Heat Exchanger

Heat Exchanger Types

Classified according to flow arrangement
and type of construction
1. Double pipe or concentric tube heat
exchanger
2. Finned and unfinned tubular or cross
flow heat exchanger
3. Shell-and-tube heat exchanger
4. Compact heat exchanger
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1. Double pipe heat exchanger

2. Finned and unfinned tubular

heat exchanger

3. Shell-and-tube heat exchanger

4. Compact heat exchanger

For very large heat transfer surface area
per unit volume ( 400 m2/m3 for liquids
and 700 m2/m3 for gases)
Has dense arrays of finned tubes or
plates and are typically used when at least
one fluid is a gas characterized by low h

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Heat Exchanger Manufacturing Standards

Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association
(TEMA)
Three classes of mechanical standards are defined:
Class R: designates heat exchangers for the severe
requirements of petroleum and other related
processing applications.
Class C: indicates generally moderate requirements
of commercial and general process applications.
Class B: specifies design and application for
chemical process service.
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Baffles
Baffles are usually
installed to increase
the convection
coefficient of the
shell side fluid by
inducing turbulence
and cross-flow
velocity component.

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Tube patterns

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Pass partitions

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Basic Design Procedure and

Theory
The general equation for heat transfer across a
surface is

q = UATm
Where q = heat transferred per unit time, W;
U = the overall heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 oC;
A = heat transfer area, m2 ;
Tm= Mean temperature difference, the temperature
driving force, oC
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Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

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LMTD Correction factor

q = U d AFT (LMTD )
FT = LMTD correction factor
= f(R, P)
R = Capacity ratio =(T1 - T2)/(t2 - t1)
P=S =Temperature effectiveness = (t2 - t1)/(T1 - t1)
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LMTD Correction factor

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The steps in a typical design

procedure are as follows:
1. Define the duty: heat transfer rate, fluid flow rates,
temperatures.
2. Collect together the fluid physical properties required:
density, viscosity, thermal conductivity.
3. Decide on the type of exchanger to be used.
4. Select a trial value for the overall coefficient, U.
5. Calculate the mean temperature difference, Tm.
6. Calculate the area required from equation, q = UA Tm
7. Decide the exchanger layout.
8. Calculate the individual coefficients.
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9. Calculate the overall coefficient and compare with the

trial value. If the calculated value differs significantly from
the estimated value, substitute the calculation for the
estimated value and return to step 6.
10. Calculate the exchanger pressure drop; if
unsatisfactory, return to steps 7 or 4 or 3, in that order of
preference.
11. Optimize the design: repeat steps 4 to10, as necessary,
to determine the cheapest exchanger that will satisfy the
duty. Usually, this will be the one with the smallest area.

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