%42) *OURNAL VOLUME  NUMBER  /CTOBER 

4HE #$-! -OBILE 3YSTEM !RCHITECTURE

3UNGMOON 3HIN (UN ,EE AND +I #HUL (AN

#/.4%.43
)

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!"342!#4
4HE ARCHITECTURE OF THE #$-! MOBILE SYS
TEM #-3 IS DEVELOPED BASED ON THREE FUNC
TION GROUPS SERVICE RESOURCE SERVICE CONTROL
AND SERVICE MANAGEMENT GROUPS )N THIS PA
PER THE #-3 ARCHITECTURE IS DISCUSSED FROM
THE POINT OF VIEW OF IMPLEMENTING THESE FUNC
TIONS 4HE VARIABLE LENGTH PACKETS ARE USED FOR
TRANSMISSION 4HE SYNCHRONIZATION CLOCK SIG
NALS ARE DERIVED FROM THE '03 RECEIVER 4HE
OPEN LOOP AND CLOSED LOOP TECHNIQUES ARE USED
FOR THE POWER CONTROL 4HE INTERNATIONALLY
ACCEPTED SIGNALING AND NETWORK PROTOCOLS ARE
EMPLOYED 4HE CALL CONTROL FOR THE PRIMARY
SERVICES IS DESIGNED TO PROVIDE EbCIENT MO
BILE TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICES 4HE SOFTER
HANDO_ IS IMPLEMENTED IN ONE CARD 4HE MO
BILE ASSISTED HANDO_ AND THE NETWORK ASSISTED
HANDO_ ARE EMPLOYED IN THE SOFT AND HARD
HANDO_S 4HE AUTHENTICATION IS BASED ON THE
SECRET DATA WHICH INCLUDES RANDOM NUMBERS
4HE MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS WHICH INCLUDE THE
LOCATION MANAGEMENT RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
CELL BOUNDARY MANAGEMENT AND /!- MAN
AGEMENT ARE IMPLEMENTED TO WARRANT THE SYS
TEM EbCIENCY MAXIMUM CAPACITY AND HIGH
RELIABILITY 4HE ARCHITECTURE ENSURES THAT THE
#-3 IS aEXIBLE AND EXPANDABLE TO PROVIDE SUB
SCRIBERS WITH ECONOMIC AND EbCIENT SYSTEM
CON`GURATION 4HE DYNAMIC POWER CONTROL
ADAPTIVE CHANNEL ALLOCATION AND DYNAMIC CELL
BOUNDARY MANAGEMENT ARE RECOMMENDED FOR
FUTURE WORK

%42) *OURNAL VOLUME  NUMBER  /CTOBER 

) ).42/$5#4)/.
4HE #$-! MOBILE SYSTEM #-3 AR
CHITECTURE IS AN OUTGROWTH OF AN %42)S
ACTIVITY TO DEVELOP A #$-! CELLULAR SYS
TEM BETWEEN  AND  %42) AND
1UALCOMM JOINTLY ENGAGED IN THE DEVELOP
MENT AT EARLY STAGE 1UALCOMM PROVIDED
RADIO WAVEFORM DESIGN AND SIGNAL PROCESS
ING TECHNIQUES (AVING THE TIME DIVISION
EXCHANGE 4$8 EXPERTISE %42) ASSUMED
THE RESPONSIBILITY TO DEVELOP THE #-3 IN
FRASTRUCTURE WHICH INCLUDES THE BASE STATION
"3  THE MOBILE SWITCHING CENTER AND LO
CATION REGISTERS 4HIS PAPER DEALS WITH THE
%42)S E_ORT
4HE #-3 USES PSEUDORANDOM NOISE
0. CODES TO PROVIDE MULTIPLE COMMUNI
CATION CHANNELS IN A DESIGNATED RADIO FRE
QUENCY BAND )T USES PATH DIVERSITY AND
TIME DIVERSITY IN THE RADIO PATHS AND O_ERS
PRIVACY HIGH SERVICE QUALITY AND A LARGE
LINK CAPACITY )T PROVIDES BETTER HANDO_S
THAN OTHER CELLULAR SYSTEMS SUCH AS 4$-!
SYSTEMS 4HE ABILITY TO SUPPORT A RELI
ABLE PERFORMANCE IN A SEVERE NOISY ENVIRON
MENT PROVIDES THE MEANS TO ALLEVIATE OVER
CROWDING IN THE RADIO FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
AS WELL AS TO ALLOW SUBSCRIBERS MORE aEXI
BILITY IN CELLULAR SERVICES ;= ;=
4HE #-3 ON THE OTHER HAND HAS OP
ERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS &OR EXAMPLE TIGHT
CLOCK SYNCHRONIZATION IS INDISPENSABLE TO
THE #$-! SIGNAL ACQUISITION &AST PACKET
TRANSMISSION IS NEEDED FOR THE EbCIENT
TRANSMISSION OF THE VARIABLE LENGTH INFORMA
TION 4RANSMIT POWER FROM BOTH MOBILES

3UNGMOON 3HIN ET AL



AND BASE STATIONS MUST BE OPTIMALLY CON

TROLLED TO SECURE THE SYSTEM CAPACITY 4HE
APPROPRIATE COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS AND
INTERFACES ARE REQUIRED TO WARRANT ECONOMIC
AND EbCIENT NETWORKING
4HE #-3 ARCHITECTURE HAS TAKEN ABOVE
OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS INTO ACCOUNT ;=
;= )T HAS ACHIEVED COST EbCIENCY WITH
OUT DEGRADING THE SYSTEM PERFORMANCE !
FAST PACKET SWITCHING NETWORK IS EMPLOYED
TO FACILITATE HIGH SPEED DATA TRANSFER AMONG
SUBSYSTEM COMPONENTS 4HE PACKET TRANS
MISSION WITH @STAGGERING IS ADOPTED TO PRE
VENT THE TRUNK EbCIENCY DEGRADATION THAT IS
CAUSED BY THE VARIABLE LENGTH PACKET TRANS
MISSIONS %CHO CANCELER IS EQUIPPED TO RE
MOVE THE ECHO FROM THE VOICE 4HE INTER
NATIONAL STANDARD OPEN NETWORK PROTOCOLS
;= HAVE BEEN EMPLOYED TO PROVIDE COMPAT
IBILITY WITH OTHER CELLULAR SYSTEMS OR NET
WORKS 4HE #-3 CAN SUPPORT A LARGE CAPAC
ITY TO IMPROVE THE SERVICEpDECREASE THE CALL
BLOCKING PROBABILITYpEVEN IN THE METROPOLI
TAN AREA WHERE HEAVY TRAbC LOAD IS ANTICI
PATED
&OR THE CONVENIENCE OF SUBSEQUENT DIS
CUSSIONS IN THIS PAPER WE DE`NE THE #-3
FUNCTIONS REQUIRED FOR #$-! MOBILE COM
MUNICATIONS AS THE #$-! MOBILE FUNC
TIONS )N SECTION )) THE #$-! MOBILE
FUNCTIONS ARE CATEGORIZED INTO THREE GROUPS
4HE #-3 SERVICES ARE SUPPORTED BY THESE
FUNCTIONS )N SECTION ))) THE SERVICE RE
SOURCE FUNCTIONS ARE DESCRIBED 4HE BA
SIC FUNCTIONS NEEDED FOR THE #-3 OPERA
TION ARE INCLUDED IN THE SERVICE RESOURCE



3UNGMOON 3HIN ET AL

%42) *OURNAL VOLUME  NUMBER  /CTOBER 

<7.
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&IG  'ROUP STRUCTURE OF #$-! MOBILE FUNCTIONS

GROUP )N SECTION )6 THE SERVICE CONTROL

AND MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS ARE DESCRIBED
4HE MAJOR FUNCTIONS INCLUDING THE CALL CON
TROL SYSTEM MANAGEMENT AND PERFORMANCE
MEASUREMENT ARE DISCUSSED 3ECTION 6 IS
CONCERNED WITH THE #-3 DESIGN 4HE #-3
STRUCTURE AND CON`GURATION ARE PRESENTED
3ECTION 6) SUGGESTS THE FUTURE RESEARCH AR
EAS AND SECTION 6)) CONCLUDES THIS PAPER

VICES AND SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICES 4HE PRI

)) #$-! -/"),% &5.#4)/.3

PROVIDED TO CUSTOMERS WITH HIGH QUALITY

4HE #-3 SERVICES CONSIST OF FUNDAMENTAL

SERVICES AND OPERATION ADMINISTRATION AND
MAINTENANCE /!- SERVICES 4HE FUNDA
MENTAL SERVICES CONSIST OF THE PRIMARY SER

THE #$-! MOBILE FUNCTIONS

MARY SERVICES CONSIST OF VOICE DATA AND

SHORT MESSAGE SERVICES !LL OR A PART OF
THESE SERVICES ARE AVAILABLE TO INDIVIDUAL
SUBSCRIBER

4HE SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICES

WHICH INCLUDE CALL FORWARDING CONFERENCE

CALL AND CALLING PARTY IDENTI`CATION ARE AD
DITIONAL SERVICES AND ARE PROVIDED AS OP
TIONS TO THE SUBSCRIBER 4HE /!- SERVICES
MAKE SURE THAT THE FUNDAMENTAL SERVICES ARE
4HESE #-3 SERVICES ARE PROVIDED UTILIZING
4HE #-3 ARCHITECTURE IS BASED ON THE
#$-! MOBILE FUNCTIONS 4HESE CAN BEST
BE DESCRIBED IN TERMS OF THREE GROUPS AS

%42) *OURNAL VOLUME  NUMBER  /CTOBER 

SHOWN IN &IG  4HE TOP IS SERVICE MAN

AGEMENT GROUP GROUP   THE MIDDLE IS SER
VICE CONTROL GROUP GROUP   AND THE BOT
TOM IS SERVICE RESOURCE GROUP GROUP  
4HE GROUP  IS CONCERNED WITH THE MAN
AGEMENT FUNCTIONS RE QUIRED TO WARRANT THE
SYSTEM CAPACITY AND RELIABILITY 4HE OTHER
TWO GROUPS ARE CONCERNED WITH THE FUNCTIONS
NEEDED TO PROVIDE THE #-3 FUNDAMENTAL
SERVICES 4HE HIGHER GROUP FUNCTIONS RECEIVE
SUPPORTS FROM THE LOWER GROUP FUNCTIONS AS
WELL AS THE PEER FUNCTIONS &OR EXAMPLE
THE ACCOUNT ONE OF THE /!- MANAGEMENT
FUNCTIONS IN GROUP  IS SUPPORTED BY SUCH
SERVICE CONTROL FUNCTIONS AS THE CALL CONTROL
AND AUTHENTICATION IN GROUP  4HE CALL
CONTROL IN GROUP  IS ACCOMPLISHED BY THE
SIGNALING AND PACKET TRANSMISSION IN GROUP
 4HE PACKET TRANSMISSION IS SUPPORTED BY
THE SYNCHRONIZATION IN THE SAME GROUP 
4HE GROUP  CONSISTS OF /!- MANAGE
MENT AND #$-! PERFORMANCE FUNCTIONS
4HESE ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE SYSTEM OPER
ATION AND THE PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS 4HE
/!- MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS HAVE FOUR MA
JOR FUNCTIONS PROGRAM DOWNLOAD CON`GU
RATION MANAGEMENT FAULT MANAGEMENT AND
ACCOUNT 4HE #$-! PERFORMANCE FUNC
TIONS ARE CELL BOUNDARY MANAGEMENT AND
PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT 4HE GROUP 
CONSISTS OF `VE MAJOR FUNCTIONS CALL CON
TROL HANDO_ AUTHENTICATION LOCATION MAN
AGEMENT AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 4HESE
FUNCTIONS ARE USED IN PROVIDING DIRECT USER
SERVICES 4HE GROUP  AND  ARE IMPLE
MENTED MAINLY IN SOFTWARE IN CONTRAST TO

3UNGMOON 3HIN ET AL



GROUP  WHICH IS HARDWARE ORIENTED 4HE

GROUP  IS THE ENGINE OF THE #-3 AND SUP
PORTS ALL UPPER GROUPS )T CONSISTS OF TRANS
MISSION POWER CONTROL SYNCHRONIZATION AND
SIGNALING

))) 3%26)#% 2%3/52#%

&5.#4)/.
 4RANSMISSION AND 3YNCHRONIZATION
4RANSMISSION IS THE MOST IMPORTANT
WITHIN THE SERVICE RESOURCE GROUP 4HE
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM MODEL IS SHOWN IN
&IG  4HE RADIO TRANSMISSION IS CRITICAL
TO THE SYSTEM PERFORMANCE 4HE #$-! IS
INTERFERENCE LIMITED )N ORDER TO MINIMIZE
THE INTERFERENCE IN THE RADIO LINK THE VARI
ABLE LENGTH PACKET TRANSMISSIONS WITH THE
DATA RATE OF i KBPS HAVE BEEN ADOPTED
4HE MOBILE STATION TRANSMITS PACKETS EVERY
 MS 4HESE PACKETS ARE COMBINED WITH
THE SIGNALING MESSAGE UTILIZING THE DIM
AND BURST OR THE BLANK AND BURST METHOD
;=
4HE FAST PACKET ROUTERS ARE UTILIZED
FOR TRANSMISSION IN THE "3 4HEY ENHANCE
THE "3 INTEGRITY WITHOUT CAUSING EXCESSIVE
TRANSMISSION DELAY BETWEEN THE BASESTATION
TRANSCEIVER SUBSYSTEM "43 AND THE BASES
TATION CONTROLLER "3#  4HESE ALSO ENSURE
THE MAXIMUM "3 TRUNK EbCIENCY 4HE "3
PACKETS ARE ($,# FORMATTED AND ARE TRANS
FERRED TO THE DESTINATION $URING THE SOFT
HANDO_ TWO OR THREE "43S SEND PACKETS
TO ONE SELECTOR SIMULTANEOUSLY ! SELECTOR



3UNGMOON 3HIN ET AL

%42) *OURNAL VOLUME  NUMBER  /CTOBER 





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&IG  #-3 TRANSMISSION SYSTEM MODEL

CHOOSES THE BEST PACKET AMONG THE RECEIVED

PACKETS WHICH BEAR THE SAME INFORMATION

)N THE CASE OF VOICE SERVICES THE VARI

ABLE LENGTH PACKETS OF THE RADIO LINK ARE
CONVERTED INTO 0#- AT THE VOCODER AND
TRANSFERRED TO THE MOBILE EXCHANGE -8 
4HE -8 CANCELS ECHO CONTAINED IN THE VOICE
FROM 034. AND SENDS THE VOICE TO THE MO
BILE STATIONS -3S  )N THE CASE OF DATA
SERVICES THE PACKETS TRANSFERRED FROM -3S
ARE CONVERTED INTO  KBPS FORMATTED DATA
AT THE "3# AND TRANSFERRED TO THE INTER
WORKING FUNCTION )7& VIA THE -8 !T
THE )7& IN THE CASE OF PUBLIC SWITHED TELE
PHONE NETWORK 034. ACCESS THE DATA ARE
CONVERTED TO VOICEBAND DATA AND SENT TO
034. THROUGH A MODEM )N THE CASE OF
INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK )3$.
OR PACKET SWITCHED PUBLIC DATA NETWORK
030$. ACCESS THE DATA ARE TRANSMITTED
TO )3$. OR 030$. WITH THE  KBPS )3$.
TYPE FORMAT
4IME SYNCHRONIZATION IS REQUISITE FOR THE

TRANSMISSION 4HE "43 NEEDS THE ABSOLUTE

TIME TO ACQUIRE THE #$-! SIGNAL TRANSMIT
TED FROM THE -3 ;= $URING THE SOFT HAND
O_S THE PACKET ORDER MISMATCH CAN HAP
PEN AT A SELECTOR DUE TO THE QUEUEING DELAY
OF THE "3 PACKET ROUTERS )N ORDER TO PRE
VENT THIS MISMATCH ALL THE "43S AND THE
"3# MUST BE SYNCHRONIZED 4HE CURRENT "3
MAINTAINS THE SYNCHRONIZATION BY DISTRIBUT
ING CLOCK SIGNALS DERIVED FROM THE GLOBAL PO
SITIONING SYSTEM '03 RECEIVER EQUIPPED IN
THE "43 AND THE "3# 4HE "3# AND THE
-8 ARE SYNCHRONIZED BY UTILIZING THE BIT
AND FRAME SYNCHRONIZATION OF % TRANSMIS
SION
-3S ARE SYNCHRONIZED TO THEIR "43 BY
UTILIZING THE FRAME SYNCHRONIZATION !N -3
RECEIVES THE FRAME SIGNALS FROM ITS "43 )N
THE FRAME SIGNALS  SYNCH CHANNEL SUPER
FRAMES ARE TRANSMITTED DURING EVERY EVEN
SECONDS SYNCHRONIZED WITH THE '03 CLOCK
4HE SYNCH CHANNEL SUPERFRAME LENGTH IS 
MS AND IT CONSISTS OF  SYNCH CHANNEL FRAMES
;=

3UNGMOON 3HIN ET AL

%42) *OURNAL VOLUME  NUMBER  /CTOBER 


( 
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&IG  #-3 POWER CONTROL SCHEME

 0OWER #ONTROL
4HE POWER CONTROL HAS A SIGNI`CANT E_ECT
ON THE RADIO LINK PERFORMANCE 4HE POW
ERS PROPERLY TRANSMITTED FROM BOTH -3 AND
"43 INCREASE THE LINK CAPACITY 4HE TRANS
MIT POWERS MUST BE KEPT AS LOW AS POSSIBLE
AND STILL BE ENOUGH TO MAINTAIN THE REQUIRED
FRAME ERROR RATE &%2  &IGURE  SHOWS THE
POWER CONTROL SCHEME
4HE -3 TRANSMIT POWER IS ADJUSTED BY
THE TWO REVERSE LINK CONTROL MECHANISMS
OPEN LOOP POWER CONTROL AND CLOSED LOOP
POWER CONTROL 4HE CLOSED LOOP POWER CON
TROL CONSISTS OF THE INNER LOOP POWER CON
TROL AND THE OUTER LOOP POWER CONTROL )N
THE OPEN LOOP POWER CONTROL THE TRANSMIT
POWER DECREASES WHEN THE RECEIVER SIGNAL
STRENGTH INCREASES AND VICE VERSA SO THAT
THE SUM OF THE TRANSMIT POWER STRENGTH AND
RECEIVED SIGNAL STRENGTH REMAINS CONSTANT
4HE "43 EXPECTS THAT THE SIGNAL STRENGTH

FROM ALL OF ITS -3S BE MAINTAINED EQUAL

4HE OPEN LOOP POWER CONTROL IS VALID ONLY
WHEN THE PROPAGATION LOSSES IN THE FORWARD
LINK AND REVERSE LINK ARE THE SAME
(OWEVER THE PATH LOSS IRREGULARITY BE
TWEEN THE FORWARD AND THE REVERSE LINK
DOES NOT WARRANT THE EQUAL RECEIVED SIGNAL
STRENGTH AT THE "3 4HE INNER LOOP POWER
CONTROL COMPENSATES THE DISCREPANCY OF THE
POWER LEVELING )T IS PERFORMED EVERY 
MS BY THE "43 COMMANDS )F THE RECEIVED
POWER LEVEL FROM THE -3 IS LESS THAN THE
PRESET %B.O AT THE "43 THE "43 DIRECTS
THE -3 TO INCREASE THE TRANSMIT POWER 4HE
PRESET %B .O OF THE "43 IS ADJUSTED BY THE
OUTER LOOP POWER CONTROL 4HIS IS PERFORMED
EVERY  MS BY THE "3# SELECTOR ACCORD
ING TO THE FRAME QUALITY OF 6ITERBI DECODED
PACKETS 7HEN THE ACTUAL FRAME ERROR RATE
&%2 AT THE SELECTOR IS BELOW THE REQUIRED
&%2pIN OTHER WORDS WHEN THE SYSTEM PER
FORMS BETTER THAN REQUIREDpCONTINUOUSLY



3UNGMOON 3HIN ET AL



@%3 / 

%42) *OURNAL VOLUME  NUMBER  /CTOBER 

73,3 / 






73 / 



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&IG  #-3 SIGNALING PROTOCOL STRUCTURE

THE SELECTOR DIRECTS THE CORRESPONDING "43

TO DECREASE THE PRESET %B.O 
4HE FORWARD LINK POWER CONTROL IS PER
FORMED BY THE DIRECTION FROM THE "3# 4HE
"43 TRANSMIT POWER IS ADJUSTED BY OBSERV
ING THE REQUIRED &%2 OF THE -3 4HE SE
LECTOR OF THE "3# RECEIVES THE &%2 INFOR
MATION FROM ITS CORRESPONDING -3 4HE -3
SENDS THE INFORMATIONS PERIODICALLY OR WHEN
THE &%2 EXCEEDS THE THRESHOLD LEVEL )F THE
&%2 IS TOO HIGH THE SELECTOR DIRECTS THE RE
SPONSIBLE "43 TO INCREASE THE POWER TRANS
MITTED TO THE CORRESPONDING -3

 3IGNALING
)N THE #-3 THERE ARE NINE FUNCTIONAL
ENTITIES -3 "43 "3# -3# 6,2 %)2
(,2 !# AND 3-3 -# 4HE -3# 6,2
%)2 (,2 !# AND 3-3 -# CORRESPOND
TO THE MOBILE SWITCHING CENTER VISITOR LO
CATION REGISTER EQUIPMENT IDENTITY REGISTER

HOME LOCATION REGISTER AUTHENTICATION CEN

TER AND SHORT MESSAGE SERVICEMESSAGE CEN
TER RESPECTIVELY 4HE -3# 6,2 AND %)2
ARE IMPLEMENTED IN THE -8 4HE (,2 AND
!# ARE IMPLEMENTED IN THE (,2!# &IG
URE  SHOWS THE #-3 PROTOCOL STRUCTURE
4HE INTERCONNECTIONS BETWEEN ANY TWO EN
TITIES ARE ESTABLISHED ACCORDING TO THE INTER
NATIONAL STANDARD SYSTEM REFERENCE MODEL
OF THE CELLULAR SYSTEMS ;= ;= 4HE PROTO
COLS EMPLOYED IN THE #-3 ARE FOUND TO WORK
WELL 4HE LOWER LAYER PROTOCOLS CORRESPOND
ING TO LAYER  AND LAYER  OF THE OPEN SYSTEM
INTERCONNECTION /3) ARE AS FOLLOWS

-3 "43 RADIO LINK CONTROL PROTOCOL

2#0
"43 "3# "3 INTERNAL PROTOCOL ")0
"3# -8 4$8 INTERPROCESSOR PROTOCOL
4)0
-8 (,2!# MESSAGE TRANSFER PART 
-40  AND -40 
4HE UPPER LAYER PROTOCOLS ABOVE THE
/3) LAYER  ARE CONCERNED WITH THE CALL

3UNGMOON 3HIN ET AL

%42) *OURNAL VOLUME  NUMBER  /CTOBER 

.



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&IG  4HE VOICE SERVICE CONTROL PROCEDURE FOR MOBILE ORIGINATING PLAIN LINE AND MOBILE TERMINATED DOTTED
LINE CALLS /NE -8 FOR THE HOME -8 AND THE VISITING -8 IS ASSUMED

MANA GEMENT MOBILITY MANAGEMENT RADIO

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND SO ON 4HESE
TRANSFER FOR EXAMPLE THE CALL CONTROL INFOR
MATION SUCH AS THE SUBSCRIBER IDENTI`CATION
NUMBER AND THE SERVICE TYPE 4HE UPPER
LAYER PROTOCOLS EMPLOYED ARE AS FOLLOWS
-3 "43 MOBILE CALL PROCESSING PART
-#00
"43 "3# "3 APPLICATION PART "3!0
"3# -8 "3 MOBILE APPLICATION PART
"3-!0
-8 (,2!# OR 3-3 -# -40  SIG
NALING CONNECTION CONTROL PART 3##0 
TRANSACTION CAPABILITY 4#!0  AND
MOBILE APPLICATION PART -!0 

4HESE UPPER LAYER PROTOCOLS ARE EXE

CUTED IN THE CONTROL BLOCKS %ACH FUNCTIONAL
ENTITY HAS ITS OWN CONTROL BLOCK WHICH CON
SISTS OF A NUMBER OF PROCESSORS 4HE PROCES
SORS IN EACH BLOCK EMPLOY THE FAST PACKET
TRANSMISSION TECHNIQUE TO HANDLE A LARGE
AMOUNT OF TRAbC !LL THE CONTROL BLOCKS
PERFORMING THE MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS HAVE
REDUNDANT PROCESSORS TO WARRANT SYSTEM RE
LIABILITY

)6 3%26)#% #/.42/, !.$

-!.!'%-%.4 &5.#4)/.
 #ALL #ONTROL



3UNGMOON 3HIN ET AL

4HE CALL CONTROL SCHEMES FOR THE PRIMARY

SERVICES ARE DISCUSSED HERE 4HE PRIMARY
SERVICES ARE VOICE DATA AND SHORT MESSAGE
SERVICES

! 6OICE 3ERVICE
4HE VOICE SERVICE IS THE MOST IMPORTANT
AMONG THE PRIMARY SERVICES &IGURE  SHOWS
THE CALL CONTROL PROCEDURE FOR THE VOICE COM
MUNICATION 4HE SIGNALING MESSAGES FOR THE
CONTROL ARE EXCHANGED ACCORDING TO THE SIG
NALING PROTOCOL DISCUSSED IN THE PREVIOUS
SECTION 4HERE EXIST TWO TYPES OF CALLS MO
BILE ORIGINATED CALL AND MOBILE TERMINATED
CALL
4HE -3 STARTS AN ORIGINATED CALL BY
SENDING A CALL ORIGINATION MESSAGE TO ITS CELL
"43 )F THE "43 HAS AN AVAILABLE CHANNEL
FOR THE CALL THE "43 INFORMS THE ORIGINAT
ING -3 OF THE 7ALSH CODE AND FRAME O_
SET CORRESPONDING TO THE AVAILABLE CHANNEL
4HEN THE "43 REQUESTS ITS "3# A CONNEC
TION 4HE "3# ASSIGNS A SELECTOR UPON RE
QUEST !S SOON AS THE SELECTOR CON`RMS THE
ORIGINATING -3 THE "3# REQUESTS THE -8
A CALL CONNECTION 4HE -8 REQUESTS THE !#
THE AUTHENTICATION STATUS OF THE ORIGINATING
-3 5PON RECEIVING AN AbRMATION FROM THE
!# THE -8 ACCEPTS THIS CALL AND CONNECT
THE -3 TO THE DESTINATION
)N THE TERMINATED CALL THE ROUTING INFOR
MATION OF THE TERMINATED -3 IS INFORMED
FROM THE (,2 4HE -8 KNOWING THE LO
CATION AREA OF THE TERMINATED -3 REQUESTS
THE CORRESPONDING "3# A PAGING 4HE "3#
IN TURN INFORMS THE CORRESPONDING "43 OF

%42) *OURNAL VOLUME  NUMBER  /CTOBER 

THE PAGING REQUEST 4HE "43 THEN PAGES

THE -3 !FTER RECEIVING THE RESPONSE TO THE
PAGING REQUEST FROM THE DESTINATION -3 THE
"43 ASSIGNS A 7ALSH CODE AND A FRAME O_
SET FOR THE -3 4HE "3# RECEIVES THE PAG
ING RESPONSE FROM THE "43 AND ALLOCATES A
SELECTOR FOR THE CALL !FTER CON`RMING THE
CONNECTION WITH THE -3 THE "3# SENDS THE
PAGING RESPOND TO ITS -8 4HE -8 ACCOM
PLISHES THE DESIRED CONNECTION &OR THE MO
BILE TO MOBILE CALLS BOTH OF THE ABOVE CALL
PROCEDURES ARE PERFORMED





#$#%



"  !




 
  









 
  






 







&IG  #-3 DATA COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL STRUCTURE

-4 TRANSMITTING DATA ARE TRANSFERRED TO THE
43" IN THE "3# VIA 2#0 IN THE "43 43" IS
THE TRANSCODER  SELECTOR BANK

" $ATA 3ERVICE

&IGURE  SHOWS THE #-3 PROTOCOL STRUC
TURE FOR THE DATA SERVICE 4WO STEPS ARE
TAKING PLACE TO PROVIDE A DATA SERVICE 4HE
`RST STEP IS TO CONNECT THE MOBILE TERMINAL
 -4 TO THE -8 4HE CONNECTION PROCE
DURE IS THE SAME AS THE CALL CONTROL PROCE
DURE OF THE VOICE COMMUNICATION 4HE SEC
OND STEP IS TO ESTABLISH THE DATA COMMUNI

3UNGMOON 3HIN ET AL

%42) *OURNAL VOLUME  NUMBER  /CTOBER 















 




 




  






















 



















  















&IG  #-3 3-3 PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE #!) IS THE COMMON AIR INTERFACE 

CATIONS PROTOCOL 4HE -4 CORRESPONDS TO

THE -3
$ATA COMMUNICATIONS INCLUDE THE '
FACSIMILE SERVICES AND ASYNCHRONOUS DATA
SERVICES SUCH AS `LE TRANSFERRINGS 4HE -8
CAN COMMUNICATE WITH 034. THROUGH THE
MODEM POOLS OR COMMUNICATE DIRECTLY WITH
030$. OR )3$. USING THE DIGITAL TRANS
MISSION PROTOCOL 4HE INTERWORKING FUNC
TION )7& CONNECTING TO THE -8 EXECUTES
SUCH CONNECTIONS !S SHOWN IN &IG  THE
DATA SERVICES NEED THE TERMINAL EQUIPMENT
 4% AND THE -4 4HE -4 EMULATES
THE MODEM FUNCTION 4HE APPLICATION IN
TERFACE PART !)0 RESIDING IN THE -4 ES
TABLISHES THE CONNECTION WITH THE MODEM
POOL OF THE )7& !NY TRANSMISSION ERROR
THAT MIGHT OCCUR IN THE LINK IS RECOVERED
VIA !21 PERFORMED BY THE 43"

# 3HORT -ESSAGE 3ERVICES

4HE #-3 PROVIDES TWO 3-3 TELESERVICES
CELLULAR PAGING TELESERVICE #04 AND CELLU
LAR MESSAGING TELESERVICE #-4  4HE #04

TRANSFERS THE MAXIMUM  CHARACTERS 4HE

#-4 TRANSFERS THE MAXIMUM  CHARAC
TERS INCLUDING CONTROL INFORMATION ;= 4HE
SHORT MESSAGES ARE TRANSFERRED UTILIZING THE
SIGNALING MESSAGES OF THE CONTROL CHANNEL
AS WELL AS THE TRAbC CHANNEL ON THE OTHER
HAND THE VOICE OR DATA IS TRANSFERRED UTILIZ
ING ONLY THE TRAbC CHANNEL &IGURE  SHOWS
THE 3-3 PROTOCOL STRUCTURE 7HILE THE DATA
IS TRANSFERRED IN REAL TIME THROUGH )7& THE
SHORT MESSAGE IS TRANSFERRED IN THE STORE AND
FORWARD SCHEME 4HE 3-3 TRANSPORT LAYER
CORRECTS ANY TRANSMISSION ERROR THROUGH RE
TRANSMISSION AND PROVIDES THE 3-3 BEARER
SERVICE 4HE -3 HAS A SHORT MESSAGE ENTITY
WHICH IS USED IN STORING OR DISPLAYING THE
RECEIVED SHORT MESSAGE

 (ANDO_
4HE #-3 PROVIDES THREE TYPES OF HAND
O_ SOFTER HANDO_ SOFT HANDO_ AND HARD
HANDO_ 4HE SOFTER HANDO_ REFERS TO THE
HANDO_ BETWEEN TWO NEIGHBORING SECTORS IN



3UNGMOON 3HIN ET AL

A CELL )T IS IMPLEMENTED IN ONE CHANNEL

CARD 4HE CHANNEL CARD PROCESSES THE RADIO
SIGNALS UTILIZING THE RAKE RECEIVER 4HE SOFT
HANDO_ REFERS TO THE HANDO_ BETWEEN NEIGH
BORING CELLS 4HE SELECTOR PERFORMS THE SOFT
HANDO_ )T CHOOSES THE BEST PACKET AMONG
THE TRANSFERRED PACKETS FROM i "43S AND
SENDS IT TO THE CORRESPONDING TRANSCODER
4HE HARD HANDO_ OCCURS WHEN THE SITUA
TION NEEDS ONE OF THE THREE CHANGES THE
DI_ERENT FREQUENCY ASSIGNMENT THE DI_ER
ENT FRAME O_SET ASSIGNMENT AND THE CHANGE
OF -8 AREA 4HE APPROPRIATE SELECTOR
IS CHOSEN IN EACH SITUATION
4HE -8
AREA IS CHANGED AT THE -8 4HE `RST TWO
CASES OCCUR WHEN THE CHANNEL OF THE SAME
BANDWIDTH OR FRAME O_SET IS NOT AVAILABLE
4HE MOBILE ASSISTED HANDO_ -!(/ AND
THE NETWORK CONTROL HANDO_ .#(/ TECH
NIQUES MAKE THE FREQUENCY HANDO_ POSSI
BLE WITHOUT THE BEACON PILOT INCREASING THE
SYSTEM COMPLEXITY 4HESE USE THE INFORMA
TION SUCH AS THE -3 "43 ROUND TRIP DE
LAY 24$  THE FORWARD LINK POWER CONTROL
AND THE RECEIVED SIGNAL STRENGTH TO EXECUTE
HANDO_ 4HE #-3 CAN ALSO USE THE BEACON
PILOT FOR THE FREQUENCY HANDO_

 !UTHENTICATION
!UTHENTICATION IS REQUIRED TO PROTECT
AND QUALIFY BONA`DE SUBSCRIBERS %ACH SUB
SCRIBER IS REQUIRED TO CARRY A SECRET DATA
AND IS SERVED ONLY WHEN THE SECRET DATA IS
MATCHED TO THE ONE STORED IN THE AUTHEN
TICATION CENTER !#  4HE SECRET DATA CAN
BE CHANGED DURING THE REGISTRATION OR THE

%42) *OURNAL VOLUME  NUMBER  /CTOBER 

CALL ATTEMPT UPON REQUEST )T CONSISTS OF

A RANDOM CHALLENGE NUMBER 2!.$#  AN
AUTHENTICATION INFORMATION !54(  AND A
CALL HISTORY COUNT 4HE SECRET DATA IS EX
AMINED BY THE !# DURING THE AUTHENTICA
TION 4HE 2!.$# PROTECTS THE AUTHENTI
CATION ALGORITHM FROM REVELATION )T IS GEN
ERATED BY THE BASESTATION MANAGER "3-
AND IS USED BY BOTH THE "43 AND THE !#

 ,OCATION -ANAGEMENT
4HE INFORMATION ON THE SUBSCRIBERS LO
CATION IS REQUIRED AND MAINTAINED BY THE
#-3 4HE LOCATION REGISTRATIONS ARE BASED
ON THE TIME ZONE DISTANCE POWER ONO_
ORDER PARAMETER CHANGE IMPLICIT AND TRAF
`C CHANNEL REGISTRATION ;= 4HE TRAbC CHAN
NEL REGISTRATION OCCURS AFTER THE HANDO_ )T
IS STORED IN AND MANAGED BY THE 6,2 AND
(,2 7HILE THE 6,2 LIMITS IT TO THE SUB
SCRIBERS IN THE CORRESPONDING -8 AREA THE
(,2 INCLUDES ALL THE SUBSCRIBERS IN THE SER
VICE AREA 7HEN A SUBSCRIBER PASSES FROM
AN -8 AREA TO ANOTHER THE 6,2 IS CHANGED
BY THE NOTI`CATION FROM THE (,2

 2ESOURCE -ANAGEMENT
4HE #-3 RADIO LINK RESOURCES ARE MAN
AGED TO OPTIMIZE THE LINK CAPACITY AND SER
VICE QUALITY #UTTING O_ THE ONGOING CALL
IS A SERIOUS DAMAGE TO THE SERVICE QUALITY
4HE #-3 RESERVES A FEW CHANNELS FOR HAND
O_S WITH THE HIERARCHICAL PRIORITY 4HE HI
ERARCHICAL PRIORITY IS AIMED AT USING THE RE
SERVED CHANNEL E_ECTIVELY !N -3 REQUEST
ING HANDO_ BY THE WEAK PILOT OF THE DES
TINATION CELL IS ASSIGNED A CHANNEL WITH NO

%42) *OURNAL VOLUME  NUMBER  /CTOBER 

PRIORITY (OWEVER THE -3 REQUESTING HAND

O_ BY THE STRONG PILOT OF THE DESTINATION CELL
IS ASSIGNED A CHANNEL WITH PRIORITY 4HE RE
SERVED CHANNEL IS ALSO ASSIGNED THE -3 IN
AN URGENT CASE 4HE HANDO_ CHANNELS ARE
MANAGED SO THAT THE FREQUENCY HANDO_ SEL
DOM OCCURS 4HE FREQUENCY HANDO_ TAKES
PLACE WHEN SOFT HANDO_ IS NOT AVAILABLE

 /!- -ANAGEMENT
4HE /!- MANAGEMENT CONSISTS OF FOUR
FUNCTIONS PROGRAM DOWNLOAD CON`GURA
TION MANAGEMENT FAULT MANAGEMENT AND
ACCOUNT 4HE "3 PROGRAM AND CON`GURA
TION INFORMATION ARE TRANSFERRED FROM THE
"3- TO THE "3 CONTROL BLOCKS 4HE SYS
TEM FAULT OR FAILURE IS DETECTED ISOLATED AND
RECOVERED BY THE FAULT MANAGEMENT 4HE
ALARM GENERATES AN ALARM SIGNAL IMMEDI
ATELY WHEN ANY SYSTEM FAULT OR MALFUNCTION
IS DETECTED 4HE ALARM SIGNAL ENABLES THE
#-3 OPERATOR TO LOCATE THE PLACE AND TIME
AT WHICH THE FAULT HAS OCCURRED 4HE AC
COUNT INFORMATION IS STORED AND MANAGED
AT THE (,2
4HESE /!- FUNCTIONS USE THE DATABASE
AND LIBRARY WHICH ARE RUN UNDER THE OPERAT
ING SYSTEM /3  4HE DATABASE CONTAINS THE
INFORMATION ON THE RESOURCE MOBILITY AND
OPERATING STATUS TO NAME A FEW 4HE CALL
PROCESSING DATA ARE ALSO CONTAINED IN THE
DATABASE 4HE LIBRARY PROVIDES THE SYSTEM
PROGRAMMERS WITH THE /3 ORIENTED PROGRAM
LANGUAGE 4HE /!- INFORMATION ON THE "3
IS GATHERED AND MANAGED BY THE "3- 4HIS
INFORMATION IS ALSO GATHERED AND MANAGED

3UNGMOON 3HIN ET AL



BY THE OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE CENTER

/-# THAT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE NETWORK
/!-

 #ELL "OUNDARY -ANAGEMENT

4HE CELL BOUNDARY MANAGEMENT IS TO OP
TIMIZE THE SYSTEM PERFORMANCE AND THE "3
TOTAL CAPACITY )T INCLUDES BREATHING BLOS
SOMING WILTING AND TRAbC LOAD SHEDDING
4HE FOLLOWING DESCRIBES EACH TERM
4HE BREATHING BALANCES THE FORWARD
LINK HANDO_ BOUNDARY AND THE REVERSE
LINK HANDO_ BOUNDARY DURING THE NOR
MAL OPERATION )T MAXIMIZES THE LINK
CAPACITY
4HE BLOSSOMING INDICATES THE GRADUAL
INCREASE OF THE "43 TRANSMIT POWER
WHEN A CELL IS INITIALLY ACTIVATED ! SUD
DEN ACTIVATION CAUSES A SUDDEN INCREASE
IN THE TOTAL FORWARD LINK BACKGROUND
POWER 4HIS RESULTS IN THE DEGRADA
TION OF THE FORWARD LINK QUALITY AND MAY
CAUSE THE CALL DROPS OF THE NEIGHBORING
CELLS 4HE BLOSSOMING ALLOWS OTHER CELL
"43S TO ADJUST THEIR TRANSMIT POWER TO
MAINTAIN THE LINK QUALITY AT THE ACCEPT
ABLE LEVEL
4HE WILTING IS THE OPPOSITE CONCEPT
OF THE BLOSSOMING AND GRADUAL DECREASE
OF THE E_ECTIVE RADIATED POWER %20
WHEN THE CELL IS DEACTIVATED
4HE TRAbC LOAD SHEDDING IS TO BALANCE
USER TRAbC LOADS AMONG ADJACENT CELLS
BY ADJUSTING THE CELL RADII 4HE HEAVILY
LOADED "43 SHRINKS ITS COVERAGE AREA
WHILE THE SPARSELY LOADED NEIGHBORING



3UNGMOON 3HIN ET AL

%42) *OURNAL VOLUME  NUMBER  /CTOBER 

"43 INCREASES ITS COVERAGE AREA &IG

URE  SHOWS THE CONCEPT OF THE TRAbC
LOAD SHEDDING



 
 





6 #-3 $%3)'.






THE POWER CONTROL PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS

POWER CONTROL THRESHOLD VALUE AND TRANSMIS
SION GAIN OF THE FORWARD TRAbC CHANNEL

 #-3 3TRUCTURE




&,  * + 

&)  * + 
 &'(

&IG  4RAbC LOAD SHEDDING

 0ERFORMANCE -EASUREMENT
4HE PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT IS NEC
ESSARY TO ASSURE PROPER #-3 OPERATIONS
4HE #-3 MEASURES THE LINK PERFORMANCE
PARAMETERS 4HE #$-! SYSTEM ANALYSIS
TOOL #3!4 COLLECTS AND ANALYZES THE PERFOR
MANCE DATA 4HERE ARE TWO TYPES OF PER
FORMANCE PARAMETERS IN THE #3!4 THE PER
FORMANCE ANALYSIS PARAMETER AND THE TRAF
`C ANALYSIS PARAMETER 4HE TRAbC ANALY
SIS PARAMETER CONTAINS THE NUMBER OF CALL
ATTEMPTSAPPROVALS PER UNIT INTERVAL VOICE
ACTIVITY PER CALL THE NUMBER OF HANDO_S
PER UNIT INTERVAL AND HANDO_ PARAMETERS
4HE PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS PARAMETER CON
TAINS THE &%2S OF THE FORWARD AND REVERSE
LINKS BURST ERROR RATE THE %B . RECEIVED
AT THE "43 AND THE -3 THE NUMBER OF
`NGERS IN OPERATION AND THE SIGNAL ENERGY
CONTAINED IN EACH `NGER )T ALSO DERIVES

!LL THE FEATURES DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY

HAVE BEEN IMPLEMENTED BASED ON THE SYSTEM
REFERENCE MODEL ;= ;= )NDIVIDUAL FUNCTION
IS ALLOCATED TO THE FUNCTIONAL ENTITY DE`NED
IN THE MODEL ! SUBSYSTEM CORRESPONDS TO A
FUNCTIONAL ENTITY OR A COMBINATION OF A FEW
ENTITIES 4HE SUBSYSTEM IS DESIGNED BY CON
SIDERING THE CONTROL EbCIENCY OF THE OVER
ALL SYSTEM AND ECONOMY FOR PHYSICAL REAL
IZATION
4HE -3# THE 6,2 AND THE %)2 ARE
REALIZED WITHIN THE PHYSICAL -8 SUBSYS
TEM 4HE (,2 AND THE !# ARE REALIZED
IN THE (,2!# SUBSYSTEM 4HE INTERFACE
WITH THE OTHER NETWORKS SUCH AS 034. AND
)3$. IS DONE AT THE -8 &IGURE  SHOWS
THE #-3 STRUCTURE INDICATING THE SUBSYS
TEM COMPONENTS AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIP
4HE MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF THE SUBSYSTEMS ARE
DISCUSSED IN THE FOLLOWING

! -OBILE 3TATION
4HE -3 IS A PHYSICAL EQUIPMENT USED
BY THE #-3 SUBSCRIBER 4HIS PROVIDES A
SUBSCRIBER WITH THE RADIO PATH TO THE NET
WORK 4HERE ARE TWO TYPES OF -3 THE MO
BILE EQUIPPED -3 AND THE PORTABLE -3
4HE VOICE COMMUNICATION REQUIRES ONLY THE

3UNGMOON 3HIN ET AL

%42) *OURNAL VOLUME  NUMBER  /CTOBER 







6

#
@

(@

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7



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4



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.3.

.
.!

7.

87

8

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&IG  #-3 FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE -&# IS THE MULTI FREQUENCY CONTROL 

MOBILE TERMINATION -4 FUNCTION 4HE

OTHER SERVICES REQUIRE THE ADDITIONAL FUNC
TIONS SUCH AS THE TERMINAL EQUIPMENT 4% 
THE TERMINAL ADAPTOR 4!  OR THE COMBINA
TION THEREOF 4HE -3 IS EQUIPPED WITH THE
MOBILE EQUIPMENT IDENTITY -%) AND THE
MOBILE SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY -3) FOR IDENTI
`CATION

" "ASE 3TATION

4HE "3 IS A PHYSICAL EQUIPMENT USED IN
PROVIDING THE "3 AREA SUBSCRIBERS WITH THE
RADIO PATHS 4HE "3 CONSISTS OF THREE KINDS
OF EQUIPMENTS "43 FOR THE TRANSMISSION
AND RECEPTION OF THE RADIO SIGNALS "3# FOR
THE "3 CONTROL AND "3- FOR THE "3 /!-
4HE "43 IS THE PHYSICAL EQUIPMENT
NEEDED TO COMMUNICATE WITH THE SUB
SCRIBERS OF ITS CELL AREA
&OR THE RA
DIO TRANSMISSION AND RECEPTION LOW NOISE

AMPLI`ER POWER AMPLI`ER SIGNAL COM

BINERDISTRIBUTOR AND FREQUENCY CONVERTER
ARE INSTALLED IN THE RADIO FREQUENCY UNIT
2&5  &OR THE RADIO SIGNAL PROCESSING THE
MODULATIONDEMODULATION #$-! CHANNEL
CODINGDECODING AND THE '03 RECEIVER ARE
IN THE #$-! DIGITAL UNIT #$5  4HE CALL
PROCESS AND /!- FUNCTIONS ARE EXECUTED
IN THE "43 CONTROL PROCESSOR "#0  4HE
PACKET ROUTES AND THE PATH BETWEEN THE
"43 AND THE "3# ARE PROVIDED BY THE "43
INTERCONNECTION NETWORK "). 
4HE "3# MANAGES THE "3 RESOURCES
AND CONTROLS THE "3 AREA SUBSCRIBERS !LL
THE TRAbC PACKETS FROM -3S ARE PROCESSED
IN THE "3# 4HE PACKET SELECTION DUR
ING THE HAND O_S AND VOICE PACKET CON
VERSION BETWEEN CODE EXCITED LINEAR PRE
DICTION #%,0 AND 0#- ARE EXECUTED IN



3UNGMOON 3HIN ET AL

THE TRANSCODER  SELECTOR BANK 43"  4HE

43" CONNECTS TO THE -8 USING THE %
TRUNKS 4HE "3# CALL PROCESS AND "3#
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ARE EXECUTED IN THE
CALL CONTROL PROCESSOR ##0  4HE #$-!
INTERCONNECTION NETWORK #). SWITCHES THE
"3# INTERNAL PACKETS AND PROVIDES THE PATH
TO THE "43 4HE CLOCK GENERATION  DISTRIB
UTOR #+$ PROVIDES 43"S WITH THE CLOCK
SIGNALS DERIVED FROM THE '03
4HE "3- PROVIDES THE /!- FUNCTIONS
FOR THE "3 EQUIPMENT 4HE PROGRAM LOAD
ING FOR "3 OPERATIONS FAULT COLLECTION FOR
"3 MAINTENANCE ARE EXECUTED IN THE "3-0
4HE MAN MACHINE INTERFACE --) FUNC
TION FOR "3 OPERATORS IS ALSO INCLUDED IN THE
"3-0 4HE !,- GENERATES ALARM SIGNALS
WHEN THE "3 EQUIPMENT `NDS ANY FAULT OR
MALFUNCTION

# -OBILE %XCHANGE
4HE -8 IS A PHYSICAL EQUIPMENT NEEDED
TO COMMUNICATE WITH THE SUBSCRIBERS OF ITS
-8 AREA &OR THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE
ORIGINATING -3 AND THE DESTINATION THE -8
CALL PROCESS 0#- BASED TIME SWITCH AND
-8 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ARE CARRIED OUT IN
THE ACCESS SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM !33  4HE
LOCA TION MANAGEMENT AND INTERNETWORKING
WITH 034. OR )3$. IS ALSO DONE VIA THE
!33 4HE -8 LOCATION MANAGEMENT IS PER
FORMED BY THE 6,2 6,2 IS REALIZED IN
THE CENTRAL CONTROL SUBSYSTEM ##3  4HE
-8 COMMUNICATES WITH THE (,2!# FOR
THE LOCATION MANAGEMENT AND AUTHENTICA
TION 4HE INTERCONNECTION NETWORK SUBSYS
TEM ).3 IS THE -8 INTERNAL SWITCHES

%42) *OURNAL VOLUME  NUMBER  /CTOBER 

$ (OME ,OCATION 2EGISTER!UTHENTICATION

#ENTER
4HE (,2!# STORES AND MANAGES THE
#-3 SUBSCRIBER INFORMATION INCLUDING THE
SUBSCRIBER LOCATIONS AND SERVICE PRO`LES
4HE AUTHENTICATION DATA ARE ALSO STORED IN
THIS SUBSYSTEM 4HIS IS A DATABASE TO REG
ISTER #-3 SUBSCRIBER DATA 4HE (,2!#
COMMUNICATES DIRECTLY WITH THE -8 UTILIZ
ING THE COMMON CHANNEL SIGNALING  ##3
 

% 3HORT -ESSAGE 3ERVICE -ESSAGE #ENTER

4HE 3-3 -# IS USED IN PROVIDING THE
SHORT MESSAGE SERVICES 4HIS STORES AND
REMITS SHORT MESSAGES UPON SUBSCRIBER RE
QUEST 4HE 3-3 -# COMMUNICATES DI
RECTLY WITH THE -8 UTILIZING ##3 

 3YSTEM #ON`GURATION
4HE #-3 CHANNEL CAPACITY IS DETER
MINED BY THE SYSTEM CON`GURATION 4HE
SYSTEM CON`GURATION IS CHANGEABLE BY SIM
PLY ADDING OR REMOVING SUBSYSTEM CARDS
4HE aEXIBILITY OF THE "3 CON`GURATION IS
SHOWN IN &IG 
!CCORDING TO THE TESTS CONDUCTED ;= A
RADIO LINK IN A SINGLE SECTOR CELL CAN PRO
VIDE APPROXIMATELY  CHANNELS 4HE LINK
CAPACITY TURNS OUT TO DECREASE IN THE THREE
SECTOR CELL SLIGHTLY 4HUS THE "43 WITH
THREE SECTORS AND FOUR FREQUENCIES PROVIDES
APPROXIMATELY  CHANNELS %ACH "43 IS
DESIGNED TO ACCOMMODATE UP TO EIGHT %
OR 4 TRUNKS CONNECTING TO THE "3#

3UNGMOON 3HIN ET AL

%42) *OURNAL VOLUME  NUMBER  /CTOBER 

. 2*0

"

.





6
.9



6

. 2*1


6






6
.9

!

6

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6

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. 2*1







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. 2*6

6

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6

6

6

&IG  "3 CON`GURATION "3# CONSISTS OF UP TO  #).S ! "43 HAS MAXIMUM  TRUNKS 

/NE "3# GROUP "3#' CAN ACCOMMO

DATE THE MAXIMUM  % OR 4 TRUNKS CON
NECTING WITH THE SUBORDINATE "43S 4HIS
MEANS  "43S CAN BE CONNECTED TO A
"3#' IF ONE TRUNK PER "43 IS USED 4HE
CALL BLOCKING PROBABILITY MUST BE CONSIDERED
TO DETERMINE THE OPTIMUM NUMBER OF "43S
PER "3#' 4HE "3# IS DESIGNED TO INSTALL
THE MAXIMUM  "3#'S AND ACCOMMODATE
UP TO  "43S /NE 43" CAN HANDLE 
VOICE CHANNELS /NE "3#' SUPPORTS MAX
IMUM  43"S WHICH CORRESPOND TO 
VOICE CHANNELS %ACH 43" IS CONNECTED TO
THE -8 USING TWO % TRUNKS ! "3# AC
COMMODATES UP TO  VOICE CHANNELS
4HE -8 CONSISTS OF MAXIMUM  AC
CESS SWITCH SUBSYSTEMS !33S CORRESPOND
ING TO  % OR 4 TRUNK CHANNELS )T
INTERCONNECTS TO THE "3# UTILIZING MAXI
MUM  !33 MOBILES !33 -S  4HE -8

PROVIDES THE MAXIMUM  %RLANG AND

 BUSY HOUR CALL ATTEMPTS "(#!
;= 4HE 6,2 STORES THE MAXIMUM 
SUBSCRIBER DATA 4HE (,2!# HANDLES UP
TO  SIGNALING TRUNKS AND STORES THE MAX
IMUM  SUBSCRIBER DATA 4ABLE 
SUMMARIZES THE ABOVE `GURES

6) !2%!3 /& &5452%

2%3%!2#(
4HE CELL CAPACITY IS NOT `XED BUT VARY
ING 4HE CELL CAPACITY FOR EXAMPLE IS AF
FECTED BY THE TRAbC LOAD IN THE CHANNELS OF
THE NEIGHBORING CELLS ;= 4HEREFORE IT IS AD
VISABLE THAT THE RADIO CHANNELS BE ASSIGNED
ADAPTIVELY TO THE VARYING TRAbC LOAD TO SE
CURE THE OPTIMUM CELL CAPACITY 4RAbC LOAD



3UNGMOON 3HIN ET AL

%42) *OURNAL VOLUME  NUMBER  /CTOBER 

4ABLE  4HE MAXIMUM CAPACITY OF #-3 COMPO

NENTS

3UBSYSTEM #OMPONENT
"43

-AXIMUM
CAPACITY

2EMARKS

 #H

 SECTORS 
 FREQ

 #H  "3#'S

"3#

"3#'

 #H

43"

 #H
 #H

-8
!33
(,2!#

 43"S

 !33S

 #H

3UBSCRIBERS

CAN BE REDISTRIBUTED AMONG THE NEIGHBOR

ING CELLS BY REDE`NING THE CELL BOUNDARIES TO
OPTIMIZE THE OVERALL CHANNEL CAPACITY 7E
RECOMMEND A FURTHER RESEARCH ON THE ADAP
TIVE CHANNEL ALLOCATION DYNAMIC CELL BOUND
ARY MANAGEMENT AND TRAbC LOAD SHEDDING
;= ;= !MONG OTHERS A FURTHER STUDY ON
THE DYNAMIC POWER CONTROL IS ALSO RECOM
MENDED 4HE E_ECTIVE TRANSMIT POWER CON
TROL OF BOTH THE -3S AND "3S IS A KEY TO
REDUCE THE CHANNEL INTERFERENCE AND THUS
TO IMPROVE THE CELL CAPACITY

6)) #/.#,53)/.
4HE ARCHITECTURE OF THE #-3 DEVELOPED
BY %42) HAS BEEN DISCUSSED IN TERMS OF THE
#$-! MOBILE FUNCTIONS 4HESE FUNCTIONS
ARE GROUPED INTO SERVICE MANAGEMENT SER
VICE CONTROL AND SERVICE RESOURCE FUNCTIONS

4HE #-3 SERVICES ARE SUPPORTED BY THESE

FUNCTIONS )MPLEMENTATION OF THESE FUNC
TIONS ARE THE MAJOR CONCERN OF THE #-3 AR
CHITECTURE
4HE #-3 CONSISTS OF SEVEN SUBSYSTEMS
-3 "43 "3# "3- -8 (,2!# AND
3-3 -# 4HESE SUBSYSTEMS ARE IMPLE
MENTED BASED ON THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
SYSTEM REFERENCE MODEL OF THE CELLULAR SYS
TEMS 4HE SIGNALING AND NETWORK PROTOCOLS
CONFORM TO THE /3) STRUCTURE
%ACH SUBSYSTEM CONSISTS OF A NUMBER OF
MODULARIZED CARDS 4HE SYSTEM SIZE CAN BE
CUSTOMIZED TO MEET THE USER REQUIREMENT
4HE #-3 CAPACITY IS aEXIBLE AND EXPAND
ABLE 4HE "43 AND "3# CAN PROVIDE MAXI
MUM  AND  VOICE CHANNELS RESPEC
TIVELY 4HE -8 CAN ACCOMMODATE UP TO
 MOBILES AT THE SAME TIME 4HE #-3
CONTROL BLOCKS ARE BUILT WITH REDUNDANCY TO
WARRANT SYSTEM RELIABILITY

2%&%2%.#%3
;= $0 7HIPPLE <.ORTH !MERICA CELLULAR
#$-! ( 0 *OUR VOL  NO  PP  
$EC 
;= : # &LUHR AND 0 4 0ORTER <#ONTROL ARCHITEC
TURE " 3 4 * VOL  NO  PP   *AN

;= %43) 'LOBAL 3YSTEM FOR -OBILE #OMMUNICATION
'3-  .OV 
;= 3 +IM 0 3ONG * +IM AND ( ,EE <)NVESTI
GATION OF #$-! AIR INTERFACE AND PROTOCOLS IN
THIS ISSUE PP  
;= 4)!%)!)3  #ELLULAR )NTERSYSTEM /PERA
TIONS 0.  *ULY 

%42) *OURNAL VOLUME  NUMBER  /CTOBER 

;= 9 . (AN + # (AN AND ( ' "AHK <!

#$-! BASED INFRASTRUCTURE ITS DEVELOPMENT
ARCHITECTURE AND `ELD TRIAL 0ROC -$-# .I
IGATA *APAN .OV  PP  
;= + 3 #HO # # 3ONE AND ( ,EE <4HE SYSTEM
STRUCTURE OF 4$8  DIGITAL MOBILE EXCHANGE
0ROC +)## /CT  PP  
;= + 3 'ILHOUSEN ) - *ACOBS 2 0ADOVANI !
* 6ITERBI , ! 7EAVER *R AND # % 7HEAT
LEY ))) </N THE CAPACITY OF A CELLULAR #$-!
SYSTEM )%%% 4RANS ON 6EHICULAR 4ECH VOL
 NO  PP   
;= 3 - 3HIN + * ,EE ( ,EE AND $ + 3UNG
<%_ECTS OF HANDO_ REGION ON #$-! REVERSE
LINK 0ROC -$-# .IIGATA *APAN .OV 
PP  
;= 8 ( #HEN AND #ALEB * ,EE +, <! NOVEL
ADAPTIVE TRAbC LOAD SHEDDING SCHEME FOR #$-!
CELLULAR MOBILE SYSTEMS 0ROC )##3 3INGA
PORE /CT  PP  

3UNGMOON 3HIN GRADUATED

FROM 3EOUL .ATIONAL 5NIVER
SITY WITH "3 DEGREE IN ELEC
TRONICS ENGINEERING IN 
AND -3 AND 0H $ DEGREES
FROM +OREA !DVANCED )NSTI
TUTE OF 3CIENCE AND 4ECHNOL
OGY +!)34 IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING IN  AND
 RESPECTIVELY 3INCE  HE HAS BEEN WITH
%42) AND IS CURRENTLY WORKING AT 2ADIO 0ROTOCOL
 3IGNALING 3ECTION (IS RESEARCH INTERESTS INCLUDE
LINK POWER ANALYSIS AND TRAbC MODELING WITH PER
FORMANCE EVALUATION IN DIGITAL AND MOBILE COMMUNI
CATIONS ESPECIALLY WITH SPREAD SPECTRUM AND #$-!
TECHNOLOGIES

(UN ,EE
3EE %42) *OURNAL VOL  NO  P  !PR 

3UNGMOON 3HIN ET AL



+I #HUL (AN WAS BORN IN

/SAN +OREA IN  (E RE
CEIVED THE "3 AND -3 DE
GREES IN MATERIALS ENGINEER
ING FROM +OREA 5NIVERSITY IN
 AND  RESPECTIVELY
AND 0H $ WITH SPECIALTY IN
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE ABSORBING MATERIALS FROM THE
SAME UNIVERSITY IN  3INCE HE JOINED %42) IN
 HE HAS WORKED FOR 4$8 SWITCHING SYSTEM DE
VELOPMENT AND #$-! MOBILE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
(E ALSO WORKED AS AN INVITED RESEARCHER AT !44
"ELL ,ABS FOR TWO YEARS STARTING  #URRENTLY HE
IS THE DIRECTOR OF -OBILE #OMMUNICATION 3YSTEM $E
PARTMENT (E HAS RECEIVED THE ORDER OF 3TEEL 4OWER
)NDUSTRIAL 3ERVICE -ERIT FROM THE KOREAN GOVERNMENT
FOR THE SUCCESS OF THE #$-! SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
(IS CURRENT RESEARCH INTERESTS INCLUDE NEW GENERATION
OF MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS AND WIRELESS MULTIMEDIA
COMMUNICATIONS