Linux

> There are three distribution families :

Fedora - CentOS, Oracle Linux, RHEL (Red Hat Enterprise Linux)
SUSE - SLES (SUSE Linux Enterprise Server)
Debian - Ubuntu, Linux Mint
> Linux is a free open source computer operating system initially developed for Intel x86-based
personal computers.
> Linux is a fully multitasking, multiuser operating system, with built-in networking and service
processes known as daemons.
> Linux was built collaboratively. Kernel can be edited by patch, if it found to be perfect then it
was installed by Linux Creator. It was distribute to other industry under GPL (General Public
License).
> Linux Terminology :
Kernel - Glue between hardware and applications. Fe., Linux Kernel
Distribution - Collection of software making up a Linux-based OS. Fe., Fedora, Ubuntu, Gentoo,
RHEL
Boot Loader - Program that boots the Operating System. Fe., GRUB(GRand Unified Boot loader)
and ISOLINUX
Service - Program that runs as a background process. Fe., httpd, nfsd, ntpd, ftpd, named
File System - Method for storing and organizing files. Fe., ext3, ext4, FAT, XFS, NTFS, Btrfs
Desktop Environment - Graphical user interface on top of the operating system. Fe., GNOME,
KDE, Xfce, Fluxbox
Command Line - Interface for typing commands on top of the operating system
Shell - Command line interpreter that interprets the command line input and instructs the
operating system to perform any necessary task and commands. Fe., bash (Bourne Again Shell),
tcsh, zsh
> Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) initializes the hardware. This process is called POST
(Power On Self Test)
> Switching from GUI to text console press Ctrl + Alt + F1 and text console to GUI press Ctrl +
Alt + F7. you may need to run the startx command in order to start or restart your graphical
desktop after you have been in pure text mode.
> The boot process has multiple steps, starting with BIOS, which triggers the boot loader to start
up the Linux kernel. From there the initramfs filesystem is invoked, which triggers the init
program to complete the startup process.
> Many installers can do an installation completely automatically, using a configuration file to
specify installation options. This file is called a Kickstart file for Fedora-based systems, an
AutoYAST profile for SUSE-based systems, and a pressed file for the Debian-based systems.
> A partition is a logical part of the disk, whereas a filesystem is a method of storing or finding
files on a hard disk (usually in a partition).Base Folder where OS is stored indicated by /.FHS
(Filesystem Hierarchy Standard). Linux Filesystem are case-sensitive
> To know the directory in filesystem press Ctrl + L
> Locking the Screen press Ctrl + Alt + L
Linux Filesystems :
Conventional Disk - ext2, ext3, ext4, XFS, Btrfs, JFS, NTFS
Flash Storage - ubifs, JFFS2, YAFFS
Database
Special Purpose - procfs, sysfs, tmpfs, debugfs
> To search any thing press Alt + F2

> To show the hidden files press Ctrl + H

> dpkg and RPM are the most popular package management systems used on Linux distributions.
Debian distributions use dpkg and apt-based utilities for package management. apt (Advance
Package Tool) like [apt-get]
> The main sources of Linux documentation are the man pages, GNU Info, the help options and
command
> Linux Documentation Source : command man pages (manual pages), command help
> Typing man with a topic name as an argument retrieves the information stored in the topic's
man
Pages. Like man -f generates result as typing apropos (with reference to) and man -k generate
results as typing whatis
> man 3 printf - The chapter number can be used to force the man command to display
particular chapters page.
> man -a printf - With -a parameter, man will display all manual pages with the given name in all
chapters
> info <topic name> or info command gives the information about topic or index of available
topics respectively. The topic which you view in the info page is called a node.
> man --help command used to learn more about man command
> mkdir - will make a directory if does not exist (or make a folder with specified mode and name)
> Package documentation can be accessed through usr/share/doc
> command, options and argument are three basic elements of shell prompt
> The command is the name of the program you are executing. It may be followed by one or
more options (or switches) that modify what the command may do. Options usually start with
one or two dashes, for example,p orprint, in order to differentiate them from arguments,
which represent what the command operates on.