng Transacti ons, Vol. EE2 No. 1, March 1966, pp 31-49.
This formula virt uall y corr esponds to curve C in Appendix A of SAA MP30. See also IEEE Standard
801976, pp 8-10 and Dalziel, Electri c Shock Hazards, IEEE Spectrum, February 1972, pp 22-24.
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AS 20671984
30
where
Ki =
=
I
=
L =
=
irregularity factor
1.5 or 2.2 for usual earthing arrangement*
portion of earth fault current flowing into earth directly from grid, in amperes
length of buried grid conductor, in metres
average resistivity of soil, in ohm metres
NOTE: Care must be taken to use a value of soil resistivity appropriate to the driest conditions which may
occur.
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Km =
The number of terms in the second log term is equal to (n-2) where
n
= the number of parallel and usually lateral buried earth grid conductors (the second
log term can be obtained from Table C1)
S
= spacing between lateral buried earth grid conductors, in metres
D = depth of buried earth conductor below surface, in metres
d
= diameter of circular conductor, in metres or equivalent diameter for strip, in
metres = 0.44 W, where W = strip width, in metres).
C2.7 Jointing of earthing conductors. It is recommended that all joints in the earthing
system be lapped and made permanent by brazing or welding except at the places where
disconnection is required for test purposes (see Paragraph C2.8).
Copper-to-copper joints may be soldered and riveted or preferably brazed using a
phosphor-copper brazing alloy B2 to AS 1167. For copper-to-steel and steel-to-steel brazing,
a silver brazing alloy A10 to AS 1167 should be used with a suitable silver brazing flux.
The recommendations of the manufacturer of the brazing alloy should be observed in
carrying out the jointing of earthing conductors.
Following the brazing or welding of joints in galvanized steel, a coating of bitumastic paint
or its equivalent should be applied to the finished joints to give protection and prevent rust
occurring.
Where aluminium conductor is employed aboveground, joints should be lapped and brazed
with filler wire of alloy 4043 for conductor alloy 6063 and of alloy 1100 for conductor
alloy 1445. Aluminium-to-copper joints should be of the bolted type made in accordance
with the recommendations in Appendix B (See AS 1665 and AS 1865 for details of alloys).
C2.8 Removable connections for testing purposes. In designing the earthing system,
provision should be made for the testing of the earth electrode resistance and for the
isolation of the earth electrode resistance and for the isolation of the earthing connection
from apparatus which may have to be subsequently tested in situ.
Where earth rods are employed, arrangements can be made for disconnection of the earthing
conductor or conductors from the earth rod connection system by means of bolted joints to
allow measuring of the earth electrode resistance to be carried out.
TABLE C1
VALUES OF SECOND LOG TERM IN FORMULA FOR
CALCULATION OF K m
n
n
etc
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0
-0.092
-0.150
-0.192
-0.226
-0.253
-0.277
-0.297
-0.316
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
n
etc
-0.332
-0.347
-0.360
-0.373
-0.384
-0.395
-0.405
-0.415
-0.424
-0.432
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
etc
-0.440
-0.448
-0.455
-0.462
-0.469
-0.475
-0.482
-0.488
-0.493
-0.499
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
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n
etc
-0.504
-0.509
-0.514
-0.519
-0.524
-0.529
-0.533
-0.537
-0.542
-0.546
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
etc
-0.550
-0.554
-0.557
-0.561
-0.565
-0.568
-0.572
-0.575
-0.579
-0.582
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31
Where a buried earth grid system is employed, measurement of the resistance of the whole
earth electrode system can be made, provided that the installation can be isolated from any
other earthing point. For outdoor installations where overhead transmission lines with earth
wires are terminated at the installation, arrangements may be made to provide insulators at
the terminating point of all earth wires with removable bridging conductors.
The neutral points of all transformers should be connected to the earthing system through
a removable connection or bolted links.
C3 EARTHING OF BOUNDARY FENCES.
C3.1 Grading wire outside fence. Metallic fences employed to prevent unauthorized
access to the switchgear installation should be connected to the station earth electrode
system. A grading wire should be buried at a depth of not less than 0.5 m in the ground and
at a distance of l m outside the fence. The fence should be bonded to the grading wire and
to the station earth electrode system at intervals not exceeding the distance S used in
calculating the touch voltage in Paragraph C2.6.
C3.2 Grading wire buried beneath fence. Conditions may arise where physical or other
restrictions prevent the installation of a grading wire outside the fence in which case the
whole fence should be isolated from the station earth electrode system, a grading wire
buried beneath the fence and the fence bonded to the grading wire at regular intervals. The
grading wire should effectively cover gate opening areas. If there is a risk of live conductors
coming into contact with the fence, the buried grading wire should be supplemented by the
use of earth rods placed at intervals not exceeding 30 m. This arrangement should only be
adopted when the recommendations in Paragraph C3.1 cannot be applied.
C3.3 Earthing when site is only partially developed. Where the site is only partially
developed leaving large open spaces within the boundary fence, and there is otherwise no
need to extend the earthing system into this area, alternative arrangements for earthing the
fence are permissible. The section of fence bounding the undeveloped area may be isolated
from the rest of the boundary fence by insulating units of suitable material. The design of
the insulating units must be such that there is no risk of personnel bridging the insulation.
This isolated section of fence should be bonded to a single grading wire buried beneath the
fence and isolated from the station earthing system. If there is a risk of live conductors
coming into contact with the fence, the buried grading wire should be supplemented by the
use of earth rods placed at intervals not exceeding 30 m. Alternatively, the boundary fence
may be continuous, but should be provided with buried grading wires both inside and
outside the fence suitably bonded to the station earthing system.
C3.4 Boundary fence isolated from station earth electrode system. When the boundary
fence is isolated from the station earth electrode system, the prospective touch voltages
should be carefully checked. Also, the practicability of maintaining complete metallic
separation of an isolated section of fence from the station earthing system must be
considered. Where it is impracticable to follow the above methods, the isolated section of
boundary fence should be constructed of non-metallic materials.
C4 EARTHING OF BUILDINGS. Where the switchgear installation is contained within
a building and the provision of a separate outdoor earth electrode system is not required,
arrangements may be made to bury earthing conductors around the perimeter of the building
with the conductors connected to the building steel reinforcement at suitable intervals.
Selected steel reinforcement in concrete floors and walls of all parts of the building should
be bonded together by welding during construction with the ends brought out from the
surface of the concrete at suitable intervals to which the earthing system may be connected.
Alternatively, steel strips welded to the embedded reinforcement may be used to effect the
external connection.
Where high tensile steel reinforcement is employed, welding is not permitted and suitable
ties or clamps shall be used.
C5 EQUIPMENT EARTHING CONNECTIONS.
C5.1 Earth mats. Galvanized mesh or steel plate earth mats should be employed to ensure
safety of personnel who are required to operate the handles or wheels of equipment
mechanisms. Arrangements should be made to ensure that the earth mat remains above the
level of the ground and is not inadvertently covered by the surface material. Alternatively,
an earth grid conductor loop may be buried at a depth of approximately 150 mm below the
surface.
The mat or loop should be located in such a position that the operator must stand thereon
to effectively operate the equipment and the mat or loop should be directly connected to the
operating handle or wheel by a copper strip having an adequate cross-section and a suitable
flexible braid or wiping contact.
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APPENDIX D
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AS 20671984
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AS 20671984
TABLE D1
CIRCUIT AND WIRE IDENTIFICATION CODE
Lett er
A
F
G
B
C
D
E
d.c suppli es
K
L
M
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Wi re numbers *
(see paragraph D2.2(b))
Circuit functi on
N
O
P
R
S
T
W
X
Y
10-29
30-49
50-69
70-89
Red phase
White phase
Blue phase
Residual circuits and neutr al
curr ent transformers
90
Eart h wir es directly connected to the
eart h bar
91-99 Test windings, normally
inoperative
If , for functi ons A-G and for functions H, J and M, more numbers are requir ed, add multi ples of one hundred, e.g. 10-29
may be extended to 110-129, 210-229.
The term r emote selective contr ol denotes control at a point distant fr om the switchgear by the transmission of electri cal
signals through common communicati ons channels using selective means to operate one of a number of switching
devices.
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AS 20671984
APPENDIX E
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AS 20671984
38
conditions. If special precautions are required, they should be agreed between the purchaser and
the manufacturer.
Oil and water separators should be placed between the compressor (or the after-cooler if provided)
and the common air receiver and should be provided with automatic draining facilities.
E3.3 Location of compressors. For indoor switchgear installations, the compressors should be
located inside the building in a well-ventilated area and in a position central to the compressed-air
supply system.
For outdoor installations, it is usual to provide a separate building to house the compressor and
central air receivers, and located as near as possible to the centre of the air supply system in order
to minimize pressure drops in the pipework and reduce the cost of compressed-air reticulation.
The compressor house should have the floor and walls treated to prevent dust and the building
should be adequately ventilated to ensure that excessively high temperatures cannot arise in service.
Where compressors incorporate cooling fans, consideration should be given to exhausting the hot
air directly to the outside of the building.
In locations where sub-zero temperatures are likely to occur, thermostatically controlled heating
should be provided to ensure that there is no possibility of moisture freezing in the compressed-air
system when the compressors are not running.
E4 COMMON AIR RECEIVERS.
E4.1 Storage capacity. The storage capacity of the common air receivers should normally be
based on the maximum number of circuit-breakers likely to operate simultaneously. It may also be
necessary to consider the capacity required to restore an empty circuit-breaker receiver to a pressure
which permits satisfactory operation and also the capacity needed to meet special testing
requirements.
One method of determining the storage capacity of the common air receivers is to allow for two
complete make-break operations simultaneously for the maximum number of circuit-breakers which
may be connected to any one section of busbar or the total quantity of air required for 25
make-break operations, whichever is the lesser. This quantity of air is to be supplied from the
common storage, starting from the compressor starting pressure and finishing at the pressure of the
automatic master shut-down valve, or other agreed pressure dictated by satisfactory maintenance
of the air expansion ratios and without make-up air from compressor operation.
Depending on the number of air receivers to be installed, the above determination may also be
qualified by stipulating that one air receiver is out of service for maintenance.
E4.2 Arrangement of air receivers. When a number of common air receivers are provided, they
should be divided into groups connected together in series or parallel, each group being associated
with a separate air compressor, so that an adequate supply of air may be available for operation
of the switchgear equipments while a receiver or receivers are out of service for inspection or
maintenance.
Receivers connected in series have the advantage that the air delivered from the last receiver is
somewhat drier than air delivered from receivers in parallel.
Fig. E1 illustrates different arrangements of air receivers, each arrangement having the required
flexibility to allow a receiver or receivers to be taken out of service as required. The series
arrangement (a) illustrated requires more valves than the parallel arrangements (b) and (c). Where
considered justified, two series as in (a) may be connected in parallel to provide the most efficient
and flexible installation.
E4.3 Location of air receivers. Common air receivers should be located as near as possible to
the air compressors with which they are associated. For indoor switchgear installations, receivers
can be located together with the compressors in the area set aside for this purpose.
For outdoor switchgear installations, a separate compressor house is normally required (see
Paragraph E3.3) in which case it is recommended that common air receivers be located outdoors
on the cool side of the building in a well ventilated position and sheltered from sunlight.
Depending on the shape and size of the air receivers, they may be mounted on the incline or
vertically such that all moisture can be conveniently drained off periodically from the lowest point
of the receiver. For air-blast circuit-breaker installations, consideration should be given to the
provision of automatic periodic draining of the air receivers.
Adequate provision must be made for access to inspect the receivers both externally and internally.
E4.4 Finish of air receivers. The finish of the interior of air receivers requires special attention
to ensure that under the arduous service conditions the steel will be protected against rust and
deterioration over long periods.
The preferred finish for air receivers is that they be internally and externally hot-dip galvanized to
a minimum average thickness of 0.09 mm.
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If hot-dip galvanizing is not feasible the interior surface requires special treatment such as the
application of epoxy paint in accordance with the following schedule:
(a) Abrasive sandblasting.
(b) One coat of phosphoric and rust neutralizer etch primer directly after sandblasting.
(c) One coat of zinc-rich galvanizing paint.
(d) Two coats of coal tar epoxy paint.
(e) One coat of air drying, cold-cure epoxy resin paint.
In installations where separate air drying equipment is employed, an alternative to the epoxy paint
finish is the coating of the inside of the air receiver with one of the proprietary brands of
rust-preventative protective fluids.
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E6 VALVES AND FITTINGS. Safety valves connected in pipe runs are liable to hunt during
operation as a result of the sudden drop in pressure and the time lag in pressure restoration. Where
possible, safety valves should be located on air receivers but if connected in pipe runs should be
provided with a small buffer reservoir.
Consideration should be given to the installation of an automatic master shut-down valve on the
outgoing side of common air receivers immediately before the reticulation reducing valve, to
prevent total loss of air storage in the event of excessive consumption or blow-out of pipework.
The valve is manually reset and allows air to be supplied to the system immediately the system is
restored and the compressors are running. The pressure setting assigned to the automatic master
shut-down valve is determined by the degree of dryness desired in the air supplied to the
reticulation system immediately after the emergency. For air-blast circuit-breakers, it should be set
to maintain a minimum expansion ratio of 2:1. For other applications the pressure setting should
be at least equal to or higher than the rated pressure of the air-consuming plant to provide the
feature of make-up supply being immediately available and to avoid gross precipitation of moisture
in the air-consuming plant.
Special attention should be paid to the design and capacity of the pressure-reducing valves between
the common high pressure air receivers and the low pressure supply system. The capacity of the
reducing valves should be adequate for the flow of compressed air as recommended in
Paragraph E7.
E7 COMPRESSED-AIR PIPEWORK.
E7.1 Reticulation of compressed air. Except for the small and compact installation, it is
recommended that alternative supplies of compressed air be reticulated to the switchgear equipment.
The most usual arrangement is the provision of a ring system of pipework so that any one
pneumatically operated device can be supplied from either end of the ring. The ring system may
be divided by stop valves such that sections of pipework and equipment can be taken out of service
for maintenance or repair without cutting off the supply of compressed air to other apparatus.
Different arrangements of pipework to meet the above requirements are shown in Fig. E2. The
arrangement shown in Fig. E2(b) is an effective application of the ring system employing the
minimum number of stop valves. For large e.h.v. outdoor installations, the double-ring system
shown in Fig. E2(c) may be adopted.
E7.2 Arrangement of pipework. All pipework should be arranged on a slope of not less than
1 in 100 with drain valves provided at the lowest points of the pipework system for the removal
of any collected moisture. The drain valves should be connected to the main pipework system by
short lengths of pipe to act as reservoirs for the decanted moisture and should be placed in
convenient and accessible positions for periodic operation.
The pipework should be supported by suitable brackets or clamps such that expansion and
contraction can take place without stress on couplings and joints and, where necessary, expansion
loops should be provided particularly in long straight runs exceeding 20 m.
Bends in copper piping should be of large radius carried out cold on a suitable machine as the
application of heat will anneal the copper and reduce the pipe strength. Where possible, bends
should be avoided by the use of suitable right-angle pipe fittings.
For outdoor switchgear installations, it is preferred that the pipework be supported on the side of
cable trenches and clear of contact with any metal covers. Short runs of pipework may be laid
directly in the ground.
E7.3 Air pipe sizes. To determine the pipe diameters for the compressed-air reticulation system,
consideration must be given to the following factors:
(a) For air-blast circuit-breakers, the local storage capacity is normally specified in terms of a
number of cycles of operation starting with the local receiver at a stated operating pressure.
For example, it may be specified that the local receiver must have sufficient capacity after 6
hours non-availability of air supply to provide two make-break operations. It is then required
that the local air receiver is recharged to 95 percent of the normal maximum operating
pressure in a specified time and from this information the pipe diameter may be calculated.
The calculation should be based on the circuit-breaker which is located at the furthest distance
from the common air receivers and with the complete pipework system in service.
In calculating pipe diameters, some allowance should be made for pressure drops due to stop
valves and other fittings in the reticulation system.
As a guide, suitable restoration times for recharging the circuit-breaker air receiver to
95 percent of the normal maximum operating pressure are given below:
(i) Complete ring system in service
One make-break operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 min.
Two make-break operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 min.
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(ii) Ring system not complete, i.e. air supply as a radial feed
One or two make-break operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 min.
(b) For pneumatically operated equipment not provided with local air receivers, the diameter
of the air supply pipe must be sufficient to ensure that pressure is maintained during the
flow of operating air to the device.
(c) Where pneumatically operated devices are to be employed requiring a lower operating
pressure than the main reticulation system, consideration should be given to the use of
orifice plates in the supply pipe adjacent to the pneumatic mechanism.
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APPENDIX F
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APPENDIX G
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The work safety clearances are derived from the dimensions of a tall workman as shown in
Fig. G1 and applied as shown m Fig. G3. Typical applications of the section safety clearance,
the horizontal work safety clearance and the vertical work safety clearance to equipment to
be maintained are shown in Fig. G4.
In applying the work safety clearances certain provisions should be made according to
Paragraphs G2.2.2 to G2.2.4 depending on the type of maintenance work to be undertaken.
G2.2.2 Section safety clearance. The section safety clearance should be applied in the
general case from all foot positions where access for maintenance work may be given. It
should also be applied as the distance between the extremities of equipment where a separate
work platform is used to reach the work object.
If the maintenance work entails removing or handling long parts while on the work platform,
such parts must be kept within the confines of the platform area and suitable precautions
taken such as the display of warning notices, otherwise the section safety clearance must be
increased accordingly.
The different applications of the section safety clearance as defined in Clause 10.2.4 are
illustrated in Fig. G4.
For maintenance work in certain specific situations, distances less than the section safety
clearance may be employed as set out in Paragraphs G2.2.3 and G2.2.4.
G2.2.3 Horizontal work safety clearance. Where the maintenance work is to be carried
out from a ladder or from the top of equipment, the horizontal work safety clearances given
in column 5 of Table 10.1 may be used.
This horizontal work safety clearance is derived from the extremes of a mans horizontal
reach, provided that he is not holding a tool or materials exceeding 300 mm in length.
Figs G4(a) and G4(b) illustrate the situations in which the horizontal work safety clearance
may be applied.
G2.2.4 Vertical work safety clearance. Where the maintenance work can be carried out
while standing on a ladder and the workman may not stand higher than 1100 mm below the
work plane, the vertical work safety clearances given in column 6 of Table 10.1 may be used.
It is also required that the man does not use tools or materials exceeding 300 mm in length.
Fig. G4(a) illustrates the situation in which the vertical work safety clearance may be applied.
Where the arrangement of the equipment on which the maintenance work is to be undertaken
is such that a man may stand on top of the apparatus, then the section safety clearance will
be applied from the foot position always provided that the workman does not have to climb
higher to reach the work object. Should he have to climb higher to reach the work object then
the vertical work safety clearances should be applied from the work plane. Fig. G4(b)
illustrates the situation for work from the top of equipment.
G3 MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES AND MAINTENANCE PLANT. Where provision for
the entry of vehicles and maintenance equipment such as of elevating platforms into an
open-type switchgear assembly is to be made, defined accessways should be provided along
which the vehicles or other plant may pass with the equipment alive. Safety clearances must
be maintained while the vehicle moves along any part of the accessway. The section safety
clearance will apply between the highest point on a vehicle where a man may be expected to
sit or stand and any live conductor under which the vehicle may pass or be close thereto. The
horizontal work safety clearance will apply from the extremities of the vehicle when against
the kerb line on either side of the accessway to live parts and exposed insulators.
Notwithstanding the above, the non-flashover distance between vehicle extremity and live
parts or exposed insulators shall apply as a minimum at all times. Such a condition would
need to be in accordance with the safety rules or procedures of the authority concerned and
will require close supervision.
In the higher voltage installations, the clearances provided as part of the design usually allow
for the incorporation of an accessway without unduly increasing the extent and area of the
site for the installation. However, for installations at the lower voltages, care must be taken
in the design in locating the position of the roadway and providing the required safety
clearances.
It is clearly necessary for the authority operating the installation to define the maximum size
and profile of any vehicle or item of plant which may be allowed into the installation and one
which the layout and application of the safety clearances have been based. Safe limit markers
for the movement of vehicles or plant on established roadways within an installation can be
provided laterally by permanent painted raised markers and vertically by a limit profile gauge
at vehicle entry points to the installation. Similarly, the carrying of ladders by personnel
using defined walkways must be strictly controlled.
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AS 20671984
The movement of vehicles or other items of plant off a defined accessway road must not be
allowed except under close supervision and then only into areas where maintenance work is to
be carried out and where safe movement is clearly determined by the provision of work sections
(see Paragraph G4.4).
G4 ACCESS TO EQUIPMENT FOR MAINTENANCE WORK.
G4.1 General. As referred to in Paragraph G2.2, an open-type switchgear assembly is usually
designed such that the equipment can be isolated into subdivisions to allow maintenance work
to be carried out while the remainder of the station remains alive and in service.
The nature and extent of the division will depend on how much the station can, for operational
reasons, be taken out of commission at any one time having regard also to the frequency of the
particular maintenance work required. For example and depending on the normal duty of the
equipment, it is usual to provide isolators on both sides of a circuit-breaker to allow inspection,
repair or replacement of operating mechanisms, contacts and interrupting parts without the
necessity to isolate or make dead any other part of that circuit. However, where it is necessary
to clean insulators of isolators, it can be expected that a greater division of the circuit will be
required to make safe access possible because the isolator is usually located at the common point
of two different work sections.
To obtain access to any one busbar isolator would require that the whole section of busbar
connected to that isolator be taken out of commission and earthed. Such circumstances may
require (amongst other reasons) that duplicate busbars be provided to allow the installation to
continue in service.
The extent to which the equipment has to be isolated and earthed to allow the necessary
maintenance work to proceed also determines the area and boundaries of the work sections which
must be established and defined before access for maintenance work is given.
G4.2 Isolation and earthing. Unless the whole installation can be made dead and earthed, it
is required that provision shall be made for isolating and earthing the apparatus on which
maintenance work is to be carried out (see Clause 5.5). It is also necessary to establish that the
design has allowed for work safety clearances to be given to all adjacent conductors which may
be alive, taking into account the use of ladders, platforms and other items of plant necessary for
the carrying out of the maintenance operation, as otherwise isolation and earthing of those
adjacent circuits will also be required.
G4.3 Use of safety screens. Where the appropriate work safety clearances to adjoining
conductors which may be alive cannot be given for physical or economic reasons, it is required
that fixed safety screens be provided as part of the design of the installation (see Clause 10.2.3).
Such screens, for, example, can be located on vertical columns of structures where it is necessary
to climb past live conductors or between different circuits on the horizontal members of
structures supporting overhead strung conductors as shown in Fig. G4(b). Access can be given
to one part of the structure, for, say, cleaning insulators, with the adjoining circuits alive but to
which access is barred by the presence of the screen.
G4.4 Work sections. Provision of work sections and the establishment of their clear line of
demarcation is an essential part of the process of giving safe access for maintenance work on
equipment adjacent to live conductors.
It is required that the design of the installation allows for the provision of work sections of
sufficient dimensions to cover access at ground level including the area of approach from the
nearest defined roadway or walkway, the movement of ladders, plant and equipment into the
work area, and the positions a man may occupy in carrying out the work. It is also required that
work safety clearances apply to the defined limits of the work section except where fixed safety
screens are employed.
Where maintenance work on a circuit-breaker involves access by ladder, built-up scaffolding or
a platform assembly supported from the circuit-breaker itself, work sections bounded by the
adjacent isolators are sufficient, provided always that inadvertent access by ladder to the adjacent
isolators is clearly prevented.
In higher voltage installations employing air-blast circuit-breakers it may be necessary to bring
in special maintenance plant to handle the parts, in which case the whole circuit may haveto be
isolated and earthed and the bay up to the busbar side isolator then designated as the work
section.
Where provision must be made for the use of vehicles or plant in the maintenance work to be
undertaken, the boundary of the work section should take into account the horizontal and vertical
work safety clearances which must be maintained in each case on the basis of the profile
dimensions of the vehicle or maintenance plant. If driving movements are anticipated during the
course of the work, an additional 700 mm should be provided in the direction of movement as
a margin for inaccuracy in control.
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The boundaries of the work section should be formed and clearly defined by the use of temporary
screens, guard rails, ropes or coloured tapes. Suitable flags and danger warning notices should be
placed at frequent intervals on the boundary line and also on fixed screens and permanent structures
which are part of the work section boundary. Where temporary screens have to be used frequently,
the provision of permanent fixing sockets for supporting uprights is recommended.
G4.5 Division of an installation into work sections. The principles involved in the division of
an installation into work sections with the appropriate safety clearances are illustrated in the
following examples.
Some work sections are easily defined and the area for them is self-evident as, for example, that
for a circuit-breaker where it is provided with means of isolation on either side and is separated
from adjacent live parts, when isolated, by section and work safety clearances.
Other work sections containing isolators, busbars and connections are less obviously defined. As
alternative arrangements for access are possible, greater care will be required in defining such work
sections.
Fig. G5 shows a simplified bay of a single-busbar feeder circuit where three work sections are
envisaged for work from a ladder on the
(a) circuit-breaker;
(b) busbar including the busbar isolator; or
(c) feeder line circuit including the line isolator and line equipment.
For work on the circuit-breaker, both the busbar and line isolators must be open and horizontal
work safety clearance H a provided as shown in Fig. G5.
Work on the busbar isolator must involve the shutdown of the busbar, and therefore there is no
need to provide work safety clearance from the busbar isolator to the busbar. Similarly, since
maintenance of the busbar supporting insulators again involves the shutdown of the busbar, work
safety clearances are not required from the busbar supporting insulators to the busbar isolators.
However, in both cases the horizontal work safety clearance H b to the line isolator will be required
as the feeder line may be alive from the remote end and the line isolator must be open.
Work on the feeder line circuit including the isolator and line equipment requires that the busbar
isolator be open and the horizontal work safety clearance H c provided.
Additionally for work on the line isolator, horizontal work safety clearance H must be provided to
any adjoining circuit.
Fig. G5 also illustrates the boundary of a typical work section as applied for access to and
maintenance work on the circuit-breaker only.
A typical duplicate-busbar installation with bypass facilities is shown in Fig. G6. This arrangement
can be separated into five work sections as follows:
(a) Circuit-breaker including current transformers.
(b) Busbar isolator No 1 involving the shutdown of No 1 busbar.
(c) Busbar isolator No 2 involving the shutdown of No 2 busbar.
(d) Feeder line circuit including the line, line isolator, bypass isolator and the lineside equipment.
(e) Circuit overhead connections and insulators involving the shutdown of No 1 busbar.
Following the principles laid down for the simplified arrangement shown in Fig. G5, the required
work safety clearances for work from a ladder are indicated in Fig. G6 applicable to the different
work sections (a) to (e).
For maintenance work on the circuit-breaker with the bypass circuit alive, both the line and
circuit-breaker isolators must be open and the work section defined accordingly. The vertical work
safety clearance V required above the circuit breaker is shown in Fig. G6.
To carry out maintenance work on the busbar isolator of a particular circuit, it is necessary to
shutdown that circuit and the whole of the busbar adjacent to the isolator. It is also convenient at
the same time, to carry out maintenance work on each bay set of busbar insulators in conjunction
with the busbar isolator maintenance, while the busbar is out of service and the circuits are taken
out of service one at a time. Work on the feeder line circuit requires that the line be earthed and
both busbar isolators be open.
For maintenance work on the overhead strung conductors and insulators at the busbar end, the line
isolator, the bypass isolator and both busbar isolators must be open and the No 1 busbar shutdown.
It will be appreciated that none of the work safety clearances illustrated in Figs G5 and G6 should
be less than the appropriate value for the voltage concerned in Columns 5 and 6 of Table 10.1.
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G =
N =
S =
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NOTE: The more onerous condition in each case (a) and (b) to be satisfied.
DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES
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=
=
=
=
=
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TOP VIEW
FRONT VIEW
H = horizontal work safety clearance
H
V
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ANNEX
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51
AS 3007
AS 3116
AS 3147
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AS XXXX
AS K185
SAA MP30
SAA Doc
1200 R
IEC 71
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53
Relays
AS 2481
All-or-nothing Electrical Relays (Instantaneous and Timing Relays)
Rotating machines
AS 1359
General Requirements for Rotating Electrical Machines
AS 1360
Rotating Electrical Machines of Particular Types or for Particular
Applications
Part 11Dimensions and Performance of Small Power Electrical Machines
Small wiring (see cables)
Stairways and ladders
AS 1657
SAA Code for Fixed Platforms, Walkways, Stairways and Ladders
Surge diverters
AS 1307
Surge DivertersNon-linear Resistor Type*
Switchgear
AS 1025
High Voltage Switches
AS 1306
High Voltage Isolators (Disconnectors) and Earthing Switches*
AS 2024
High Voltage Fuse/Switch and Fuse/Circuit-breaker Combinations
AS 2264
Insulation-enclosed Switchgear for Voltages Above 1 kV up to 38 kV*
Transformers
AS 2374
Power Transformers
Ventilation
AS 1668
SAA Mechanical Ventilation and Airconditioning Code
Part 1Fire Precautions in Buildings with Air-handling Systems
Part 2Ventilation Requirements.
* In course of revision.
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