Saturday 17th of September 8, 2016

Karin Fonseca
RSCH 9820 Dr. T (works with Dr. Green).
We are going to talk about applied research
We see a problem? What do we thing is the problem?
Identify the problem first, and then will be easier to find research
questions to guide your study.
What is the problem that you may be analyzing?
What is the issue?
It is really important to find that first
Finding a way to conceptualizing these problems out of those many
ones that are out there so you can find the focus.
What is the goal? What is the purpose?
At least you have a story that makes sense, which people will want to
read and take the time to learn about it.
We need to have a story that is convincing, fluent; you must
understand what you want
Lack of success in the middle management they have management
training but no leadership training.
Chapter two we need statistics facts, real issues not what you
think but rather what is out there for information.
Dont just write your dissertation about love and convenience there
must be something that is important about the program that you are
talking about.
Something we learn that we can transfer to others to make
significant
Goals are driving from three things Maxwell (the bible)
Personal Practical and Intellectual Goals
Dont use the race just use factors if it is race it will bubble up to the
top, and than you can use that in your analysis, not your problem.
Globalization leadership
Field trips world experiences / internationally
Choose one rout for example quan or qual and you can always make
recommendations for future studies.
This is a hand on class, we will do a lot of things workshop class likes

Qualitative research
interpretive research verbal descriptions of social systems
we dont worry about big samples localize, study believes and
practices of the group that we are studying
Fieldwork exercise simulates qualitative research look for a culture
you are not familiar with try to make familiar strange
Qualitative Methods
Historical research
Ethnography cultural patterns and perspectives of participants in
their natural settings (FIELDWORK) embed yourself within the culture
Case study
Grounded theory investigates how inductively derived theory about
phenomenon is grounded
Phenomenology / symbolic interaction particular participant exhibits
a unique perspective
Action research not encouraged
Counter- narrative
Portraiture one person Narrative
Basic interpretive
Historical research

ETHNOGRAPHY
Examples of this type of study:
James Patrick a Glasgow gang observed
William Foote Whyte Street corner society / Italian gang culture
Laud Hymphrey- tearoom trade homosexual in public toilet
Erwing Goffman Asylums
You need skills to observe people, and facilities, and write about what
you see
Look in an objective way
Suppress your bias
There are ethical issues kids with abusive homes/ someone with aids/
Research goes a long way in transforming our cultures

Sometimes you can get grant to fund specific projects - women and
children there are many funds available you need the proposal and
they can accept but they dont affect how your research comes out
You need to justify what that is the best design for your study. Why,
what are the reasons? Doing field work, interviewing people,
documents about what they are studying
Generally speaking, qualitative researchers
- spend a great deal of time in the settings being studied
(fieldwork)
- rely on themselves as the main instrument of data collection
(subjectivity) you need to see things for what they are/ in every
society/ there is always bias
- analyze data using interpretative lenses
- employee expressive language and voice in description and
explanations
- seek depth of perspective through ongoing analysis (ie waves of
data)
- judged in terms of believability, trustworthiness, coherence, and
the logic underlying researchers interpretations ( cross check
information triangulation then you have believability
coherence- creditable THE VALIDITY MEASURES ) we need to
believe in your how is this credible
data sources are real-world situations
data are descriptive
emphazies a holistic approach processes and outcomes)
data analysis is inductive
describes the meaning(s) of research finding(s) from the perspective of
the research participants
Inductive reasoning involves developing generalizations from a
limited number of specify observations or experiences
Ethical issues very important associated with your qual research
That is why you need permission to go and collect data, receiving
consent to people
- Notification and consent
- Damage and potential damage
Issues in qualitative research
1. Gaining entry (gate keepers)
2. Contacting potential research participants
3. Selecting participants

4. Enhancing validity or creditability and tracking subjectivity how

to do that?
5. Leaving the field
People should feel that this has been beneficial to them as much as it
has been to you
Never use a convenient sample
Purposeful sample looks for a sample that will give you the richest
and most reliable data.
Types of purposive esmaplin g
Maximum variation
Homogeneous
Critical case
Theory-base
Dis/confirming case
Snowball (chain)
Extreme (deviant) case (two different classes / focus groups Typical
case
Intensity
Politically important case
Random purposeful - equal chance of being represented
Stratified purposeful
Criterion
Opportunistic
Combination (mixed)
Convenience
Two general guidelines the number of participants is sufficient when
redundant stories / repeat themselves
Threats to validity in qualitative studies
Observer bias/subjectivity
Observer effects
Strategies to enhance validity and to reduce bias
-

Extend the time for observing the setting

Include more participants to make the study more representative
Focus upon building participant trust in order to access more
detailed and honest data.
Identify biases
Work with other researchers
Offer participants to validate accuracy and verbatim

Journalize your own reflections

Utilize Variety of data sources to confirm

Proposal is composed of 3 chapters

1 overview - - Analysis methodology, validity issues ,
terminology definition of terms
2 problem (one page of the problem statement and the purpose
of doing the study / research study questions/ significance of the
study this has to be lined up (ONE PAGE BRING FOR NEXT
CLASS)
What are the prior studies that has been done demonstrate
your expertise on the literature on the subject (40/50 pages)
key areas you know what is out there in regards to the topic, you
have done the gap. What your study will bring new into the
table.
3 - how will you do it? Tell us the research design, reason why is
appropriate, how will you sample, describe site, rich in context,
how collect, analyze data, issues subjectivity, IRB issues in
chapter 3
5 or 6 themes that is what you will get when reduce your
quality of data.
The basic steps of qualitative research
1. Write a tentative research proposal defend it
2. Intensive participation in a fiend setting
3. Collect detailed data from field activities
4. Synthesize and interpret the meaning s of the field data
5. Write the research report defend it
Interviewing listen more and talk less
Use open questions
Dont interrupt - sometimes gently guide them back
Ask concrete details, keep them focus
Tolerate silence
Dont be judgmental, believes etc because they are telling stories
No debates
Do record everything
Synthesis and interpretation of the meanings of fiend data (coding)

A formidable task because data are thick and deep as well as

voluminous and unorganized (field notes)
Involves a systematic and interactive process of searching,
categorizing, and integrating data (managing data)
Understanding emerges as data are integrated
HOW DID YOU ARRIVE TO THAT THEME?
LOOK AT SIMILARITIES AT THE INTERVIEWS WHAT ARE THE
REPETITIVE TOPICS
DISCRIPTIVIVE DATA THAT IS ARCHIVED CAN BE USED IN THE
QUAL

FIELDWORK
Observation video
Choose a cultural phenomenon
Pictures/ interview
Observation techniques natural setting, recorded without bias
or judgments
non participant observation
The group being observed does not know they are being
observed
Covert observation
Advantages: observe natural behavior
Difficult to reach group
Disadvantages - Difficult to get into a group as outsider
Overt (this will be used for fieldwork)
Advantages
Quicker to conduct of group agrees to being observed
No ethical issues
Disadvantages - Are they real?

Fieldwork dont go with prepared questions- let them emerge

Take cell and make brief notes on phone
Object info you can see it
b

Internet based portfolio

Scanned into electronic
Encourage digital
THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT PART TO LEARN THIS WILL BE THE
BASE FOR THE STUDY FOR THE CLASS.
The design you will turn into class must have the 5 points of Maxwell
design model
Goals/ conceptual framework / validity /methods/ research question
power point group 2