Annotative Bibliographies Relevant to the Canadian North Shore of Lake Superior with

Particular Reference to the Area Recently Announced Lake Superior National Marine
Conservation Area
Lake Superior Research Group
Zack Kruzins
0216675
Mr. Darrell Makin
Outd 4011 (Lake Superior Directed Study)
April 28th, 2008

This is a compilation of resources that are relevant to Lake Superior and the area
designated as the Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area on the Canadian
shoreline between Silver Islet and Terrace Bay.
Most of the resources were gathered in the Lakehead University's Northern Studies
Resources Centre on the 5th Floor of the Paterson Library. Other sources were gathered
from the other floors of the Paterson Library, Waverly Library, the Ministry of Natural
Resources, the Internet and ofcourse, Darrell Makin's personal Lake Superior Library.
This list is just a starting foundation for the establishment of a resource centre with focus
on research within the entire Lake Superior Basin through the recently established Lake
Superior Research Group (LSRG). On top of the literature I reviewed I have included
relevant references that could not be found in the Paterson Library.
Through this project I have developed a thorough understanding of what kind of literature
is available and hopefully this list brief annotative bibliographies can be added to as the
Lake Superior Research Group grows.

Through this directed study I never worked harder on a school related project. It was very
stressful at times as things kept growing and we developed the LSRG. Everyone's
excitement kept me going and I was truly motivated with everyone's support, especially
yours and Robs. I am truly thankful for everything and can't wait to continue to develop
this project to see how it unfolds.
I found it quite difficult to categorize some of the different materials but came up with
this following headings:
Political/ News/ Conferences/Specialized
Personal Writings & Novels / Expeditions
Recreation/Tourism
Biology
Geology / Geomorphology
Geographic / Climate
Historical Cultural

I thought I would include this excerpt that I really enjoyed.

Excerpt from Superior: The Haunted Shore pg75
Despite their recent history of logging, the Slate Islands still retain the flavor of the
wilderness that once stretched around the north shore of Lake Superior. Long ago, when
caribou roamed the whole shore, crossing to the islands was a hazardous undertaking,
requiring a good eye for weather, and an hour or two of tense, hard paddling. To the
generations of First Nations who made that crossing, the Slate Islands would have
appeared much different than they do to a modern visitor. The islands are still mysterious
and alluring, beckoning hazily across the 12km open water crossing. They still promise
safe shelter and good fishing in their inland coves, and if the wind is kind it is possible to
escape into them from Terrace Bay. But with the speed of motorboats and the ease of
access, something vital and intangible has been lost. Perhaps it is the zest for life felt
when real danger lurks near, a zest, which sharpens all perceptions and experiences.
Although the Islands and their surroundings have not changed appreciably in the last few
centuries, our view of themour appreciationhas. Ease has diminished them; when
less is risked, less is gained.

Cultural/Historical
Littlejohn, B., Drew, W. (1995). Superior: The Haunted Shore. Willowdale, ON: Firefly
Books Ltd.
-

Good information on the history and mysteries of the Canadian North Shore of
Lake Superior. It contains world-class photography of the entire north shore in

high quality imagery. The stories tell the beauty, power, and amazing history of
this wondrous area.
Chisholm, B., Gutsche, A. (2006). Superior: Under the Shadow of the Gods. Toronto,
ON: Lynx Images Inc.
-

The bible for the complete history of the Canadian North Shore of Lake Superior.
Its stories of the incredible power of the inland ocean. It is about the ancient gods
who still haunt these waters and rocky headlands. Tales of ghost villages, islands,
shipwrecks, the railway and POW camps will fascinate in these stories told
through 200 sites, maps, and archival photographs.

Demers, J.W., Kelso, J.R.M. (1993). Our Living Heritage: The Glory of Nipigon. Echo
Bay, ON: Mill Creek.
-

A book on the history of the Nipigon Bay area. Focuses on preserving heritage,
glacial formation of the areas and history of logging and commercial fish in area.

Staples, Lindsay. (1981). Wilderness and Storytelling. National Museum of Man

Canadian Centre for Folk Culture Studies, paper #38
-

A collection of recorded autobiographical stories from lifelong residents of the

Lake Superior Region. They speak of their involvement with a landscape they are
native to. Mainly stories from an elderly man from Rossport Ontario named
Dolph King.

Wrigley, Ronald. (1985). Shipwrecked: Vessels that met tragedy on Northern Lake
Superior. Cobalt, ON: Highway Book Shop
-

Fairly detailed history of some of the most unknown shipwrecks on the Canadian
Northern shore of Lake Superior.

Boyer, Dwight. (1968). Ghost Ships of the Great Lakes. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co.
-

Stories of some of the most forgotten and little known ships on the Great Lakes
including the north shore of Lake Superior.

Marshall, James R. (1987). Shipwrecks of Lake Superior. Duluth, MN: Lake Superior
Magazine.
-

Article that tells the story of the great shipwrecks in Lake Superior, the crews that
sailed them and their place in history. It was written to try and keep the faded
memories alive.

Reid, Dorothy. (1963). Tales of Nanabozho. Canada. Oxford University Press.

Adventures and stories of Ojibwa belief in Nanabozoho, their creator-magician

(The Sleeping Giant). This book goes through interesting tales from the birth of
Nanabozoho to the coming of the white man.

Piper, W.S. (2001). The eagle of thunder cape. Thunder Bay, ON: The Thunder Bay
Historical Museum Society Inc.
-

Book written on stories of Ojibway people from William Piper spending time and
building relationships with them. The book tells Ojibway legends that are what
gave birth to the ancient peoples of the land on the shores of Lake Superior.

Henderson, Marion E. (1981). The McKellar story: McKellar pioneers of Lake Superior's
mineral country. Thunder Bay, ON: The McKellar Story Publication Committee.
-

A book of gathered information on Peter McKellar and his struggles. It contains a

section on early mining history on the Upper Great Lake and the long struggle to
get minerals to market. The other section provides detailed accounts of how the
McKellar family's discoveries contributed to Fort William and the greater
Northwestern Ontario region.

Hagar, Albert D. (Mar. 1865). Ancient Mining on the Shores of Lake Superior. Atlantic
Monthly 15: 308-315
-

A story of the discovery of an ancient copper mine off the coast of Minnesota.
Provides some evidence that native people mined copper along the shores of Lake
Superior.

Canada Treaties, etc. Ojibwa Indians. (1850 Sept. 7). Copy of the Robinson Treaty made
in the year 1850 with the Ojibewa Indians of Lake Superior, conveying certain
lands to the crown.
- The actual treaty that was signed allocating land to the crown.
Gutsche, A. & Bisaillon, C. (2002). Mysterious islands: forgotten tales of the Great
Lakes. Toronto, ON: Lynx Images Inc.
-

Descriptions about historical events or mysteries that took place of different

island throughout all the great lakes. Information on Canadian north shore of Lake
Superior Islands include: Angus Island, Pie Island, Silver Islet, Talbot Island,
Battle Island, Slate Islands, Michipicoten Island.

Nute, Grace Lee. (1944). The American Lakes Series: Lake Superior. New York: The
Bobbs-Merrill Company.
-

Stories written on the history of the Lake Superior. From a glance the book talks a
fair bit about the mining sites around the entire Lake. Emphasis is more on the
American shorelines but some of the Canadian north shore. Many interesting

historical photographs including a map of the lake made in 1672.

Roland, C.E. (1887). Algoma West, its mines, scenery, and industrial resources. Toronto,
ON: Warwick & Sons.
-

Detailed accounts of mining discover and the establishment of industry in

Northwestern Ontario. Many stories of travels on Lake Superior in search of
minerals to extract.

Sivertson, H. (1996). Tales of the old north shore. Duluth, MN: Lake Superior Port Cities
Inc.
-

Detailed accounts and painting telling stories of the voyageurs, explorers, traders,
and missionaries traveling up the American coastline to Prince Arthur Landing.
Detailed information about the lifestyle of people during the fur trade that can be
related to the historic route along the Canadian north shore.

Lund, D.R. (1993). The north shore of Lake Superior, yesterday and today. Cambridge,
MN: Adventure Publications.
-

Historical accounts of the American north shore of Lake Superior from Duluth
Minnesota to Thunder Bay Ontario. Information can be connected to the route
along the Canadian north shore.

Dean, P. (1992). Sagas of Superior the island sea and its Canadian shore.
Manitouwadge, ON: Great Spirit Writers.
-

This book is a nice overview of how the lake has changed from the beginning of
time to that of today. Contains a solid, easy to follow overview of the natural
history of the area including how it formed through time with geologic and glacial
processes. It also has information on the first inhabitants, early explorers,
industrial development and the tourism market of today.
Hansen, L.C. (1985). Research Report: The Annishinabek land claim and the
participation of the Indian people living on the north shore of Lake Superior in the
Robinson Superior Treaty, 1850. Office of Indian Resource Policy Ministry of
Natural Resources.
-

A research report that presents the historical facts which are known at this time
concerning the Anishinabek Land Claim and the participation of Indian people
living on the north shore of Lake Superior in the Robinson Superior Treaty, 1850.

Marcella, J. (1987). A history of Jackfish. Terrace Bay, ON: The Terrace Bay Public
Library.
-

This book is based largely of material gathered from a variety of different

researchers. Contains historical photos, descriptions, and documents from the

ghost town of Jackfish by Terrace Bay Ontario.

Brown, R. (1983). Ghost towns of Ontario, volume 2: Northern Ontario & cottage
country. Toronto, ON: Cannonbooks
-

Descripton of ghost towns all over Ontario. Contains information on Silver Islet
and Jackfish.

Dawson, K. C. A. (1987). Northwestern Ontario and the early contact period: the
northern Ojibwa from 1615-1715. Canadian Journal of Archaeology. 11, 143187.
-

An archaeological study of the Ojibwa people who once inhabited the shoreline of
the Canadian north shore of Lake Superior and northward to Hudson Bay.

Dawson, K.C.A. (1979). The Pukaska religious stone features of Lake Superior. Victoria,
BC: British Columbia Museum Heritage Record No. 8.
-

An archaeological study of the stone formations commonly referred to as

"Pukaskwa Pits" throughout the shoreline of Pukaskwa National Park. This study
has descriptions of the different types of formations that are similar to the ones
found throughout the Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area.

Dawson, K.C.A. (1965). Preliminary archeology examination at Dorion. Thunder Bay,

ON: Lakehead Region Conservation Authority.
-

An archeology study on the shores of Black Bay outside Dorion, Ontario.

Reid, C.S. (1980). Northern Ontario fur trade archaeology: recent research. Toronto. ON:
Historical Planning and Research Branch Ontario Ministry of Culture and
Recreation.
-

Contains several different reports on historical fur trade archeology. The reports
go into detail and contain plenty of maps and photos of excavations.

Morse, E.W. (1962). Canoe routes of the voyageurs: the geography and logistics of the
Canadian fur trade. Canadian Geographic Journal.
-

An good overview of the historic fur trade route across Canada made by the
voyageurs nearly 250 years ago. Includes some information on their route along
the Canadian north shore of Lake Superior.

Morrison, J. (2005). Along the CPR line: Schreiber to Fort William. Papers and Records,
Thunder Bay Historical Museum Society. 3-16.
-

History recovered by two residents of Schreiber in 1999. History of the Canadian

Pacific Railway route from Schreiber, Ontario to Fort William. Includes many
historic photos of stops along the north shore of Lake Superior.
Boegh, B. (2005). The point Porphyry light, Lake Superior: the Andrew Dick diary and
reminiscences of Bob McKay from a century of lighthouse keeping. Papers and
Records. Thunder Bay Historical Museum Society. 17-41.
-

History of the lighthouse at Porphyry Island including stories from old journals, a
timeline of events, and an interview with Bob McKay.

Barr, Elinor. (1988). Silver Islet: striking it rich in Lake Superior. Thunder Bay, ON:
Natural Heritage/ Natural History Inc.
-

Thorough account of the enterprise at Silver Islet, the largest silver mine in the
world located off shore of the Sibley Peninsula.

Rossport Facts and Fish Tales (Need to get bibliographic info from book)
-

Historical book on the history of the Rossport area told by people of the local
communities. Great accounts and excerpts that truly express the power of the lake.

Geographic / Climate
Environment Canada. (1993). Environmental Sensitivity Atlas for Lake Superiors
Canadian Shoreline.
-

A comprehensive analysis of environmental sensitivity of the entire Canadian

Shoreline of Lake Superior. This atlas has fully illustrated and labeled maps
identifying the kind of shoreline, fish spawning areas, protected areas, crown land
etc. It was designed for use in response to spills of oil and other hazardous
materials. Will help responders rapidly identify the resources at risk during the
spill to assist decision makers to be able to assign priorities for protection
measures.

Schindelhauer, I.D. (1989). The influence of Lake Superior on the weather and climate of
an area adjacent to Thunder Bay. Unpublished H.B.A. thesis, Lakehead
University, Thunder Bay, ON.
-

The study looks at Lake Superior and how it has been underestimated as a
climatic control mechanism. Different tests were done at six different sites in
northwestern Lake Superior by taking lake-to-air moisture and lake/land breeze
development to decipher the individual effects of the lake on each area.

Geology / Geomorphology
Agassiz, Louis. (1850). Lake Superior: Its physical character, vegetation, and animals,
compared with those of other and similar regions. Boston: Gould, Kendall and
Lincoln.
-

The original bible that tells the interpretive stories of Louis Agassiz's travels on
the Canadian north shore of Lake Superior. This is the original study of the
natural history of this region.

Stensaas, M.S. (2000). Rock picker's guide to Lake Superior's north shore. 2nd edition.
Duluth, MN: Service Printers of Duluth, Inc.
-

Although the book is specific to Minnesota's north shore of Lake Superior, it has
excellent illustrations and simplied explanations of the geology that can be found
on the Canadian north shore.

LaBerge, G.L. 1994. Geology of the Lake Superior Region. Penokean Press:
Oshkosh,WI.
-

Book provides a solid overview of the different periods of Geological events that
took place over time in the Lake Superior Region.

MacDonald, R. D. 1970. Glacial geology of the Lake Superior basin, Lake Superior The
Only Great Lake 1, A7-A8.
-

Specific description of accounted glacial events that took place to form the Lake
Superior Basin

Harris, J. (1970). Effect of glaciers on Lake Superior and the upper peninsula, Lake
Superior The Only Great Lake 1, A9-A10.
-

Article explains how some of the landform features were formed through
glaciations and the different stages throughout time

Kremsreiter, R. (1970). Glacial formation of the Great Lakes, Lake Superior The Only
Great Lake 1, A11-A12.
-

Article explains in detail how the Wisconsin ice-sheet melted to form the great
lakes.

Phillips, B.A.M. 1982. Characteristics of raised cobble ridges in the Terrace Bay area of
the north shore of Lake Superior. The Canadian Geographer 21, 2, 128-141.

A study done on several different beaches around the Terrace Bay shoreline and
Cobinosh Island in the Rossport Islands. Explains how raised cobble ridges on the
beaches were formed through significant storm events in the past 3,200 years.

Phillips, B.A.M. and Fralick, P.W. 1994. A post-Lake Minong transgressive event on the
north shore of Lake Superior, Ontario: possible evidence of Lake Agassiz inflow.
Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 31, 1638-1641.
-

Study describes the processes happening through the catastrophic flood events
from Lake Agassiz into Lake Minong/Lake Superior.

Pielou, E.C. 1991. After the ice age: the return of life to glaciated north America.
University of Chicago Press Ltd: London.
-

A book describing how the earth formed to what it is now from glaciation.
Explains the different glacial periods of North America as a whole. It helps to
visualize the big picture of glaciations and how it affected northwestern Ontario
and Lake Superior.

Saarnisto, M. 1974. The deglaciation history of the Lake Superior Region and its climatic
implications. Quaternary Research. 4, 316-339.
- This journal has a solid overview of the deglaciation history for the last ice age
throughout the Lake Superior region. It goes through the different periods in a fair
bit of detail.
Sims, R.A. and Baldwin, K.A. 1991. Landform features in northwestern Ontario. Sault
Ste Marie, Ontario: Natural Resources Canada.
-

This is a fantastic overview of the different landform features for northwestern

Ontario. It has a simple overview of the entire glacial history of the area and then
had a detailed section on the individual landform features.

Phillips, B.A.M. & Fralick, P.W.(1994). Interpretation of the sedimentology and

morphology of perched glaciolacustrine deltas on the flanks of the Lake Superior
Basin, Thunder Bay, Ontario. J. Great Lakes Res. 20(2): 390-406.
-

great in depth deglaciation history of part of the Lake Superior basin. The study
included the analysis of lithofacies and depositional environments to prove the
age and type of landforms in the Mt. Baldy area of Thunder Bay.

Phillips, B.A.M. (?). Water diversion and water level control: some impacts of
developing natural resources in northwestern Ontario. Geographic Perspectives on
the Provincial Norths. 58-86.
-

Water diversion plans study based on geomorphologic perspectives.

Phillips, B.A.M. 1993 A Time-Space Model for the Distribution of Archaeological Sites
in the Lake Superior Basin. Geoarchaeology: An International Journal 8, 2, 87107.
-

Study on archeology sites within the Lake Superior Basin such as Pukaskwa Pits.

Phillips, B.A.M. 1980 The Morphology and Processes of the Lake Superior North Shore.
in S.B. McCann, ed., Coastlines of Canada - Littoral Processes and Shoreline
Morphology, pp.407-415, Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 80-10.
-

An overview study of the processes that happened through time to create the
modern day shoreline of Lake Superior's north shore.

Fralick, P. (2000). Field Trip Guidebook: Institute on Lake Superior Geology

Proceedings, 46th Annual Meeting, Thunder Bay, Ontario, v. 46, part 2.
-

Compilation of six different field trips in the Northwestern region of Lake

Superior. These include: Mesoproterozoic Sibley Group, Lac des Iles Mine,
Geoarcheology of the Thunder Bay Area, Paleoproterozoic Gunflint Formation,
Quaternary Geology Shebandowan Belt, and Steep Rock-Lumby Belts

Wright, J.V. (1963). An archaeological survey along the north shore of Lake Superior.
Ottawa, ON: Queen's Printer.
-

Survey identifying and documenting archeological and historical resources within

the vicinity of Thunder Bay. Range is out of NMCA boundaries but is an
interesting study of fourteen additional Paleo-Indian, Shield Archaic, Woodland
and Historic period sites from Thunder Bay to the border at Pigeon River.

Bryan, D.H. (1976). Slope angles on Lake Superior beaches. Unpublished H.B.A. thesis,
Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON.
-

A study that tests the relationship between the mean particle size of beach
material and the slope of the beach face on Lake Superior. Seven beaches were
studied around the Thunder Bay area and Rossport area.

Farrand, W.R. (1960). Former shorelines in western and northern Lake Superior basin.
Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms. Inc.
-

An early study done on the shoreline environment on the American shoreline of

Lake Superior. The study briefly touches on the Canadian shoreline but goes into
depth on the American shore that is relevant for comparison.

Halls, H.C. (1970). Geological interpretation of geophysical data from the Lake Superior
basin. P.H.D. thesis. University of Toronto, Toronto, ON.
-

A study the deciphers structural and stratigraphic relationships in the late Pre-

10

cambrian "Keweenawan" basin the underlies the lake.

Cheadle, 1981. The Stratigraphy and depositional history of the Rossport Formation
stratotype, Channel Island, Thunder Bay District, Ontario. Unpublished H. B. Sc
thesis, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON.
-

An in depth study of the incredible geology on Channel Island off Rossport.

Fralick, P. W., Davis, D. W. And Kissin, S. A. 2002. The Age of the Gunflint Formation,
Ontario, Canada: single zircon U-Pb age determinations from reworked volcanic
ash. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 39. 1085-1091.
-

A study on the geologic gunflint formation, a common type of depositional

environment in northwestern Ontario.

Fralick, P. Smyk, M. and Mailman, M. 2000. Geology and stratigraphy of the

Mesoproterozoic Sibley Group. Department of Geology, Lakehead University.
Thunder Bay, Ontario.
-

An analysis of the red rock type often seen along the Sibley pinninsula and other
areas along the north shore of Lake Superior, known as the Sibley group.

Hofmann, H. J. 1969. Stomatilites from the Proterozoic Animikie and Sibley Groups,
Ontario. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 68-69.
-

detailed scientific information about different significant geologic sites on the

north shore of Lake Superior.

Hollings, P., Smyk, M., Addison, B. and Fralick, P., 2006. Field trip guidebook for the
Slate Islands. Institute on Lake Superior Geology, Special Publication 1, p.21.
-

Detialed information on Slate Islands geology. Includes maps of specific sites and
descriptions about each.

Mines and Minerals Division Ontario Geologic Survey. 1990. Precambrian GeologySlate Islands, Map 2123. Ministry of Northern Development and Mines
- Geologic map of the Slates islands with colours representing different formations.
Monroe, J. S., Wicander, R. 2007. Historical Geology: Evolution of Earth and Life
Through Time, Fifth Edition. Thomson Brooks/Cole. Belmont, CA.
-

Geology course textbook with detailed explanations and diagrams on different

geologic time periods.

11

Ojakanga, R., Morey, G. B. and Southwick, D. L. 2001. Paleoproterozoic basin

development and sedimentation in the Lake Superior region, North America.
Sedimentary Geology, 141-142: 319- 341.
-

A study of sedimentation development in the Lake Superior region.

Riku T. 2006. Sedimentology and geochemistry of the Mesoproterozoic Pass

Lake and Rossport formations, Sibley group. Unpublished M Sc. Thesis,
Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario.
-

An in depth study of some of the geologic formations throughout the Sibley

Peninsula and into the NMCA designation.

Rogala, B. 2003. The Sibley Group: a lithostratigraphic, geochemical, and paleomagnetic

study. Unpublished M Sc thesis, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay ON.
-

An in depth study of the sibley group formations (red rocks)

Wold, R. J.Heinze, W. J. (1982) Geology and tectonics of the Lake Superior Basin.
Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado.
-

Looks way back at how the Lake Superior Basin as a whole formed through
tectonics and other geologic processes.

Biology
Agassiz, Louis. (1850). Lake Superior: Its physical character, vegetation, and animals,
compared with those of other and similar regions. Boston: Gould, Kendall and
Lincoln.
-

The original bible that tells the interpretive stories of Louis Agassiz's travels on
the Canadian north shore of Lake Superior. This is the original study of the
natural history of this region.

Freitag, R., Fung, P., Mothersill, J.S. and Prouty, G.K. (1976). Distribution of benthic
macroinvertebrates in Canadian waters of northern Lake Superior. J. Great Lakes
Res. 2(1): 177-192.
-

Sampling of populations of macroinvertebrates in Thunder Bay and Nipigon Bay.

Their populations and distribution act as an indicator for quality of water.

Baldwin, K.A. & Sims, R.A. (1997). Common Forest Plants in Northwestern Ontario.
Manitoba: Queen's Printer for Ontario.
-Easy to use field guide to trees, shrubs, herbs etc. of Northwestern Ontario

12

Richard, B. (2006). A field guide to the wildlife of North America. Bath, UK: Parragon
Publishing.
-

An excellent guide for identifying wildlife in North America especially those

native to northwestern Ontario.

Kirby, M.K. (1986). Effects of waste discharges on the water quality of Nipigon Bay,
Lake Superior, 1983. Queen's Printer for Ontario.
-

this report identifies the concentration of organic pollutants in pulp and paper
discharges from the old mill in Red Rock Ontario.

Soper, J.H., Garton, C.E. and Given, D.R. (1989). Flora of the north shore of Lake
Superior (vascular plants of the Ontario portion of the Lake Superior drainage
basin). National Museum of Canada.
-

1211 species of vascular plants in the Ontario Lake Superior drainage basin are
listed in this report over a 5-year survey period.

Recreation/Tourism
Ministry of Natural Resources. (2000). The Great Lakes Heritage Coast: Part of
Ontarios Living Legacy.
-

Book that describes the different areas of the Great Lakes Heritage Coast with
descriptions, maps, stories and pictures.

Superior Outdoors: A Magazine on the North Shore Issue #1 Summer 2007

-

A recently developed magazine for outdoor enthusiasts along the Canadian north
shore of Lake Superior. Adventure writing, photography during the summer and
winter months.

Dahl, Bonnie (1992). Superior way 2nd ed. a cruising guide to Lake Superior. Duluth,
MN: Lake Superior Port Cities Inc.
-

GPS, Anchor points, everything you need to know for cruising and boating for
the entire lake and what is available on shore. Where you can go on shore and
camp, hike, get supplies.

Engman, Elmer. (1974). An underwater guide to the western half of Lake Superior.
Arrowhead Printing Company.

13

A guide book to finding ship wrecks and other sunken treasures along the north
shore of Lake Superior.

Bogue, M.B. & Palmer, V.A. (1979). Around the shores of Lake Superior: a guide to
historic sites. Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press.
-

A guidebook for people traveling to Lake Superior. Contains a section on the

Ontario north shore with a brief description of the historical sites to visit.

Charles, Craig. (1992). Exploring Superior country: the nature guide to Lake Superior.
Minocqua, WI: North Wood Press, Inc.
-

A brief guide to places to stay around the entire lake. Has some history of area but
has more detailed information about where to go and where to stay.

Chapman, Susan & Shermack, Edward. (1972). A proposal for the construction of a
hiking trail extending from Sibley Provincial Park to Middle Falls Provincial
Park. Thunder Bay Environmental Project.
-

Proposal for a section of the Voyageur hiking trail containing its objectives,
criteria, public opinion etc.

Baxter, Thomas. (1985). Quiet coves and rock highlands: exploring Lake Superior.
Wawa, ON: Superior Lore.
-

A travel guide for the Canadian north shore of Lake Superior From Sault Ste
Marie to Pigeon River Ontario. Has brief historical information on north shore
communities and some natural history on geologic information.

Newman, B., Ohmann, S. & Dimond, D. (1999). Guide to sea kayaking on Lake Superior
& Michigan: the best day trips and tours. Guilford, CT: The Globe Pequot Press.
-

This guide has the most popular traveled day trips and tours for all of Lake
Superior and Lake Michigan. It is a great resource for finding popular spots to
camp.

Payne, R.J., Johnston, M.E. (2005). Ecotourism and regional transformation in

northwestern Ontario. Nature-Based Tourism in Peripheral Areas: Development
or Disaster? 21-35.
-

An excellent article about a transformation for resource-based recreation industry

towards an eco-tourism industry. The article contains a specific section that
addresses the potential Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area.

Mercer, B. (1997). An examination of potential sea kayaking excursionists': motivations,

setting preferences and desired outcomes of travel on Lake Superior.

14

Unpublished H.B. O.R. thesis, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON.

-

A study where a variety of outdoor recreation and geography students were

surveyed about motivations, preferences and desired outcomes of travel on Lake
Superior. The study goes into depth on the tourism of the area and most literature
cited is tourism based.

Makin, D. (1999?). Campsite inventory for the St. Ignace Island archipelago on the
Canadian north shore of Lake Superior. H.B.O.R. thesis, Lakehead University.
-

An honours thesis project that inventories most of the campsites suitable for
kayakers within the NMCA. Many maps and descriptions of site locations, an
excellent resource for planning kayaking trips on the lake.

Personal Writings & Novels / Expeditions

Emery, J., Kieran, P., Neary, R., Smith, J. (2000). Footsteps of the Past, Legacy for the
Future: 6 young Canadian Sea Kayak along the Historic North Shore of Lake
Superior in Support of the Proposed Protected areas. H.B.O.R. thesis, Lakehead
University, Thunder Bay, ON.
-

This is a expedition plan put together by 3rd year Outdoor Recreation, Parks, and
Tourism students in 2000 to paddle from Thunder Bay to Sault St. Marie

Dennis, J. (2003). The Living Great Lakes. New York, NY: St. Martins Press.
-

Writings of the history, nature, and science of all the great lakes including lake
superior and the north shore.

Breining, G. (2000). Wild Shore: Exploring Lake Superior by Kayak. Minneapolis, MN:
University of Minnesota Press.
-

Inspiring stories of the Travels of Greg Breining as he paddles all the different
sections of the Lake Superior Shoreline by kayak over a period of two years.

Mahan, J., Mahan, A. Lake Superior: Story and Spirit. Sweetwater Visions
-

A book on the geology, ecology, protected wilderness areas, different

perspectives on Lake Superior from different travels throughout the entire
shoreline. Book is more focus is on the American shoreline of Lake Superior.
Many beautiful photos and writing on the shores of Lake Superior and the
diversity found therein.

Unwin, Peter. (2003). The wolf's head: writing Lake Superior. Toronto, ON: Viking
Canada.

15

A well research, lyrical work that forms an interpretive history of the North and
its most potent symbol, Lake Superior. The shape of Lake Superior resembles that
of a head of a wolf. The book investigates the stories and historical events that
happened weaving together the stories of the Ojibwe, French, and English
speaking peoples who all co-existed on the shores. The book strives to tell how
the diverse stories of these people formed the basis for the North American
Society.

Longstreth, T. Morris. (1924). The Lake Superior country. Toronto, ON: McClelland &
Stewart.
-

Stories of travels through the northern shore of Lake Superior and Lake Nipigon
in the early 1900's. Book contains some old maps and photos of the Lake Superior
shoreline.
McGuffin, G. & McGuffin J. (1995). Superior: journeys on an inland sea. Erin, ON: The
Boston Mills Press.
-

Stories of travel around Lake Superior, with information of historical sites, some
natural history, and many great photographs.

McGuffin, G. & McGuffin J. (2003). Great Lakes journey: exploring the heritage coast.
Toronto, ON: McClelland & Stewart Ltd.
-

Stories of travels with the McGuffin family through the area designated as the
Great Lakes Heritage Coast from Port Severn on Georgian Bay to Pigeon River
on Lake Superior.

Banks, J.C. (1913). The great storm: personal experience in the worst storm that ever
raged in the Lake Superior region. Port Arthur, ON.
-

A personal account of the storm of Feb 1893 during the return crossing from
Silver Islet to Port Arthur landing after delivering some bails of hay. The storm
came up by surprise and he barely made it out alive. A good reminder from even
more than a hundred years ago about how powerful Lake Superior can be.

Marshall, J.R. (1999). Lake Superior journal: Jim Marshall's views from the bridge.
Duluth, MN: Lake Superior Port Cities.
-

A compilation of essays written over the years for Lake Superior Magazine on
travels around the coast of Lake Superior. There is a particular section on travels
through the Canadian north shore.

Political/ News/ Conferences/ Specialized

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Associated Press. (2007-10-01.) Lake Superior hits record lows. The Globe and Mail.
Available at
http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20071001.wsuperior100
1/BNStory/Science/?cid=al_gam_nletter_newsUp
-

An article on the record low water levels taken place in all the Great Lakes with
particular reference to Lake Superior. Discusses some of the potential causes and
effects from the phenomenon.

Vander Wal, Jake & Watts, Paul D. (1992). Making a great Lake Superior. Thunder Bay,
ON: Centre for Northern Studies, Lakehead University.
-

The book contains proceedings from the 1990 International Conference on

Remedial Action Plans in the Lake Superior Basin. The book is mainly about
water quality for the entire lake but has certain sections on areas of concern for
the north shore of Lake Superior.

Nipigon Bay Remedial Action Plan Team. (1996). Nipigon Bay remedial action plan,
stage 2: remedial strategies for ecosystem restoration. North Shore of Lake
Superior Remedial Action Plans.
-

This document embodies a systematic and comprehensive ecosystem approach to

restoring and protecting beneficial uses in the Nipigon Bay area as it's water
quality has become a concern from mill discharge.

Parks Canada (1995). Sea to Sea to Sea: Canada's National Marine Conservation Areas
System Plan. Ottawa: Ministry of Supply and Service.
-

The system plan for what area of Canada are planned to be designated as National
Marine Conservation area, including information on the plan to create the Lake
Superior National Marine Conservation Area.

Parks Canada. (2007). National Marine Conservation Areas of Canada. Available at:
http://www.pc.gc.ca/progs/amnc-nmca/index_E.asp
-

Website contains information about NMCA's in Canada, the Lake Superior

NMCA and all of the reports and news releases of the process from 1997-2002.

Cantrill, J., Potter, T. and Stephenson, W. (2000). Protected areas and regional
sustainability: surveying decision makers in the Lake Superior basin. Natural
Resources Journal 40(1), 19-45.
-

the study reports results from the first comprehensive survey of decision makers
in the Lake Superior basin. Compares U.S. and Canadian populations and how
they compare in sharing certain bias opinions towards protected area decisionmaking.

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R.F. Foster, A.G. Harris, and B. Ratcliff. (1999). Lake Superior National Marine
Conservation Area: Current trends and future impacts on the Lake Superior
Ecosystem. Unpublished report prepared for Parks Canada, Department of
Canadian Heritage by Northern Bioscience. 75 pp.+ appendices.
-

A fairly extensive report that was done to synthesize current information

regarding changes in the aquatic ecosystem of Lake Superior. The report looks at
all aspects of impacts to the lake, especially the NMCA designated area.

R.F. Foster, and B.C. Ratcliff, and A.G. Harris. (1999). Lake Superior National Marine
Conservation Area: Human Use Report. Unpublished report prepared for Parks
Canada, Department of Canadian Heritage by Northern Bioscience. 110 pp.
-

This report was sent out to people along the north shore to inventory where and
how they were using the lake. Statistics are shown in the report on levels of
fishing/hunting, boating, kayaking/canoeing, hiking etc. Levels of use on certain
areas within the NMCA designation are also displayed based on the returned
surveys.

Outspan Group. (2000). Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area: Tourism
Potential Assessment Study. Prepared for Parks Canada: Hull and Thunder Bay.
-

This study looks at estimated numbers of visitors to the NMCA through trend in
tourism. This is one phase of the feasibility study.

R.F. Foster, A.G. Harris, and B. Ratcliff. 1998. Lake Superior National Marine
Conservation Area: Marine Attributes Study. Unpublished report prepared for
Parks Canada, Department of Canadian Heritage by Northern Bioscience.
-

This documents lists all kinds of attributes to do with the different sub areas
within the Lake Superior NMCA. Contains a full annotative bibliography of
scientific resources relevant to the NMCA

Relevant Web References:

Lake Superior Research Group (LSRG)
www.lakesuperiorresearchgroup.ca
Lake Superior Lakewide Management Plan (2004)
http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/lakesuperior/2004/LSLaMP2004_06c.pdf
Institute on Lake Superior Geology
http://www.lakesuperiorgeology.org/

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Thunder Bay Field Naturalists

http://www.tbfn.net/
Great Lakes Information Network
http://www.great-lakes.net/
Daily Satellite Imagery
http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/subsets/
Parks Canada: Proposal for Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area
http://www.pc.gc.ca/progs/amnc-nmca/proposals/LS_proposal_E.asp
A Tale of a 'Tail' of Lake Superior, article by James R. Marshall
http://www.lakesuperior.com/online/222/222jrnl.html
The Gateway to Northwestern Ontario History
http://www.nextlibrary.com/tbpl/home.html
Nirivia: The Enchanted Islands of Lake Superior
http://www.lakesuperior.ws/nirivia/index.htm
Around Lake Superior: Explore the Possibilities
http://www.lakesuperior.ws/
What's in a Name: Some Believe A New Designation Can Protect the North Shore, article
by Linda Turk
http://www.lakesuperior.com/online/223/223nmca.html
Map of Anishinabek Around Lake Superior
http://www.anishinabek.ca/map.html
Lake Superior Binational Forum
http://www.superiorforum.info/
Marine weather for northern Lake Superior
http://www.weatheroffice.gc.ca/marine/marine_e.html?45139

Other Relevant References

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Phillips, B.A.M. 1987 Seven sections on Features, plus Figures in R.S. Geddes, Ed.,
Quaternary Features and Scenery along the North Shore of Lake Superior, Guide to
Excursion C12, p.29-49, 12th.International Congress, International Union for Quaternary
Research, Montreal.
Phillips, B.A.M. 1990 Geomorphological Interpretation of the Gravel River Composite
Delta, for Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (sub-contracted through T.Noble), 3p.
and geomorphological sketch map from air photos and field check.
Thunder Bay Field Naturalists. 1998. Checklist of vascular plants of Thunder Bay
District (revised). Published by the Thunder Bay Field Naturalists. 52 pp
Thomas, R.L. and C.I. Dell. 1978. Sediments of Lake Superior. J.Great Lakes Res. 4(34):264-275
Steedman, R.J. 1992. Centres of ecosystem function in the Lake Superior coastal zone.
Making a Great Lake Superior. Lakehead University. Pp. 66 89.
Storz, K., R. Clapper, and M. Sydor. 1976. Turbidity sources in Lake Superior. J. Great
Lakes. Res. 2(2):393-401.
Soper J.H. C.E. Garton, and D.R.Given. 1989. Flora the North Shore of Lake Superior
(Vascular plants of the Ontario portion of the Lake Superior drainage basin). National
Museum of Natural Sciences. Syllogeus 63.
Ryder, R.A. 1968. Dynamics and exploitation of mature walleyes, Stizostedion vitreum
vitreum, in the Nipigon Bay region of Lake Superior. J. Fish. Res. board Can. 25:13471376.
Ratcliff, B. 1997- 1999. Project Peregrine annual reports. Thunder Bay Field Naturalists.
Unpublished reports.
Pye, E.G. 1997. Roadside geology of Ontario: North shore of Lake Superior; Ontario
GEOservices Centre, ROCK ON Series 2, 164p. ISBN 0-7778-5850-9.
Momot, W.T. 1995. History of the range expansion of Orconectes rusticus into
northwestern Ontario and Lake Superior. Freshwater Crayfish 16: 61-72
th

Marshall, E.W. 1968. Lake Superior ice characteristics. In Proc. 10 Conf. Great Lakes
Res., Internat. Assoc. Great Lakes Res. pp. 214-220.
Irbe, G.J. 1991. Great Lakes Surface Water Temperature Climatology. Environment
Canada. Climatological Studies No. 43. 215 pp.

20

Harrington, M.W. 1895. Surface currents of the Great Lakes. U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Weather Bureau Bulletin.
Goodier, J.L. 1981. Native lake trout stocks in the Canadian waters of Lake Superior,
prior to 1955. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 28:1724-1737.
Givens, D.R. and J.H. Soper. 1981. The arctic-alpine element of the vascular flora at
Lake Superior. National Museums of Canada. Publications in Botany No. 10.
Geddes, R.S., Kristjansson, F.J. and Teller, J.T. 1987. Quaternary features and scenery
along the north shore of Lake Superior; XIIth International Union for Quaternary
Research (INQUA) Congress Field Excursion Guidebook, 62p. ISBN 0-660-12313-4.
Freitag, R., P. Fung, J.S. Mothersill, and G.K. Prouty. 1976. Distribution of benthic
macroinvertebrates in Canadian waters of northern Lake Superior. J. Great Lakes Res.
2:177-192.
Dredge, L.A. and Cowan, W.R. 1989. Quaternary geology of the southwestern Canadian
Shield; in Quaternary Geology of Canada and Greenland, R.J. Fulton ed., Geological
Survey of Canada, Geology of Canada No.1, p.214-249. ISBN 0-660-13114-5.
Dell, C.I. 1974. The stratigraphy of northern Lake Superior late-glacial and postglacial
th

sediments. In proc. 17 Conf. Great Lakes Res., Internat. Assoc. Great Lakes Res., pp.
179-192.
Clayton, L., 1984. Pleistocene Geology of the Superior Region, Wisconsin. Wisconsin
Geological and Natural History Survey Information Circular Number 46.
Lake Superior Bibliography (Courtesy of Ken Storm)
Lake Agassiz/Lake Superior
Forcing of the cold event of 8,200 years ago by catastrophic drainage of Laurentide lakes.
By: Barber, D.C.; Dyke, A.; Hillaire-Marcel, C.; Jennings, A.E.; Andrews, J.T.; Kerwin,
M.W.; Bilodeau, G.; McNeely, R.; Southon, J.; Morehead, M.D.; Gagnon, J.-M.. Nature,
7/22/99, Vol. 400 Issue 6742, p344, 5p, 2 charts, 1 graph, 1 map; (AN 2057973)
The Lake Superior varve stratigraphy and implications for eastern Lake Agassiz outflow
from 10,700 to 8900 cal ybp (9.58.0 ¹⁴C ka). By: Breckenridge, Andy.
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Mar2007, Vol. 246 Issue 1, p45-61,
17p; DOI: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.10.026; (AN 24220547)
Was the Younger Dryas Triggered by a Flood? By: Broecker, Wallace S.. Science,
5/26/2006, Vol. 312 Issue 5777, p1146-1148, 3p; (AN 21178467)

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Alternative routing of Lake Agassiz overflow during the Younger Dryas: new dates,
paleotopography, and a re-evaluation. By: Teller, James T.; Boyd, Matthew; Yang,
Zhirong; Kor, Phillip S.G.; Mokhtari Fard, Amir. Quaternary Science Reviews, Sep2005,
Vol. 24 Issue 16/17, p1890-1905, 16p; DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.01.008; (AN
18137169)
The timing of regional Lateglacial events and post-glacial sedimentation rates from Lake
Superior. By: Breckenridge, Andy; Johnson, Thomas C.; Beske-Diehl, Suzanne;
Mothersill, John S.. Quaternary Science Reviews, Dec2004, Vol. 23 Issue 23/24, p23552367, 13p; DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.04.007; (AN 15816226)
Paleohydraulics of the last outburst flood from glacial Lake Agassiz and the <f>8200
BP</f> cold event. By: Clarke, Garry K.C; Leverington, David W.; Teller, James T.;
Dyke, Arthur S.. Quaternary Science Reviews, Feb2004, Vol. 23 Issue 3/4, p389, 19p;
DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2003.06.004; (AN 12168767)
Paleotopographic reconstructions of the eastern outlets of glacial Lake Agassiz. By:
Leverington, David W; Teller, James T. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Sep2003,
Vol. 40 Issue 9, p1259-1278, 20p; (AN 11142457)
Forcing of the cold event of 8,200 years ago by catastrophic drainage of Laurentide lakes.
By: Barber, D.C.; Dyke, A.; Hillaire-Marcel, C.; Jennings, A.E.; Andrews, J.T.; Kerwin,
M.W.; Bilodeau, G.; McNeely, R.; Southon, J.; Morehead, M.D.; Gagnon, J.-M.. Nature,
7/22/99, Vol. 400 Issue 6742, p344, 5p, 2 charts, 1 graph, 1 map; (AN 2057973)
Freshwater outbursts to the oceans from glacial Lake Agassiz and their role in climate
change during the last deglaciation. By: Teller, James T.; Leverington, David W.; Mann,
Jason D.. Quaternary Science Reviews, Apr2002, Vol. 21 Issue 8/9, p879, 9p; (AN
8800082)
Geology/Lake Superior
The Paleoproterozoic Marathon Large Igneous Province: New evidence for a 2.1Ga longlived mantle plume event along the southern margin of the North American Superior
Province. By: Halls, Henry C.; Davis, D.W.; Stott, G.M.; Ernst, R.E.; Hamilton, M.A..
Precambrian Research, May2008, Vol. 162 Issue 3/4, p327-353, 27p; DOI:
10.1016/j.precamres.2007.10.009; (AN 31561745)
Remagnetization (!1100Ma) of Voosges lake tuff (1542Ma) and other mid-proterozoic
rocks, Nipigon graben, northern Ontario. By: Borradaile, G.J.; Davis, Don W.;
Middleton, R.S.; Geneviciene, I.. Precambrian Research, Mar2008, Vol. 161 Issue 3/4,
p341-354, 14p; DOI: 10.1016/j.precamres.2007.09.002; (AN 29961255)
Further refinement to the timing of Mesoproterozoic magmatism, Lake Nipigon region,
Ontario. By: Heaman, L. M.; Easton, R. M.; Hart, T. R.; MacDonald, C. A.; Hollings, P.;

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Smyk, M.. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Aug2007, Vol. 44 Issue 8, p1055-1086,
32p, 4 charts, 1 diagram, 6 graphs, 2 maps, 4c; DOI: 10.1139/E06-117; (AN 26697438)
Lithostratigraphy and chemostratigraphy of the Mesoproterozoic Sibley Group,
northwestern Ontario, Canada. By: Rogala, Becky; Fralick, Philip W.; Heaman, Larry
M.; Metsaranta, Riku. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Aug2007, Vol. 44 Issue 8,
p1131-1149, 19p, 2 charts, 4 diagrams, 2 graphs, 3 maps, 5c, 4bw; DOI: 10.1139/E07027; (AN 26697441)
Early history of the Midcontinent Rift inferred from geochemistry and sedimentology of
the Mesoproterozoic Osler Group, northwestern Ontario. By: Hollings, Pete; Fralick,
Philip; Cousens, Brian. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Mar2007, Vol. 44 Issue 3,
p389-412, 24p, 3 charts, 4 diagrams, 7 graphs, 1 map; DOI: 10.1139/E06-084; (AN
26034865)
Discovery of distal ejecta from the 1850 Ma Sudbury impact event. By: Addison,
William D.; Brumpton, Gregory A.; Vallini, Daniela A.; McNaughton, Neal J.; Davis,
Don W.; Kissin, Stephen A.; Fralick, Philip W.; Hammond, Anne L.. Geology, Mar2005,
Vol. 33 Issue 3, p193-196, 4p, 2 diagrams; DOI: 10.1130/G21019.1; (AN 16518440)
Reconstructing paleo lake levels from relict shorelines along the Upper Great Lakes. By:
Baedke, Steve J.; Thompson, Todd A.; Johnston, John W.; Wilcox, Douglas A.. Aquatic
Ecosystem Health & Management, Dec2004, Vol. 7 Issue 4, p435-449, 15p; DOI:
10.1080/14634980490513274; (AN 15276024)
The age of the Gunflint Formation, Ontario, Canada: single zircon UPb age
determinations from reworked volcanic ash. By: Fralick, Philip; Davis, Don W; Kissin,
Stephen A. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Jul2002, Vol. 39 Issue 7, p1085-1091,
7p; (AN 10559705)
Arctic Disjuncts and Lake Superior
The Arctic-Alpine Element of the Vascular flora at Lake Superior, David R Given and
James H. Soper, Publications in Botany, No 10, National Museums of Canada, Ottawa,
1981.

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