1. The capacitor has been added to the load in the circuit in Fig.

1 to maximize the
power absorbed by the 4000 resistor. What value of capacitance should be
used to accomplish that objective?

Fig. 1

Solution
The source impedance

Z S=800+ j5000 0.32=( 800+ j1600 ) =1788.8563.4 0

The load impedance

R
Z L=

( Cj ) = R j R C
2

j
C

Z L=Z S =

1+ ( RC )

R j R 2 C
=800 j1600
1+ ( RC )2

Equating real parts gives

800=

R
4000
800=
C=0.1 F
2
2
1+ ( RC )
1+ (5000 4000 C )

2. Many engineers are working to develop photovoltaic power plants that provide
ac power. An example of photovoltaic system is shown in Fig. 2 (a). A model of
one portion of the energy conversion circuit is shown in Fig. 2(b). Find the
average, reactive, and complex power delivered by the dependent source.

(b)

(a)
Fig. 2
Solution

Represent the circuit in the frequency domain and label the node voltages:

( 18 )V V = 1 V V
(8)
1

I=

Applying KCL at node 1 yields

V 1 V 1V 2
1 1
1

+5 0 0=0 +
V 1
V 2=5 00
2
j2
2 j2
j2

) ( )

( 0.5 j 0.5 ) V 1 + j0.5 V 2=5 0 0

Applying KCL at node 2 yields

V 2 V 2V 1
1
1
1

+ I =0
V 1+

V =I
j2
j2
j2
j2 j 2 2

( ) (

Substituting for I gives

( j12 )V +( j21 j12 ) V =( 18 )V V ( 0.125+ j 0.5 ) V +V =0

0.5 j 0.5
0.125+ j 0.5

][ ] [ ]

j0.5 V 1 = 5 0 0
1 V2
0

V 1=( 4.2667+ j 3.2 ) V =5.3334 36.9 V

0

V 2=( 1.0667 j 2.5333 ) V =2.748767.2 V

Then

( 18 ) ( 4.2667 j 2.5333) (1.0667 j 2.5333 )= (1.6+ j2.1333 ) A=2.666653.1 A

I =

S=

1
V
8 1

(() )

5.3336.90
2.6666 53.1
8
=
= j 0.8889 VAR
2
0

3. A student experimenter in the laboratory encounters all types of electrical

equipment. Some of test equipments are battery operated or operate at low
voltage so that any hazard is minimal. Other types of equipments are isolated
from electrical ground so that there is no problem are isolated from ground so
that there is no problem if a grounded object makes contact with the circuit.
Some types of test equipment, however, are supplied by voltages that can be
hazardous or have dangerous voltage outputs. Let the power supply used for
power and lighting in laboratories be 120V, 50 Hz sinusoidal supply grounded.
Consider the case in which the experimenter has one hand on a piece of
electrical equipment and the other hand on a ground connection, as in Fig. 3 (a).
The hand-to-hand resistance is 200 . Shocks with an energy of 30 J are
hazardous to humans. Consider the model in Fig. 3 (b), which represents the
human with R. Determine the energy delivered to the human in 1 s.

(b)

(a)

Fig. 3

Solution
From Fig. 3 (b), the total impedance

Z=

200 j200
=141.4214 450
200+ j 200

I=

120 00
0
=0.8545 A
0
141.4214 45

Current through the experimenter

I R=0.85450
2

j 200
=0.6 00 A
200+ j200

P=|I | R=0.6 2 200=72 W

The energy delivered to the human, w = 721 = 72 J

4. An AM radio receiver uses the parallel RLC circuit in Fig. 4.
frequency

f 0 at which the admittance Y is a pure conductance.

Determine the

Fig. 4
Solution

Y =G+Y L +Y C

Y = G when YL + YC = 0 or

0 =

1
+ jC=0
jL

1 rad
1
1
f 0=
=
=800 kHz
2 LC 2 39.6 1015
LC s

5. The idea of using an induction coil in a lamp isnt new, but applying it in a
commercially available product is. An induction coil in a bulb induces a high
frequency energy flow in mercury vapour to produce light. The lamp uses about
the same amount of energy as a fluorescent bulb but lasts six times longer, with
60 times the life of a conventional incandescent bulb. The circuit model of the
bulb and its associated circuit are shown in Fig. 5. Determine the voltage v(t)
across the 2 resistor when C = 40 F, L = 40 H,

0 =105

Solution

XC=

rad/s.

1
1
= 5
=0.25
C 10 40 106

Fig. 5

v s=10 cos ( 0 t+300 ) V , and

X L=L=10 40 10 =4
Applying mesh analysis
Loop 1 :

( 2 j0.25 ) I 1I 2 I 3 =0

Loop 2 :

I 1 + ( 2+ j 4 ) I 2 j 4 I 3 =10 30

Loop 3 :

I 1 j 4 I 2 + ( 3+ j 4 ) I 3=0

|
|

I3 =

|
|

(2 j0.25)
1
0
1
(2+ j 4) 10 300
1
j4
0

(2 j 0.25)
1
1
1
(2+ j 4) j 4
1
j4
(3+ j 4)

=( 2.3247+ j 2.2478 ) A=3.2337 44.040 A

v =2 I 3=2 3.2337 44.040=6.4674 cos ( 105 t + 44.040 ) V

6. A pocket-sized minidisc CD player has an amplifier circuit as in Fig. 6 with a
signal

v s=10 cos ( t +53.10 ) V

at = 10 krad/s.

Determine the Thevenin

equivalent at the output terminals a-b.

Fig. 6
Solution
First convert the circuit in Fig. 6 to frequency domain circuit.

Applying nodal analysis at VOC gives

V OC V OC 1053.10 3 I
+
=
j4
j2
2
Here

V OC 1053.10
I=
j2
Substituting I in node equation

V OC V OC 1053.10 3 V OC 10 53.10
+
=
j4
j2
2
j2

V OC =( 3+ j 4 ) V =5 53.1 V
To find Thevenin resistance, short circuit terminals ab, and apply nodal analysis
0

V
V
V 10 53.1 3 V 10 53.1
+
+
=
2 j4
j2
2
j2

V=
The short circuit current

3+ j 4
V
1 j1

V 3+ j 4
I SC = =
2 2 j 2

The Thevenin impedance

ZT =

V OC ( 3+ j 4 )
=
=( 2 j 2 )
I SC 3+ j 4
2 j 2

7. Using a tiny diamond-studded burr operating at 190,000 rpm, cardiologists can

remove life-threatening plaque deposits in coronary arteries. The procedure is
fast, uncomplicated, and relatively painless. The Rotablator, an angioplasty
system, consists of an advancer/catheter, a guide wire, a console, and a power
source. The advancer/catheter contains a tiny turbine that drives the flexible
shaft that rotates the catheter burr. The model of the operational and control
circuit is shown in Fig. 7. Determine v(t), the voltage that drives the tip, when

v s= 2cos ( 40 t1350 ) V .

Fig. 7

Solution
8. The development of coastal hotels in various parts of the world is a rapidly
growing enterprise. The need for enviromentally acceptable shark protection is
manifest where these developments take place alongside shark-infested waters.
One concept is to use an electrified line submerged in the eater to deter the
sharks, as in Fig. 8 (a). The circuit model of the electric fence is shown in Fig. 8
(b), in which the shark is represented by an equivalent resistance of 100 .
Determine the current flowing through the sharks body, i(t), when

v s=375 cos 400 t V .

(b)

(a)
Fig. 8

Solution

Applying KVL in clockwise direction to

0

Loop 1

j 75 I 1 j100 I 2=375 0

Loop 2

j100 I 1+100 I 2=0

I2 =

j75
375 0 0
j 100
0

j75
j100
j 100
100

= (1.8000+ j 2.4000 ) A=3 53.1 A

i=3 cos ( 400t +53 . 10 ) A

9. Spinal cord injuries result in paralysis of the lower body and cause loss of
bladder control. Numerous electrical devices have been proposed to replace the
normal nerve pathway stimulus for bladder control. Fig. 9 shows the model of a

v s=20 cos t

bladder control in which

V and = 100 rad/s. Find the steady-

state voltage across the 10 load resistor.

Fig. 9

Solution
Applying nodal analysis

V=

Vs
10 j

1
1102 100

10=

20 00
10=(10+ j10)V =10 2 45 0 V
10 j 10

Therefore

v ( t )=10 2 cos ( 100 t +45 0) V

10.People die from electric shock. If a person makes a good contact with his/her
hands, the circuit can be represented by Fig. 10, in which

v s=160 cos t V

and

= 2f. Find the steady state current i flowing through the body when (a) f = 60
Hz, and (b) f = 400 Hz.

Fig. 10

Solution
a) f = 60 Hz

XC=

1
1
=
=1326.29 ,
2 f 1 C 2 60 2 106

X L=2 f 1 L=2 60 100 103=37.699

Z=
I=

( 300+ j37.699 ) ( j 1326.29 )

= ( 301.4702 j 31.3841 )=303.0995.90
300+ j37.699 j 1326.29

VS
160 00
=
=0.5279 5.90 A i ( t ) =0.5279 cos ( 120 t +5.90 ) A
0
Z 303.0995.9

b) f = 400 Hz

XC=

1
1
=
=198.9437 ,
2 f 2 C 2 400 2 106

X L=2 f 2 L=2 400 100 103 =251.3274

Z=
I=

( 300+ j251.3274 )( j 198.9437 )

=( 128.02523 j221.2985 )=255.662859.90
300+ j251.3274 j198.9437

VS
160 00
=
=0.6258 59.90 A i ( t ) =0.6258 cos ( 800 t+59.90 ) A
0
Z 255.662859.9

11.The developer of a toy piano use a tone synthesizer and stereo speakers as in
Fig. 11. Determine the current i(t) for a tone at 796 Hz when C = 10 F.

Solution

Fig. 11

X L=2 fL=2 796 3 103=15.0042

V
120
I= =
=0.4836.90 A i ( t )=0.48 cos ( 1592 t36.90 ) A
Z ( 20+ j15.0042 )

12.Determine B and L for the circuit in Fig. 12, when

Fig. 12

i ( t )=B cos ( 3 t51.870 ) A .