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4a:SinglePhaseVSIWithSquareWavePWM(Theory):PowerElectronicsandElectricDrivesLaboratory:ElectricalEngineering:IITDELHIVirtualLab

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4a:SinglePhaseVSIWithSquareWavePWM

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Theory

Procedure

SelfEvaluation

Simulator

Reference

InverterinPowerElectronicsreferstoaclassofpowerconversioncircuitsthatoperatefromadcvoltagesourceoradccurrentsourceand
convert it into a symmetric ac voltage or current. It does reverse of what actodc converter does. The input to the inverter is a direct dc
source or dc source derived from an ac source. For example, the primary source of input power may be utility ac voltage supply that is
convertedtodcbyanacdcrectifierwithfiltercapacitorandtheninvertedbacktoacusinganinverter.Here,thefinalacoutputmaybeofa
differentfrequencyandmagnitudethantheinputacoftheutilitysupply.
Iftheinputdcisavoltagesource,theinverteriscalledaVoltageSourceInverter(VSI).OnecansimilarlythinkofaCurrentSourceInverter
(CSI),wheretheinputtothecircuitisacurrentsource.TheVSIcircuithasdirectcontroloveroutput(ac)voltagewhereastheCSIdirectly
controlsoutput(ac)current.
ThesimplestdcvoltagesourceforaVSImaybeabatterybankorasolarphotovoltaiccellsstack.Anacvoltagesupply,afterrectificationintodc
canalsoserveasadcvoltagesource.Avoltagesourceiscalledstiff,ifthesourcevoltagemagnitudedoesnotdependonloadconnectedtoit.
Allvoltagesourceinvertersassumestiffvoltagesupplyattheinput.
Output of voltage waveforms of ideal inverters should be sinusoidal. However practical inverter waveforms are non sinusoidal and contain
certainharmonics.Forlowandmediumpowerapplicationssquarewaveorquasisquarewavevoltagesareacceptable.
Avariablevoltagecanbeobtainedbyvaryingtheinputdcvoltageandmaintainingthegainoftheinverterconstant.Ontheotherhand,ifthe
dcinputvoltageisfixedthenvariableoutputvoltagecanbeobtainedbyvaryingthegainoftheinverter.ThiscanbeaccomplishedbyPulse
WidthModulationPWMcontrolwithintheinverter.PWMmeansthewidthofthesquarepulseinpositiveandnegativehalvescanbeadjusted
accordingtothermsoftheoutputrequired.Theinvertergainmaybedefinedasratiooftheacoutput(rms)voltagetodcinputvoltage.In
SquareWavePWMtechniquetheoutputacrmsvoltageisfixedwheninputdcvoltageisfixed.

SinglePhaseBridgeVSI

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Fig4(a)showsthepowercircuitdiagramforsinglephasebridgevoltagesourceinverter.Inthisfourswitches(in2legs)areusedtogenerate
theacwaveformattheoutput.AnysemiconductorswitchlikeIGBT,MOSFETorBJTcanbeused.Fourswitchesaresufficientforresistiveload
becauseloadcurrentioisinphasewithoutputvoltagevo.HoweverthisisnottrueincaseofRLloadwheretheioisnotinphasewith voand
diodesconnectedinantiparallelwithswitchwillallowtheconductionofthecurrentwhenthemainswitchisturnedoff.Thesediodesarecalled
asFeedbackDiodessincetheenergyisfedbacktothedcsource.

Fig4(a)IGBTbasedSinglephasebridgevoltagesourceinverterpowercircuitdiagram.

SquareWavePWM
Infullbridgeinverter,whenT1,T2conducttheoutputvoltageisVsandwhenT3,T4conductstheoutputvoltageisVs.TheswitchesT1,T2
conductsforperiodof0<tT/2andtheswitchesT3,T4conductsforperiodofT/2<tTwhereTisthetimeperiodofthegatepulsestothe
devices.ThefrequencyofoutputacvoltagecanbevariedbyvaryingtheTofthegatesignal.Therootmeansquare(rms)valueofoutputac
voltage:

PWMtechniquesforvoltagecontrolofSinglePhaseInverters
ThefollowingPWMtechniquesareusedforcontrollingtheoutputacrmsvoltageandfrequencyinaninverter:

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SinglePulseWidthModulation
MultiplePulseWidthModulation
SinusoidalPulseWidthModulation(SPWM)
SinglePulseWidthModulation
Insinglepulsewidthmodulationcontrol,thereisonlyonepulseperhalfcycleandtheoutputrmsvoltageischangedbyvaryingthewidthof
thepulse.Thegatingsignalsandoutputvoltagesofsinglepulsewidthmodulationareshowninfig4(b).Thegatingsignalsaregeneratedby
comparingtherectangularcontrolsignalofamplitudeVc withtriangularcarriersignal Vcar.Thefrequencyofthecontrolsignaldeterminesthe
fundamentalfrequencyofacoutputvoltage.Theamplitudemodulationindexisdefinedas:

Thermsacoutputvoltage

where
Byvaryingthecontrolsignalamplitude Vc from0to Vcar the pulse width ton can be modified from 0 secs to T/2 secs and the rms output
voltageVofrom0toVs .
InmultiplePWMcontrol,insteadofhavingasinglepulseperhalfcycle,therewillbemultiplenumberofpulsesperhalfcycle,allofthembeing
ofequalwidth.
SinusoidalPulseWidthModulation(SPWM)
Insinusoidalpulsewidthmodulationtherearemultiplepulsesperhalfcycleandthewidthoftheeachpulseisvariedwithrespecttothesine
wavemagnitude.Fig4(c)showsthegatingsignalsandoutputvoltageofSPWMwithunipolarswitching.Inthisscheme,theswitchesinthe
twolegsofthefullbridgeinverterarenotswitchedsimultaneously,asinthebipolarscheme.

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Fig4(b)GatingsignalsandoutputvoltageofSinglepulsewidthmodulation

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In this unipolar scheme the legs A and B of the fullbridge inverter are controlled separately by comparing carrier triangular wave vcar with
control sinusoidal signal vc and vc respectively. This SPWM is generally used in industrial applications. The number of pulses per halfcycle
depends upon the ratio of the frequency of carrier signal (fc ) to the modulating sinusoidal signal. The frequency of control signal or the
modulatingsignalsetstheinverteroutputfrequency (fo)andthepeakmagnitudeofcontrolsignalcontrolsthemodulationindex mawhichin
turncontrolsthermsoutputvoltage.Theareaofeachpulsecorrespondsapproximatelytotheareaunderthesinewavebetweentheadjacent
midpointsofoffperiodsonthegatingsignals.Iftonisthewidthofnthpulse,thermsoutputvoltagecanbedeterminedby:

Theamplitudemodulationindexisdefinedas:

where,

=peakmagnitudeofcontrolsignal(modulatingsinewave)

=peakmagnitudeofcarriersignal(triangularsignal)

Thefrequencymodulationratioisdefinedas:

where,

=frequencyofcontrolsignal(sinesignal)

=frequencyofcarriersignal(triangularsignal)

Applications
UninterruptiblePowerSupply(UPS),
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AdjustableSpeedDrives(ASD)foracmotors,
Electronicfrequencychangercircuitsusedininductionheating,weldingetc.,
HVDCtransmissionatlowerpowerlevels
RenewableEnergysuchassolar,fuelcelltoACconversion
ElectronicBallastandCompactFluorescentlamps
ActiveFiltersforpowerqualityimprovement
Custompowerdevices:DSTACTCOM,DVR,UPQC,
FACTS:STATCOM,SSSC,UPFC,etc.

CitethisSimulator:
iitd.vlab.co.in,.(2011).4a:SinglePhaseVSIWithSquareWavePWM.Retrieved16November2016,fromiitd.vlab.co.in/?
sub=67&brch=185&sim=460&cnt=1
Copyright@2016UndertheNMEICTinitiativeofMHRD(LicensingTerms)
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